C

lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I
i
h-...__
G --r q -D " 5

1--n
1:1
Subscr i pts
5 =
C Z
r -==" " -| -> :l -
Iu
--I

H'I I=
.1-.
nul l
at
_
mi

| -I
.-| -| .
Super scr i pt
COUSTIC PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
Poi ssons r ati o
densi ty, gi cm3
str ess, Pa
per i od, seconds
por osi ty, fr acti on
bul k
cr i ti cal
dr y bul k r ock
ui d
l ongi tudi nal
matr i x
or i gi nal
compr essi onal
pr i mar y
shear
secondar y
shal e
tr aver se
tr ue
water
" = aver age
Refer ences '
Jenni ngs, H.Y. Jr . and Ti mur , A.: Si gni fi cant Contr i buti ons i nFor -
mati onEval uati onand Wel l Testi ng, JPT (D ec. 19 33) 1432-46.
D obr i n, l vI.B.:Intr oducti onto G eophysi cal Pr ospecti ng, McG r aw-Hi l l
Book Co. Inc., New Yor k Ci ty (19 5 2) .
Car mi chael , R.S.: Handbook of Physi cal Pr oper ti es of Rocks, CRC
Pr ess, BocaRaton, FL (19 82) II.
Ei ot, M.A.: Pr opagati onof El asti c Waves i naCyl i ndr i cal Bor e Con-
tai ni ng aFl ui d, J. Appi . Phys. (19 5 2) 23, 9 9 7-1005 .
Whi te, J.E.: El asti c Waves Al ong aCyl i ndr i cal Bor e, G eophysi cs
(19 62) 27, 32?-33.
Li u, O. Y.: Stonel ey Wave-D er i ved At Shear Log, paper pr esented
at the I9 84 SPWLA Annual Loggi ng Symposi um, June 10-13.
Cheng, C.H. and Toksoz, M.N.: El asti c Wave Pr opagati oni naFl ui d
Fi l l ed Bor ehol e and Syntheti c Acousti c -Logs, " G eophysi cs (19 81) 46,
1042-5 3.
Pai l l et, F.L.: Pr edi cti ng the Fr eq uency Content of Acousr
for ms i nBor ehol es, paper SS pr esented at the 19 81 SPWLA
Loggi ng Symposi um, June.
Ti ttman, J.: Physi cs of Wi r el i ne Measur ements, Schl umber ger Edu-
cati onal Ser vi ces, Houston(I9 86) .
Mi near , J.W. and Fl etcher , C.R.: Ful l -Wave Acousti c Loggi ng,
paper EE pr esented at the 19 83 SPWLA Annual Loggi ng Symposi um,
June.
Whi te, J.E.: Under gr ound Sound, El sevi er Sci ence Publ i sher s, Am-
ster dam(19 83) .
Bl ot, M.A.: Theor y of Pr opagati onof El asti c Waves i n aFl ui d-
Satur ated Por ous Sol i d:ILovv Fr eq uency Range, J. Acousti cal Soc.
Amer i ca(19 5 6) 28, 168-T8.
Bi ot, l 'vI.A.: Theor y of Pr opagati on of El asti c Waves i n aFl ui d-
Sal ur ated Por ous Sol i d:IIHi gh Fr eq uency Range, J. Acousti cal Soc.
Amer i ca(19 5 6) 28, 1T9 -9 1.
Log Inter pr etati on, Voi . I:Pr i nci pl es, Schl umber ger , Houston(l 9 ?2) .
Hi cks, W.G . and Ber r y, J .E.: Appl i cati onof Conti nuous Vel oci ty
Logs to D eter mi nati onof Fl ui d Satur ati onof Reser voi r Rocks, G eo-
physi cs (19 5 6) 21, ?39 5 -4. .
Wyl l i e, M.R.J., G r egor y, A.R., and G ar dner , G .H.F.: AnExper i men-
tal Investi gati onof Factor s Affecti ng El asti c Wave Pr opagati oni nPor ous
Medi a, G eophysi cs (Jul y 19 5 8) 23, No. 3, 45 9 -9 3.
For mati onEval uati onD ataHandbook, G ear har t Industr i es Inc. (19 'i '8) .
Wyl l i e, M.R.J., G r egor y, A.R., and G ar dner , G .H.F.: El asti c Wave
Vel oci ty i nHeter ogeneous and Por ous Medi a, G eophysi cs (Jan. 19 5 6)
21, No. 1, 41-1'0.
Hughes, D .S. and Jones, I-1.] .: Var i ati onof El asti c Modul i of Igne-
ous Rocl -cs wi th Pr essur e and Temper atur e, Bul l . , G eol ogi cal Soc. of
Amer i ca(Aug. 19 5 0) 61, 843.
Fumi atnental s of Cor e Anal ysi s, Cor e Labor ator i es Inc., Houston(19 82) .
G eer tsma, J.: Vel oci ty-Log Inter pr etati on: The Effect of Rock Bul k
Compr essi bi l i ty, SPEI (D ec. 19 61) 235 -48; Tr ans., AIME, 222.
Ti xi er , M.P., Al ger , R.P., and D ol l , C.A.: Soni c Loggi ng, Pet.
Tr ans., AIME (19 5 9 ) 216, 106-14.
Vander Knapp, W.: Nonl i near Behavi or of El asti c Por ous Medi a,
Pet. Tr ans, AIME (19 5 9 ) 216, 1T9 -8?.
Raymer , I_..L. and Hunt, E.R.: AnImpr oved Soni c Tr ansi t Ti me-to-
Por osi ty Tr ansfor m, paper P pr esented at the 19 80 SPWLA Annual
Loggi ng Symposi um, Jul y.
Har tl ey, K.B.: Factor s Affecti ng Sandstone Acousti c Compr essi onal
Vel oci ti es and anExami nati onof Empi r i cal Cor r el ati ons BetweenVe-
l oci ti es and Por osi ti cs," paper PP pr esented at the 19 81 SPWLA An-
nual Loggi ng Symposi um, June.
I.
|
I
Chapter 4 ~
Measurement Environment
4.1 Measurement Environment Effects
Most theoretical concepts of well-logging techniques were devel-
oped with the assumption of an innite, homogeneous, and isotropic
medium. When the borehole is considered, it is taken to be a regu-
lar cylinder of known diameter, filled with homogeneous uid of
known properties. When stratification is taken into account, beds
are usually homogeneous and isotropic.
These assumptions of ideal measurement environment are also
extended to the development of equations for quantitative interpre-
tation of log responses. Data obtained in an actual measurement
environment must be corrected before use in the interpretation equa-
tions. These corrections consist of removing that part of the signal
caused by deviation of the actual environment from the ideal.
A logging tool is usually designed to unction best in a certain
environment. U se of the tool in an appreciably different environ-
ment results in a low-quality or totally nonrepresentative log.
Choosing the tool to be run in a certain wellbore, judging the
log quality, and extracting quantitative information from the meas-
urement require knowledge of the actual measurement environment.
Significant parameters are-the borehole diameter and shape, the
properties of the drilling fluid lling the borehole, the borehole and
formation temperatures, an_ d the radial variation of formation prop-
erties.
4.2 Borehole Diameter and Shape
Measurement of borehole diameter with caliper logging has indi-
cated clearly that the actual borehole diameter often differs from
the bit siz e used to drill it. The difference is considerable in some
cases. Fig. 4.1 shows an actual profile of a borehole drilled with
a 12-in. bit. The section gauge log was used to estimate the hole
volume. It clearly shows that the hole is far from being a regular
cylinder with uniform diameter.
The boreholes actual diameter and shape depend on the forma-
tion drilled. The upper part of the hole appears to be smooth, with
a diameter equal to the bit siz e. In fact, Section A is drilled to gauge,
which is usually the case in hard, consolidated, and impermeable
formations. _
The diameter of Section B is actually smaller than the bit diameter.
This is usually the case in permeable formations drilled with mud
that contains solids. Drilling safety usually requires that the hydro-
static head of the mud column be kept above formation pressure.
This pressure difference causes the mud to flow into permeable for-
mations. The solid particles that exceed the pore siz e are retained
at the formation face. Their buildup forms a plaster-like layer of
very low permeability called a mudcake. The mudcake thick-
ness depends on mud properties and ranges from a thin film to 1
in. thick in most cases. In permeable formations, the borehole drilled
diameter is reduced by twice the mudcake thickness. The mudcake
properties, such as resistivity and density, differ considerably from
those of the surrounding formation.
In Section C of Fig. 4.1, the boreholes actual diameter is en-
larged by as much as 3 1/ 5 in. Such enlargement occurs in soft, un-
consolidated formations because of the scouring effect of drilling
muds. Enlargement also occurs in water-soluble formations, such
as salt, as a result of leaching, and in naturally fractured forma-
tions owing to a weakening of their mechanical integrity.
Borehole enlargements are most commonly observed in shales
and shaly formationsl Because of their electrochemical proper-
ties, clay minerals absorb water, causing the shale formation to
swell. The swelling weakens the formation, and the shale sloughs
and caves. The intensity of sloughing and caving, which results
in borehole enlargement, depends on the physical properties of the
clay and drilling uid. Different clay minerals have different af-
tinities to water. Freshwater-based mud causes more caving than
saltwater-based mud. Caving is usually absent when oil-based mud
is used.
Formation properties responsible for borehole enlargement vary,
causing erratic borehole enlargement, which in turn results in a ru-
gose borehole. Borehole rugosity is apparent in Section D of Fig.
4.1.
Borehole enlargement causes mechanically centered tools to be
situated farther from the formation investigated. The space between
the centered tool and the formation is occupied by drilling mud,
which typically exhibits physical properties very different from those
of the formation. Logging tools are designed to investigate a
prescribed volume; they can usually accommodate a small fraction
of the volume to be occupied by the mud. As that fraction increases
with borehole diameter, the tool response cannot be attributed en-
tirely to the formation. In extreme borehole enlargement, the tool
response corresponds entirely to the drilling uid.
When pad-type tools are pressed against the formation face, the
sensors are separated from the formation by mudcake andlor pockets
of drilling mud (Figs. 4.2 and 4.3 ). Pad-type tools (e. g.,
microresistivity and density tools) have a relatively small radius
of investigation. Consequently, the mudcake z one and mud pock-
ets can considerably affect the tool response.
Adequate analyses of certain log measurements require knowl-
edge of borehole siz e and shape. To determine borehole geome-
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
Chapter 4 ~
Measur ement Envi r onment
4.1 Measur ement Envi r onment Effects
Most theor eti cal concepts of wel l -l oggi ng techni q ues wer e devel -
oped wi th the assumpti onof ani nni te, homogeneous, and i sotr opi c
medi um. Whenthe bor ehol e i s consi der ed, i t i s takento be ar egu-
l ar cyl i nder of knowndi ameter , ti l l ed wi th homogeneous ui d of
knownpr oper ti es. Whenstr ati fi cati oni s takeni nto account, beds
ar e usual l y homogeneous and i sotr opi c.
These assumpti ons of i deal measur ement envi r onment ar e al so
extended to the devel opment of eq uati ons for q uanti tati ve i nter pr e-
tati onof l og r esponses. D ataobtai ned i nan actual measur ement
envi r onment must be cor r ected befor e use i nthe i nter pr etati oneq ua-
ti ons. These cor r ecti ons consi st of r emovi ng that par t of the si gnal
caused by devi ati onof the actual envi r onment fr omthe i deal .
A l oggi ng tool i s usual l y desi gned to htncti onbest i nacer tai n
envi r onment. Use of the tool i nanappr eci abl y di ffer ent envi r on-
ment r esul ts i nal ow-q ual i ty or total l y nonr epr esentati ve l og.
Choosi ng the tool to be r uni n acer tai nwel l bor e, judgi ng the
l og q ual i ty, and extr acti ng q uanti tati ve i nfor mati onfr omthe meas-
ur ement r eq ui r e knowl edge of the actual measur ement envi r onment.
Si gni fi cant par ameter s ar e-the bor ehol e di ameter and shape, the
pr oper ti es of the dr i l l i ng fl ui d l l i ng the bor ehol e, the bor ehol e and
for mati ontemper atur es, an_d the r adi al var i ati onof for mati onpr op-
er tr es.
4.2 Bor ehol e D i ameter and Shape
Measur ement of bor ehol e di ameter wi th cal i per l oggi ng has i ndi -
cated cl ear l y that the actual bor ehol e di ameter oftendi ffer s fr om
the bi t si ze used to dr i l l i t. The di ffer ence i s consi der abl e i nsome
cases. Fi g. 4.1 shows anactual pr ofi l e of abor ehol e dr i l l ed wi th
a12-i n. bi t. The secti ongauge l og was used to esti mate the hol e
vol ume. It cl ear l y shows that the hol e i s far fr ombei ng ar egul ar
cyl i nder wi th uni for mdi ameter .
The bor ehol es actual di ameter and shape depend onthe for ma-
ti ondr i l l ed. The upper par t of the hol e appear s to be smooth, wi th
adi ameter eq ual to the bi t si ze. Infact, Secti onA i s dr i l l ed to gauge,
whi ch i s usual l y the case i nhar d, consol i dated, and i mper meabl e
for mati ons. _
The di ameter of Secti onB i s actual l y smal l er thanthe bi t di ameter .
Thi s i s usual l y the case i nper meabl e for mati ons dr i l l ed wi th mud
that contai ns sol i ds. D r i l l i ng safety usual l y r eq ui r es that the hydr o-
stati c head of the mud col umnbe kept above for mati onpr essur e.
Thi s pr essur e di ffer ence causes the mud to fl ow i nto per meabl e for -
mati ons. The sol i d par ti cl es that exceed the por e si ze ar e r etai ned
at the for mati onface. Thei r bui l dup for ms apl aster -l i ke l ayer of
ver y l ow per meabi l i ty cal l ed amudcake. The mudcake thi ck-
ness depends onmud pr oper ti es and r anges fr omathi nl mto 1
i n. thi ck i nmost cases. Inper meabl e for mati ons, the bor ehol e dr i l l ed
di ameter i s r educed by twi ce the mudcake thi ckness. The mudcake
pr oper ti es, such as r esi sti vi ty and densi ty, di ffer consi der abl y fr om
those of the sur r oundi ng for mati on.
InSecti onCof Fi g. 4.1, the bor ehol es actual di ameter i s en-
l ar ged by as much as 3 1/ 5 i n. Such enl ar gement occur s i nsoft, un-
consol i dated for mati ons because of the scour i ng effect of dr i l l i ng
muds. Enl ar gement al so occur s i nwater -sol ubl e for mati ons, such
as sal t, as ar esul t of l eachi ng, and i nnatur al l y fr actur ed for ma-
ti ons owi ng to aweakeni ng of thei r mechani cal i ntegr i ty.
Bor ehol e enl ar gements ar e most commonl y obser ved i nshal es
and shal y for mati onsl Because of thei r el ectr ochemi cal pr oper -
ti es, cl ay mi ner al s absor b water , causi ng the shal e for mati onto
swel l . The swel l i ng weakens the for mati on, and the shal e sl oughs
and caves. The i ntensi ty of sl oughi ng and cavi ng, whi ch r esul ts
i nbor ehol e enl ar gement, depends onthe physi cal pr oper ti es of the
cl ay and dr i l l i ng ui d. D i ffer ent cl ay mi ner al s have di ffer ent af-
ti ni ti es to water . Fr eshwater -based mud causes mor e cavi ng than
sal twater -based mud. Cavi ng i s usual l y absent whenoi l -based mud
i s used.
For mati onpr oper ti es r esponsi bl e for bor ehol e enl ar gement var 'y,
causi ng er r ati c bor ehol e enl ar gement, whi ch i ntur nr esul ts i nar u-
gose bor ehol e. Bor ehol e r ugosi ty i s appar ent i nSecti onD of Fi g.
4.1.
Bor ehol e enl ar gement causes mechani cal l y center ed tool s to be
si tuated far ther fr omthe for mati oni nvesti gated. The space between
the center ed tool and the for mati oni s occupi ed by dr i l l i ng mud,
whi ch typi cal l y exhi bi ts physi cal pr oper ti es ver y di ffer ent fr omthose
of the for mati on. Loggi ng tool s ar e desi gned to i nvesti gate a
pr escr i bed vol ume; they canusual l y accommodate asmal l fr acti on
of the vol ume to be occupi ed by the mud. As that fr acti oni ncr eases
wi th bor ehol e di ameter , the tool r esponse cannot be attr i buted en-
ti r el y to the for mati on. Inextr eme bor ehol e enl ar gement, the tool
r esponse cor r esponds enti r el y to the dr i l l i ng ui d.
Whenpad-type tool s ar e pr essed agai nst the for mati onface, the
sensor s ar e separ ated fr omthe for mati onby mudcake andtor pockets
of dr i l l i ng mud (Fi gs. 4.2 and 4.3) . Pad-type tool s (e.g.,
mi cr or esi sti vi ty and densi ty tool s) have ar el ati vel y smal l r adi us
of i nvesti gati on. Conseq uentl y, the mudcake zone and mud pock-
ets canconsi der abl y affect the tool r esponse.
Adeq uate anal yses of cer tai nl og measur ements r eq ui r e knowl -
edge of bor ehol e si ze and shape. To deter mi ne bor ehol e geome-
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT 61 '
I5 U IQ
.. _ |-- I r
| [ H ' I ._ l I_ _ U " H _ _ _ mn _ _ " Diumlllr
D ID to 5 IO I
no H 1. J
I20 ll D II-9 5 243
t 1_ _ _ I 4 I _ - i_ - I.--I.
, PROFILE OF TH E H OLE AH D BDLU H ETRIG SECTION GAU GE SCALE
Ili-In
' ID
1| in All-Illlll Elan-our
_ - _ _ .-.. _ _ 1 "" _ -; -FF
-L-. .I...,_ .
:.. -. _ ._ i ll
-- - _ _ _ ; _ _ ; - I H +
Q
IO I i l H 10
_ t - - 4 -- I _ ;r...J--|_ _ | + + --I 1 |-_ -|-- 1 ---I -.
. I, t l.' l_ .l }.l l. _ ll_ FL _ * Ll
I3
4-Li.
".T
' 1
E! ! 4
I
.4- I
Section 5 h' ?wI"q
i--= 1* Tr; v - borehole dlom.
. ' 1 ll-II
_ _ _ -,_ _ 1:!
, I
IIII ...._ |. - less then b|l siz e E
Q
L
| . _ _ - . I - ' ' "' _ '
_ .. _ _ _ . .- : :- l- . ' ' -' -' " ' : " -2 - -
I .. --- - ;._ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
_ -=- .- - . : . ---: -+
TT
_ _ _ -1-._
st
-_ r_ _
III I
II
+ .-.1-I. see
Tl
I pi All 5
I ,-4 -- iiiil i.i:_ iF.i.' u I i_ ;..,.
I I
4> <
I
, 1,:
.
. + 4% ?"
It-I
II ::.i i-I-.-A
"I I i. . 3 "", II
.._ _ ' ,_ ._ .I_
...:.::
tr It
If i Q + 1; _ ..; _ -
-1::
Z ;
|l
IIIi it
II "l
I
-I
I
lgI-I ..._ I.! T_ 7 I_ "
F5 15 1? iii: .
fa
_ Section drilled
I-It L.l Ill ll I
::f --I - I l_ _ _ _ l_
III III
I-;-
@
' 1
- i ans ~
_ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
. [ _ _ _ 1' | -1-
] _ I |-u _ .I _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ I
, ._ IwI-l-r' -- " ' .' i _ .' _ _ '
|-.' .l"- .- _ _ _ -
I to gouge
5 .
5
ll I
I. ll :"T I
Illl
- I i. lT""'
-:1; liI|_ . I
II
""1"
II
r
IIll
l
I ' ' I
I I
IIIIII III
IIIIII IIIII [ III
' 1T"*
-| I -I-F
-.-I--I_ .,
. --- _ ..? _ .. T TI;
ll! III
II it. .' .H _ |@. ..
.' _ _ I =_ _ . "I" _ - - ' -- if
. I q. ' ."i"_ ' _ _ _ _ ' . ._ l_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ -._ -_ .l_ ---z l E .1 ' ;-"Ir--I _ -I" ;;- 1."-
A 5 ! -I ii" :_ ; ; "+ L_ l_ ' "
_ i " .+ ._ ; ,_ _ il :_ _ _ _ .. . - _ .. .,.-_ ..;- .. --
_ | I ' ' " _ ' :_ _ Tf ' "" ' _ Y "IKT " ' _ ,_ _ Y 7 1'
_ _ W I I
I, .1._ ._ ::, - - 3 _ _ - _ _ _ ' :._ ;_ _ ;:;=- .-_ _ l ' ;;.; _ -;-.
I O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
._ . I_ _ 1 ' . _ . ,_ - _ _
n.-I . 1 I
_ ;_ _ _ _ _ -.- -l-:- -_ _ - -_ r:"---
ll ._ . ,,_ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _
IQ?! _ _ _ _ :_ _ ..
.i._ _ .I
="' .:I: t
_ ._ _ - I -- I-
II!
I I p-..' :.. _
- =-:-..
Ii
n ,;:ti -. iiEEl"' ;,=3 Enlarged borehole
_ _ _ _ .... _ . in . _ .
-. - -
_ _ ]_ _ _
. . _ ._ _ ,---
um-I
it
_ ;;i - l_ -- I ---- -
5
at? I
.-.-. - _ ._ :;. _ ;;;;-t I _
_ _ _ _ _ _ . I . .
. 5 L _ "' _ .
' _ lI;:I" . _ :t"t- iv:
---_ ' I ' ' I' ' _ I_ ' _ ' _ - _
.:im...:i
1
- - =' ..i.:l' _ ' ."_ ' _ j
...._ -_ -..;:_ _ -=._ _ -_ -:_ _ _ :_ _ L_ _ _ I[ _ _ I:-_ _ ' ? g '
.----- I Ii - _
- _ .:_ _ -_ -:: | - ' -' - - - -_ l - "T ,.l._ I, II&
_ l""I I5 F; Ii-r
T_ I ..
J H I _ _ ir-I -. I I
-' ~ I
_ i .- -- .r =--
_ | .. .1............T I
. _ i _ _ _ .I:_ =;:-:.--- !
IIl..|
I
I..
-" F-- 1,--r-. -ELI
--1 -
we
iii
,,
lT_ -;.-' _ _ p
_ -i
II
_ _ _ _ E _ _
_ _ 3 _ _
ct
_ _ _ _ _ :_ _ _
-- _ g
I ii: i' m||"' 5
Iti.
lit-I
7 - .
- _ ._
_ -5 - " ::-_ -.
--
Ir
_ _ _ ._ ?.. - ---- ' "' .
1 if 1% ; 3 1-
! * " l.' ."- --
-
ii =1 1 "
..I_ _ _ ,.n_ _ I -I
i
j* 3 I' I 5 . 1 ifA
_ - _ :_ _ -:. _ -
.-|.-..-..-
El I
was
as
qr.
' .; .2 _ ._
' "
_ It 1; .-.
"P_ ' P
- t
.
-
-._ I
' - ' :
l"-"* ' l"* ' l
I
III
Y?
real
, II
.n.I
Ti H I .1 I:
1
.-.-_ - - _ .-.--- 5
L:: "ii ._ i _ _ _ _
I1 _ _ L_ _ ' 1 _
% 1;.ii' - ac. 3 :;.z . . -- -- _
I .;tm:f" _ _
"II:I Ti -* - -. _ _ _ ".-
:-- t ' ie= -~ :* = ' _ . .
' ! E; _ _ - .. _ " It
r r -
-ijiiii _ _ _ ; --1 ---- _ _ _ _ I ' -
,
If!
-|-' r--
ii-I: ' ! ""T I_ I I It-I-1
-I-i
5 ;. if - if R u qos B
f _ _
F-
" ra ,_ , _ .:
nu _ ._ . _
-I
. f;ifi.- Q > borehole
. ---- --=.- ----
_ _ :' i..' -
section
I.
|_ _ _ "' :' - -
_ -.;
_ _ r |._ ._ _
g _ | ._ -.=.. .
: . ' T_ _ _ 1;; _ : . _
.. J _ . - -- ' --"_ -" L _ _ _ :_ ;% -_ :_ _ '
I _ _ _ _ _ - ---
_ ~ E ;;;r;:x;;: "-
i
1--
..I.._ '
-i--L
if IN-ti
L;..I ..
I.:' .i I
";I ' I"' :t * Tl[ Tt""
{' 5 I! -,-
_ ' I
- _ - - _ .,_ :_ - . _ .
- -- l
L
I _ ;.' .' ;=;.' .-.= .-; - , _ _
----i-
."
f* * LTLi a
n I
_ ;;L: I iE
_ . - I" .
_ __ , _ _
it ... . I--
_ "_ -' mi _ _ I_ _ . _ -- ---
-: _ _
- _ _ _ _ _
' TT* * i
:11
QFE
"ii7 ' T -J
-|I ' _ 1' . _ |_ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ .
_ _ _ _ _ _ .a_ .. : . ' -- | '
II ' _ _ _ .;.._ ;--.:. _ _ :
_ II . _ - ._ _ I I
' 11
cl,
- ~ ~ ::II. I
I_ _ _ _ _
nu" all -_ =' -. * I+ % "% l Y "' ".'
I! ! I".I! lIIl! '
.4,
- .....
I 1 l "--2-ll-It
_ _ ]._ _ _ _ _ . _ _ l_ _ ._ 1 I _ _ . _
_ _ T._ _ 4 _ ,
-- - I- " -I- _ .-. _ |- '
u
I: ' :.-' 3 -Y -.-1-' t . _ -
? .. ..._ _ _ _ ' :;t1_ _ i-"' _
. T T_ TT' " _ Q_ :r:i"" ""r::t--- "
* 1 ; .-_ _ ' _ ' :' .' ;' f_ _ :_ - -.--.----- .
_ - "t_ ..._ i._ .-' ----.-- ---=.---F . _ . - I -- I
I1 ' - ""_ - .._ j;' . H 11.1?-" QT ~ * - - . . - I
i -- - --- i -"1"-' -' ; ;;
; ' ! 1 k = " -7 Ii | I _
H .. - _ _ _ - _ ._ _ ...,_ _ .,...,
I
Q
i 1-! -
i_ -- : '

ll
.::: tlllt
,. t' _ ' | II
Fig. 4.1---Profile of a borehole. I
- - 11:.-r. .. ' ' ' ' ' " ' -
try, a caliper log is usually run with microresistivity, density, side-
wall neutron, sonic, and dipmeter logs. Fig. 4.4 is a schematic of
the microresistivity log caliper. Two pads are pushed against the
formation by two opposing arms that work together to keep the main
body of the tool centered in the hole. A spring-like mechanism ex-
tends the arms so that the pads are in continuous contact with the
borehole wall. The outward stretch of the arms that follow the bore-
hole diameter is converted to an electric signal calibrated to yield
the borehole diameter. The tool is calibrated at the surface by placing
it in metallic rings of standard diameters, usually 8 and 12 in.
The contact pads of the microresistivity tools are at least 6 in.
long. Therefore, small hole irregularities cannot be detected. Max-
imum tool stretch is usually limited to 16 or 18 in. The distance
between the pad faces when the tool is collapsed is usually 6 in.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I
I
___
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
G AUG E EG ALE
-I
D I I5 " ID U I0 ti 5 I0 I
_t __ I I
H _ H " D i ameter
, PROFILE IJF THE HOLE AND IHZILLIHETRIG SECTION
ttl l i l ter --
' zc
I
i n r l u H1. -I
IEO l l D II-{II 5 243
_ I t I _- t_- L-I. 1_ I
| -_;| -- _ -.
It anpl l tl l l l i l l nntu
-| - ---I-u 11-? .I\.| Il It FF
-p--w
.| _ .. ... .__ i
.| ..,,_.
Q
| .... t --i f--I ;L5 9 -Lk+I---I I I IF
8;" -1 L L_I_.i l _I I. '1i {_I_ Fl . * Ll
--- -. | .---:- . .---7"
Ir n-ul r '._ L. -1* . E_.._---
I-Li
" T [ I1
Secti onshowi ng
,____1 , __-.
..
'1
E!!i
_ q Pt; ;;._ ' ' _ ' " _;f" ' ._"
._ -';'_'; - 1 I-_:'? ._.Ti _i '_. T ' . .. Q " ;____ _'.
;jII!. eaoor r t ji
=> * bor ehol e di am.
.!
. '1 l l -It
___-,__ :tI
: I
IIII ...._| . l ess then bl t si ze E
Q
L
| . __ - . l I ' '" ' -' --'
_ .. ___. _: :-I-. ' ' -'-' " '-' " -2 - -
I .. --- - ;.__ _ __ __ -
_-;--_- -_ j _ - -.-r ; - .- 1;- ::;; - :- -4-
TI
-_r __ . .." | l l
at
i l l I
II
;a +.,_l . we
TI
I Ch? QIi i _] H7fmCff' I
I 5 - -- Tffi i i _13_i :'_i _ ' o ..._ . ._.. ._ .- .. I i _;....
I;
4> <
I
, 1,:
.
. r i ff?"
It-I
II :I.i i -I-.-F
" l I i . . 3" " , II
| -o--i --'-I-
...t.::
i t
L-I-II-
It
I| II i t
. I II -.
'|
-I
I
| ;I.-. ..._
.__ ._ ___ I |
IIII I
I='" I"
_i _ i 1,| Ii :!:' I
" -I.
I!I .. _ Secti on dr i l l ed
I-It L.l Il l l l I i i T; I ~ I-l IIIIl l
-I-.-_
, " ---" - ._IwI-l -r '-- "
' ___.. '" -" " | -.'.t" - .-
.- to gouge
I
- 3 I
i =5 5 I I I B I I " _ tr : ' " I" ___J Y _-T _
I
I;
I
i t
Il l l
- : i . IT" " '
-:1; hI| _ . I
i I
" " 1"
II
5
IIl l
49
11
.'.o_| i ...
.__. ._._.l .
t'
-.-I--I_..
I " :1--* '.Z'i _TT _ H ' H I _ m r 1.
__ _ ____ __ ____ .__ ______ .__:._____ __:_.._ . _
.- __ _-_ I I 1-_ - ___'____ _ - -
_ I I or - - _- - ' _ __l _____ _ " Z
;_ --- - ._-_.I_---: E 1 ' ;-" Ir --I _-I ' ;;- :;- _ *
. : _LT_- : ' ' ' ' - - --- ' - '_ t T_ T
. . I -~ --- I e---
_ - -_F_; ,__ .l :.___ .. . - .;. .y.-_..;- .. -- _ _
__ - - _-{fi t I 1=3-ti " " " i --1-.5 ?
__ H 1 I __
,. .g._._:,, . . 3 __ __ - -2. .=- .-__r --E-2.. .-;-. I: " __. _ ._
. Q .
l _i f
._ . .__ _ - ------- ----- ---1-
l l .__ ,,_ __ __ .___
IQ?! _ ___ :_ _ ..
.4. __.
___ _- -- ---'- ---.l ---to '1
i ::I:.
II!
_..J .
IT ." \
.| ._ _
T -- " __' -
- --.-r ~ - -| .
____ __
I i -1 l :5 ui " tte Enl ar ged bor ehol e
__ -- 1, _ r
._ p" _'@ :;:_ :---_ I '
_, _ _ _
_ _-_-.; :: ;-.r -- -
I - t_-- I ---- -
5
i pI
.-.-. - _._:;. _;;;;-r .! _
____ _ _ . I _ . _ .
- - '" -I . 5 -:
---_ 1 ' 'I' ' _I_ '_'_- _
.:tm...::
1
__;- ____-_____;:_ _ =' ._.:l '_}_'.,i _j_'_
'? g '
.----- I ti - _
I _.:__-_-::| - '-'- - - -_1 - " T -I-+ I?
_I" 'l IIT
J H
tr It We
m:1m'
-. r .uT.,q - I
1_ 1;
~ eee
_i .--I.r =--
. _t _-_ .r _ =;:-:.---!
_'Z
-ELI
--1 -
-Iv-I-I
anti
r ]__,.-In
__-. E - - .1;
__ S -_
D
__ _ _ ___i _ ____ __ __
II ';; _ L _ F . ;-'-
.._,___ l _ _
he
i i i i 'ml " * 'f
I- 41
gar --
- _ g
7- .
t
tr
I
- ___
_ -5 -" ::-_-.
--
Ir
.__ ._?.. -----'" '.
i fi f1% ; 2 1-
.--- --
-
.:_,=1
..I__-.,.| ,J_- I -I
,.__. ..:.t* _t
I
2'1_@ -'; 5 . II
_- :_::. - 5 --'
.-| .-..-..-
we
to
,T
' .; .2 ___
' "
_It 1; _-_
-I
.
-
-._:
'- ':
r -I-" * r :t
I
l l
'.qTl - vl T
that
oneness
an
Ti
.-.-_ - - _.-.--- 5
-. I: ' -i f _-_ __ __ _-
I1 __L__' 1 _
-Ir . 3 :. . -- _- _
I .;r .__-T _. _ _
" II: I Ti -* - -. ___" .-
:-- l ' ' _ . .
'1 E; __ - ,. _ I i t
r H -
-i ji i i i _-_; --- ---- ___ _! '-
,t_-I
1?-I: 1" " -" T,
HI.1] I:
1
i f Ruq ose
I _ _
r 5 -+ -- 1- L > bor ehol e .
r e i - I+
;;;;~ I s ecti on
| I-:- :--- . " -'- -
.__ __ ___ M ---
__.;
t I ----
; _ | ___ ._-.=.: ...
. 'T_ _. __. _. , - 1;"
1: I _-.__ i t Y_' _ ___
t_| .-l _| _L!_.l ..l _tJ_J._U
1--
..l .._ '
-i --L
'" I
.nIu
- I-I-:I - " * Tl II" "
Iwl Fr i
5 7:.-
-T I
- -_- - _.,_:_- . _ .
- --l
" I L
I _ ;.'.';=;.'.-.= .-; - , _ _
."
I;-_ | -[ 5 1,
KC
a I
-_" .._I_;.-__ I I
_. - 1" " .
_ __ , _ _
i t ... . --
_" _-' mi _ _ I__. _ -- ---
-: __
- __ _ _ _
-| | ' _1' . _| ___ __ .____.
__ __ __.e_.. :. ' -- | '
II ' _ __.;.._ ;--.:. __:-
_ II . I .__ I I
emote
i i "
:11
QIT
~ ha
II: 5 ?.
- i t i t ::II. I
I__ ___

- -T-H-l l -I
I
5 | | .
i | | | -|
ITTyi h I_='-I. % e-
. -- I ---
l l -
:-r - - --- --I I---- _
_.;_;-__... ---. ?11
. __ __ ______ __ _ _
.. - _. ----- -- +---I
" '-" 4 ; .- " " - ;. .
_- :.. 1. Q '-_-i f _ _____ ______ ________ __
I . -- - ' ._F._.. _.
| _ ' -_ ___ .__;___ ; _ ;_.- -- --
5 - ____ " _ ____,______ ;_
- 1 P i I__ _j_ -5 1 _._.'i _
I Q 1 l " --2-l l -I;
__t___ ___. __ l __._ 1 _ _. _
I wu-
i _-- : '

l l In
III-Il l l l
" T " IT .__; I4
I_ ..n.._...!.; _:T'T.__i T:TP'_" . mi .'_I_I._.l Il _,,;... i n-
Fi g. 4.1--Pr ofi l e of abor ehol e. .
- - 11:.-r . .. '''''" '-
tr y, acal i per l og i s usual l y r unwi th mi cr or esi sti vi ty, densi ty, si de-
wal l neutr on, soni c, and di pmeter l ogs. Fi g. 4.4 i s aschemati c of
the mi cr or esi sti vi ty l og cal i per . Two pads ar e pushed agai nst the
for mati onby two opposi ng ar ms that wor k together to keep the mai n
body of the tool center ed i nthe hol e. A spr i ng-l i ke mechani smex-
tends the ar ms so that the pads ar e i nconti nuous contact wi th the
bor ehol e wal l . The outwar d str etch of the ar ms that fol l ow the bor e-
hol e di ameter i s conver ted to anel ectr i c si gnal cal i br ated to yi el d
the bor ehol e di ameter . The tool i s cal i br ated at the sur face by pl aci ng
i t i nmetal l i c r i ngs of standar d di ameter s, usual l y 8 and 12 i n.
The contact pads of the mi cr or esi sti vi ty tool s ar e at l east 6 i n.
l ong. Ther efor e, smal l hol e i r r egul ar i ti es cannot be detected. Max-
i mumtool str etch i s usual l y l i mi ted to 16 or 18 i n. The di stance
betweenthe pad faces whenthe tool i s col l apsed i s usual l y 6 i n.
62 TH EORY, MEASU REMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS
H ole
Axis
' ti;F5 Eai5 ?;?;"f=:tis=Ea?a?ii s=115 "' ~ fs-< =siaitti -=E"' "Y=> ' I1=1i=i:"r' vti=i=i=?=?==i- "' =E' j=E1E:i
weemmme.' . ...-.-;' j-j-I-' .' ..-. .1 ;' ,-, _ -' - I-, _ -_ -j-j-' .' .' .' .' .' . .-.3 .
--=-==i2t-' =""i==ih" ' =fi=E* =-" ' "=2iit-.-=i"* ==ia?as..-.4' =;?a =isiiE5 E5 E5 iii???is
ass-' _ =-=;i;i;-;' :" j' E"=tr' _ a==5 ;5 ar _ -"I, _ .-==,...,.:-="tiaa=, ..-=I1=E5 =:=r=-l=iii' t=-. .
I
I Iil7 ' },_ ililfifi:-1, ..' :i-Iii:-:-:~ ..-* iE5 ' :5 li5 ii-,_ -ilii iiiiii:% g;3 :' -T:iI ii:$iiiII:s* g% :..-:5
:I~ ' E=E=:=:-:1" "=:i:~ :-' -' ";i;r; ' =:=:;.; 1' 5 :5 5 :-.;:tj-t=:=.-:% :% "f:2> ' ' -=:=:=:1.l;-:I;I-"< 5
=":l' f;- _ / -:1: -i:i:' \:;% -l;:;::; "i' :: .--R:i:7 -:5 ' 5 ;i;i:i:i:7 ?r7
I
. ;
. I
I .,.{$4:l . . . ,,:Q_ g_ ca_I I .
it
K ~ . \ ' -.\
% T ii % "e Ia I
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
44"!
' -.i:i:-.-.I:I-' ' -I:i:-t--' - ' i:i' ?-5 " "' :i:i: .- ' i:i:..-I""' i:i:-. .. * i:f:-. -:
Eliliiiili 1I:~ _ ._ .;f:' 5 i5 IiIE i' |ii; :Ii".- 5 ?-iii:- Ellis; 1:5 3
jfjllllii-7 5 .-@Ji:3 ;3 ;I;I, ,. :gr;.;.;.% :j:[ :-.;- -* i5 j::;' i% :E:-i?:-5 @i:i:~ ,. ' ~ ";:j;i:l:? '
:1:-, ' "' iiifi?-""' 1i1i:i7 " ":=:=:i:-"' > ' ii:?.' % -l:! --5 " ' Iifif~ .- ' i:i:$?-13 " * 1:i:T
" \2- I .- /
M * 2 T I Q
r/ it' s * ~ Se o E}T;5 }I; jI;?:2 ::;?5 :1: -{ii ,| _ } Q. g ::E$\_ _ Q-II_ n S r S
I;I;I;l;._ .;.-"~ ,' \i:::::\-,_ -_ -' ' * l;I;I;._ .;.* l-.-I._ .;.; _ 4."I| ; ._ .;. .-.- "5 ' -"' .f.
* . ._ ._ . . ,. |||t||," ,._ .,-,}-_ }- \._ ._ ._ :> r- * 1}. . H .. ' .' : . --.-.-. _ _ -;>
-.
* -. ~ . < -
I S
5 -:-.;EE5 : -_ ;: r;;;;-:-:;;E:.. _ _ .-:-' -:;EE::. _
eeeeeweee
H ole
Axis
TOOI Pd
=5 5 --.5 1"' I"i' $IE.-.-I:i ' .' =t' -' -5 =te:=:i.' .;ai:' ' 5 5 -' -t:I~ ' > "_ a==-";i===* =t:i;' ' ."l2=> =% .i?;teti="* -ti=tert* ' -=
t .=_ ,-="~ < z i--...:' is-.==,;;s@a;+ ";z ;::-.;i;. -5 "is-t:.._ ..ga;z # -z iz t...,L:g;a> -.5 5 1..,a="-;;s-..,=;Ij -.2ai' =~ < :::
:;:-' 5 ' :;:;._ ::;-:r-5 1$:-ti-:il:r' as-rL~ ;' -"-r;:;;-< :Ia' -l-:rv;1li::;,t-:-- -.* -:! :I- -'
-r;:.' g' i.-"-_ -:I@I-' -.;:EJ:::Efl-:_ -:5 :-..;:.::EI' ' 1:"' -I' ;:t;".:;,lii";?;:liiI;$l;"-.;::ji;_ ~ 5 -l;:-_ ;-
~ =.-:-. :==- -.=_ _ _ .; --:.~ ,=te .-,:e.=- .2=titas=-at=dire;=+ -.1:=% < -it=g,,.> :$;=e;=.> --::==~ d=;r
-;;;a,~ h=" ea 1=-ii;i1=:' i ."-="-z ;:2' ?,> =;$;r5 = ~ ;=.-% ;-.=% -=' ' -;==-;-.t_ I;' _ a=-"-;s ,5 :"T==-'
. ' :i-.-::- ,. ' -:;._ ' :- :1-' -:1:-. .I- ,- -l-_ .:.' ;' ' "-:;.._ _ : : -1:-.-:1-' i;i-' --:1:-. .-
@ ,.i . . I Ig' IF .-' --L 4?
=:e~ .5 g_ t -;g~ .> -s$:s1=> s;.% t-+ @i3 ' ,s% ;l> ~ $a$+ r-.+ I=
er ...p~ a ~ =ti1* ;.e' > -' ~ ' e or ggef
H .
.
_ ' ii-=
-as a
I:
1 . . :._ ;:! _ 1;;-_ ::E;:_ _ _ i : 7 _ |;I :.;
- 1 I - " _ -II" ,._ ._ ._ -_ . _ . ; ,
* 1' II " . ' 1 ' _ ,i. : .' .-"' -c-. " 3 :1"--:-. .1 ii -:5 : : 5 " ' i- _ _ I i:i"' -.;:-._ .
I pg, i I |1' -g -"' -P JI$:E.-
- H .--=;== -::i~ -2. ' ~ "- .-' ".i="' % ~ ==."--.-iii
- . 1 12% 1 :' -I 1- .-I' ' 5 .-Ii "I"
% a
Tibet
I I ' i
-, .- 2 I. -. pg-,~ .. 3 ' ,. .1H ,_
I - - .- . . . .. _ . |
- .-
'
ummmmmmu
g hff fives issee fit
all stitt
- v
.
I _ 3 :
' -:-:~ * -- -:-:-. ./ ' -.- . -- i -/ ' ~ .--J.-.~ - .- .-.- .-: - F + --"~ --- -
I:I:I ' ' ~ tiIi-% f_ < ::-r-r- ' -' -in ,.-gt-t-.~ .-.-.''
I I
"
' ;5 :?i:-: / 5 15 1--' 5 i -E5 5 5 5 :-:- ii??? "' :i1:-:' Will:-,-"' ' iiEi.. _ -:I:"1:* i::i
.- . ii-' .-ii: T :5 " .,-:5 -I .-fir vii Ii
I ' 11-. dig? @e% "T' f-$ifl$:;eit"Tif.~ s"T?T@"e?
1' "< =' * ' H ' a -. I;
._ , . , fr15 . -:;,,-% ;.=* -* ,l3 ?;I_ s~ 1-"-* =-~ ,"~ =.' ~ fdrt-- ~ :=- 3 ? 3 =-"
I
ii-' -._ .-:13 :j:i:I$:-' * i:i:-.._ .-:3 :Ii' :iiiI9;:i:7 :. / * 3 tYii};} ' i:i:i:i:-._ ,;;tI:" - ifgf - Iifiiiigii -
I = tiaati --3 -;t_ ~ ,=* .;' " ' '
I rfeieefeeadei ;
Fig. 4.2--Pad-type tool separated from the formation by Fig. 4.3 ---Pad-type tool trapping drilling-mud pockets In ru-
mudcake. I gose borehole.
The range of caliper measurement is then 6 to 16 or 18 in. The rugosity seen on the log reflects the path of the tools extended arm
pressure exerted on the pads is low, so in permeable z ones, they on only one side of the borehole. The other side is being smoothed
ride over the mudcake. The log reading is then the hole drilled di- by the longer tool. Because of the pressure exerted on the tool, the
ameter minus twice the mudcake thickness. arm tends to cut through the mudcake. The log reading is roughly
The density- and pad-type neutron tool calipers are obtained from equal to the borehole drilled diameter minus one mudcake thickness.
an arm attached to the body of the tool (Fig. 4.5 ). The arm is pushed The sonic log tool is centraliz ed in the hole with three equally
hard against the borehole wall to keep the tool in good contact with spaced bow springs (Fig. 4.6). H ole diameter is derived from the
the formation. The measured caliper is the distance between the stretch of these three arms, which usually work together (i.e., they
metallic skid attached to the arm and the tool face. open and close equally).
The rigid, relatively long tool cannot move in and out of a bore- Anisotropic formation mechanical properties result in an oval or
hole enlargement that is shorter than the tool length. The borehole egg-shaped cross section. 2 An enlarged borehole usually assumes
I M d h I I
I Measured Borehole estggupgrre Ge
I Caliper
/ '
a - B h I ."'
, Borehole % Mud cnke - I iiilglloe Mud Coke I
I
emk
$1?
T \-
* ' \.\t\.\\* ~
o\\\\
5
s gt
.s
\
* \\\I.\\\
Well
\_ \\\\\\\\\\' .
\\T3 K
A\\\\\\\\\\\' \\\\\\\\\Y' l\
u Arm
\TooI
Pods
\\\\\\\\\\\\\}\_ \_ \\\
\
&\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
i
\\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Skid '
Tool
_ _ _ oq._ _ _ T_ ' _ _ _ ' _ _
Fig. 4.4--Schematic of microreeietlvity log caliper. caliper.
A -=-= I Fig. 4.5 Schematic of density and pad-type neutron log
I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I Hol e
THEOFIY MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF WEi _.'
Axi s
' 5 5 5 E5 E5 E5 ;i ;Y's=;3 g1:E5 i 5 i ;E:11; " " E:E-141EEi i i f'< EF:" " ?:> ' j;=:5 :i j-;?'sg;5 ;5 :;:;;;;;;;sg;5 5 -j:5 ;5 ;t
--=-=n.~ -=" " i =i e;=" '" '=fi i :=r -T" ==zi at-..=i =% ==i ai fs.__.?" =;?aBi i i i i i E5 E5 i i i i i i i s
.< s. =
agar :sr age==;=;@ :=;=;r ??% ar r ;;;=;r 3% r =i sr -'s==a=aas:-s=a=sesda-=:;=;=a=:
I
I-I-I-~ -I" '=:=:=..:-:-" F" =5 ?r -" 1' " i i i :-. " " 15 1-~ . .-i 5 :3:i :7. " :13:--'5 " 'i i i i i :i :-:~ .-:-IEEI-i
T
T
I T
l Tool Pod _.,\
si r si s e
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
,eeege.gageagpgg -* - . _-
;.'j:j:::[ r ' _.'i i i [ 5 ,; ___;If[ [ j% f='i :_;j% :i ::_J.-:i " " :{:{f _f=:=_" ' 'i i i $ .;.;.5
:-:-, -'.=:!:--' .111-:-. ;:=:. -ti --r ='!'!--' -=-=-=-- -=' ai -
" \2- r .- ,4. .\. l l I I * 1 :
e -. -1, e 5 5 e n3 0 | ' 3
" i '-'-:~ ._-_I-'-* 1-I-i s ..-" '~ :-:-:-. .-:1;-,.,,-.- -. ':+: :< .4
i 'i :i :-* --- -'-l g:-2; :-:-:-:;-:;- ~ :-:-:;:;5 -$ 5 -T - 1:" i '='-
H.
* -. ~ . 9
4?! i Sensor s
l
r -r -.-.-:-:-: .-~ .'-'- .-. - .- .-:-:- ~
;'-~ :;:;:;., ':::;._;::-:-'-:;:;;;,_;;.-'-:;:;[ ?% :-:;:;.g:% ;;-:-:;. ~ 5 5 __.-. --:;;;;:-.__
=-===. x . -' ' ==a" s
:-;-; -5 :111-.-1%_.:i =i -:r .F ,:i :i :-..?.i -'-'-I:-:-., -;l ;-,-,'% jI:I'I'I'?% '=:i :-..> " " '11
" :i :i :?:Z;I-' '=:=:E: ..-" ~ :1:i :i : .:--" ~ i :i :" ..< 1* 'i ;..r -:-';:;_.--'~ i :i :; --"
. '
_.-:r -:=:=.-.'==. .-'1:i :=:f$ .-:1:-:'.< . .1:=-Ir ;-' " -'=-=:-. -'i :i :-:> '-'$ " " .1'l .'l :?.-:I.-
:; " ;:;:;r ;:r '-'-:g - '-';:;:-r --- ~ :-pg :-'+-.5 _.;:;:;:,.,r '-:-:i i ~ }_% ;-:;:;:;:
I
T
35 1* -" TE? 71I5 1:1:35 -" '11i Ii i :@ fi i 4i % :1i 1:75 " " i i i .g " :i :i 5 i 'i E
l " i i i :~ ..-E:" 'i " ;:E._ __ l :! 43i Ii i i i
==:=egsai nehr =:sssi e=i s:=-" i ====a=r ..--s< i =i r % i si -r r wai i r r r ar ss-get
' " i 'i 'i :- j:i :i :i :-.-I-I-E-:-:-:~ -.-.-5 -I:I:F'% f* .;-:.;r :% :;:-I-;~ .; ' -';:;:;._.--- " -:-:-:-:~ . -s
45 % :i i i 7% -I-;;5 ;5 'f% % i 5 f5 % -jl l l fi i r -:% 5 j:k?:-> g'Q5 :-:g.-5 -'-:-:- {f:? - 1.
- '-:;.;._.-'1'" --.i ::_ :i ::~ .:-:-:'c'i :i :. :I- ." ::::-.
-ta=2=.,:% -" s==,-.-., -"
'-i ;i :-_-'-' -:;:;.~ .-'-' i 'i :i :-. 1:1:-. ;-.-'~ ;;:;._ _ vi" ;i ---:-:-:r ,
';:;:;@ " ~ ;;:;T'@ 3'_ ..;:5 " -r -@ !i " * l ;i : -.-:I'f;i ;_ :-:;m.;-Qi :i :
,
-" ' ';I;I~ __-' 'I:I;I}:\___. ~ 1;i :I;I;-,_:;- " I;I;- _-" ~ 1$ ) I'H- " " \;~ r r ;} 'I;I;IjT;
::;:[ :% .;5 .'% 1;.'-i :f::;.r $ 4 --5 * -_:;/ \;;;:;:~ ._;:-' _f:I:I:=:
_ '~ :4:i :i - j::'1::: . " -:' i i * "
..'-1:i :i {_-j< 1:=;i :=:% / < '. - - E " Ci t Yo i s : _ " " .;.-.-" ~ '=E=E=E=
;-I-T I;I;I;% Ij-" i IEIE% -" -'i ,::\:,_I-_- ;I':+:_f::i ;I;._ __..,:,_. :=:- ,;I:% :':' I
/ / _'-H (.2 1-Hr . 1./ r '-'-'* -' " H\\ --IT ---1.
as e ~ e as . r s
Hol e
Axi s
TOOI Pd
:,:,:h__:_: ._._:_\_.;:;- \.;.;._\__;_;, -,:,:_ ___:_ ._:_ _ _.c_._ ..1| ;/ -.:._._._.,___:;._.; I H _!__J_ -;_.._;_:____. _,L I I,--_:_:____:,_ a$ _;5 ' g.-i i --_;!;i ___. '. - 1-5 ;. _,_
==i !'i -'_:1i i ;r -' E119 5 ?" ' " 1:=:-.r -> -" " :=:- ..-i i -l -i ?r -I--- 1 . : :' Ii ." i t+'~ ~ i * EF'-:IE-.-::@ 'i i * r ~ i I~ .==~ @ .* i :% i " t5 - =1-.-:1 F I --\.'.* .'. .-H---~ ---'--'-' --.'.'.'. 1-'.-.-.- .1.1.-.-_-5 -_ .-,-,-,_j~ _-_.5 .:.'-'-'-'- ! - '\;.g.-.;.;!-_ , -{L _._ ;| :\.[ . : pf:-_,;!:___.5 ,_-t$ ,5 ,@ :,:_q ,_;5 -_____5 _'\p?,* t_:,;5 _.,:-,1h-g:5 .___.5 .,:\;._ :;5 ._w;.;.__.:._
|
==:i =e:';Ir easi ." ;a:'-':se:% si @ i :j '5 i * :?:i 'fti i 'L';i ===l i i i ?i s* ?i * i * 'i i i i i i 5 * -i i 5 t* i i f"
- 5 1." ;-:i :i i s:I=" ' -. -;$ i * Yr ?=:* i ;i 3si ~ .-?" a-=5 ?
' i -c3:- .-i " _ Ii i -.g!___. " i :i '.;::_% 'i i " i i 5 e$ 225 " :5 -'!5 i 5 E;d?.-i i Ii " '-i i i :QT?-1% -i Ii :'@ .,-c5 'i 3$ !@ i ;i " 'i i i i i i
;r .=;& =@ ; ,::% ?i :5 ;;2gi ==r
-==:ei sr gr asr sasr ti 1sr g< > * % @ ei g< t:i < si enr s*
-" " ==:i ~ . ;'-.+i j.." l " '-Y=z> --;=i " i s I" .Ii - -:--fl .r 3'=5 '.=== -;-=5 2.25 =" '--:
-.
i i i ;-3'-i ;" i 5 ' -I-'i i i " -:5 i -T-Ti i i i p-.-'-:3:---Ir i i -:5 -~ 32.-: 5 " " -.-'-.-:_. -.--I:-' :-::::' -i i i i i i i
-- .- -' -
==% i =.- r e .==-:;r i i g~ ;r -=* -i '.. > =- = .. -: < ' i i " -=- :=- -r .-.
'. . " ~ -=- =-==.- -+1-.% -" '5 ::;.. .= r i r -+B: .=i i '* ** -.* ;__.=;.='=" :;=.~ ._ I=--r r -=5 ,
,, * r -'~ .--_,- --:-:-..-:- - -.-_ - -.-'-.;. H . -.-: .- " " -pd i -=. ~ ~ '-i i
1- , , 1 * ; " " _..; .-. . -.- . ' " ;-' -,,-'\-i i gh _ -E,-13% . '< ;.-..5 ,5 . ." '
-' .-:-'= r
.-- - =
% s
we
T'P'
5 . . . - .- E: .5 1 ___:@ :i '-_;5 _ __,:_ _ +5 ,
I -1.1-'1-'1'
. '-
as . ..:-i i ? . .. . ..
H
=:" % @ ~ .. .- as ..-aw---r e
.. .
r % @
as sr e or $ - &
i > % -t-i s
Bear
ear .$ % ~ as $ 5
B
Fi g. 4.2-Pad-type tool separ ated fr omthe for mati on by
mudcake. |
Fi g. 4.3---Pad-type tool tr appi ng dr i l l i ng-mud pockets Inr u-
gose bor ehol e.
I __ __ _ __ _____
The r ange of cal i per measur ement i s then6 to 16 or 18 i n. The
pr essur e exer ted onthe pads i s l ow, so i nper meabl e zones, they
r i de over the mudcake. The l og r eadi ng i s thenthe hol e dr i l l ed di -
ameter mi nus twi ce the mudcake thi ckness.
The densi ty- and pad-type neutr ontool cal i per s ar e obtai ned fr om
anar mattached to the body of the tool (Fi g. 4.5 ) . The ar mi s pushed
har d agai nst the bor ehol e wal l to keep the tool i ngood contact wi th
the for mati on. The measur ed cal i per i s the di stance betweenthe
metal l i c ski d attached to the ar mand the tool face.
The r i gi d, r el ati vel y l ong tool cannot mor e i nand out of abor e-
hol e enl ar gement that i s shor ter thanthe tool l ength. The bor ehol e
r ugosi ty seenonthe l og r efl ects the path of the tool s extended ar m
ononl y one si de of the bor ehol e. The other si de i s bei ng smoothed
by the l onger tool . Because of the pr essur e exer ted onthe tool , the
ar mtends to cut thr ough the mudcake. The l og r eadi ng i s r oughl y
eq ual to the bor ehol e dr i l l ed di ameter mi nus one mudcake thi ckness
The soni c l og tool i s centr al i zed i nthe hol e wi th thr ee eq ual l y
spaced bow spr i ngs (Fi g. 4.6) . Hol e di ameter i s der i ved fr omthe
str etch of these thr ee ar ms, whi ch usual l y wor k together (i .e. , they
openand cl ose eq ual l y) .
Ani sotr opi c for mati onmechani cal pr oper ti es r esul t i nanoval or
egg-shaped cr oss secti on? Anenl ar ged bor ehol e usual l y assumes
Meosur ed Bor ehol e E
Cohper
/
/ _
\
< 9
#
$
Wol l
\\\\\\\\\\\\\}\\\\\\_\\\\\\\\\\'.
\Tool
Pods
\\T..\\'
& \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
\
as
'5
4\.\A\\*
\\\\
s
~ \
\s
* \\u\\\\
Measur ed Bor ehol e
C0 l i per
t - B h l 1"
j Bor ehol e % Mud Coke . i i l i i gi l oe Mud Coke
i I
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\i .H
i A\\\\\\\\\\\'
Ar m
Ski d '
Tool
___uq .__ _ T_'___ - _
Fi g. 4.4--Schemati c of mi cr or aei eti vi ty tog eai i per . cal i per .
- =--r i Fi g. 4.5 $ chemati c of densi ty and pad-type neutr on l og
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT 63 I
Measured Borehole
Cohper
-.\\\\\\\\\a\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\w \1.\w\\
. ._\ s
\\ '
x\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ u - \\n\\\
iy Borehole
i Well _
\\\\
T Bowstring ..._ .
. I
Mud Coke t I
,_ Fig. 4.6 Sc' hematic of sonic log tool caliper.
a noncircular cross section. Because of the pressure exerted on the
pads, the tool rotates, seeking the position of least potential energy.
This is usually the long axis for an elliptical cross section of the
borehole (Fig. 4.7 ). Microresistivity, density, and neutron log
calipers generally measure the long axes of oval holes.
In an elliptical hole, a three-arm caliper, such as the sonic caliper,
most probably assumes one of the positions shown in Fig. 4.8 . The
indicated diameter is less than the maximum hole axis. In addition,
the reading is reduced by twice the mudcake thickness. Note that
the three dependent bow springs fail to centraliz e the tool properly
in a noncircular borehole.
The tool design and the borehole shape and rugosity determine
the calipers vertical and horiz ontal resolution. Different calipers
obtained in the same borehole yield different results. Fig. 4.9 com-
pares the microlog and a density log caliper. Major disagreements
are observed over Sections X and Y. Section X is a borehole en-
largement. U nable to t closely in this geometry, the density tool
smooths out one side of the hole. This results in a reading smaller
than that of the microlog. Section Y is a permeable interval that
exhibits mudcake buildup. The density-tool skid cuts through the
mudcake while the microlog pads ride over it. The microlog-caliper
reading is one mudcake thickness less than that of the density caliper.
Fig. 4.10 compares two calipers:one obtained by a two-arm pad
device (e. g. , a microlog) and the other by a three-arm bow-spring
device (a sonic log). The noncircular hole shape causes the marked
disagreement. The two-arm device reads the long axis of the oval
hole; the three-arm device reads the short axis.
A four-arm caliper gives a better denition of a noncircular bore-
hole. This tool conguration usually accompanies the dipmeter log
where denition of the borehole circumference is essential. The
four arm device has two independent two-arm calipers placed at
right angles. The tool provides two caliper logs. In circular bore-
holes, the two calipers are equal. They separate in noncircular holes
as one caliper reads the long axis and the other reads the short axis.
Fig. 4.11 shows an example of the four-arm caliper output. The
approximate borehole cross sections at Levels A, B, and C are also
shown.
Qualitative and quantitative information can be extracted from
the caliper reading. The borehole diameter or mudcake thickness
is needed when a correction for the effect of drilling fluids on log
measurements is warranted. The presence of mudcake itself is proof
of the presence of permeability. Mudcake buildup, borehole en-
-.L9-nq Axis
Short Axis
I Fig. 4.?--Schematic of elliptical borehole showing the prefer-
? ential position of a pad-type tool.
-- .:.. , \-nu-ulr-1 1_ _ ' _ .
Borehole Center
Borehole Center .
Fig. 4.8 Most probable positions assumed by a three-arm
caliper in an elliptical borehole (from Ref. 1).
largement, and borehole rugosity can be used with other log data
to mark changes in lithology. Proper evaluation of pad-type tools
(density or sidewall neutron) is enhanced by knowledge of the ex-
tent of the borehole rugosity.
In well-completion operations, the caliper log can help estimate
required cement volumes. It also helps select the optimum loca-
tion for packer seats. The caliper log is indispensable in dipmeter
interpretation because it provides the position of readings pickup
points on the dipping plane.
Example 4.1. Fig. 4.1215 shows an interval of a microcaliper (i.e. ,
a two-arm caliper measurement) that accompanies the microlog.
The interval logged consists of sands and shales. The vertical line
on the log represents the nominal borehole diameter, which is taken
to be the bit siz e.
a. What bit siz e was used to drill this hole?
b. Does the log show mudcake buildup? What is the thickness
of the permeable z one?
c. What is the best estimate of the mudcake thickness?
d. Does the log show severe borehole enlargement? What is the
maximum diameter recorded by the log?
e. What is the lithology in the enlarged interval?
f. What is the vertical resolution of this tool? I-low does it com-
pare with the pad length (about 6 in.)? H ow accurate is the thick-
ness value obtained in Part b?
L-_ _ _ _ - I
H
:-
|
l
r
-I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
'l E.t'-'tSUFl EMENT ENVIRONMENT
, Measur ed Bor ehol e
I Cohper
-.\\\\\\\\ta\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\w \\\w\\
. ._\ s
\\ '
x\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ u - \\tt\\\
l g Bor ehol e
I Wal l _
\\\\
1 Bowstr i ng .....
,_ Fi g. 4.6Sc'hemati c at soni c l og tool cal i per .
anonci r cul ar cr oss secti on. Because of the pr essur e exer ted onthe
pads, the tool r otates, seeki ng the posi ti onof l east potenti al ener gy.
Thi s i s usual l y the l ong axi s for anel l i pti cal cr oss secti onof the
bor ehol e (Fi g. 4.7) . Mi cr or esi sti vi ty, densi ty, and neutr on l og
cal i per s gener al l y measur e the l ong axes of oval hol es.
Inanel l i pti cal hol e, athr ee-ar mcal i per , such as the soni c cal i per ,
most pr obabl y assumes one of the posi ti ons showni nFi g. 4.8. The
i ndi cated di ameter i s l ess thanthe maxi mumhol e axi s. Inaddi ti on,
the r eadi ng i s r educed by twi ce the mudcake thi ckness. Note that
the thr ee dependent bow spr i ngs fai l to centr al i ze the tool pr oper l y
i nanonci r cul ar bor ehol e.
The tool desi gnand the bor ehol e shape and r ugosi ty deter mi ne
the cal i per s ver ti cal and hor i zontal r esol uti on. D i ffer ent cal i per s
obtai ned i nthe same bor ehol e yi el d di ffer ent r esul ts. Fi g. 4.9 com-
par es the mi cr ol og and adensi ty l og cal i per . Major di sagr eements
ar e obser ved over Secti ons X and Y. Secti onX i s abor ehol e en-
l ar gement. Unabl e to t cl osel y i nthi s geometr y, the densi ty tool
smooths out one si de of the hol e. Thi s r esul ts i nar eadi ng smal l er
thanthat of the mi cr ol og. Secti onY i s aper meabl e i nter val that
exhi bi ts mudcake bui l dup. The densi ty-tool ski d cuts thr ough the
mudcake whi l e the mi cr ol og pads r i de over i t. The mi cr ol og-cal i per
r eadi ng i s one mudcake thi ckness l ess thanthat of the densi ty cal i per .
Fi g. 4.10 compar es two cal i per s:one obtai ned by atwo-ar mpad
devi ce (e. g. , ami cr ol og) and the other by athr ee-ar mbow-spr i ng
devi ce (asoni c l og) . The nonci r cul ar hol e shape causes the mar ked
di sagr eement. The two-ar mdevi ce r eads the l ong axi s of the oval
hol e; the thr ee-ar mdevi ce r eads the shor t axi s.
A four -ar mcal i per gi ves abetter defi ni ti onof anonci r cul ar bor e-
hol e. Thi s tool confi gur ati onusual l y accompani es the di pmeter l og
wher e deni ti onof the bor ehol e ci r cumfer ence i s essenti al . The
four -ar mdevi ce has two i ndependent two-ar mcal i per s pl aced at
r i ght angl es. The tool pr ovi des two cal i per l ogs. Inci r cul ar bor e-
hol es, the two cal i per s ar e eq ual . They separ ate i nnonci r cul ar hol es
as one cal i per r eads the l ong axi s and the other r eads the shor t axi s.
Fi g. 4.11 shows an exampl e of the four -ar mcal i per output. The
appr oxi mate bor ehol e cr oss secti ons at Level s A, B, and Car e al so
shown.
Qual i tati ve and q uanti tati ve i nfor mati oncanbe extr acted fr om
the cal i per r eadi ng. The bor ehol e di ameter or mudcake thi ckness
i s needed whenacor r ecti onfor the effect of dr i l l i ng ui ds onl og
measur ements i s war r anted. The pr esence of mudcake i tsel f i s pr oof
of the pr esence of per meabi l i ty. Mudcake bui l dup, bor ehol e en-
. I
Shor t Axi s
I Fi g. 4.?--Schemati c of el l i pti cal bor ehol e showi ng the pr efer -
? enti al posi ti onat apad-type tool .
Bor ehol e Center
Bor ehol e Center
Fi g. 4.8Most pr obabl e posi ti ons assumed by a
cal i per i nanel l i pti cal bor ehol e (fr omRel . 1) .
l ar gement, and bor ehol e r ugosi ty canbe used wi th other l og data
to mar k changes i nl i thol ogy. Pr oper eval uati onof pad-type tool s
(densi ty or si dewal l neutr on) i s enhanced by knowl edge of the ex-
tent of the bor ehol e r ugosi ty.
Inwel l -compl eti onoper ati ons, the cal i per l og canhel p esti mate
r eq ui r ed cement vol umes. It al so hel ps sel ect the opti muml oca-
ti onfor packer seats. The cal i per l og i s i ndi spensabl e i ndi pmeter
i nter pr etati onbecause i t pr ovi des the posi ti onof r eadi ngs pi ckup
poi nts onthe di ppi ng pl ane.
Exampl e 4.1. Fi g. 4.1215 shows ani nter val of ami cr ocal i per (i .e. ,
atwo-ar mcal i per measur ement) that accompani es the mi cr ol og.
The i nter val l ogged consi sts of sands and shal es. The ver ti cal l i ne
onthe l og r epr esents the nomi nal bor ehol e di ameter , whi ch i s taken
to be the bi t si ze.
a. What bi t si ze was used to dr i l l thi s hol e?
b. D oes the l og show mudcake bui l dup? What i s the thi ckness
of the per meabl e zone?
c. What i s the best esti mate of the mudcake thi ckness?
d. D oes the l og show sever e bor ehol e enl ar gement? What i s the
maxi mumdi ameter r ecor ded by the l og?
e. What i s the l i thol ogy i n the enl ar ged i nter val ?
f. What i s the ver ti cal r esol uti onof thi s tool ? I-l ow does i t cor n-
par e wi th the pad l ength (about 6 i n.) ? How accur ate i s the thi ck-
ness val ue obtai ned i nPar t b?
L-__ _ _ - I
|
H
:-
|
l
r
-
64 TH EOFIY, MEASU REMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS
H OLE DIAMETER {inches}
0
an
.
' i
-_ I I
I I : : 1i
I-. -
. i -""
_ _ ._ _ ._ 1% ?-5 .-
|; I
.. ii7 .a l.fi Q
I |- | i.
_ _ ._ _ -r-l' -|--~ }- ' ~ _ -
' ii i . i' : _ _ _ i'I--| ii it-
an
z sse - - -L , -
-no -=.lll.-. _ .1
_ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I
l
"' ,;_ ' Int-an
_ _ _ -.-_ -
._ _ _ -
I
4
SECTION
DEPTH
ll* *
p:.ru- roused
EI 5 15 i = hill:iiiiiii _ jL - E:
II
I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Two Arm Low Pressure
' - " _ Pad Caliper lldicraloql
---' One arm H igh Pressure
Caliper {Density Lcql
z saa -- -
' - - s - .
._ _ . _
' -Z
_ _ I -
_ , pp i SECTION
r Y
15 . _ _ _ _ _ ,H _ _ ; _ .
-
""* i T
Fig. 4.9--Comparison ct micralag caliper and density caliper
(tram Ftef. 2).
I -, iiiii i ii
H OLE DIAMETER [ inches]
U h | i
T _ i_
I. | ic--I
El
H H EH I-H - i
5 000
I-I-@:=H _ -
I
d
1 I I
' 2:.
' 1' ]

I I
.. a_ _
-.. --1'
3 -it
. -5
' .3
as
Q _
==..":"' -1' -' ~ ="- -===
4
I - H i
:-_ I' i]j_ ' ;|_ ---"- _ -
--TE-III
; I
I
iiiiiFl I111
II _ .
DEPTH
, .
I
' I
CALIPERS
~ i Two Arm Pad
- -- Three Arm Bow Spring
H er ;r . Q;
irtwtttt
-if '5 %
1&2:
' --e=
-_ F :-.5 -I-ii2:_
E}. -= -_ _ .
II,11_ 1f1
. i |' I |_
I
ii
-l.
_ - _ _ _ _ . _ _ :_ - -- rt-i
Fig. 4.1 B Compariean of two-arm and three-arm bow-spring
calipers (from Ref. 2). _ i
g. U sing log information, can you guess the tool diameter in the
collapsed position?
Solution. Fig. 4.12B illustrates the answers to the above
questions.
a. The vertical line indicates that a 6% -in. bit was used to drill
this hole.
b. Yes, the actual hole diameter between 10,494 and 10,5 3 3 ft
is less than the bit siz e. This indicates that there is mudeake build-
up against a 3 9-ft permeable z one.
c. Two-arm pad-type calipers read the actual hole diameter mi-
nus twice the mudcake thickness, hm. -The caliper reads 6-in. , so
2h,,,,_ ._ .=6% 6=% in. and h,,,,_ .=3 / 3 in.
The calculation of a :7 3 -in. mudcake thickness assumes that the
hole was drilled to gauge. If the drilled-hole diameter is larger than
the bit siz e to start with, 5 / 3 in. is the minimum thickness value.
Note that if the drilled-hole diameter is considerably larger than
the bit siz e, mudcake buildup can go undetected.
d. The log shows a severe borehole enlargement in the interval
of 10,449 to 10,48 4 ft. The maximum recorded diameter is 11%
in., indicating a 5 -in. borehole enlargement.
e. Because, as stated, only sands and shales are present in the
interval shown in Fig. 4.12A, the lithology in the enlarged inter-
val is shale.
f. The log shows diameter variation over thin z ones xi to 1 ft.
thick. The tools vertical resolution is then on the same order of
magnitude as the pad length. Thus, the estimated permeable-z one
thickness of 3 9 ft in Part B is a very good estimate.
g. From Fig. 4. 12B, the pads rst established contact with the
borehole wall at 10,5 98 ft. The tool reading below that depth cor-
responds to the collapsed position of the tool. It is about 5 .4 in.
4.3 lltlud, Mud-Flltrata, and lllludcake Properties
Well-logging tools are usually run in boreholes filled with a drill-
ing fluid. Possible drilling uids are air, water, or a slurry made
up of liquid and solid phases. Slurries, the most frequently used
drilling uid, are called drilling muds. The principal functions of
drilling muds are to remove the drilled solids (i.e., cuttings), to
prevent formation uids from owing into the borehole, to pre-
vent the borehole walls from caving, and to cool the bit. Drilling
mud also plays an important role in logging operations, especially
electric logging. In effect, a conductive drilling mud is needed to
provide electric continuity between the electric electrode-type tools
and the formation.
The drilling mud affects, generally adversely, the response of
logging tools, depending on its type and properties. Water-based
mud is the most common type. It is made of a continuous liquid
phase of water in which clay or clay-like material is in suspension.
Barite is usually added to increase mud density. Chemicals are also
added to control the rheological properties of the uid. The water
used to mix the mud is usually fresh. Some drilling applications
however, call for salt water.
The water is usually replaced by liquid hydrocarbons for hot,
deep formations, water-soluble formations, and water-sensitive
potential producing formations. This type of mud is known as oil-
based mud because the liquid phase consists of diesel, weathered
etude, rened, or mineral oil. Oil-based muds are nonconductive
and limit the use of resistivity logs to induction-type devices. It is
generally accepted that oil-based mud minimiz es borehole environ-
mental effects. Recent studies3 show, however, that this is not al-
ways the ease. As the use of oil-based muds increases, our
understanding of their effect on the logging environment improves.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WEL
HOLE D IAMETER {i nches}
Ol -
.
' i
-_I I
I
E: 1i
I... -
. i -" "
__.__._ l ._.i -5 .-
| ; I
..| .i E.=:l .f.:
I | - | i .
__.__-.--_'.l _| -.-~ ;;-_'._-
'5 ! 1 i . :'
.__
. I" 2l ';... :'2- _.
Oh
i i ai i gki i l
zsea - - -L , -
_ ._-_
__.__ __ __ _ _
I
l
" ',;_' Int-an
_-_ L.__-
._ _ _ -
I
4
SECTION
D E PTH
i r a+
p:.;v- r eeves
I= i i i i JL - i i
II
I __ ___ ___ Two Ar mLaw Pr essur e
' - --- " --- _ Pod Cal i per i l sl i cr oi oq l
---' One ar mHi gh Pr essur e
Cal i per {D ensi ty Loal
zsaa l - -
'- - i t - .
.__. _
'-Z
__ I -
_, pp i SECTION
r v
15 . ____ _,H__; _.
-
FTFT
~ ve I
Fi g. 4.9 --Compar i sonat mi cr ol og cal i per and densi ty cal i per
(fr omFi ef. 2) .
X
-0-
HOLE D IAMETER [ i nches]
Uh | i
T _i _
I. | i o--I
El
i -s- aeT5 Li
- | ..
" -1
._ ..|
i -.
. F
' .3
as
Q_ e
==..." :" '-1'-'~ =" - -===
4
I - Hi
:-_I'i ]j_';| _---" - _-
--OI-III J
; I
l
i i i i i Fl I111
II..
D EPTH
,, .
I
' I
CALIPERS
~ i Two Ar mPod
-- Thr ee Ar mBow Spr i ng
twv ;r .
i ui hmad
I i E E. I
-i f i5 %
-has
'--s=
1.. R = -__ '. _
an
_,T-1-
- i | ' '| _
I
i i i
-I.
Fi g. 4.1BCompar i sonof two-ar mand thr ee-ar mbow-spr i ng ?
l .. I
Hl i i l i l i l i
IIIIIS--III
sane 1.

I I |
Y a
" 1
t E
_ . .__. . .:.--- Tl -i
cal i per s (fr omRef. 2) . _ i
g. Usi ng l og i nfor mati on, canyou guess the tool di ameter i nthe
col l apsed posi ti on?
Sol uti on. Fi g. 4.12B i l l ustr ates the answer s to the above
q uesti ons.
a. The ver ti cal l i ne i ndi cates that a6% -i n. bi t was used to dr i l l
thi s hol e.
b. Yes, the actual hol e di ameter between 10,49 4 and 10,5 33 ft
i s l ess thanthe bi t si ze. Thi s i ndi cates that ther e i s mudcake bui l d-
up agai nst a39 -ft per meabl e zone.
c. Two-ar mpad-type cal i per s r ead the actual hol e di ameter mi -
nus twi ce the mudcake thi ckness, hm. -The cal i per r eads 6-i n. , so
2h,,,,_._.=6% 6=% i n. and h,,,,_.=3/ 3 i n.
The cal cul ati onof a:73-i n. mudcake thi ckness assumes that the
hol e was dr i l l ed to gauge. If the dr i l l ed-hol e di ameter i s l ar ger than
the bi t si ze to star t wi th, 5 / 3 i n. i s the mi ni mumthi ckness val ue.
Note that i f the dr i l l ed-hol e di ameter i s consi der abl y l ar ger than
the bi t si ze, mudcake bui l dup cango undetected.
d. The l og shows asever e bor ehol e enl ar gement i nthe i nter val
of 10,449 to 10,484 ft. The maxi mumr ecor ded di ameter i s 11%
i n., i ndi cati ng a5 -i n. bor ehol e enl ar gement.
e. Because, as stated, onl y sands and shal es ar e pr esent i nthe
i nter val showni nFi g. 4.l 2A, the l i thol ogy i nthe enl ar ged i nter -
val i s shal e.
f. The l og shows di ameter var i ati onover thi nzones i d to 1 ft.
thi ck. The tool s ver ti cal r esol uti on i s thenonthe same or der of
magni tude as the pad l ength. Thus, the esti mated per meabl e-zone
thi ckness of 39 ft i nPar t B i s aver y good esti mate.
g. Fr omFi g. 4. 12B, the pads r st establ i shed contact wi th the
bor ehol e wal l at 10,5 9 8 ft. The tool r eadi ng bel ow that depth cor -
r esponds to the col l apsed posi ti onof the tool . It i s about 5 .4 i n.
4.3 l l l l ud, Mud-Fi l tr ata, and l l l l udcake Pr oper ti es
Wel l -l oggi ng tool s ar e usual l y r uni nbor ehol es fi l l ed wi th adr i l l -
i ng fl ui d. Possi bl e dr i l l i ng ui ds ar e ai r , water , or asl ur r y made
up of l i q ui d and sol i d phases. Sl ur r i cs, the most fr eq uentl y used
dr i l l i ng ui d, ar e cal l ed dr i l l i ng muds. The pr i nci pal functi ons of
dr i l l i ng muds ar e to r emove the dr i l l ed sol i ds (i .e., cutti ngs) , to
pr event for mati onui ds fr omowi ng i nto the bor ehol e, to pr e-
vent the bor ehol e wal l s fr omcavi ng, and to cool the bi t. D r i l l i ng
mud al so pl ays ani mpor tant r ol e i nl oggi ng oper ati ons, especi al l y
el ectr i c l oggi ng. Ineffect, aconducti ve dr i l l i ng mud i s needed to
pr ovi de el ectr i c conti nui ty betweenthe el ectr i c el ectr ode-type tool s
and the for mati on.
The dr i l l i ng mud affects, gener al l y adver sel y, the r esponse of
l oggi ng tool s, dependi ng oni ts type and pr oper ti es. Water -based
mud i s the most commontype. It i s made of aconti nuous l i q ui d
phase of water i nwhi ch cl ay or cl ay-l i ke mater i al i s i nsuspensi on.
Bar i te i s usual l y added to i ncr ease mud densi ty. Chemi cal s ar e al so
added to contr ol the r heol ogi cal pr oper ti es of the ui d. The water
used to mi x the mud i s usual l y fr esh. Some dr i l l i ng appl i cati ons
however , cal l for sal t water .
The water i s usual l y r epl aced by l i q ui d hydr ocar bons for hot,
deep for mati ons, water -sol ubl e for mati ons, and water -sensi ti ve
potenti al pr oduci ng for mati ons. Thi s type of mud i s knownas oi l -
based mud because the l i q ui d phase consi sts of di esel , weather ed
cr ude, r ened, or mi ner al oi l . Oi l -based muds ar e nonconducti ve
and l i mi t the use of r esi sti vi ty l ogs to i nducti on-type devi ces. It i s
gener al l y accepted that oi l -based mud mi ni mi zes bor ehol e envi r on-
mental effects. Recent studi es3 show, however , that thi s i s not al -
ways the case. As the use of oi l -based muds i ncr eases, our
under standi ng of thei r effect onthe l oggi ng envi r onment i mpr oves.
l
E
i
I
1
* --._ _ .
MEASU FIEMENT ENVIRONMENT
H OLE DIAMETER A
5 {inches} 1,5
E
< 1
-t
2
E
Iii-ii
"-' ll ' _ " th|~ n' i*
kn-"kl-i
in _ |I-an-|_ _ |
)-
I
I
I-wf an-ilk. "' 5 '
Il\
E
U 5
F)
C !
Fig. 4.11 Examp|e of four-arm caliper output (from Ref. 2).
The rest of this section focuses on the more common water-based
mud. As mentioned, the drilling mud ows into a permeable for-
mation because of a pressure differential between the wellbore and
the formation. Large particles relative to pore siz e are screened
out and coat the formation face with a mudcake. The liquid phase
that invades the formation is called the mud ltrate. As Fig. 4.13
illustrates, the mud, mudcake, the z one of the formation invaded
by mud ltrate, and the uninvaded z one of the formation contrib-
ute to the tool measurement. In addition to the properties of the
formation of interest, the tool response is affected by mud, mud-
cake, and mud-ltrate properties. The degree of these effects de-
pends on the tool design, physical properties of the z ones involved,
borehole siz e, mudcake thickness, and depth of invasion.
65
Drilling-mud data pertinent to logging operations are type; den-
sity; viscosity; pH ; uid loss; and mud, mudcake, and mud-ltrate
resistivities.
4.3 .1 Mud Type. Water-based muds usually are chemically treat-
ed and are designed according to the type of treatment. Commonly
used muds can be classied as (1) natural muds (untreated), (2)
phosphate muds, (3 ) organically treated muds (lignate, quebracho,
and chrome lignosulfonates), (4) calcium-treated muds (lime, cal-
cium chloride, and gypsum), (5 ) saltwater muds (seawater and satu-
rated saltwater muds), and (6) oil-emulsion muds (oil-in-water).
The mud type reects the predominant elements in the mud. Know-
ing the mud type aids in the analysis of nuclear logs because their
response is affected by the atomic composition of the surrounding
medium.
4.3 .2 Density. In eld work, mud density is called mud weight.
It is expressed in eld units of pounds per gallon. It is also referred
to in terms of its pressure gradient, which is expressed in pounds
per square inch per foot. The mud balance generally is used to meas-
ure mud density.5 The mud density affects the ltration process
because it reects the solid content of the mud. It also determines
the magnitude of the pressure differential between the mud and the
formation, which in turn determines the severity of mud-ltrate in-
vasion. The response of gamma ray devices (gamma-ray logs, den-
sity logs) depends on the mud density because the attenuation of
gamma rays depends heavily on the density of the surrounding
medium.
4.3 .3 Viscosity. A relative measure of mud viscosity is easily ob-
tained on the rig with the Marsh funnel. The Marsh funnel viscosi-
ty is the time in seconds needed for 1 qt of mud to ow through
the funne1.5 For reference, the Marsh funnel viscosity of fresh
water is about 26 seconds at 7 0F.
Viscosity is an indicator of mud quality, or solid content. H ow-
ever, no strong relationship exists between mud viscosity and other
mud parameters, like ltration, that are pertinent to logging oper-
ations.
4.3 .4 pl-I. The pH , which is the abbreviation for potential hydro-
gen ion, reects the relative acidity or alkalinity of mud. pl-I values
range from 0 to 14. Pure water, which is neutral (not acidic or alka-
line) has a pH of T. pl-I values less than 7 indicate acidity, and values
greater than 7 indicate alkalinity. The pH reflects mud chemical
quality and is used for mud quality control. In log interpretation,
it can be used to indicate qualitatively the presence of certain ions.
For example, -mud alkalinity usually results from the presence of
bicarbonates (H CO3 ), carbonates (CO3 ), and hydroxyls (OH ).
Knowledge of mud ionic composition is important in some log anal-
yses [ e.g., the self-potential (SP) log].
Mud pH is determined by the use of paper test strips. The paper
strip, which is impregnated with dyes sensitive to the solution pH ,
is wetted by the mud liquid phase. The color of the wet paper is
compared with a standard color chart to determine the pH value.
pH values can also be determined by use of a glass-electrode pH
meter.5
4.3 .5 Fluid Loss. Fluid loss is a measure of the relative amount
of ltrate lost during ltration. It qualitatively indicates the rela-
tive severity of mud-ltrate invasion into a permeable formation.
Fluid loss is determined with a lter press. A representative mud
sample, usually obtained from the return owline, is poured into
a mud cell with a standard lter paper at its bottom. A 100-psi pres-
sure differentiai is applied for 3 0 minutes. The uid loss is the
amount of ltrate measured in cubic centimeters that collects in
a graduated cylinder during those 3 0 minutes.5 The amount of
fluid loss is very useful for mud conditioning, but might not ac-
curately represent ltration under dynamic conditions.5
A sample of the mud, mud ltrate, and mudcake deposited on
the lter paper is usually retained for resistivity measurements.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
E
I
I
1
* --.__.
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
I
HOLE D IAMETER A
5 {i nches} 1,5
i n
< 1
t.
2
E
-It-+'-" -- -..s-uh-_"
_IIIH_ __ I__
kl -Ih% ,,i ,-
P
III
I
I
I-wf an-i l k. " 5 '
" '* " \| '\-" '1
It .r r
\.;-1... i ___,,\u- I!-I I!-\ \\
\-K
(" 1 on
O
Fi g. 4.11Exampl e of four -ar mcal i per output (fr omFi ef. 2) .
The r est of thi s secti onfocuses onthe mor e commonwater -based
mud. As menti oned, the dr i l l i ng mud ows i nto aper meabl e for -
mati onbecause of apr essur e di ffer enti al betweenthe wel l bor e and
the for mati on. Lar ge par ti cl es r el ati ve to por e si ze ar e scr eened
out and coat the for mati onface wi th amudcake. The l i q ui d phase
that i nvades the for mati oni s cal l ed the mud l tr ate. As Fi g. 4.13
i l l ustr ates, the mud, mudcake, the zone of the for mati oni nvaded
by mud l tr ate, and the uni nvaded zone of the for mati oncontr i b-
ute to the tool measur ement. Inaddi ti onto the pr oper ti es of the
for mati onof i nter est, the tool r esponse i s affected by mud, mud-
cake, and mud-l tr ate pr oper ti es. The degr ee of these effects de-
pends onthe tool desi gn, physi cal pr oper ti es of the zones i nvol ved,
bor ehol e si ze, mudcake thi ckness, and depth of i nvasi on.
D r i l l i ng-mud dataper ti nent to l oggi ng oper ati ons ar r .
si ty; vi scosi ty; pH; ui d l oss; and mud, mudcake, and In
r esi sti vi ti es.
4.3.1Mud Type. Water -based muds usual l y ar e chemi cal l y tr eat-
ed and ar e desi gned accor di ng to the type of tr eatment. Commonl y
used muds canbe cl assi ed as (1) natur al muds (untr eated) , (2)
phosphate muds, (3) or gani cal l y tr eated muds (l i gnate, q uebr acho,
and chr ome l i gnosul fonates) , (4) cal ci um-tr eated muds (l i me, cal -
ci umchl or i de, and gypsum) , (5 ) sal twater muds (seawater and satu-
r ated sal twater muds) , and (6) oi l -emul si onmuds (oi l -i n-water ) .
The mud type r eects the pr edomi nant el ements i nthe mud. Know-
i ng the mud type ai ds i nthe anal ysi s of nucl ear l ogs because thei r
r esponse i s affected by the atomi c composi ti onof the sur r oundi ng
medi um.
4.3.2 D ensi ty. Inel d wor k, mud densi ty i s cal l ed mud wei ght.
It i s expr essed i nel d uni ts of pounds per gal l on. It i s al so r efer r ed
to i nter ms of i ts pr essur e gr adi ent, whi ch i s expr essed i npounds
per sq uar e i nch per foot. The mud bal ance gener al l y i s used to meas-
ur e mud densi ty.5 The mud densi ty affects the l tr ati onpr ocess
because i t r efl ects the sol i d content of the mud. It al so deter mi nes
the magni tude of the pr essur e di ffer enti al betweenthe mud and the
for mati on, whi ch i ntur ndeter mi nes the sever i ty of mud-l tr ate i n-
vasi on. The r esponse of gammar ay devi ces (gamma-r ay l ogs, den-
si ty l ogs) depends onthe mud densi ty because the attenuati onof
gammar ays depends heavi l y on the densi ty of the sur r oundi ng
medi um.
4.3.3 Vi scosi ty. A r el ati ve measur e of mud vi scosi ty i s easi l y ob-
tai ned onthe r i g wi th the Mar sh funnel . The Mar sh funnel vi scosi -
ty i s the ti me i nseconds needed for 1 q t of mud to ow thr ough
the funnel .5 For r efer ence, the Mar sh funnel vi scosi ty of fr esh
water i s about 26 seconds at 70F.
Vi scosi ty i s ani ndi cator of mud q ual i ty, or sol i d content. How-
ever , no str ong r el ati onshi p exi sts betweenmud vi scosi ty and other
mud par ameter s, l i ke l tr ati on, that ar e per ti nent to l oggi ng oper -
ati ons.
4.3.4 pl -I. The pH, whi ch i s the abbr evi ati onfor potenti al hydr o-
geni on, r eects the r el ati ve aci di ty or al kal i ni ty of mud. pl -Ival ues
r ange fr om0 to 14. Pur e water , whi ch i s neutr al (not aci di c or al ka-
l i ne) has apHof T. pl -I val ues l ess than7 i ndi cate aci di ty, and val ues
gr eater than7 i ndi cate al kal i ni ty. The pH r efl ects mud chemi cal
q ual i ty and i s used for mud q ual i ty contr ol . Inl og i nter pr etati on,
i t canbe used to i ndi cate q ual i tati vel y the pr esence of cer tai ni ons.
For exampl e, -mud al kal i -ni ty usual l y r esul ts fr omthe pr esence of
bi car bonates (HCO3) , car bonates (CO3) , and hydr oxyl s (D H) .
Knowl edge of mud i oni c composi ti oni s i mpor tant i nsome l og anal -
yses [ e.g., the sel f-potenti al (SP) l og].
Mud pHi s deter mi ned by the use of paper test str i ps. The paper
str i p, whi ch i s i mpr egnated wi th dyes sensi ti ve to the sol uti onpH,
i s wetted by the mud l i q ui d phase. The col or of the wet paper i s
compar ed wi th astandar d col or char t to deter mi ne the pHval ue.
pl -I val ues canal so be deter mi ned by use of agl ass-el ectr ode pH
meter .5
4.3.5 Fl ui d Loss. Fl ui d l oss i s ameasur e of the r el ati ve amount
of l tr ate l ost dur i ng l tr ati on. It q ual i tati vel y i ndi cates the r el a-
ti ve sever i ty of mud-l tr ate i nvasi oni nto aper meabl e for mati on.
Fl ui d l oss i s deter mi ned wi th al ter pr ess. A r epr esentati ve mud
sampl e, usual l y obtai ned fr omthe r etur nowl i ne, i s pour ed i nto
amud cel l wi th astandar d l ter paper at i ts bottom. A 100-psi pr es-
sur e di ffer enti al i s appl i ed for 30 mi nutes. The ui d l oss i s the
amount of l tr ate measur ed i n cubi c centi meter s that col l ects i n
agr aduated cyl i nder dur i ng those 30 mi nutes.5 The amount of
fl ui d l oss i s ver y useful for mud condi ti oni ng, but mi ght not ac-
cur atel y r epr esent l tr ati onunder dynami c condi ti ons
A sampl e of the mud, mud l tr ate, and mudcake deposi ted on
the l ter paper i s usual l y r etai ned for r esi sti vi ty measur ements.
66 TH EORY, MEASU REMENT. AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS
_ _ _ _ _ :illI;lg! ! i! lIIII=%
i~ |"i"* T"I$lnm""' 1rr" ..- uniinlnlI|l|nundi,' "
ululllrnllllgpplmlnl
lH EH H ::hH bd:ElH :H nun
i -u- 1-1
_ _ _ pu|-u---- _ ._ .._ ._ - .._ ._ ... _
-1-
Z --r d--- + 0--_ -v --1
_ -- -1. _ _ _ .,
--
11.-sq,
of severe
borehole
enlargement
_ |_ T;' - _ ._ ,
. I ,
-0------_
-a--_ - --
-u-n- + 1
- ---- |
_ ._ . I
. _ 3 IF
8 |-.
_ . _ .._ ._ D I
e L Mud cm <
lif-
_ l
---- -- 1--
? -- .-< : - budup
Section L
|| i Ilnnllluly
in niit."iliiI L
mun
-|-no -----v ---1 H 1 .-_ ;
--- i. _ _ _ .. .-qq.
. .;::; -1- -. -|---- -----
_ n-n--_ -
.- _ _ _ _ _
- I ' I ' 1
-F _
1 " . _ if
|_ _ _ 1:1. ;; -|-It-. -; _ |.. _ .. 1
. -. .. .:_ -.-_ : 11- .- - ..,.
_ _ _ I|$|||:
Kendal
T T position
E
s
D
L Bit siz e
. "_ ' -I 63 0 .
' 4
i
- H ole Diameter in Inches
MlCROCAl.l' PER
5 H .I.dEl
I. _ ._ _ .:- .;t 1: Red i "(J Will! :1 2"-_ _ 1-
-- tool in collapse "" rt 1*
5 | 5 l
._ .t_ ...+ ..=|-_ }-- - t t p-=._ | | ' | I | I i F -l -'
MIIRU CALIPER E
a b
-' . -- _ .-: | --0-. I
--H . -||
_ l_ l_ l_ I_ ylI_ _ $IlIIll
IlIIImBi"n""illll' iE::I
H IIIIIIIIW
ml
LE! -lllll
lmllli vlll
i |_ "* ' - -+ .-- Z ..,,.
--Ii
i _ .-.,,,.
~ ;- Thin Z ones
-_ ....
-i --_ ._ _ ,,.
i _ _ _ . _ _ _ ..-
W
1&1 it-7 1 I-Ilia
q,-_
._ , it L _ _ _ _ _ _ E
"" D
-1.. I' \||- .-
,, -
i .|-I... .--- .- 1. ..
J _ _ _ _ -. -
.:' _ ' _ ' _ I' ll _ _ _ _ _ -
|' .-.-_ _ _ _ _ . .-,,,. I ,_ -II
A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
i:I.._ _ _ _ _ _ -
_ _ _ ._ _ . --. - -.5 vi
_ ,,_ . T _ T' ; -_ % _ _ _ -_ -;. - . :- --
-' i _ -;- _ - - - -.-.- .--~ .|.|- i
- - _ - --.. -- _ - - --\- - -
_ _ _ _ _
t_ _ | _
ll-"I ' _ ;:
P:-I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
l
_ ._ - |.l
.| |- }. ,.
,.
||-.
|
.:;1-- --1 --.-- _ _ .|_ .|.. '
"ii!
2a_ g||
lllmnllll ti llll Ill! Iii
I
- ......_ _ |
._ .. ..-_ _ _ _
_ El
c . -_ ..' _ 3
er
Z H ole Diameter in Inches
i Fig. 4.12-rvtiorocaliper of Example 4.1.
4.3 .6 Mud, Mud-Filtrate, and Mudcake Resistivities. Mud, mud-
filtrate, and mudcake resistivities R,,,, Rmf, and Rm,
respectively are the drilling-uid properties most pertinent to log
analyses, primarily because electric properties of the mud differ
drastically from these of the formation and formation uids, which
causes a considerable resistivity contrast between the borehole medi-
um and the rock. This contrast controls the log quality. The value
of Rm, is needed to remove the borehole signal from the total tool
response. Nuclear and acoustic properties of the borehole medium
also differ from formation properties. Nuclear and acoustic log-
ging devices, however, were designed with knowledge gained from
earlier electric tools. They were designed to minimiz e the effect
of mud and mudcake on the tool response. The effect of mud and
mudcake is also removed (compensated for) automatically.
The contrast of chemical activities between mud ltrate and for-
mation water originates and determines the magnitude of the SP
measured in logging operations.
Mud, mud filtrate, and mudcake samples, collected in conjunc-
tion with lter-press tests, are placed successively in a resistivity
meter, which provides a direct resistivity reading. The temperature
of the sample has to be measured because resistivity is strongly de-
pendent on temperature. Rm and Rmf values provided by the meter
are usually representative, especially if the measurement procedure
recommended by API5 is followed. R,,,_ ,_ . values are usually suspect
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WEL'
_____:i l l I;l g!!i !l IIII=%
I | " i " * T" I$ l nn" " '1tr " ... undi i el nl I| l | nuudi ,'"
ul ul l l r nl l l l ggpl ul ni
IEHE::hEhhf:ggHh:HTnan
i -u- 1-1
___ pu| -u---- _._ .._._- .._._... _

Z--r 4--- +0--4 --1

_-_ -1. ._..,
._-
11.-._..,
of sever e
bor ehol e
enl ar gement
_I_T;'- __. .
. I ,
-0------_
-e--_- _--
-u-n- +1
- ---- |
..._ I
. _ 3 IF
8 u
.. _ .._._ D I
e e Mud cm)
l i f-
_I
---- -- 1--
? -- .-< : - budup
Secti on I
| | '2 Il nnl l l ul y
i n ni i .'i ti t| I
mun
-| -no -----e ---1 H1 ..._;
--- i . ___.. .-q q .
. .;::; -- -. -| ---- -----
_ n-e--_-
.- ____ _
- I ' I ' 1
-F _
1 " . _ i f
| _ _ _ 1:1. ;; -| -It-. -;_ | .. _.. 1
. -... .:_-.-_: | -.| .- .- - ..,.
___I| $ | | | :
l ends!
I I posi ti on
E
s
D
L Bi t si ze
. T _'-I 63 0 .
'4
l
- Hal e D i ameter i n Inches
MICi i 0CAl .l 'PER
5 H.I.dEl
-' . -- _ .-: I --0-. I
-- . -| .
_l _l _l _I_yl I__$ Il IIl l
Il IIImBi " n" Tl Il I'i E::I
HIIIIIIIIII
ml
I .1!-l l l l l
Bi mi ni tl l l
i | _" * ' - -4.1.? ..,,.
--Ii
i _.,.,.,,,.
T ~ ;- Thi nZones
__....
-i --.__.
i ___. ._...-
W
(R1 i t-I1Il l i n-
.-| ,-_
._, ,3 L __ __ __ E
" " D
-1.. I'\| | - .-
.._ -
i ..-q t. -- .- 1. ..
J __ _ _ -. -
.:'_'_'_ I'l l __ __ _ -
| ' .-.-_ ____. .-,,,. I ,_ II
, _____ _ __ _ _ ___.
a: I..__ __ __-
__ ___ _ . . - -.-. vi
_,,_. T_T'; -_% __ _-_-;. - _-_ :- ---
-'i _-;- _- - - -- .--~ .| .| - i
- -_ - --.--_- - --i - - -
_ _ _ __
t__ I _
I-" " l '_ D :
| .:-I _ __ __.__
l
._..-| | | .l
., | - }. ,.
,.
I | -.
|
.:;1-- --1 " _-_ __.| _.| .. '
-._ _ -.:-._-:1; Readi ng wi th :1-
" i i !
l i _g| |
l l l mnl l l l kIIII Il l !Ii i
I
tool i ncol l apse " "
- ......__|
._.. ..-_- __
_ E
- . -_..'_ 3
o
- " 1
i t-..+. ;| .-t-.t r p-=._| | ' III--+--l I l i =----i i -1--
: Hal e D i ameter i n Inches
Ml .Ci i 0CALl PER E
a b
I Fi g. 4.12--l i i ttcr ocal i per of Exampl e 4.1.
4.3.6 Mud, Mud-Fi l tr ate, and Mudcake Resi sti vi ti es. Mud, mud-
fi l tr ate, and mudcake r esi sti vi ti esR,,,, Rmf, and Rm,
r especti vel yar e the dr i l l i ng-ui d pr oper ti es most per ti nent to l og
anal yses, pr i mar i l y because el ectr i c pr oper ti es of the mud di ffer
dr asti cal l y fr omthose of the for mati onand for mati onui ds, whi ch
causes aconsi der abl e r esi sti vi ty contr ast betweenthe bor ehol e medi -
umand the r ock. Thi s contr ast contr ol s the l og q ual i ty. The val ue
of Rm, i s needed to r emove the bor ehol e si gnal fr omthe total tool
r esponse. Nucl ear and acousti c pr oper ti es of the bor ehol e medi um
al so di ffer fr omfor mati onpr oper ti es. Nucl ear and acousti c l og-
gi ng devi ces, however , wer e desi gned wi th knowl edge gai ned fr om
ear l i er el ectr i c tool s. They wer e desi gned to mi ni mi ze the effect
of mud and mudcake onthe tool r esponse. The effect of mud and
mudcake i s al so r emoved (compensated for ) automati cal l y.
The contr ast of chemi cal acti vi ti es betweenmud l tr ate and for -
mati onwater or i gi nates and deter mi nes the magni tude of the SP
measur ed i nl oggi ng oper ati ons.
Mud, mud l tr ate, and mudcake sampl es, col l ected i nconjunc-
ti onwi th l ter -pr ess tests, ar e pl aced successi vel y i nar esi sti vi ty
meter , whi ch pr ovi des adi r ect r esi sti vi ty r eadi ng. The temper atur e
of the sampl e has to be measur ed because r esi sti vi ty i s str ongl y de-
pendent ontemper atur e. Rmand Rmf val ues pr ovi ded by the meter
ar e usual l y r epr esentati ve, especi al l y i f the measur ement pr ocedur e
r ecommended by API5 i s fol l owed. R,,,_,_. val ues ar e usual l y suspect
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT
Y I
6?
invaded Z one Containing
Mud Filtrote of
Resistivity Rm; and
Density pmf
-,, , ...I.111-- ,,
.* . ._ 1_ 1:--1-,-.I.* .~ .' .;1' 1-1-.* .~ . .
1 1 _ ,-_ _ r_ _ _ _ ,_ ,_ ,_ ,_ _ ._ ._ .r1_ 1_ 1_ 1
-1-1-15 1,1, ,1,-_ 1_ -,-,-.-.-.~ .-.-.~ 1-1-1-
1;1;1;-,1,1,-_ -_ 1_ 1_ ~ ,;,-,-.-.* .I.+ .* .;1;1;1;
1 1+ I I I I I I,+ ,I, ,' + ' .' ,1I.* .t.t. 1+ | ._ _ ._ _ .F.1_ I_ I_ I_ |-_ + , , |, , , _ ,. ,,_ ,1I_ ._ _ ...
I II ' ,"' + "III"III11
1 1 1 1 . .+ .Qiw1--' -1' 1' - ,"IIII11|- II , "'
,._ .j.:.;._ 1_ 1_ 1_ 1_ ._ ._ :|F_ 1_ 1 , , 1,:
I,I,I,' ,,\ ' 1' .' 1' .' .. I I' 1"1-' 1--"- I ,1
I ;:~ :;:;1;:5 :;:;:;:;:;:;t::=11::1:1:5 -:-; ,4
I"I 1-I-|II1II1' III"' "I
1:1:1::::-:|:-:|:1|:1|.:I:I:' I|' I' |' I+ -I-:l:I' I:l|'
,I._ ._ ._ ,11._ :_ ._ :' ._ .-_ I_ |-I::_ _ :_ .1-_ ._ I_ |-::_ :_
IIIII I IIII ,,,"" II
1;1;-1-1-;-:1:1:~ :-:-:;:;:.;.5 ;:;:;.;.;. \
PIIFI III-I-~ ~ :r1-I-ll-Jr}-:' =' IlI* I-1
-,-,I.I.~ .+ . ._ 1;1;1;-1
1' :~ ::-1-' .;t;:-.~ .~ .-~ -
,' 1' + ' 1' I I II' 1' 1' 1' I-
-.I,.~ .~ .~ .~ .-1-1;.
,1 . . 1_ 1 _
. " ,-,;.;I;I' ;I;I;1;T-{-' -1
,-,...... 11_ 1;-,
-;-' .-:~ :-:-:5 -1-1 -1--
. . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1' ' 1 -:1:1:-:;:-:;:;' .;;;:~ ,:
II ' |.' I.* I* I I"I.' I.F.F.I I
I: , "I' I I I I {Iii
:|:I' I:I1It|.|-
.;.:1:1;1;1;1.
1- 1-1-;-:~ :~ :+ :;:
-' -:-:-1~ :-:~ .-
1 .1.+ 1 P.' I_ 1 _ + _ -_
i k
/
/
\ii\\\\\\
\
/
-:~ :~ :+ F! -.-.-.
,:,:111:. * 1 ...1_
:1:1:-:-:-:-:-:~
.;.;.;.;.;.;1-:1;
I"I"I"I -1' |-' |-' I-
I,I,I,I ,' ,"' .' ... 1-II1111 -
-.-.-.-:-.--;:-i- -1' 1' i' -:-:-:~ :~ :1:~ :~ .-
+ _ I_ I I I I, ,,' , ' 1.' |.' |.' I I I I I -I-|- I _
,,.+ .+ .* .111 ------I, "I-
-:-1;:;:-:-_ :;:-:-:-.;:;:;:;:;:;1iH sp:-.- I
:1 - I ,1-. . 1 .;1;1
1.1 - -' * -' * -"T: :i;i:=:-:~ :
:1::I:I:=1! :5 :1:1:;:E1-:-:-:-:+ =* =* =:1:i: 1. 1. I I I IIIIII I I-I-I-I I " "1 I I
:' -:-:~ ' .-:~ :-:-.~ .-1-1-1-I-----1-I-1---' -s
- - - -,1_ 1_ ~ _ ~ -,-,-.-.* .+ .~ .' .' 1' 1' 1' 1' - - I
Mud Coke of
Resvy Rmc,
Density pmc ond
Thickness
hmC
J -------
Drilling Fluid of
Resistivity Rm
and Density pm
-----=;;;,;;,-::=::::::::::: 11::1...1.11..1 :==:== H ... -:.................1...1 1..11I11-1111-- ;--------:-::-:::::::...::::::::.1::::::::::::::1 1=t=r1
==-=-=;,,,--- :-::::::::::::::::::::::::: :==:==
":=: :".::.."1_ 1. 1H 1.-1.1H 1"
-----::::::::::::::::::- :::::::::::::: t=t=t=
-- ====-=------::::::::...:::::::::::::: :==::=
_ _ "' ::::":::::::::t:.1...1..1... 1.111-1-1--1 -11:1-
---=-:::1:..:::::::::::::::::::::::" :==1=:- :: :2:-::..:1.. .1..11.1...111_ 11111111111 11-111
---:..::::::::..:..::..:::::-' ::::::: 1. 11=rt===
.. :r:::.====...=.:.. 1.11.11111-1111111 -_ ::::: =r:=_ "J";JLJ?1:::H H E 1nun
- -"-----:-::::::r::::..::::::::' ""' =1=r==:I :nn:;n""""" .--11--
' :::".:::::::::t::::::::::::::: I iiiiii
--I-I-I-u-I-II-I-u-I-I-I-u-I-u-I-I-I-I-I-II-I-I-II I-II' I"|"' |""' |
..... :::::::::::: ' - .1.1 ' 11====
:-:::::::::r:r:: ".1 I iiiiii
""' II1II.II::::;:::I-I1-1 -1-=_ _ :;-:;=-
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I II |11I1II1I+
IInIII|-InIn-I|u|1+ ||||+ |+ I|u|-1
' :' :::* ::::"::"""""::::1:::
.:m1r,,;|.,npvm|gs:,
-: .....::.:t.:1:::.t....1..
ll--ill-II-ll-1-ll-I-ll-lli-IllI1-ll-lli-I
H illlllillililillllllliiilli
11I--in-1-ll--ill-1I--ill-ll-I-ll-ill-ll-lli-I
.1:1.,1.......,....:..:........
seasaaaaasaaanaaia \ P er me0 b I e
tgiasaiaaapsaaaaaasas \ F0r rn0 t ion
i1=1 i=a = \ I
\
: I
I' ll:
I I I I1 II
I1 I1!
1 II ll I
II I ll ll
.g._ m\\\\\
H ." "H nu. I ...III..I. I.
- - . . I .
1ass1t1.t1..1....1s1=ai.s.
: mp::p:pt:i :::::::.::
' :::t:"::- + n::|:::
1 ::.:....
diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiihtt
iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiidilii
1.1.11.1::,.1,.1.11.m.::
-in-lit-i11ii-itr! t=:1
i 1:.1:1:111111111111:1
:iii' iiiiiiiitiiiiiii
1! :::i:~ :::::::|:::::::::
/ '
Volume Contributing
the Mojor Port of
Tool Response
Fig. 4.13 SchematIc showing the different z ones contributing the major part of toot response.
TABLE 4.1-Km VALU ES AS A FU NCTION OF MU D WEIGH T
- . [
1 1 isllylyyygtgrlvgrweyinhr 1
10
11
12
13
14
16
1B
1200
13 20
1440
15 60
168 0
1920
2160
(ibmigal) kgimii K,,, 1
0.8 4?
0.7 08
0.5 8 4
0.48 5
0.412
0.3 00
0.3 5 0
because the manner in which the mudcake is packed in the cell dic-
tates the resistivity value indicated by the meter.
4.3 .7 Correlation of Mud-Filtrate and Mudcake Resistivities to
Mud Resistivity. In early practice, only the drilling-mud resistivi-
ty was measured. Even in present practice, some mud logging units
measure Rm only periodically. Also, values of Rm are provided by
some measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems. 7 In this case,
Rmf is estimated from empirical correlation to Rm. Because of the
difficulty associated with measuring Rm, even if a measured value
is available, it is usually estimated through empirical correlations.
The following empirical equation was derived from data taken
from 94 eld mudss:
Rmf=Km(Rm)1-9?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.1)
where Km is a coefficient that varies with mud weight. Table 4.1
gives Km values as a function of mud weight. It was also found
tm
Rm, =o.s9R,,f(R,,la,,,,.)2-65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.2)
Eqs. 4.1 and 4.2 are presented graphically in Fig. 4.14. The use
of the correlation in Eq. 4.1 was restricted to nonlignosulfate muds,
which were not used at the time that the correlation was developed.
A recent study? shows that the use of the correlation can be ex-
panded to todays widely used lignosulfonate muds. The same study
also proposed the following correlation for all types of freshwater
muds:
log(Rmf/ Rm)=0.3 96 0.04T5 pm, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.3 )
where pm is the mud density in lbm! gal.
Other statistical correlations that are valid only for low-weight,
predominantly sodium chloride (NaCl) muds are?
R,,,f=0.?5 Rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.4)
and R,,,C=l.5 R,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(4.5 )
Empirical correlations for specic mud types sucl' 1 as lime, gyp-
sum, and calcium lignitefcalcium lignosulfonate muds are avail-
able in Ref. 10.
4.3 .8 Effect of Temperature on Mud, Mud-Filtrate, and Mud-
cake Resistivities. The mud, mud-filtrate, and mudcake resistivi-
ties are usually measured at surface temperature. Quantitative
interpretation of electric logs requires representative values of Rm,
Rmf, and Rm under borehole conditions.
As in the case of rocks, the conductivity of the mud results mainly
from the liquid phase. Drilling muds conductivity and that of its
filtrate and cake increase with temperature. For predominantly NaCl
muds, the nomograph of Fig. 1.? or Eq. 1.11 can be used to con-
vert surface resistivity values to borehole values. Fig. 4.15 graphi-
cally presents NaCl solution resistivity vs. temperature. Salinity
obtained from Fig. 1 .1 or 4. I5 is approximate and not true salinity
because the graphs are for solids-free NaCl solutions.
Several studies)-11 showed that the effect of temperature on
field drilling muds is not the same as NaCl solution. Over the tem-
perature range of 7 5 to 225 F, the difference may be as much as
10% for Rm and Rm; and 25 % for Rm. If a certain ionic content
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
M EASUREMENT ENVIRON MENT
i nvaded Zone Contai ni ng
Mud Fi l tr ate of
Resi sti vi ty Rm; and
D ensi ty pmf
-,, , ...| ..H--- ,,
.* . ._._ .1--1-,-.-.* .~ .'.;.'.-.-.* .~ . .
I_I_._._._l " :;;I;1:1:.;I;I1.;l ;I;1:l ;l ;I;I '
:Isl :1:1:-:-:-:-1-:-:-:-:-:;:;:;:;:;:~ :;:;: .__.__.F.g._l _l _l _I_-g:,:,:| :,:,r ,,,_,=.r ...
_ . . t_t_| _ _-1:1:,:_,_, :' '.'. .
,./ " :~ : :t==1-1-r :r ;=:-:-> :4-:i :i i :~ 'E| =:t
,','.'." .'.* . . . t_t_+_+_| -_-1-,-,1,1,+, _-_
l --1+:-2-2-I-l -l -l -.~ -* -;-';;-;-;-'-'-:;-'- r I" . I-r e-----g ,,,* ' " -
4'4'4'i " :" -" I-'-'1:1:+:':'1',',.',' * .t:'l '.-'l 'l
~ :+:~ :-:-1-t;:-2;.---* -'-'-'-'-5 :-:-:-:--t-
1-:-:-:-:~ :;.-:-.~ ;~ i ~ i +I-1-1:I;.;-'-:-:-:1:-:
'-'-'-'-'- -I-I-I-D ?l -E-E-.-* -'3'-'-'-'-H . | - hr r :_:.:,:,:+:-:-:.:_.:.:
- -:-:-:-.-:;:-.~ :~ :-:~ '.
;. 3;; .1.1.1. 1. ;. ;.;-
,1 I, .-_.:...:.;.;t;t':
' =E=E=i =i =E1E11Ei i =:
:-:-:1:-:-i -l :+:~ :-:;
I I | :4:4: :| '-:-:-'| _-L1:1-
II '| .'J-" -':'-1-'-| '| -' | -'l " I
'1 -:-:-'.~ :-:-:~ :-I-I-1:-.
=E=== =:=t=:1;======
,I 1-1. Le :4 :4 :1-:I:
-" -" -'-'-| l | '1" -
/
\i \\\\\\
\
/
;l ;1;l ;I-" I:1+1'.
t I r .-:-:-:1:-5 :5 .
1:1:1:1; I; i ; Z;Z-
- :-1-:-:-:-:-:-I
+.+._._._._._-_
5 i :i :i :-:-:~ F:;
:-:-:-:-:-t-t-.
.. 'l :i :i :i :5 :i :-'
-,-,r ,r ,'," '.'... .-nu -
-.-.-.-:-.--;:-i - -'-'i '-:-:-:~ :-:-:~ :-.-
+_-_- I I I, ,,', '+'| .'| .'- I I I 1 -| -| - I _
...+.+.* ..l l -------_ " I-
-:-1;:;:-:-_:;:-:-:-.;:;:;:;:;t;1i Hp:-.- I
;+' - - .-. . . .;+;l
-_ - -Ir -Ir -I'T: :i ;i :=:-:-:
:1: :I:I:1141:!:-:;:;-:'.-:-:- :- I-1* 1* 1:15 : | . | . | I I -I1.-I I -I-I-: I " " 1 t I
:'-:-:-'.-:-:-:-.-.-.-.--I-----1-I-1---'-s
- - - -,-,-,-,- -.-,-.-.* .+.~ .'.'+'+'-'-'- - I
Mud Coke of
Remsvy Rmc,
D ensi ty pmc and
Thi ckness
hl T'l C
I -------
D r i l l i ng Fl ui d of
Resi sti vi ty Rm
and D ensi ty pm
----=:;;.;;,-::=::::::::::: ..::........... :==:== ._.., -:...................... ....+-4--| ---- ;--------:-::-:::::::...::::::::..::::::::::::::: -=t=r -
==-=-=;,.,--- :-::::r :::::::::::::::::::: :==:==
" :=: :" .::.." ._.. eneveaee-4-"
-----::::::::::::::::::- :::::::::::::: t=ttr =
-- =35 -=------::::::::...::::::::::::: :==::=
__ " '::::" :::::::::t:............ ..+++--.--4 --;-
---=-:::1:..::::::::::1::::::::::::" :==-::- :: :2:-::..:1.. .............._...---4 ---
---:..::::::::..:..::..:::::-'::::::: ._ t-tr ti i i
.. :r :::.====...=.:.. ........--.---- -13:: =r :=_" J" ;JLJ?1:::HHS 1nun -"----:-::::::r ::::..:::::::::" " ' =-=r ==:I
tnnnnnnunnnn n---- -
':::" .:::::::::t:::::::::::::::= I i i i i i i
---.-u--n-I-u-I-I-r u-r u-I-I-I-I-I-II-I-I-I Il -I-II'I" | " '| " " '|
..... ::::::::::::" -::" " ::-" " '1111"
:-:::::::::r :r :: " .4 I i i i
" " ' -----1::::::::--H --:J:
IILIIIIIIIJIIIII I -- nu.--1-+
1-+1nInu1| -| | u| +| | | | +| +| | u| -1
':':::* ::::" ::" " " " " ::::1:::
.:...1
-: .....::::r ::1::::t::.....
II-l l I-Il l l l -l l +Il -l l +l l 1Il -IIl I+Il -
:I--I:I-II:I+:::-::l I+IIl I+::::+:
LII.l l l .l l .....Il 1l l IIl .-l l
11| -1-+1| -nu-u-nun-| --| | u| | --tune-|
1- l I| I| l III| 1| III II " ---" -
ssasssossasaassi s \ Pe r Ine 0 b I e
si ssi ssapsi si sssas \ F0 r r n0 t i o n
he i s = II I
l
: I
I'l l :
I I l l l l l
l l Il
1 l l l l l l I
l l I l l l l
.p}f:s\\\\\
H ." " Hnu. . .......... ..
- - . . t .
nemaaee.nsai a
q -g1mq gngH,m
- : .::.I.:1:i ..i :..I.'i 1.,t':t
.i ..Ei i i i i :i . .15 5 ..5 " gi ;i :i
asnswswsngpg
l l l l l l l l l l l l i -i | .tl l i | .I| +i | ." l |
..m-m-gr wgm
-someones
i .:..:.:............:.
-m-m-H-m.
1l .1!'l i Il l 'l l Il Ii l Il i l l i l
. Ii l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
.-m-m-m--
/ '
Vol ume Contr i buti ng
the Major Par t of
Tool Response
Fi g. 4.13Schemati c showi ng the di ffer ent zones contr i buti ng the major par t of tool r esponse.
TABLE 4.1-K,,, VALUES AS A FUNCTION OF MUD WEIG HT
- . [
__ .
10
I1
I2
13
14
16
18
1200
1320
1440
15 60
1680
19 20
2160
(i bml gal ) kgi mi i K,,, T
0.84?
0.708
0.5 84
0.488
0.412
0.380
0.35 0
because the manner i nwhi ch the mudcake i s packed i nthe cel l di c-
tates the r esi sti vi ty val ue i ndi cated by the meter .
4.3.7 Cor r el ati onof Mud-Fi l tr ate and Mudcake Resi sti vi ti es to
Mud Resi sti vi ty. Inear l y pr acti ce, onl y the dr i l l i ng-mud r esi sti vi -
ty was measur ed. Eveni npr esent pr acti ce, some mud l oggi ng uni ts
measur e Rmonl y per i odi cal l y. Al so, val ues of Rmar e pr ovi ded by
some measur ement-whi l e-dr i l l i ng (MWD ) systems. 7 Inthi s case,
Rr nf i s esti mated fr omempi r i cal cor r el ati onto Rm. Because of the
di fcul ty associ ated wi th measur i ng R,,,,,, eveni f ameasur ed val ue
i s avai l abl e, i t i s usual l y esti mated thr ough empi r i cal cor r el ati ons.
The fol l owi ng empi r i cal eq uati onwas der i ved fr omdatataken
fr om9 4 el d mudss:
R,,,f=K,,,(R,,,) 1-i i i , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.1)
wher e Kmi s acoefci ent that var i es wi th mud wei ght. Tabl e 4.1
gi ves Kmval ues as afuncti onof mud wei ght. It was al so found
tmd
R,,,,, =o.e9 R,,,,(R,,r s,,,.) 2-t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.2)
Eq s. 4.1 and 4.2 ar e pr esented gr aphi cal l y i nFi g. 4.14. The use
of the cor r el ati oni nEq . 4.1was r estr i cted to nonl i gnosul fate muds,
whi ch wer e not used at the ti me that the cor r el ati onwas devel oped.
A r ecent study? shows that the use of the cor r el ati oncanbe ex-
panded to todays wi del y used l i gnosul fonate muds. The same study
al so pr oposed the fol l owi ng cor r el ati onfor al l types of fr eshwater
muds:
l og(Rmf/ Rm) =0.39 60.04?5 p,,,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.3)
wher e pmi s the mud densi ty i nl bmi gal .
Other stati sti cal cor r el ati ons that ar e val i d onl y for l ow-wei ght,
pr edomi nantl y sodi umchl or i de (NaCl ) muds ar e?
R,,,f=0.?5 R,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.4)
and R,,,,,=l .5 R,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(4.5 )
Empi r i cal cor r el ati ons for speci c mud typessuch as l i me, gyp-
sum, and cal ci uml i gni tei cal ci uml i gnosul fonate mudsar e avai l -
abl e i nRef. 10.
4.3.8 Effect of Temper atur e onMud, Mud-Fi l tr ate, and Mud-
cake Resi sti vi ti es. The mud, mud-l tr ate, and mudcake r esi sti vi -
ti es ar e usual l y measur ed at sur face temper atur e. Quanti tati ve
i nter pr etati onof el ectr i c l ogs r eq ui r es r epr esentati ve val ues of Rm.
Rmf, and R,,,,, under bor ehol e condi ti ons.
As i nthe case of r ocks, the conducti vi ty of the mud r esul ts mai nl y
fr omthe l i q ui d phase. D r i l l i ng muds conducti vi ty and that of i ts
l tr ate and cake i ncr ease wi th temper atur e. For pr edomi nantl y NaCl
muds, the nomogr aph of Fi g. 1.? or Eq . 1.1l canbe used to con-
ver t sur face r esi sti vi ty val ues to bor ehol e val ues. Fi g. 4.15 gr aphi -
cal l y pr esents NaCl sol uti onr esi sti vi ty vs. temper atur e. Sal i ni ty
obtai ned fr omFi g. 1.? or 4. l 5 i s appr oxi mate and not tr ue sal i ni ty
because the gr aphs ar e for sol i ds-fr ee NaCl sol uti ons.
Sever al studi es) -11 showed that the effect of temper atur e on
el d dr i l l i ng muds i s not the same as NaCl sol uti on. Over the tem-
per atur e r ange of 75 to 225 F, the di ffer ence may be as much as
10% for Rmand Rm; and 25 % for Rm. If acer tai ni oni c content
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
_L L E W F O N m T A T E H P H E T N D N A M E H U S A E M Y H O E H T
5 1 I
_| _II_ NI III
-I -
_-I
_ _
__ _Il l _
_ ___
_
T1VI
__ _
n_ __
E
Iml I
b
__ II _ _m _
h
IIII_
WI
H I I| ___I
I III, III, _ I II III III I
J T ___ __
III___I.r II_-_,___. I_ I _ I _i _ II: II II III
III, E ml It WI
Z/ ___ I, I 1
__WyII_" I H
'Iza'I_'IIIII'I_IIIr II I 1'I III
I I Er r JI_ __ II _I_I_| _| __ I
I q , _ I I, 7 I III I Em I I II ' IIII I I__ __ 1__ _ __ _ _ __ _ _| _ _
__ _ _ _M_H_ _ _ _ Ir_ I I II J_ _| I Ti M I II I __ _| __I _
I I J B L __ I
. -I I_" ' _| _ _ I
l nzgzzl g _ I _ II II I W, I
J1 I IIA __ __n__I _
WIr / II
i i
2" , I
B E 5 4 3 2
/ V I I_ I Iwwnul l I III I " nu I__ ___| | Il _I __* !____| III
__ _I| ___ I II
__ ___| ___ Il a: _ __r ___I_ I
II _ I4/ II_.II7_ P'7 2lII
TI Ia guwgl ul i vl i I_
I1I Any? II
___ I I I
__I| _I_| __ Ll l l h
_LIII_I| _H__ II
_II_ITI
Il ZmMAn_II I
I I_:l z.!I'u' __ I_
I _| 1-UWZED I III! If II I
IIL l III
II__. _'/ 7
_ _'
| _ Il l _| | |
__II__ I__
J
II
_Il __
II
_ _ _-.__I___ -I ___ i i A-'I Ml I__ LIT| _____| I Ii __ I I V / I _ III I
_e_ _
I
__ -I I.I I__ I__ _n II II II
P ___]_ I__ IF r ' __ _r
II I II I
If
AIII II_
II 'I| II| HII_HH| _ ___I_
_ __ _ I_
I I_| | | | | | I_ _ _II
HI
I__,
IHIII
_H;_ __
_ _II
LII
H
IIIIII
MwWI,I_
I - gi g
_I
@
m
__ LII I _ _ ID i
I ___'mW_
I I II MI I____% III"
B65 432 IMIII_II~ II_w_II__IIII_ I____ wm
I_IIIIIIII
B E II___ III III III E I M III In 2 In MI
l l | __ m
_H _
__ IIIIIIIII _ III: L _I_I_II_III_
I II
III_
III
III IIIII
III; D UI
OG NI
D UUI I" ___I__II
OG IW
D O. 3- G D HW
III"
IIIINIII_
HUD ?
G O _ OOD B
IIIIIIII IIIIIIII
an
III
Eh JI
IIII
IIIII
O_D _ __.__
IIII Ougn _ I_8_I_II
9 _I]___
3'
IIIIII III
I II
IIIIII
IIIIIIII l _I_ IIIIIIIIIII
III?
G 3!
_ 30hIIIIIIFII
IIIII
IIIIIII
II IIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIE
F 9 5 T I I M
U
___?
.
_m
u Ir G
_
N m T A
H G T UN HE
WI III III m III III I_| _
IIIl I__m WW W
I__ _ I _ I
III IIMIIII
_-I
HN W H I
I __ I I__ I_ ____
IIII IIIII
-IIIIIII II- II__ I__ I__
III--II--IH.'H.-nl .IIII-II_" I=
II__ r __ I _ IUm If -I-IIHIJIIHI-_'nul I.HI..U-._nI'-.__ ___!Ir I__ _ " I u-I II" :-IIHIIIIIaII.IIul -III-IIIHIIMIII
III In.:I__u:III__IIIII.IIIII.II_I_u-IIIHII-II_____II
i nl l ! Ir F I ___. II.I___I_J____III_In.l n" :-up-___I" I-nu--Hm-IIHEIII
M uLIIFIIIIl | IIIIi II_I.!I--UIIIJIIIHIIII'" _-m.l -_t__II-
III FIIIIIIIIFIII-.I__I_IIl l I____II.II___III-II IIIII
F I I fII II I_ II FI IfII -__ Il l II I___I I
I F__III 'I__I II.:.._.I l l ...Ii ..'._._.'n-.- 'I_Iu -m I F_-I _F IInI-.II.-'_" -nl uIuuIII.'---I
IF I]I r l l l _l I| I_i l nIIIIl Il [ | l r _I_| _nI_n_l l l l l ur III---
II IIII_I l l r i l l _l l l IIIl II.Inl II_l Inl Il IIII| | InIl
F II U n -II m| l Il _l _I_II__IIIII.l IIIII| ____| l _IIIl I| IIIIIIII_l l ..l '_.I| l l .
I " __..II -III!l l Ii l i IIIIIIIIIII l __I_I| IIi II
I l I-l l IIl l l l l l l l l l l IIIIIIIIl _| __| __| I_
I-_ FIn IIIIII
I_-I r Ur __ III II I I_
III I II gI __ _ l _
_ I-I | _1Il _ l l IIIII i l l i l l Ii _I__ I-III
IW I. UIIII LII _l l _| _I| _l _ _l -IIIIIII_II_H_'IIIIl _| __IIIIl _I___l | l l _.III__II_.Il _l
__ _ I__uu_l _| __'__| Il _Il l II_ I-I'l l -l l l l r i l 'l Il r I
III. I '_ HU II UIIr l HII__ II_
LII II .__.
I H?! l l !_l _I_I IIIIII IIIII II I
I IIIl l F] I EIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHH-| | l _l l _l l _l _l i .u_II._'
_ III I IIII I IIB .l l l I| l Il IIII.r .Il IIunI-IIII-l Il u.l _.In.-I
l l F_II I IIII '2: II H II ___...-
_I__ I__ I__
UU I IE1 IIIIF_II._I!| II_ i i _I__ I-III
" I__I IFIIIIII II Il l _III'Il l IIIl l l l fI.Il -.II" _l -
F IIE I I. __I Il l l l l u II I.
II
_ __ I I __
I 1 __I I" II -l l . IIHIIII I__IIIII Il l HI.-.-
_IIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUHIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I-II
I1I'l l ._Z_l __l l El l | _Il l l l l i Il | | | | I| l l l l l i l l III
II II'1 E P 11l l I1Ii i -II| _[ | | _F_l | | :l l
l l I_l III- I l l
Il l I III.I I__III IIIII
I _II_II_ III!IIIl _l Itl _| I_III..__l _IIII. Il l : III
Il l I I__. III.1_l _Il l l 1_.II-__II___| __I| _| I III Il l : III
I_II l _l II_ _I_I-_I__I_.__l Il l II__Il _I_-II-_II i l l _-Il l ---__l __II_-__
I__ l l I | 1l _Il Ii I Il l !Il l _I.l _III II'l l l l
IIl l l _ IIl l Ir l i l I__.
I III
I I
I__ I Il l I
__ _I I l l II__
I__ _ II._ _ I__II _
II I _-_| II l l I i Il l
II I __ ' I__II II _I_i III___| l _I_ Il l IIl l -
II III l l tl l I'l l r l l Il Il | | l IJl i | | | I Il l i l i
II III_l l IIII_I_IF In| __l _u_l u_.| | ._l _l l _.II_I.IIIl I
I I III! _l l II_'I-_l l IIII_II__JI IIIIIIEII-IIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIII l l
II I I I I _
I II__
I I __ I_I I Il l
I IIIIi nl l l l l Il l l l l _I| | _l l I1l I _| _l | l | l Il Ii _I__l _.i I_
I I II Fl -I nu-_| l _nl '| | Ii Il | _J_Il l IIJIIIIIHIII _!IIIIIl _!I_II__Ii _ In I.IIl IIl l UIIFIUIIIIIIIIUl IJuInI_Il II__-_| l IIl ul Il D H
__F_l I _IIIIUIIIIII l I_IIIHl 'II IHIIIUIIIPI-II.-I
F I__ II -II __ I.-
| _ _ III I __ P _ _ I H-
1 I I _ _ l l III
II_I II I
nl .II_l II}. IIEIIIn| II| Il l i l -II_Il | l IIl __II_- I.
_l IIII1_InIr _IIl .I_Il _._l Fl l l IIl IIIIIIIIl '_ I-
II _'Il IIII_l _II_'I_II Ii uF1uIPJ_l III.I.I:n| _
Fl l I_Ii II.II-_IIl F IIIIIIIF IIIIIIEII-III| !I_I_
_-I _l l I I'l l Ii l ___I-III-I
I
_F___ II _ I II
IfIIIILIIIIIIH IIIII
__I_ F III l l I_IIIIIII-_l I.FIIl IIIIuF._-_l II._l .nuIi l l ..
U" III Il IIIIIIIuII___l 'III.II_Il l '" i - III.-
_ III. _ I I I
II Ir l l I | _ I
I _ I In I_____ I I | _ __ I_____
I___ I I _l r ul l l l nl uui l Il IIi .Iu_I.'" n.-_
I F I II F Ii l hl l l l -l l IH_Il II" Il l l nII--III--
Ir | I_ I-I _I-II I IIII I-I l l
n -
uu up _I____________r I_________I_:_r _IIi _____FI__
Il 'IIH--i nl l ! IIIIIUIII-I --I
_ I_-I I I__ II__ If __HI
| _ In I___r HI__.-In!-i n:-II" .-" Il i u-" um-H:
_ _ _ H-.-III--nu..nl ..nIm'I." " :mI
I-I -'Il ._In-.nuI'u__" _:_'
....'._IUIII______HI______II-_H_______" __________II
I. J II
IU l l _ II l l I- I II F_ _ I _
II .I I _:InIII_I_IIIII-nu.-HIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
I-_ I IIII___ IIIIIEIUIIIH-Ul l l l l l nl l II-III:-
_I_I._ aal l ni l : IJII_'HIIIIIUHIII HI." .-
I I Ir III... III _-_
_ | _ I__ r _ _ I -I_-I _ l I _Hml l _l I| ..l .II_l nl uul ur l l l l l -I--I" I__ II I l l UIIIIIIIIIIIIHUIHIIIIIIIII-IN--H
I I_____I__ __ III -III-III!-II-_-IIIIHIIHUIH-'2-I
P _ I
__ I
JP --" I" .--IH--Il nl l l l l l l -II:--II
_l _Il l l l l l l i IIIIIIIIIIUIF l l Il III_I:-I
Fl I-5 -IIIIIIHWI Jun" " " " | | " " " " I__" " " d" " " " " " | _I" "
IIIl _ l _.l l " uFl l l i Il I-l l ni l l l l I: _l _| l | __l _I__
II
I I_II II IIII-
- PI Il l l l l l l l r l l l l _IIIl _| _l l _| _l I_IIl | l _II| l | I_l __.__l l
F Ir i l -Il l III ul l l l i l i l IIIIIIIIIIIIIInl i i l l pl uul ul l mI U_II IIIII-_| l l l l Il _.l Il | II_I_l l III_II_l _l l .I_hII_i '_I..
II II I:IIIIHIIIFl I]u_uF_l 'l l l | I_l uuIn'_l n'_. III II| l l I l l IIl l I__l Il III_u_l _i l _-II-nnl l III_I_III_ul '..| HI.
Il I HI Il l l l l l l l l l l r l l l Il l r l l !- I
__ I__ F I.-
I ml
r i l l I HII WI HII _ I -__.
II IFl l l l l l l l l r l l -IFIIIIIE l II..l E-.-
:I IF IIIIIIII-_'l !I_IF| _I'l IIIII__l IIl l " nu _l 'II Il l l l l l l I'hl _l Il r IIl l uII__l I-_--..._
UI IIIIIIIIIII-U IIEI I__.-
IIIIII ____ _ _ | __ " I
Il l INT I MIII II H III-__._.....- II. ___ Ul IHIIl I" ul I-I-l i i l unl l l n.'II-..-.-
I I:__l II " _" r __" " " _" r " _" " " " " " L" " r " " " " r " " nun"
II IIIII'l l l l Hl " _I Hni nl _ | | " " I| I| H" l " " " " F" " "
_I_ I. II IIIII
_ I II I] If T__ ___ In-ui i l l l l _ _ I _ I I!_I| l _ II
Ifl l l l I II" _I_mIl m" : H " I
III I I Innl I i tI IIIIIIHIJI
_| HIIIIn! M" -I-l _Il _| _l | l _" _" _" | | | _ | | | I!_I| | _ II" !IIIIIII:
_ IIl l I| l r l ' Fj__l _I| | .1l l l II_IIl l l [ _'_Il | l | _'_| .I| Il l 1_'_ IIIIII:
I I Fl . Wl l l i l l l l l l l '| ._l Il l _u-___-.__i | l l _I___.-IIUII III--.
_ II | l l l r 'ItI| Il r I_l _l l _l | I'nl l _I| _l Il 'I| | nl l l _l
IIl _l l _I'II_l Il .n-'_| | Iul _nII" III_l IHInI" __l .I- I__l -| _I_I__i _l | | | l l IIIl I i i _l l __| _| __Il | | | | l unl | I__ __.!-IIIIIFIII i i _l III_l _l uI_l I.'II.-I-
IEwan
I II In _ I__:
m _ _PF BI
__ II__| h_M_HI_ _| II Pm | _| H| Li
m _ __|
_ uI I_ _| _
:___ ___I
___. IIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Ii IIIIMI I. IIIIIII
_ _ HI L_ II_| _ pl IIIIIIIIIIIII-I'l l -IIIIII-II-II-I
II__ _ FII I'l l IIIIIIIIU-III-Iu_l u._I-i I.I--I
I__ I II- I
" I I UI nI-I.I.-I. l l ul l l l l --: --
JFF I I-I...--.-'IF__IIl I.I..I..-l l -I--_ 5 II I .F- I II.-.nl m....-IIIIIIIIIIIIII--.--= _ M_ .-l .I__l -.-l u.IH.....----=- Il l Il l II I] fl I Il nnnnnnul l unnnI_I_| _l l " r " | " " " " " " " " " _ II III Fl I _-l Il l 'IIIi _-I_| l .ul l l | l | r | .l II.l -'l __l
I II I IIIl l | !'| | | | III:
II, _-_ I_III IIII II l l _II-I.-_-
I __III II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIFIIIHHIIIIHIIII-_I.l l --.
-III-Ir I I IIIIl l l l l l i l l l l l l l l l ul ni l i l III]-In.-
__I_ II I IF! I I._l Il l IIi IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl l -II_| l :.-
IIIIIf HF ml } IPu l IInIl Il l I..unl l nu| Il l III_-II-III.-.-
I III FIIIII IJ _I_I UIIIJUIIIIIIIIl uInI_I_I_n_Il u_IIl l i -u.II_I-_-
__ F I U_ IIl I| IH_IIIIl Ir ___II_l Il l I__I_" l IuIII-I-I...
__ I__I H up___ IIIIIl IIu_II._.l I'i l Il nI'" IIl ...'-..I_.-
FIII I ___I !' IIIui l l l ul l l l -i l l -l II_ui _l I.I_-I..-
__I I__l Fl ____ I| _Il _Il I-II___l I| .| l IIIIIl l | | | l _I__Il Il IIII!-_
I_l _ I IIIIFII UIIHIIIIIII I'i i l ___i l | _| _| _l I_'_'!nl .l I'n.
I I_I-_ _ WI I| | _l l _l _-IIII_IIIIl __l -__| _t_l '._I| _l _| l Il II.Il Il Ii _l _l
Ii _I Ii ! r I_ IIIIIIIIIII-IIIIIIIII .II| F_l I| .l | _| l l 1l l 'l uII-'_'I II I i .| I_._l _| _i _| l l | l l l _ _l _l __[ _l | | _l | | | | _l l _| _-_I_ l _I_'| | _l _I l l II II__ IIl l _l | __I_l | _| | | | | | _ _| i I_t| | II-| | | | | I" H-II _Ii _| l
_ IP I I__ __Il _ -" " " " " " " nun" HPHIIIIHI_I| h| | " " " | I" " _" "
I. I'l l _ _.-III!l ul I_l Il l 1I_II_l _l | IIIl _l !l II_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
.| _| I _ I 5 .-I IH-r l " " " " " " " " " " " " " " l | " " " " " " " " " " " " "
Il l I II ]I_.I _ I Fi nIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIII IIIIIIII-IIUIIIIIII
_ II III Fl | l Ul i l uIIl III_l l uHFIFIIFIUIHIIFIIIIII:
I UI I__I___.l I| l -I'1'I!l IIIHunl FIIl _uF'_I_ul I'i II...I
_:| I I Il l I " r IIl Ijl l l IIl II_l _l III-Il -F_I_IIIIIIIl .- I___l _J III U__-hl _IIIIIII_I'II[ l uIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII-In-i .
II I _I_ I1 HIl l ?IUIIIIIIIIIIIFIHIII_._l uuIl l .l uIl '_I| I-
_ IIII I HI Fl I_IIIIl Il l l HIIIh__l nIIl I_IIHIIl I'_-I-I.-.
| _ IIFl I__ HI IIIIIIHIIIIIIIl _IIul n_II| l IHnII-I_1.I..-
_ I Il l IIII I" . _l l u| l .nI" l _'_Il l IIIl HIIuII..-I'l l I.-
Il l Il I__! II nl ur ul nl i ul l i I_I__" l l !______l _l E_l Il 'II__" I-.-.II_II_-
FI J IIUI __I '3. -l IIIq .IF1nIi IuH:.Il '.'-'L
WI r | _l -nnIl '_u....'_Il _l 'I__-_IIInI_Il nl _II__I_I_l I-II" .-..-
l I.I__II..IIa-I-n__II._III__l _In..II -II_II-
_ l l III I I I_____I III. ___ I II III. H
I. II-HI--l ul -H-l ul l u.'F_I_Il .I" I.-:
F _I I___IIHIIIIIIHI-IPIIIIHIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIII
UI _ I__ I__ I I__ ___II IIIIHIIIII Il l n-III-IIII
F I
I
IIIIIIIIIIII_I_I" l I_.__I_I| __FII" l | _IIl __'_._IIII| | _| _I_| FIjI_II__-_II_" L_ Il l l l I!l u'I_.I_-IIl IIIIIHIIIIIIUIUIJIIU. III:III1l IIl .nl IfIl l l l InIIIII-III- II.IIFIIIIII-IF| l i II| _l l III_l 'l -I_._l -- ni bl l l l l IIHIIIL..nIl l I| 1IIILl .....I- IIIIIEl l i IIIFIIHHUI| r II_II.-hi m-.-
IUHIIHHIIIII-EIIIIIIl l uI" II.-_I.hII--
HIHIIIHIIIIIIHn'uIu_ul uHl -I.-'" -
| _| l I_l _l IIi Ul Il Il __IIl _l _II| " _IIl l Il II_I_d_I._l ..._-
IIIIl l ?IIIH.l l I_I_" _1l !II-I..-'I1..- Il l l l l ul l ul -Il l _IUI.nI.h__IIl I-.-In-i .-....'H-l 'IIIIl u.I.nIl " _.---:
_ II...-I D OD ID nUn'_IIl ..l InI.'-_..-
.I---.- NIIIHIIIIJI-..-I-ur n:
I_ ___II" ...--In--I
..- .u'l _II.n.'---: II
MI I4 I-.-... - i I_I__ II I II__
I C II_ I _ -I-----I...__l 'u--II-___-
III I 1.--..-I--I-I. ___I__II.n" -_-II- _@ HII HIIIIII-l l .-IIIIIUI I_____IIm.II_I_Im" m_I
INI I nuuuunnnnnnuuuuunnn" " " I." I_mI_" "
I WA IIIIIIII-IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIII
% Mm
I| I___I! I II II
M NIIWI W
EEI_____IIEM_m_I__UH
In E 4 H 2 m M II II
JE D
I O A 0 M M E I III" III n I O_ 4 IN IN III D MI IMII
___ H E T M
_
H H O I-._ N m T U L O 5 F O Y W W T H III E H
HI IMI % IF" ____I_| ___| _I_II
__| I| _ _I_I_II __ II
N mmmmm M m NIIIIII
_ __
_______" __ 9 f
III _
H
m D T
_IIII_ IIIIIII
III H II
In m
II III
U
a
H
T D
III
III F U
t
B F I__I_ p_ m__ E
II
II " I__
_
W_ _w t
5
n
E
H_
__
III 1_ IIIII MI FI
T
.._
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT B9
" I
II-
T j
III
IIII
m
H a.
"I-
III!
Ill:
I-II
B0 :|: ::i: ! Ii' I 5 - 1.-fl-1.5 . -- 1 > i Iii u 5 45 ?
I
I
III
1|In.
II.
II II
I
6 l1lllIIIIlIIlIlI* > -- 4 5 ?E. _ -
TO Ilillillllltllll 1:3 :. 1 ii ihlsisilliigi
5 I:IIIIIIIiiEII1I # 1? F 3 . at * 1 . -. < at i 5
- E =sa@a 5
REI- . II
II
Ih. I
IIIll II IIIll III
IIIII
ll
+
_ I :2 H e - --:- H ! _ qs
uI urnIl:l.
II
IIII
III IIIII-I
IIIIII
M
I
I -* "_ :" . "Ti... 1::_ :t 3 ?; _ _ _ I _ I4 -
90 I _ ;I_ :._ :' f_ -_ 1 ._ _ :_ E 3 3 : - --- -- Fa : _
El I
iiiii
ll
IllIll!
. |]_ _
I_ |_ ...1
-1 -I ' - -' -1 "=1-=' Eii -..
Ill... IIIIII IIII III. IIIIll! Illl IIII
I+ -' + -I-
f
IIll
TI I
IIIII II II IIIII-II III III III III II-II III KI II
_ _ 1-we
:* =l
I
.I I I
I|I
u_ I00 " I I s: - : s e --rtiis-s=s= ~ It
rt
I III
_ |
urn IIIIII
.IIIII |_ |r|; l' n
_ | III
=u
.IIIIII
ll-III
; Iv
nu I I-E "' Il-_
F
_ -I -
L. I..
.F
Fi
I I |
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ =_ _ _ _ I_ _ _ ,._ ,I _ ;-, --I-_ ---_ _ ---_ ---LI I- 1 - - _ _ ! ;_ -_ _ -_ -_ I-_ ,.- ,_ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ ;_ -_ _ _ ;_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - I I_ _ _
.. P I . I I . I W I it
I I : I ' - - - .I - I I
| .._ ....._ _ I,-.I,I..IA-I.lT...:--.I-1--Ir-I--I ._ _ -I.._ . ! :.._ - - - ------- .---- I _ L. _ _ F : _ -_ -L ' - .. ' I_ _ _ ... -;- T I--I .-I I-I -I. ; - - ---1?-T-~
_ I_ _
I _ _ _I-
we
ERATU RE
I I I I ' I I . I _ I
. _ | - I I . | I I
4-.I-+ .-r- --_ I~ + -gs-I-T--I--p-Iv-+ 1I-I-> 14 _ _ . _ .._ _ _ .. - ;_ _ _ _ - - . - --_ ,,I_ .1 .:. -_ -|L- I - I_ _ ._ _ 1 1-.. .-.|-I- - -F --I- Z 4---|_ _ ... .. _ .- :: _ .;;I_ _ _ _ -_ ...._ . _ _ _
I - . ' ' - ! I ' '
.... -1. ...-=_ .|.._ . |.I. _ _ . . ..._ ._ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ ,. .. _ .I_ _ -; . .._ . _ I..._ . .. -- .._ ---~ --.i--:.----- I ' .--_ -.- ! .- - .
5 ' ' . I I I | - II . : I I - I
......;.-._ -_ .Fl-_ I._ .-TII._ . ' _ r_ _ .. .. _ _ _ ._ .I -so _ - . .
I ' i I ' ' . ' - ' I I '
.=.I..L.."..._ .I_ ' ..-_ _ .-.f.I..I_ .l.I_ _ _ 1_ --._ _ ._ ._ _ :I_ _ . - _ _ ._ ... -.i_ I ;_ _ .' _ .a_ .~ --I---e._ .It.I....' _ ....+ ' s ....' .....-_ _ .- I I..I.s..._ _ _ _ _ ..._ _ _ ....i.. ._ _ _ _ =..-_ _
-H
.. I I | I
' - ' . .. . .._ _ 1 _ _ _ . . _ . .. ... . ._ ..._ ._ _ _ I_ _ # 7 . ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , L _ _ .I_ _ _ _ _ _ + I _ _ _ _ _ _ .n-0-I 1 -1 I I ._ f I I .IJ .. .. 1 Fm-Ir I . , I. I , . ,. ,. . ' I
~ I
. - I I I I I ' I 5 I
--.-.+ -F + I- + -u-u-u---.|.I.~ --uJ---|| I- _ ._ ..._ I_ _ _ _ I- - -_ -- -- -- .-" I--I---T-m_ _ I I -- I r --I_ _ - _ -- -4- - I _ ._ .I-I-rt ' -I " "' L-I-pI-I4' -""' -v-1---I\ "In-IIIII-rr" I> -ll . "Ir-' 1-I ' -' 1-I-0-I
I I I
| ' - " FII II -I
P
: - - ' - I - - ' =' I I
._ _ _ _ .I.-.I_ ..._ _ H _ a_ I... II _ _ _ 1_ _ _ -._ -.|_ _ I I I _ . - ..|. =-1~ -_ - .I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1_ _ I_ I _ . _ _ _ -.1-.-I. .. .-... ._ ...._ _ _ _ _ I I
' I I I ' I ' ' I
M
I I :.l:. ' ' ' - -~ ---- ---I I. I ' . I .' "' " ' _ "--;-- _ _ ._ .. ' : ' _ ; lI1::-LmJ::_ :r:~ |f:I.._ ._ x;: r._ .. .:. .-:-
W TH % all I I ."- 1 II./ .-- -L. Z I ... . I . -_ _ ! ..I
E
. .-.-n-I- . , - :.:. :I * 1: I ._ _ . I - - ._ _ _ -_ - - I I I_ I I I I Ti? I I I- I
- .. -. . I_ _ I.' I. I ; - = ' I . ._ _ _ _ .- . .. _ - .. _ _ .. _ . _ _ _ _ ..,-_ -
. . |. .' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ..: _ _ . .... .. . . . . ..
T
I . I_ .-I_ - ;_ _ - I _ _ ;_ _ |_ . ._ I I l_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I_ ._ _ ._ .j II-.. ._ _
' I ..' _ ! I I_ :. - I _
200 * * "* * * * I"* ' ; I Ii Iz -
in-:
1
I L
. . . I - I r . I I I I I I I I
I I"
T% -_ 1;. I. T I."f' _ ?i""".' 1Ii.:...l_ II"villi-TI I E " g i ... _ . . I . .._ _ ,_ .... ., . ,. |- ... I. I _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I_ .
I III
LA i
I"I I"_ ..."' -I I! -I -1-
I
_ ,.
-I .
4 ' I ' ' ' '
- ' _ . ' _ =._ _ ._ If.._ ... i,_ - II I = I
" I I I 4 ' L - " 1 ' ' I
i.
$-
It
i
1
I' -
_ - II gun.-sax.
J_ I I T"_ .I.I_ "_ III-' ..II.I' --II.-. Iii ._ I -I.' .IifI.I.:Ii' I.II.I.I.l' .:' -..I.II.._ .I_ Ii
. ..--.f._ _ ' I I J I_ _ _ _ ._ I' _ - ._ J ;. l I I ' I I
_ _ .- .- I _ _ .- _ -_ + ' _ _ _ ' F;
i
- EI
I_ '
* I"' *
gi?ir
25 0
Rm ., Rmf OH M METER
1 e -was near I I IIIIII IIIII I I
Fig. 4.16 R,,, and H m, vs. temperature for gypsum mud (from Ref. 10).
|, Q I
0-e I-0 2-0 3 0 4 0
is such that it cannot be approximated by NaCl solution, the effect
of temperature on this mud type should be investigated. Fig. 4.16
shows the results of such an investigation for gypsum muds.
Bottomhole mud resistivity values can be measured in situ if the
microlog (Chap. 5 ) is run. With its arms collapsed, the microlog
sonde is lowered into the borehole. In boreholes with diameters
exceeding 8 in., the reading of the device in the collapsed mode
is determined mostly by the mud. A recording of the reading vs.
depth yields a mud log. The lowest resistivity, usually given
by the microinverse electrode array (solid curve), corresponds to
the in-situ value of Rm. This value can be used to check the sur-
face Rm measurement. The mud log has other potential applica-
tions, including detection of mud system changes and possible
downhole water flow. 13
Fig. 4.17 is an example of a mud log. Note that the caliper curve
is absent. The solid vertical line shows an automatically posted value
that corresponds to bit siz e. Note also that the depth scale increases
from the bottom of the log to the top. The reason is that this log
is run going into the hole; other logs are run going out of the hole.
Example 4.2. '
a. Give the in-situ mud resistivity indicated by the mud log in
Fig. 4.1T.
b. H ow does this value compare with a surface measurement of
0.9 2-m at 8 0F, if in-situ temperature is 2l8 F?
Solution. I
a. The minimum value indicated by the mud log at the bottom
of the hole is 0.3 2 ll-m.
_ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ . . . _ _ _ _ _ :_ _ "_ -_ :-;--_ T- ' ::..-T?
b. U sing Eq. 1.11 gives
so+ 6.?1 .
Rm =o.9o------ - =o.3 s om.
21s+ s.?v
The two values compare reasonably well despite the assumption
implied in Eq. 1.11 that mud is a predominantly NaCl solution.
4.3 .9 Drilling-Mud Resistivity Variation. Mud properties typi-
cally are measured on a sample collected when the well is logged.
The openhole section to be logged is usually several thousand feet
long. This section is drilled over several days and sometimes over
several weeks; Fig. 4.18 illustrates the complications that might
arise in this situation. When the top formation is drilled, if the hole
contains drilling mud of resistivity R,,,1, then the resistivity of mud
ltrate that invades the formation is Rm I because most of the
ltration occurs within a few hours of drilling. 13 When the target
depth is reached and the well is logged, if the borehole contains
a different mud of resistivity R,,,2, then the sampled mud-filtrate
resistivity is Rm . The sample value corresponds to the mud
ltrate that invaded the lower z one but is different from the mud
ltrate that invaded the top formation.
Short-term variations in drilling-mud resistivity are linked to
chemical treatment of mud conducted during drilling opera-
tions. MJ5 Fig. 4.19 depicts variations in mud resistivity that oc-
curred during the drilling of a well in Braz oria County, TX. U nless
RIII and Rmf measurements are made routinely during the drilling
phase, the exact RIII; value that corresponds to the mud ltrate that
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
T
.._
EASUHEMENT ENVIRONMENT
III-
T j
III
IIII
m
He.
E
so ,
l - III!IIIIIIII
I I-Eh
6 IIIi IIIIIl Ii IIIIai i i s 1to = _.aai .i l
,0 IIIIIIi Ii IIl i IIII i i gt
i Ii i IIIIIIi Ii IIII l s I --
I i i == i i
REI- oul l l
III
mag
l l l sl l IIIIi . IIIIIIIl l |III
IIIII
l l
+
-5 __ - -1 H !_ sgl i
Il l
IIIII:l ..
II
III-I
IIIIIIII-I
IIIIII
IIIum
Ir ma
a
I
9 0 = - -
'-H5 -EL
El i n-
Hi l l !
I -1 --" '- -'-1-.- If" 5 !-II='Ei i ..
IIIIII:::i I-. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Il l :u::~ ::
FIIIIIII
IIIIII-IIIII
IIIIIIIIII
IIIIII
IIIIIIHIIII
-l l l l l
l l
Il l Iv
H-r
IIIIII?-1,
|.1" ,
44. .
IIl l
TI I
IIIIIIIIIIIIII-IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII-I'I IIIKIIII
__ 1-In-II
I* =I
I
.I I I
I| |
u_ I00 y to y
_ - -_ '__ H: _
:':i " 'i l _..[ ;_.;.;;l ._. i t_ 5 ; I ;
! - - _
- r - r - i t he -1!:-{Ia-tt--s- - i r
r t
I I-I
Il l
_l l I
II,
H .IIIIII
l l -III
T II.
l l '" I--IIl s__
I .
_-I -
I__ I..
F
I I , I
___ | F_, I__ __ . __i ____'______r ( _ __ .__;_ __'__ 1. f I _| ._. _ _ :_. _i _ ._ _% _,. :'______,___I__ ____% _.__:,_____.I ; I T
I I I _ . . . _ .
i ..__i ._p_._l .tIT.:...-,| .1 ._.,_.._. _. _ = I - Ix. .. . -. _--_...I. ..-L-..t___.. -._.. .__ ____.__I._Li _.
_| __
Pi F
I
- -I I I I I
.-I_| r .-es.-!-.._:_J.-IL--I.-1-.++ _ --I -1--> |
- -' - i I I , I _ .
ERATURE
i s
I ' | '
_ . ' ' I I I ' I
_ -...+-.- i t-+-4-t--+---Isl --4--II -I- _.._.. -- _-_. _ Ir -. -- --.-- ---- - _ _ I I -- -, .._ :5 ; r - ;__ - _ - -;-- - I _._.I..:- -; -- -- ----I~ :F-a+::--.:-- . -- I - : -:|
I I I
I I I I ' II - I , ,
. _ | - I I . | I
4-.I-H-Q!I> +| __. _ .._ __.. - I__ __-- .- - -i _--_,,._.1.I. _-l I- I - I__ .__ 1 -.. -+1-~ -F --1- 4---| __ .._ .. _ .- -:: _.;| _ _-_ .._._. _ __
I - . ' ' - ! I ' '
.=. :I-4: ___,J. ___| __,:__I_ _ _ . -" r - ---r t---" -" M - .- -1- -- - --I_- j - -_i ;:; ._:..;:. -:; .- -;- Jr I---I-- -- III I-- --'-.* | -- :-- -+- I I:-; I;- - -
5 I I . I I . | I . : _ -
| I : I i . -' ' . -
. H--II---~ ---JI--l r - 'i -l -- i I1__ '.,:_. " _-_: .- --:--. -- -1 --- .- - __." ..__.i ._.::_..:_ :_ - I ;;-- -I. I . ....I'_.:'.' ::.'_ r 'I .::= '.:: - .--'" -.- -- T '_::: '_.
IT I Id I I I I I I K I ' - ' I I. I I I j '_I
.i +.L.',.;...__...[ ,_.| H.,___.,-.i ..1| ., +1-I-l ,_ --.-_______I___ ;- .-.-_~ -.._ .-.- I I__; __-____}_i _._,..._H__L_ i ;,._I_._4..-_.I-'- .1--1---I----_-_ I..% .:..._______.____._.. _. ._ ___ I__-__.
h .
IFr I
P
. - -- I - - - =' , I '
-____ :i ;.i " " _I1_;__" I _.:_ _ _-:_--'.. . I Q -' . .:' :-:~ .- -i .-l -i -I .__.-.1-.-I: -: ~ }--:: -_~ --- _ : I g-.!--.._.-.-.:_ l ?.i -_.s.-.45
I I I. I |
M
| I
1| ]-1:" i I'I I - ----__.__--. . ; .- -_;sat:-i ...I-..s..T......_:..e... ;. ..
,, ,, -1.! ._ _ I .
E
. . T______ _.| ;.. __.. ...: .. I . . . .. -, I
T
,, ,,___,__,___,__I,s,,.,.,_,I ,_,,. __ _ _ __--. _ __I_ _._ ______,__ .;.----- __ -___.. _._ - - -.--,- 5 - -_ .
II .__n_I_._.'..1. ._!. _ _. - T- ' _.; I 1. ' ' ' Q. L._...I___.
i n-:
I
200 I M mi
!'_| I 4' IJ ___i __;_...[ .._. I* i I{ ._.. --I---.-----;.--I=I------. -I--_I
. _- . -. . I I _. .. __ - - f _ I__ .. _,_.p._j__. ___.__;....___;..1
i __'.'_. _' '1 I If_i m.'Ii I._...l _ I I ..._.__I.__ -H-HI . E .. I E. I - _4___ . -I I _ .._ _ ._ ., . ,. | - . . _ | -I-I ___ i ______ _'_.I
I I
LA Ii
I" I I" _..." '-I I!-I-1-
In - ' _ _ ' _=.__._If_._._. i ,_ I'i l I i I
" I I I 4 ' L - " 1 I ' I
_,.
-I .
. 4 ' I I ' '
i .
$ -
I
- i f _ | _f' '- _- IIIke:
.I_ , 7I* ;;1;-.I;-.. __ !_jj;" 1;..:TT.I'. I 1..-; -I.'_ITITTT'1i IIf1.K.Iff}jI.IIff7
. ..--.f,__'l i 1 I___ _ ._1'_- ._ J ;. i I 5 j_ I I I
_ cl
I_*
* I" " I
___- .- I __ .- _ __+' ___ ' F; '
si ssi f
25 0
_ . I .T'I..I IIIII: I
--l " " " I eel s I I IIIIIIIIIII I |
0.8 | .0 2.Q 3'0 4* 0
Rr n, Rmf QHM METER
Ir L ' - I _ I
. I I__I__ .. .. .-...____ I__i ..__I.____ __________ |
Fi g. 4.16R,,, and Hm, vs. temper atur e for gypsummud (fr omRef. 10) .
i s such that i t cannot be appr oxi mated by NaCl sol uti on, the effect
of temper atur e onthi s mud type shoul d be i nvesti gated. Fi g. 4.16
shows the r esul ts of such ani nvesti gati onfor gypsummuds.
Bottomhol e mud r esi sti vi ty val ues canbe measur ed i nsi tu i f the
mi cr ol og (Chap. 5 ) i s r un. Wi th i ts ar ms col l apsed, the mi cr ol og
sonde i s l ower ed i nto the bor ehol e. Inbor ehol es wi th di ameter s
exceedi ng 8 i n., the r eadi ng of the devi ce i nthe col l apsed mode
i s deter mi ned mostl y by the mud. A r ecor di ng of the r eadi ng vs.
depth yi el ds amud l og. The l owest r esi sti vi ty, usual l y gi ven
by the mi cr oi nver se el ectr ode ar r ay (sol i d cur ve) , cor r esponds to
the i n-si tu val ue of Rm. Thi s val ue canbe used to check the sur -
face Rmmeasur ement. The mud l og has other potenti al appl i ca-
ti ons, i ncl udi ng detecti on of mud systemchanges and possi bl e
downhol e water fl ow. 13
Fi g. 4.17 i s anexampl e of amud l og. Note that the cal i per cur ve
i s absent. The sol i d ver ti cal l i ne shows anautomati cal l y posted val ue
that cor r esponds to bi t si ze. Note al so that the depth scal e i ncr eases
fr omthe bottomof the l og to the top. The r easoni s that thi s l og
i s r ungoi ng i nto the hol e; other l ogs ar e r ungoi ng out of the hol e.
Exampl e 4.2. '
a. G i ve the i n-si tu mud r esi sti vi ty i ndi cated by the mud l og i n
Fi g. 4.1T.
b. How does thi s val ue compar e wi th asur face measur ement of
0.9 2-mat 80F, i f i n-si tu temper atur e i s 2l 8F?
Sol uti on. I
a. The mi ni mumval ue i ndi cated by the mud l og at the bottom
of the hol e i s 0.32 l l -m.
b. Usi ng Eq . 1.11 gi ves
so+6.?1 .
Rm=o.9 o-----=o.3s om.
21s+s.?v
The two val ues compar e r easonabl y wel l despi te the assumpti on
i mpl i ed i nEq . 1.11 that mud i s apr edomi nantl y NaC1sol uti on.
4.3.9 D r i l l i ng-Mud Resi sti vi ty Var i ati on. Mud pr oper ti es typi -
cal l y ar e measur ed onasampl e col l ected whenthe wel l i s l ogged.
The openhol e secti onto be l ogged i s usual l y sever al thousand feet
l ong. Thi s secti oni s dr i l l ed over sever al days and someti mes over
sever al weeks; Fi g. 4.18 i l l ustr ates the compl i cati ons that mi ght
ar i se i nthi s si tuati on. Whenthe top for mati oni s dr i l l ed, i f the hol e
contai ns dr i l l i ng mud of r esi sti vi ty Rml , thenthe r esi sti vi ty of mud
l tr ate that i nvades the for mati on i s Rm1 because most of the
l tr ati onoccur s wi thi nafew hour s of dr i l Ii ng.13 Whenthe tar get
depth i s r eached and the wel l i s l ogged, i f the bor ehol e contai ns
adi ffer ent mud of r esi sti vi ty R,,,2, thenthe sampl ed mud-fi l tr ate
r esi sti vi ty i s Rm. The sampl e val ue cor r esponds to the mud
l tr ate that i nvati zd the l ower zone but i s di ffer ent fr omthe mud
l tr ate that i nvaded the top for mati on.
Shor t-ter mvar i ati ons i ndr i l l i ng-mud r esi sti vi ty ar e l i nked to
chemi cal tr eatment of mud conducted dur i ng dr i l l i ng oper a-
ti ons. III5 Fi g. 4.19 depi cts var i ati ons i nmud r esi sti vi ty that oc-
cur r ed dur i ng the dr i l l i ng of awel l i nBr azor i aCounty, TX. Unl ess
Rmand Rmf measur ements ar e made r outi nel y dur i ng the dr i l l i ng
phase, the exact RM val ue that cor r esponds to the mud l tr ate that
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I I ___ __II_:_ _ _ IL" I __I__I _ ___ I_Ii __ I Q H -_ -- ' I I E H I I I ----I| -
'_ H _ ___ __:' " " '" _ ' I II__| L" III" -I--III1I_I:IIIII'_:| I__I _ IIIIII-__I_.I-_ - - I --I ~ I -I I --- I | I
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL
MICROCALIPER IIESISIIIIIIY
ohms. mi / m I;
COMPANY -m C_0_. I __Rr r '| I. 9 ,9 _8I1_I...._F SWSC FR 9 24! I
Rmf-I-I -F swsc To 9 244
WEl l I Ikmc I IF umTD 9 ?45 I
_...._._._......._._.. (IF EIIEIVS I
FIEl D _ _ KB
D F Z-___
COUNTY ___Q1LII1I" , H_| __]'_IQ ____.. _____,_STATE LCILI I S.I_AIII______. NA

SURVEY WITH SOND E CCILLAPSED
W IE@ @ @
OI1
_ I-r r _-1. ___
Appar ent Rr r | _____________ m,-" m I
---; - ----- - - -=-- - - -I---I-F. __.. -._ _ ____, _ _
____=;_--- _ --- - ._... _ .. IT-I I ..
' II --" - --- 1- - _I_ - _ I I I II __-- | - __ _c___-- -. ______ _ -" -'~ " "
__-. I _ __. H .__ ___ I
II-II I .__ -_.-_;-- --T ____ ___ {-0 ________ ___ .__ _ _ 1- 5 -I I
H, I II -- I. __''=;-4---H -- -- ---. .. ._.. .
" " '_'_' '_ I I " ' - I C] I -- I _ _-- " - II -_ -. _ I__I_
S - _I_ __--; ;___- -_._._ .._- .2; ;_:;_I. -Zr I. II . .._ ___...,______. .. .
__ _ ___.--" ___ " '" I_I'I I I I I I
I II: ---I---__.__] _.L.._.---I | I- - --' - - -.__ ' ;- ___--I-L_:___I!_ I ___. .. | | I I _l E -:.-| I .-H -
. :__ ..__ ____ _- ___ _ I __ h _ I _ __ __ __II_I_
__- --.----- I --- : , I5 2; _ -:. __-____I__i _____ ____________: _____ ___ ______ ___I___ _
II -I__" ,,- : - I___ _ _ __ I _
-._._.
I| . -I- I- . ;II" I
I
I| - F
_ ET" I III-- II ---II II -- ......-I--I-IIIIII-I _i -__ _-_. .L._-- I
- --U - -U -U _ I_i __I:_I I% " " 'k_" " ' " ' ' -II' I --r t -III. - -----IL --- --------..- . . . .
I I ; -i ;i ;;: I I-II?i IIIIi I_;:;?- -II--III;III:;i ;:i ?I;I;I;;IfI Ii " ; I I
II III " II r L I 1 1 " I ER -
I__.-
:" I_I
OO9 6
5
I-l ~ _1 4 I
T IIIIIIIIIIIIII; I-I I
I_
i i I_I II
If I It1
I II I
I III I II I
U0175 G OG
I IIIIIMK
IIE II I II
___ I ''''" .1" II - --- _
L _" ' I ni l -i '" " T-~ ---R II - - Q I-TQII . . . ' I
_I I I I I I _I II---- I-- -I--- I I -IL* EI
' - - - _ _ =-- _ _ _. _'-* ____I_LI___-__ I_ ___ ____ _ __ _ I I _
_ __ __ _ __ I I I I _ __ _,, I I I I I
I ._I_ I . _-_-.__.....___-_I,,_.. ____I I __:__________ ___ I __I I A II
_ " _ " I IIII II - ----- -II- -- -- I I--..-_... ... I I I _ I I
. .
_ '-I-I I I - I -II----I-I I_-_-___I__ -
I-II-_-I=-- I: I_II | _I_ __________ _ _ I " ' I. " I I -
-Ii ._.---.-....-I. -I...-II. .| __.
I ~ I;Ii I_-l - ;I _III;III I I
L Ti T
II| III
_ IT
_,J__II
I
OUE6
L
I" If
I1 U
IIIIi * IIIII I I__II:II-
_ ' :-T.-1.. __| _ _ _
- --n - | -- -.
- - - _ -J_-II.-III-1- I _'_'_IjI I-- -- II III I,
II " " '_1___ __I___:'-i i I I Ii - - ----- _-- - -
-.Il ._ -_-_4I II II __II_I___I __ _____ ___" ; I; ' _" ." " '!'_I:' ____'_'_" :" _'" 1_ _* _l I- ~ - T I-3-?-T
II I IIIIII I! I ' Q IIIIII~ ~ II----IIIII-I-I-IIIIIII-II
I | I I I'I' - I I --- - -- I;-_ I - __ _-_
= __... I i _ I -I-* '__'T'T" '__'" " I" " " " " " i ' " " ' ' I'I' 1- I-I I ______ I_ __ __ _____l l _____ _ .._, _ I Im___ .-'| .':.J'_- I I_ ._ -5 -7--II-II-I--i d-_ I I-H-
}-:- .I-I::_._-_ I _--_-;_ :___ _______ _ I '
I I M I IE1 I I I I III II-~ I-IIII-I III-IIIII II
--I-_-.. I I Ij I I :___;Ij____;I ___j% I~ ==If* _;_IIII_______- ___ I I
I ~ _E I-I I
I-I
I4 I-I F- 2? II_I T
III-I-I
JI
0006 ones
IIII I
I__;
__r + ' I '
2| I Ia?- mu I1 um
HIM III
II
* 1"
I r h
I-I
II L ~ 41 +I-I Ti RI
iI-I.
'II'I'" I I I _-_-.--I- -III I
I" ' _ " T ----F-_-_- --
~ 1 II I I II- I---I I-.I-_I_-IIIIIIII II I
I i - I I -{II-IIr :II.I;i II I-Ia-I I;-.;* III T" I
II I I_ II 3 I-t1:II '31
_ :___ I-3 _ _ _ -.-; --I _h_" " % L__'T'L'TT' l _l _:" 'f.i i F:
III
-I I II - __ IQ: If I " I II I I-I- ------ -I--- ---- I -- --
_ I __ -
III I I I I I -IIIIII-II_---IIIII--i I I'=I= --1I_-- ;-III
| I_ II _ I I __ ___ I I - I I _I _I
- -II-I==I= - - - .-_ . . _ III II I
_I ' I I '- " " T I' I _ _, _ _I I
_,.I_
TT
. ____ III " -
.__,__" '_',,,I ' jIj___ III" I_II_ I-LI --._ -----_:-- - -_ ._ . .- I. -
; I* I-'_-_-_- _ -__ I :I I
~ 3- -I-I ..I -Ii ; _- - ___: I, _ _'-I-'-
;- i i i i ;I I " 'ffII" " fI| I_ ~ R ----~ I- --I---- I _
~ I .._.-I -I I* -II=- -.
I__-_-IIII H I ._ I -I -::_--- - +I ___ _ _____I _I__ _ __
I --- H __ i i - T" " " '1' . _._II_ _ - ---1-uh-1?;
T: T" - ._-:I " I I_I - __ _-T; ;_ _ ________ _ _ _I _I ___ __ I " I T _ _ _-
Z
.-_-.1
___.-II; I .| ...- .I| .._ .-- ..-4I.I__..;-.- -.
'-'- -__I| I; .. .____ II " | -hi Inn.
I nu
II
Ii __... - . I - I -
- - I__ -f-L __. _- I---_ ___LF-H P ___ I I--HH--_" _ T-'-_" " " '_ " " " " '_I'i " " " " " ' I II I - I I I . . II_ 1
- I ' _ ' ' I ' II'I_" " ' ' ' " " * " II" I_If" _II :I_IfIII_I_I* III_IIIII I* II_" fI_II _ .-..__II" III -I-- '
I - I
I
I1
1Z+---.
I-If
OCIEB
---I-u--I II ?
I=--- -5
I III
I I -" I;ji I _; ~ -I '''F:;-';' -1II- -I I I
" Ii I
-II I - _I;IIII _ _ I'___If_II_-.;'II'I " fI~ * --I:--1I_-I-.~ I@ -- -.:TI_'J I. I .- I ' I I II FI
+ _ " " " I '_* " " ' I TI; " " " ' _ -" -' ' -| --l -- =-I-II I
___ I Fi g. 4.1?Examp| e mud l ug.
T-I I TI I-I-II-=-I-II -r II
I I IIII - II I I
-. I " ' I I
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT
Z one invaded by
mi 1
----- --- - -- 5
Formation Drilied 5
at Tirne 1,
mama,
; . Logging Tool
; Z one invaded by
iH ,,,,i2
f, Forrnotion Drilled
at Time t
2
' tmiz
. . . - _ _ _ .
._ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ ._ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ . _ . .. . . _ |
I Fig. 4.18 Schon1atlc showing affect of variation of drilling-H
; and p,,, vs. depth for a Braz oria County, TX, well (from Ref. ,
i 14).
mud properties.
Rrn,.Q..m @T5 F
D .5 LO 1.5 2.0
I ' ' I I | I --- -?
3 - I
t
4r-
11
.* H Ra iv
I 5 "
T-U
6 i-
I:-_ _ ,...II
-I, _ / F
/ '
-=:_ _
I
_ . ti_ _ _
._ . . rp
-v JIJII
if
M
Q;
- u
OOOff.
QDi
DEPTH
I5 "lu-
"' Inu
-ill
""* --.
. _ ...---E1
I2 I.J:._ ' :_ ""
..-3 11
D1:
II-
U ---|:|-.._ ._ _
I4
' "' I- Log H eader H m
--D-~ Actual F-Em
I
-0- Mud Density
I5 -
s-=1
5 |?.' _ _ _ _ I I I I I _ _ :::;
9 II I3 I5 I?
M U D DENSITY, ibmfgal
Fig. 4.19--Log H eader, Rm, and short-term variation ot Rm,
actually invaded the formation remains unknown. This lack of data
could affect the interpretation of both the SP and the shallow
resistivity logs.
_ _ _ .. _ . . L.
7 ' 1
4.4 Invasion Profile
As mud ltrate invades a permeable formation, it displaces forma-
tion uids and mixes with formation water. The invasion alters uid
distribution around the wellbore and subsequently creates z ones of
resistivities that differ considerably from the formations true
resistivity. Knowing what invasion prole to expect in different
formations greatly helps with the interpretation of logs, especially
resistivity logs.
The mud-ltrate volume to invade a permeable formation is deter-
mined by the fluid loss of the mud, differential pressure between
borehole and formation, mudcake permeability, and length of time
that the formation has been exposed to the mud. 15 -1? The ltrate
volume that invades a formation increases as these parameters in-
crease. Note, however, that most of the invasion occurs within a
few hours after drilling because ltration is accompanied by mud-
cake buildup. The low-permeability cake eventually reaches a thick-
ness across which the available pressure drop cannot sustain a
signicant flow rate.
_ The formation porosity usually determines the depth of invasion.
For a given uid loss, differential pressure, mudcake permeabil-
ity, and exposure time, the invasion in a low-porosity formation
is deeper than in a high-porosity formation.
4.4.1 Step Prole. Assuming piston-like displacement (i.e., only
the filtrate is moving behind"the invasion front) results in the ideal
step prole of resistivity shown in Fig. 4.20. Rm and R, are the
resistivities of the flushed z one and uninvaded formation, respec-
tively. R, and R_ ,,,, can be expressed according to Eq. 1.43 as
R, =FR,,,I' S,,," . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.6)
and R_ ,,, =FR,,,f/ Sm", . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.' i' )
where Sn, is the saturation of mud ltrate in the flushed z one. Be-
cause mud ltrate and formation water are miscible, S,,,, in a water-
bearing formation is unity and in an oil-bearing formation is
(1 -5 }-I, with S0,. being the residual oil saturation. Assuming a
step prole yields the simplest possible geometry and subsequent-
ly is often retained in the analysis of log measurements.
In water-bearing z ones and in the case of R,,,,~ > R,,,, R_ ,,, is al-
ways greater than R,,. In an oil-bearing formation, the relation of
R_ ,,, to R, depends on the R,,,,JR,,, contrast; the values of oil satu-
ration, .S' ,,, in the uninvaded z one; and the residual oil saturation,
S,,,., in the flushed z one. Dividing Eq. 4.7 by Eq. 4.6 yields
R_ ,,,fR,=(R,,,_ ,~ R,,)(S,,, iS,,,,)" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.8 )
and RH , IR, =(R,,,,JR,,,)[ (l -S,,)r( l -S,,,)]". . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.9)
Because R,,,f> R,,,, R,,,,@fR,,, > 1, and because S,, 2: S,,,., S,,,, > S,,,
and S,,,fS,,,, < 1. The value of the ratio R_ ,,,IR, relative to unity can-
not be determined ar priori. In most cases, however, R,,,ffR,, is
large enough tooffset the contribution of S,,,lS_ ,,, and R_ ,,,, > R,.'
Example 4.3 .. A given uid loss, differential pressure, mudcake
permeability, and exposure time indicate that 20 L of mud ltrate
invaded a porous, permeable oil-bearing formation. If the forma-
tion thickness, h, is 10 ft, S,,,.=25 % , and borehole diameter, dh,
is 8 in., calculate the diameter of invasion, d,-, if (a) qI> =-40% and
(b) qb =10% .
Solution. Assuming piston-like displacement, the mud ltrate
volume, V,,,f, in the invaded z one is
V,,,f=(rrf4)(d,~ 2 -d,,2)h< ;I> S,,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.1U )
Solving for ti, yields
d,-=[ (4V,,,firrhqbS,,,)+ d,,3 ]* i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.11)
i4[ 2o,o00x144(3 o.4s)3 ] Ti (11266 Y"
-~ a + 3 1 = -+ 64 in.
-ir(1o) (o.r5 ) (I)
(a) For c,b=4U % , d,-=1U in.;
(b) for > =10% , d,-=15 in.
I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
. . . ___.
EASUHEMENT ENVIRONMENT
___. ___. __.. _.____.____. _. .. . . _|
Zone i nvocl ecl by
mi 1
----- ---- -- 5
For moti on D r i l i ed 5
oi Ti me 1,
tang,
; . Loggi ng Tool
3 Zone i nvoded by
i H,,,,i 2
f, For r noti on D r i l l ed
ot Ti me i
2
' tmi z
I Fi g. 4.18Schen1atl c showi ng effect of var i ati onof dr i l l i ng-H
mud pr oper ti es.
; and p,,, vs. depth for aBr azor i aCounty, TX, wei l (fr omRef. ,
, 14) .
Rr n,.Q..m@ T5 F
D .5 LO 1.5 2.0
I' ' I I | I --_-?
3 - I
t
4r -
11
..* H Ra be
I 5 "
T-U
6 -
I:-__,...II
-I, _ / F
/ '
-=:__
I
_. [ I__
._. I r p
-v JIJII
i f
M
Q;
- Io
OOOfl .
QD i
D EPTH
I5 " l u-
" 'H| .U
-i l l
" " * --.
. _...---E1
I2 t:'I.:__'j"
..-311
D 1:
II-
U---| :I-.._.__
I4
'" 'I- Log Heoder Hm
--D -~ Ii cl uol F-Em
I
-0- Mud D ensi ty
II5 -
Bf-oi
II'r i ._._ 1 I I I I ___:,,,
9 l l I3 I5 I?
MUD D ENSITY, i bmfgol
Fi g. 4.19 --Log Header , Rm, and shor t-ter mvar i ati onof Rm,
actual l y i nvaded the for mati onr emai ns unknown. Thi s l ack of data
coul d affect tho i nter pr etati on of both the SP and the shal l ow
r esi sti vi ty l ogs.
___.. _. . L.
4.4 Invasi onPr ofi l e
As mud l tr ate i nvades aper meabl e for mati on, i t di spl aces I.
ti onui ds and mi xes wi th for mati onwater . The i nvasi onal ter s 1...
di str i buti onar ound the wel l bor e and subseq uentl y cr eates zones of
r esi sti vi ti es that di ffer consi der abl y fr omthe for mati ons tr ue
r esi sti vi ty. Knowi ng what i nvasi onpr ol e to expect i ndi ffer ent
for mati ons gr eatl y hel ps wi th the i nter pr etati onof l ogs, especi al l y
r esi sti vi ty l ogs.
The mud-l tr ate vol ume to i nvade aper meabl e for mati oni s deter -
mi ned by the fl ui d l oss of the mud, di ffer enti al pr essur e between
bor ehol e and for mati on, mudcake per meabi l i ty, and l ength of ti me
that the for mati onhas beenexposed to the mud.15 ~ 1" ' The l tr ate
vol ume that i nvades afor mati oni ncr eases as these par ameter s i n-
cr ease. Note, however , that most of the i nvasi onoccur s wi thi na
few hour s after dr i l l i ng because l tr ati oni s accompani ed by mud-
cake bui l dup. The l ow-per meabi l i ty cake eventual l y r eaches athi ck-
ness acr oss whi ch the avai l abl e pr essur e dr op cannot sustai n a
si gni cant fl ow r ate.
_ The for mati onpor osi ty usual l y deter mi nes the depth of i nvasi on.
For agi venui d l oss, di ffer enti al pr essur e, mudcake per meabi l -
i ty, and exposur e ti me, the i nvasi on i nal ow-por osi ty for mati on
i s deeper than i nahi gh-por osi ty for mati on.
4.4.1Step Pr ol e. Assumi ng pi ston-l i ke di spl acement (i .e., onl y
the l tr ate i s movi ng behi nd" the i nvasi onfr ont) r esul ts i nthe i deal
step pr ol e of r esi sti vi ty showni nFi g. 4.20. Rmand R, ar e the
r esi sti vi ti es of the fl ushed zone and uni nvaded for mati on, r espec-
ti vel y. R, and R_,,,, canbe expr essed accor di ng to Eq . 1.43 as
R, =FR,,,!'S,,," . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.6)
and R_,,, =FR,,,f/ Sm" , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.7)
wher e Sn, i s the satur ati onof mud l tr ate i nthe fl ushed zone. Be-
cause mud l tr ate and for mati onwater ar e mi sci bl e, S,,,, i nawater -
bear i ng for mati on i s uni ty and i n an oi l -bear i ng for mati on i s
(1_S.gr ) : wi th S0,. bei ng the r esi dual oi l satur ati on. Assumi ng a
step pr ol e yi el ds the si mpl est possi bl e geometr y and subseq uent-
l y i s oftenr etai ned i nthe anal ysi s of l og measur ements.
Inwater -bear i ng zones and i nthe case of R,,,,~ > R,,,, R_,,, i s al -
ways gr eater thanR,,. Inanoi l -bear i ng for mati on, the r el ati onof
R_.,,, to R, depends onthe R,,,,JR,,, contr ast; the val ues of oi l satu-
r ati on, .S',,, i nthe uni nvaded zone; and the r esi dual oi l satur ati on,
S,,,., i nthe fl ushed zone. D i vi di ng Eq . 4.7 by Eq . 4.6 yi el ds
12,, r s, =(R,,_,m,,) (s,, 13,0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.3)
and am, r s, =(a,,,,m,,) [ (1-S,,) i '(l -s,,,) ]~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.9 )
Because R,,,f> R,,,, R,,,ffR,,, > 1, and because S,, 2: S,,,., S,,,, > S,,,
and S,,,fS,,,, < 1. The val ue of the r ati o R_,,,IR, r el ati ve to uni ty can-
not be deter mi ned e pr i or i . Inmost cases, however , R,,,ffR,, i s
l ar ge enough tooffset the contr i buti onof S,,,IS_,,, and R_,,,, > R,.'
Exampl e 4.3. A gi venui d l oss, di ffer enti al pr essur e, mudcake
per meabi l i ty, and exposur e ti me i ndi cate that 20 L of mud l tr ate
i nvaded apor ous, per meabl e oi l -bear i ng for mati on. If the for ma-
ti onthi ckness, h, i s 10 ft, S,,,.=25 % , and bor ehol e di ameter , d,,,
i s 8 i n., cal cul ate the di ameter of i nvasi on, d,-, i f (a) q i > =-40% and
(b) ob =10 % .
Sol uti on. Assumi ng pi ston-l i ke di spl acement, the mud l tr ate
vol ume, V,,,f, i nthe i nvaded zone i s
V,,,f=(r r f4) (d,~ 2 -d,,2) h< ;i > S,,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.1U)
Sol vi ng for ti , yi el ds
d,=[ (4V,,,ffr r hq bS_,,,) +d,,3]* 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.11)
,4[ 2o,000.I144(3o.4s) 3] Ti (11266 Y"
-~ r +31 = -+64 i n.
-Ir (1o) (o.15 ) a
(a) For c,b=4U% , d,-=1Ui n.;
(b) for q b=l U% , d,-=15 i n.
I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEOFIY. MEASUREMENT. AND INTERPRETATION OF WE
I _ __
Ax
We
n Fr ont
5
I-
STV
- I-Bor eho e
- - Bor eho e
nvoso
-| _| .

.Fl usI'Ied I Uni nvoded

Zone I Zone
I
- I
Rxo
TY
RES
.. I ._ .-
3so
._r _____.....___.._
...:." 'I
1'
l 11'C
J. _ - _ _ __ __ _ ___-___: -
_ D ISTANCE I
., so
1| " 2. .-__;_- __ :71;-l r -- ' _
1
IIIIIH
-- Bor eho e Ax s
Bor eho e We
E:__
. Fl ushed nnul usl Uni nvoded
, Zone
,1 > - Zone
' : I
> Rxo p 4,-i q -__
__i l .-1 #-
5 ~
___; \
, It
('0 1 | R I
l -Ll x
m \ I
Ir e
D ISTANCE
I Fi g. 4.20--Step pr ofi i e of i nvasi on.
j Fi g. 4.22Annul us pr ofi l e of i nvasi on.
TVTY
CL
i f _ i Rxo "
I
RES S
Ft-,2 I
Rm 1
D ISTANCE
Fl ushe Tr onsi ti on I Uni nvoded I T .,.TEMPERA-I-URE'T
I ' Zone Zone I Zone i 5
I R f I
Z Fi g. 4.21Tr ansi ti onpr ofi l e of i nvasi on.
4.4.2 Tr ansi ti onPr ol e. For mati onwater and mud l tr ate mi x
by di ffusi on. A sal i ni ty gr adi ent exi sts betweenthe uni nvaded, wher e
the sal i ni ty cor r esponds to that of for mati onwater , and the ushed
zone, wher e the sal i ni ty eq ual s that of the mud l tr ate. The sal i ni -
ty gr adi ent gener ates, i ntur n, ar esi sti vi ty gr adi ent. Fi g. 4.21shows
the r esi sti vi ty pr ol e for R,,,,-> RH, wi th the assumpti onof al i near
gr adi ent. The zone over whi ch the r esi sti vi ty gr adual l y changes fr om
R_,,, to R, i s cal l ed the tr ansi ti onzone.
Inanoi l -bear i ng for mati onwher e for mati onwater satur ati oni s
i r r educi bl e, ar esi sti vi ty pr ol e si mi l ar to that of Fi g. 4.21 i s al so
devel oped. Incer tai ncases, however , R, canbe gr eater thanR_,,,,
as pr evi ousl y expl ai ned.
4.4.3 Annul us Pr ofi l e. Inanoi l -bear i ng for mati onwher e water
satur ati on exceeds the i r r educi bl e l evel , G ondoui n and I-l ei ml g
showed exper i mental l y that afor mati onwater bank i s for med at
the di spl acement fr ont. The water bank i s r st fol l owed by azone
of mi xed water s, thenthe fl ushed zone near the wel l bor e. When
R,,,,~ > R,,., thi s fl ui d di str i buti onr esul ts i nar esi sti vi ty pr ol e that
canbe appr oxi mated by the sol i d l i ne i nFi g. 4.22. Inr eal i ty, capi l -
l ar i ty and mi xi ng r esul t i nar ounded pr ol e shownby the dashed
l i ne.
The pr esence of al ow-r esi sti vi ty annul us was conr med by the
r unni ng of acombi nati onof sever al r esi sti vi ty tool s wi th di ffer ent
I I K I _'_'l KIi & | .'_ . . _ _ _ _i _ __ _l _'__l _ H i i
" q t Regi on of D i ur noi ond
p __ I _____:_ AnnuoIVo_r ,i ,oti o,n,s,
I
Ci
Il l
D EPTH
5 IO!-
er r -Q.
U -.-.
' F
oer
Rr nc \ " I
If ,
Fi g. 4.23Schemati o of l i near di str i buti onof subsur face tem-
I PEFHIUTB.
J-1;_-_-;;;- - -_
r adi i of i nvesti gati on. However , anannul us does not for mi nal l
oi l zones because i ts for mati onr eq ui r es favor abl e water satur ati on,
ui d vi scosi ti es, and r el ati ve per meabi l i ty char acter i sti cs. The an-
nul us was al so found to di ssi pate wi th ti me. Anannul us coul d for m
and di sappear befor e the wel l i s l ogged. If anannul us i s detected
by r esi sti vi ty tool s, i t i ndi cates the pr esence of oi l . It al so i ndi cates
that water i s mobi l e. Subseq uentl y, acompl eti oni nazone that ex-
hi bi ts anannul us pr oduces both oi l and water . " 9
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
TABLE 4.2--THERMAL COND UCTIVITY OF SELECTED
MATERIAL (10 '3 ca| 1(sec-om-" C) (after Ref. 22)
Shal e 2.3 I0 5 .6
I Sand 3.5 to 7.? I
Por ous l i mestone 4 to ? I
D ense l i mestone B to B
D ol omi te 9 to 13
Cl uar tzi te 13
Anhydr i te 13
Sul phur 0.6
Steel 110
Cement 0.7
Water 1.2 to 1.4
Ai r 0.06
G as 0.065
Oi l 0.35
G ypsum 3.1 Shel a
a . \ :- S It 12 ?5 I \
4.5 For mati onTemper atur e
4.5 .1Subsur face Temper atur e D i str i buti on. The pr evai l i ng tem-
per atur e i nawel l bor e deter mi nes the r esi sti vi ty val ue of the mud
and i ts der i vati ves i nthe r egi onsur r oundi ng the tool . The temper -
atur e al so affects most for mati onpr oper ti es (e.g. , for mati onwater
r esi sti vi ty) . Temper atur e di str i buti oni nawel l bor e must be known
for pr oper l og anal ysi s. The el ectr oni cs and sensor s of the tool ar e
sensi ti ve to temper atur e, so the maxi mumtemper atur e encounter ed
i nthe wel l bor e di ctates tool desi gn and tool sel ecti on.
Ear th temper atur e i ncr eases wi th depth because the cor e i s ex-
tr emel y hot. Appr oxi mati ng the Ear ths cr ust that sur r ounds awel l -
bor e by an i nni te and homogeneous sl ab of constant ther mal
conducti vi ty, k,, , we canexpr ess heat conducti onby usi ng Four i -
er s l aw:
Q=l c;,A(dT.dz) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.12)
wher e Q=heat ow r ate, dTfaIz =ver ti cal temper atur e gr adi ent, and
A =ar eaat ar i ght angl e to the di r ecti onof fl ow.
For heat fl ow thr ough the Ear ths cr ust, th_e amount of heat fl ow
thr ough A i s i ndependent of ti me; i .e., Q i s aconstant. Then,
dT.='dz =36, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(-1.13)
wher e gs i s aconstant cal l ed the geother mal gr adi ent. Integr ati ng
betweenthe sur face and depth, D , gi ves
Tf D
I a:I" =gG I dz,
r , o
' Tf_'T_,=gG .D ,
and T,~ =T, +gG D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (4.14)
Eq . 4.13 and thus Eq . 4.14 ar e not val i d cl ose to the sur face.
D ownto about 100 ft, the heat fl ow and temper atur e ar e affected
by di ur nal and annual var i ati ons i nai r temper atur e.
Accor di ng to Eq . 4.14, subsur face temper atur e var i es l i near l y
wi th depth (Fi g. 4.23) . Sever al obser vati ons i ndi cate that the mean
annual temper atur e of ai r , T,,, at the gr ound sur face i s l ess than
T, that r esul ts fr omthe extr apol ati on of the l i near temper atur e
tr end.21
The ther mal conducti vi ty of for mati ons usual l y penetr ated by a
wel l i s not constant. Tabl e 4.2 l i sts typi cal val ues for sel ected ma-
ter i al s encounter ed i nthe envi r onment sur r oundi ng awel l bor e. The
i deal l i near temper atur e di str i buti on cur ve i s modul ated by the
change of ther mal conducti vi ty fr omone bed to another (Fi g. 4.24) .
Negl ecti ng these l ocal modul ati ons has been an acceptabl e pr ac-
ti ce i nl oggi ng appl i cati ons.
4.5 .2 Temper atur e Log. Tool s ar e avai l abl e that pr ovi de acon-
ti nuous measur ement of temper atur e i nawel l bor e. The temper a-
tur e sonde consi sts mai nl y of apl ati numwi r e exposed to the
bor ehol e ui d. The r esi sti vi ty of the wi r e, whi ch i s measur ed wi th
awheatstone br i dge, var i es wi th temper atur e accor di ng to asi m-
Temper atur e Incr ease;
| -----n-
Li me
Id I ox -i eo Ize
D i str i buti on
D ol omi te
D ep h
/ ,_/
-1-
G ypsum
\
I \ i " " "
i \
;' 1'-i nhydr i i e
\
I \" '
i r ci uol \ Sand
D i str i buti on--- \
L I
Fi g. 4.24-Actual and i deai i zed subsur face temper atur e di s- I
tbuon. I
pl e, wel l -known r el ati onshi p. The r esol uti on of thi s pl ati num-
r esi stance ther mometer i s about 0.5 F.
A newer gener ati onof temper atur e tool s uses asemi conductor -
type ther mometer cal l ed ather mi stor . El ectr i c pr oper ti es of ther -
mi stor s var y wi th and canbe cal i br ated to i ndi cate temper atur e.
Ther mi stor s have ar esol uti onof 0.005 F and r espond to temper a-
tur e changes much faster thanthe r esi stance ther mometer .
Conti nuous temper atur e measur ement pl ays ani mpor tant r ol e i n
pr oducti onoper ati ons. Temper atur e l ogs ar e ver y useful i nl ocat-
i ng cement tops and detecti ng gas entr y i nto the wel l bor e, gas and
water channel s behi nd the casi ng, etc. The afor ementi oned si tua-
ti ons ar e accompani ed by temper atur e anomal i es. The detecti onof
such anomal i es, whi ch canbe q ui te smal l , i s enhanced by r ecor di ng
the temper atur e gr adi ent vs. depth. Thi s r ecor di ng usual l y, i s cal l ed
the di ffer enti al l og. The di ffer enti al l og i s obtai ned by el ectr oni -
cal l y memor i zi ng the temper atur e at acer tai ndepth, thensubtr act-
i ng i t fr omasubseq uent r eadi ng obtai ned at aknowndi stance fr om
the r st r eadi ng poi nt. Fi g. 4.25 shows asecti onof atemper atur e
l og. It exhi bi ts al i near tr end that i ncr eases wi th depth. The aver -
age r ate of temper atur e change i s the geother mal gr adi ent i nthi s
wel l . The l og shows l ocal i zed var i ati ons i nsl ope caused by changes
i nther mal conducti vi ty of di ffer ent beds. These var i ati ons ar e cl ear l y
shownby the di ffer enti al cur ve. Thi s temper atur e sur vey was r un
i nsi de the tubi ng i nacompl eted wel l . The ti c mar ks onthe l eft
of the l og at about 30-ft i nter val s cor r espond to tubi ng joi nts. These
joi nts ar e detected by aspeci al sensor cal l ed the casi ng col l ar l oca-
tor . These sensor s ar e usual l y i ncor por ated i nto tool s r uni ncased
hol es.
4.5 .3 Maxi mum-Indi cati ng Ther mometer . Inanopen(uncased)
hol e, mi ni mi zi ng l oggi ng ti me i s desi r abl e. The l onger the hol e i s
open, the hi gher i s the r i sk of dr i l l i ng compl i cati ons that affect safety
and cost. The pr acti ce i s to r educe the number of l oggi ng r uns.
Sever al tool s canbe r unsi mul taneousl y. The amount of datathat
canbe col l ected dur i ng one r uni s l i mi ted, however , by the el ectr i -
cal and mechani cal pr oper ti es of the l oggi ng cabl e. For thi s r ea-
son, i t i s al ways desi r abl e to col l ect, i f possi bl e, some of the l oggi ng
datawi thout cabl e tr ansmi ssi on.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY MEASUREMENT. AND INTERPRETATION OF WE
-r -
I- '-- -.1--..-.-I-.| 1-.-1.--I.-1
' l .-_'j-
I-I.-i r
1 -.
I _1_- -
|
I -1|
I
I
INTS D EPTH, r t
1
F
--I--I--T +| --..| .-.1-| .-
1
- --..--.- -:-1p-.11.| .._-.1.
1- i - I
-I_T-i
E
_I.I-
-1-.q .-1--.... 11-q . .-,--1_._:
' I __
, - - _l -I-I-'.--1: E
-- - -- I-- -+-.-:+--._'-.-1i ,-, -I-.... -..-.
.
--1]-1-1-.--1.. -1| --r .-| - -.p.1?. .,,, __,,_, _
- I - | | , | - -
' l I" 'I-'I-I 1----- 1--.1.-+-| -.-i -..._i r -I ...,.. ,.H._.,,,,_
. , . _
i l l l l l l l l l l r l -I---1 1- - -I ..- -1h| - ... I
. " '~ tr ..._-- I-I-.#1..-.-..I" ." .:.'f* .... r ...I:1.-. 11* I
:* II
1| - " ti
'I l l [
---P --.--.-+1-up . ..--l l -I.-.-9 -,.-. .1 f-.1-H.-I.-I_ ,r _ I1
1 .
. =11.-,. _ . 1_. ,_ ___ -Z-:,.,, -j - _ __ __
' I . I . '
.._._
- -I-I----| -r --. - I 4......-4,| ,| _1__,_
I
11-1-... 11- .
. .1. .--.. .. ,_,_, __ .I_+_I_..I.,,_._,,,._,_,,,,, _,,____,,__;, _
- 1'. I - ' . I
5 -'1'" -' '--I.--* -- --I -1- 1--1--| q p--1-1--. -s-.--1- -s----..--..--..q ,..-. 1| .1 .-..
'-F-" --1 I-II I-Ivl -I-1-l -o ---Wr ----. -.-11.1-4 -| -1--..p11-...-+
I - r ' - - . ' . . I . l l -- - -- -- .. - .
" ' r '" f'-I" " * " 'r -* ':Il " :" " " '" ';--g----I---!_--I-i : I--1-v-1" -I I " -I--H -~ | ---Ir -H , ,,.+-
l '
-+-1| . -
-Q4 r | --u- .- ..-1.
TUBING TEMPERATURE,
J0 9 0 9 5 IO
O I05 IIO
Pi -r ~ 'I
-I-
-q n-. -..| -:1-I.
11- -1-| .-1.-.1.-1.
-, .T1i -| -I-1-11-E-:L.-I. i - I-;
r .,. 1..
- -..-....-11 .1 _..-..> ... .-
_ PH
-,,._+H
i Jj.T
fl ..
Hob"
I
I -- - q fu -- -1+-11.. 1-...
- " '* " " " " " :_I....r r " " " * . -. r .-.-..;-...;-1-Ir " : - --F}~ * -r s.- I IF , - -1-. -...- ,- 1. -r _Fr -
. _:|
-.-- -I-- --
-.:+1;_.
,.
'!"
--1-.-| 1L
. .5 __I-I1" ?
w'
" " I'
-1--
_..,._4.
-'I- -r -i -
- --1I-+-.-i _| .- -
4_.,._,..I.- _ ..
,.
1'4
.l __..:,
1'-I
---.-_I-
r --
1.1.1. L1-r
IT
* 1
_I {II
-P l l _?r _:;1;'
- _ | - --q -- --| --.-L---n +-r ---I-
| ._r ..,..I,_,.. ...!.....r ...... _,__:_.
:. ..-.... ..| .I. ...- _ .;,..._-
Ir , 1 I. 1 I '
_,.. ._.....-,--,. _,....,.. ...,.-, r I
I
__,__ _
-l l --1-IIIIII I
i i _
-11.-171...
.- i -.-. 1
-r l --| .n
'1" " " " " -tt-r d-.;--:__I_.. In? -___:| ....-...?
" !" ':" * " * " i " 'r * t-I-1- --
=1--I.--
I-
'1
..,"
._.. _
, I
------.I
r -.-u--.1.-11
-I-111-Iq - -1-.--.--..-.1.-1-.-.. -
. ...-....._J-TL.-....._,_| | _...,..
i -. _- __
- i -I-IQII-I-.| -ul . 1
I
L
I;
__I.
T
III--I-I-I--I-I--' 1. -.-.-
. r _
-.-. p--.---.... - l _,- ...,_,... .| ..,-.... . _,
. -I-- .i Ie-I-.| ._i - I
__ 1
,.-. 1 1.. ,---..
I
II
-.,_!' 1+-1.--I1-.1, - Ir .- -
-1 -._.. ... ....
-----_i _
-| -11....-
-I--:1
-- -_-1-1---.1_,_..._
Q
1
H--I-1 --...-..-...-1.1-
, .
-.,,._._,_,,._
?--- '
-.
II
I1.
II
_" .
-| -- -+1--.--_._ ,
-..-
-1-.-r .--:1-.-i -1--| r 1p-I-II--I F 1 .._ ,
E-1-1-'-._l ...'__'..' -_ - - _ _
-L.-.l ..,__r -,.. - '-!._l j_,,_{.,,..:...r -I. '. -.'.-I-1-I..
1| I-Mr . T--1 1.E_" l : _ I |
--~ -.1- .-------.-- t I
" " " -r 'I-n-| -o--r r -'p---
:-IR
,.
.l
-r .l l .-
T" '
_. . - _...____,.._,_.
' ' I' I -r
._,_ _ In * _
zi i ,
_I:t-_]-l .-.-
. I
,-b-
.L
Il -
| ..
---I JI.-
_ . ,, ,,
' ' ' l " !" I" " I'
_i _.
l ..
'_" i i n- .---- .
-we
l
I 1-...-i --'1-F.-h'_' _.THT- I-
-.-_ ..
1-.-..| -...--:1
I -| --| -| .-| --| - --1-| -_-_-| ..-,1, _
-I| ---1n---- -.1-| -.| -....-...,
I .-
\-
.,-JIt;.?'I_ 1.
I: t1:$
. I I" '
_ :_-l ::_]-r zz;
- -1-1,I-.-+-1,.-......-,1-. .
..| ..
J. 1..
-i -9 - 31-..-Ls
-.-I11-....:1..| ..1-I
-r
II_...,... .i .. -.
1:.1. ._ ___.'_
| - -| -1- -- - _- -
-H" ' --
Fl
.l .--1-
~ I* 1.* " I
;" :;1 _i
i f-
'i ;_| _" _f__
._* ._.I_
h-_.T.
- -1.-
. r t-
-FT
i n 11-1-
_,_
.
_.. ,
I---I
1| .-
l '
-- -...]--J-.
-..-..- .... .I-.1 .
.
1
I?-'
| -4.. 1.
-1-I-- ..- 11..-
- 11.1 .
--u-i
I-
l 1.
I
1;; _| ._ '
.1 ..._
-" 1
" Iv
r *_
. _r -t
I'I'
,-.- .-
-I--7---w " I . _.._._
. 1-
i r -" " -
..;-
I-
.| -J-A- .-.-
_| r -IT -
--- - 1 ...._| ..-11 I
_._L.,_. ._i __| I
- - -..| ...... ..!_,_,
-." .
.-q -
T
I
_| ..-_
- _.-I-._..... - -,.,-..I
1- I- -I
'L_
di d: I
" II-I"
1 I _ II 1-I-| -I-| T I . _ I _ | _1 I . ..
" ' " -.--~ -.--- --- . . ---.-.-. .l p| -| ..1.-l !'| -- ---i n-hi I 1-| | -.-I--1-I--.-cl -u 1.4,---r ..1!-i -1'-| -i n-I-.-1'-. -:11-i ,1-.11. .r -i _.p_:.-
- -- I..}...,....-.....,.._.f _ ' - -_1_,_,_- ..J_;.-. -
I, .' 14 " '-" r -r -| _f:I" " [ :I" I" 'I" I-.-l " I+-
. - : | I _; I .
-l I 1- -.--.-..--- | -.-. ,.---1.-1-....--| _. I . .
-f-J1--| :--i -+.--Ju.l --..1-I| ---.i 1.-'__1.,- | ..- -.
l l 'IOI-Ii l l l i l l -g-IIL-I-1-II-1r -. - .--1. I--q -.
-l Il -" pIII'II-Il i -vbi i ol el --I--I1-I-----L--I--1-::I| -1-1I-L..-| .-. .-
-4 - -
L
I ' -. . I I '
... -~ -H---II.--H- -- I-.1-1. --.-.-. 1. .4. '_ ,_,I,._
--~ #-I-r -I----NI-| -.-:_I-I I ITIH :Il ..-| ' I1--| -.- -..II:;,_I-.i -. -i ' -I-.-i .--L \..!,.
I-...._......'..' -I _' '. - - ._T - ' I I . | '-'" r " '1 l Fr i I" Q . To 1-1-* 1-I-s-:..1--.... .. .,-.-..1.- .- _-
.--1-1+... -.I. 1.-.-.9 .-.-| _I.-Ifuul -.| .. 1 | ,..1 1:--:1-.--.-t..I.1-Tr -1.1-| .e| .-.1.I..-
-- .-" '" ,_.| , '
I I I '
----1--.-.-1-q 1- _
--:1--j1
i -r r r t " r I . t" " "
_, .. 41
_..1. _
1-i -
._1._ -
_I. -l .
.__?-
.'_.i
33, _
-1 t'2'...'L
IAAI-i i
I11" -
-...
. 1'.I
-r -
. I
.-.-
" 1' al -
...
f
-1i i
,-;
I
r !
_i -.5
i -'1 "
'!
___ :;r -...-I-i _
I
. -
23?i 1Zm
T
....| ..
1, fr "
-i -I
- i
,,_ -.-.- J. " * -i '-'-'-
1-1 ...,.., '
..,_, . . _,......
_. .-.... 1| -.111
-1-
_l _
1
i * -| -:- '-'--
| I-4 -.-I. - r -T?-1,.
1:
__..l ._.
i t
.-Li ,
-_ ..- 1.-......
.I. -E--2-
TR" .
I fi
___;l __',_
.._..._,..,
-.-.
. - ,
I..--...,
_.,_| I
.-.| - " --- @ -
.
-| I 1
I
..-1... .,t-L I.-+._+__.I,_,__,___,t_.;.,..
IYI '
I : _
'4 -Is:
' g---
....'........l __. '-I:,._
L
- .' _I, i _!,_;.
..r _,...[
.I :-I-
.| ___- _... I-
_!,.
_| .
j=,r i t.,.,_
t I
1* i - 1* -jg,
i i i i i
..i .._ -1.
I_.;
.;_., I5i
111
'-.-.I.-.1-.-I I I _
+Ll ur | .| II-i n.-I--;u
.1.
r '!'
I-no
I-11..
I I
-| | II-1-_-i --i -.1-| .-I-1
-._._
I,.
--.... 4.- ..L. '
I I
l ."
l l ,...| .1-1......
- I-. .,..
I
III-J III .l
I--. I.-
-i &
T';'
, 1
__g._-i * Ir e '5 'r " i '
._,_ | .___
.I.l .-5 -.| .
l T-I -
.- .-
.-_ 1 --| -1-.
_ II I1
'..'.,._ 1- '
, .
T?
, '1
_ -I'l f." '
.r
FR
I
- -1-I-1
II
I
:' '"
___* _
IIII 1
_i ,I1;
-:I- T.-.
Ii ?-
'." I.
Q
I-at 4
i t-1:.
..:-i I'I'.
! I
..-L- .
1 -.-1-. | -.-
.1...-...
I-I -.---I--u
- | . 1
| F
.--| .| | -1.| -...- aq -
.L-. ..
-,'.I.| ..
+-
-1?
'.:,.. _..,,,
-P-r 1'
-s "
1" " I
_I_.| ..
II
.L-
-..-11 at '= -.- -L;_+
far ;
-..? i4-4-
.I " "
Abr a
- t
- .-1..-T--. .1.| .
;I I
ti t?
TTT
1.- --
_ :f 1'}! . -_-_---I-i -.....I.-,.-..._._,_,__-
-I
I-| . I I . II-I
- ."
-Il -l -.| -I- '-
! i 1
- 1--.| -| .1| .|
-+.
-nu-i l l -1-r nl .| +
-'-- :1-.
1 I__*
.
_-,.,.,.
--'-J--!.-'
-:-
.-
I" ' . ., I -- .:-1..-p.- .
. ...'...I.........:. ..
_l l
-.11;-
: +--
1
" I" . 1
--1-r
III-I 1 1 I
1.1- I -u| --J_:i E-T-| 1q i _-1| 1.1
- -| -In-r i n-+-1. 1L--1| 1
11-p..| 1....,'.- -
'1
J- . .
1. III
I J I T
11.... -.| -11 1.. _. :-
_ '.' * ' .....-i . '..'... ..,....I__::'-
I I
III. T" 'I'
=t~ . " vi -" " " " " '.- .-
I-IIIIJII --u-| .- r -I-
-1
I...
._,,..
T'1-T
i -.-; *
I.-__ _ :-
45 +-
" 131
'I" . --1';
1-I-i
-J
1
1
J1 111- -
-; 1.
..,..... --
' |
1-!---If-m
fl u.
T
..| .... .. _.
I-i -.-r t
_ . -'-.....1..I'...i _I..'
5 - .--.=.I.. .1;
M . 4
I:xU'ji 1:
I I.
r _'.'
4% T?
1-I-TI -(-I-
I--TI-_! _ ;. -;--.i _
If
I-L I3+-.- -:-
-j-4 --4.4 +
.." '-r -r -" " " " r '.'.'i _i .1"
;..';- Zj
j?.l ..
.-
.1-
E- .:-
-I.--; - -I.-
I
Tr
*'1
'_I
F .
I T .
-- ms. p1--I-1-.-'| ....
. J
Jr ---I
-.-.I.
i l l !"
.1 .
-I-I1
,._..1
':1:.::I" .
It
I;.'
- .-. ....
1 .L1.-I
r 1,1 i
_i -1-SHIT
11;
r l i i . '.
I1;
III-
.I :" 1_----+- I
:'_'II
'-T-
I
fl u
,.L_* ...
__{;,tI
1I.
-.I.;
I..t.'.
_ -| -
I
....t._
T-I
.-}_:. -.1-
.' ,_r _
1 1 Ipr o'_.| |
I1
_+,._j. ,....
'- - .....I ....:..
I I-
.-. .......| . -
-up--Q--Ir
.-" r d.-Ias
-. ..,....,--I.. $ 1,-,\-,!,
If i r o;1t: jaw
.-F i _ -....'| . ...IT. -I.-;-" i -I
' I
.. .. .-._.. .., .-.,..;
- - I-'1-1.
---~ ++4
-L.-I
I-.
_| _
. J.._,__._.I. -._
I..." -.......,-,I...l _.{_-4
- -. -' r t ti
+* ;:m:r 41;; :
-|
....-
-1. ..._
I
-. I
.._,...|
.._;._!.
.-i -11.1-.5 -... 1-
1-1----1-1
1.-.-.._| .1..i - - ... .
- I.
I" I* <
_-,. _,-
i r i s
l =
at i i ti
-I.-r ..-
.' --?
-I
I-+II-It-I-I--l ei
1r --._ . ?_,_,
1 -.- .11 -| | -.i | -| -.-| -
- -_r :_l .
pj-1-11-I:--Q--i .-| -I * -
' | _._....
- I.I;.I_._i i
-,i ,EI:
,.
I
i bpi r r
" .1;
.js
1--
\.1- -.-
-1 .1.-
1-n. :11.
-I--I .-
IT
1-| .-" -.| 1-1.-
I-
: " I-
-r +-
=1
-L-4 _
'1
T ,,... I" " l 1-
-.,..-_
*L i . I.-
_I'
I
l l -- - -1.! .
...... - .. ,.
I
..
1-1
I-
T?i
4:tr ;
-:-
I I:
i
.
,. -
:.i .i f +i . .
11--
I-. 11-
4 If
I
I
l i :;
-1--.-1+
r " I" _'_f_-
jg
at -.-g
Ff.
1T'i _." ;;
.tr
- .-l l 1 It
-I.
i
-I
-1- -;--I-1-1_
_I__I_I
_ ,...| | .| .
fi r -Q .-.--.--..-r .-.-I1.-r .
. .5 -
_ I-1-I-| _I-_1---i -i -_:-:_ _- _;| -- 3- --- _ -.-L-5 -
.. ,.__
.,.i ...:....,.
.,-1r -_i _,
.4
E-r
-1-
.-i - 2-
. I I I-1
-r -* =* " -r ---~
.._.-I
i '
i H;s+r iII-* 1.
- -:1--- -....-.1--..
---1--.t. - . -
-1.-..
Er - :1;- .'- i __-.7-
.1- .| ....| ,| .1.|
I
1.-
I
F;
-Ir 'l --
i t
,1-t .'1I'IIIII'
I-4-
-_-q -F
-v| -
. _,_|
Lr :r .r " ;
t tfr ti
ti ; -11:If_i '" t' T" Ir " 'I" -
?- - -.II'I_- -- --_
| _.E .i ..-.-.;.-; __
q ;3T:t* i
.- - i t-1 '
' I'1'?
. !-_
.1 1-;
I.'L__
" I
_,.
.r _,...
- I
I
._| -v -:.:i _-:1:---| .;-_.[ -| _ I
5 I I . "
1| .-.!-1-J.-..II 1.- -1-I. -.--1- 1- - -- -
.
-. -I-J. - ._-.. .
.i .. ' . ._I.
-,..-,-..-,
, Ir -I-'1'
dour ;
5
i t
.1
. .- 4:1" :
--I-t-I
'l 't-| 'F I-I-I-r 11--I----1 1- 1_
1- . ----
IJ I},
II --| -I-I-_- 1:-.-1-.--| 1..| ..-.
1111
I
-I . _. ......
*
J4
- -_ .:::1_ ____
I
-_,._, _-_.
I-.-...-... ......._ .._.
.
..__.._| .___,__:
-1 -1-1 -.11.| - ...... ,,,, ,
1- -II-I
.'.t.'I';:;
--.1.-Ir I-
" * 1-' " 'g" 'g" " 'E" | " 'I" '* _I" I" l f" * i
1% -
-Ti
. ,.....,._ _ __.,-
!. .- ......_z__ -_.-...
.
-1|
i s
1.._.:..---:--- ---P I-_,. .. E I. .1. .,.-.-_-___l +_- --- I, - -
' -I-._,..-.Z-.- .., _
-1-
.,'-
-Q f" 'l
..;..| -
--i -i t
_ -_r 1l -1-.:-
-| -i u. -.-- 1
I-.-i i i
R" I
Ifr I
I'II'_'If;i " 14. !.
, IFE.
1l ,,r
4;
I ~ -
.-1-1| . '1-A1.-I. 1'-....-. ....1.| .- I-1-..--F 1-1...},-11....
1 ' 1
.1 ....-...... .,i .._1.........!..,...| . .;._t..1.
i I 1
.,...__.... ._| ,1_.,.,,,-._.
H_| ___I j.., l _
I-
.l Ii . _i .-[ _
-I 1--u-i 1
-f" .
l l -
+
4-
.;
-* -Le
ti l t:
II l .I_! .
Ewgi
| _
| ._I_ ...-... _-.._, -__ __
' T " '_ " " -" " " " " " -' -- -| - I--I| - I ..... .| .l .;,| ,'. _. _
. -._. -_.._-,;tIt14-;:_-- 1 -' -at
,... 4-..-I-pi :11.--:1-| * _:,..,.=,,,I._,,,,, I
I t --| 1 _
ft:pr r nr ,t .
-1- - :- -I .-1.--.r -In 1-; .-
nr u. -I-1.-l l --.---.,. II. r e" -J-1'-1IZL .-
IIH-I--r n-1-1: _'-r -.----4--| --.I-. I...-i -.-1| -I -
,._..jI_.,__._...,._ _
-t" .-I-r 'I" . r -
..._| J 1fl
-J
.'_.I.._.... ..= .~ _'_' .-;...- .-, I .'._:_... . -.-'._.__. .-__..-,_,_,_.
.-._,..I.. ,... -I-_.,_.I..!_. -I--I-;,.-,-.;I| ,...i . .__,_.,..,..1.-
-1 -1.. -.- -- -.r . .
- ' -II-1| -Jr --| ' * | --I:l --:-:---1- -| -| .---1---| I- - Ia-.1-_. -1. --| 11L. T .._ " 1-j. ' I
'* -1IIl T. -5 !-:.__
+1--p-. -| -
--. _ __ ::_:;:
'r -|
-1.
1.
-n-11
1- .-1... I'-
J-.
1.
:-1+
:-
- -Ii 1:-fr
..'_:. t5 ;-I"
1II-r l --I --r -1| -
'-..!-7
J...1 1-| - I:'l ' ' _ -1-
_-
I -.I. .," ,
-5 ."
=1.
1. -'
-1- 1-
-I-1
.. ..-,_,.._,.
. .....,._,,..
I - -
.,_g__.. . .
JI +1.1-
11
i ;=.
i t
- -I-r -r
ITTIL
T1?
[ 1- 1...-
-II.
1..-
_..
T
____l __
...... 1-1.1 1
- -| - _ -1
.Ii -1.- _| _..
-:. .- Z
-|
I..., .
" i
1" . ,i - It I
. ,_..,, _ ,
-__-,:____;_I _ __ . _. i _;
T... ,, It-L ,_| ,....' .| ......._r ...IL..i -....._....i .,I _ _ T4
l - 1 I .-,.-.l I.-.-r .$ ..-I :3-2..
- -'-..1u- -_-F-I-F -L 1:-I1
" I" !
' ' 1....-_11.--I.-i -
._.
.-.?-4
1.i Ia
i _'1 .
.-1-P? -L
5 .
.1
-I-
.-p-.1
-.l
1.-
-" r
I
.,.| . -1-1- ..__,_| __ -1-J.| - ___
'I'
....
:1. .--
.-
-14-
I-
" 1
-:
.| a..-,
_--111'.
J +11. | .n--| .-
'._i I
_ I.
~ ?'.'ff
~ TI
1,
'?"
I1
-1-L
l -.1
--i -I
t;-4'
--'l ' . .| ._._-.
" i i i f
i 'I'.
.L.L. _
i
." * kr Li i
-I| --- -....'- -1... J...-5 -1
'!I
I
- I-
..,.. -.- .... .,
I
- ...-1. I -'.
1-
L-; 1'1.--1.. 1
2:" .
TTTT
.1| -I i
P-" " " J-' :* _F'J" +
ar e
1-s
- -I.-.---1
-| -| -IIl | -- Q-----.--1--1 1
. -...... | | .
11 . 1| ... .
-I,- ....-,.-.1- -,-.-
. - 1--.-. 1 ._.-...-
3.--E' .
J
' '1' " " " '| ' " F-" '| II'1l " II' " " I I -Ii -II-II-III I-IIIII I-IIIH-I-I-i -Il l -.-.-I-| .. -I-ui --l l -I-I p1.-.| --Zr .-.-. -.- --
-0- _ - ..___ .;1 .-_;_- ....-_-__ -.-_ _ -.--,-
I - ' | 5 . '
-1- - . -.--1-.- 1 1-.-.-..-.1 .-. 11 .- . . .-.-,| 1._..- ...-1-,-... . - ,_ . . . - __ _ _ -
'1 _ _ . I-I 1 ___-q _ _ _ .._ ,-.._ _
- -I--1---I-I--I+II- -- - - --.----+1--.1+-.-... ..- -- 1?. ...,.-.,,,.- ._..,-....
-----.._, _--._ -__ l ......,_...... -__-
I-l _-g_,_
.1-11 -1- 1-1--.| . - .1 .11 - .__ Q-1..-. _ . ._.., ;_-_
. I4-
I
, . .
_.i ..I
J
1 I
F -.- 1 or e.-
I - | - -1 1- -
r t
ti
I
-, ..., _, ...,_,_1-
1-=E- i .,..
i t
I-I-I
I
I
'1"
1
I
I
+i
i i ?
1;
____,_..
g-i -i $ - -
- L
--
'-| - I
-1; -:.-1| --| _-I. 1
--1 1 .1.-T-1. - '!'
| .| -._..
.-:-
r e.
..
1'"
_.-
i
w*
-ta-i ts
ul -
.-
i gg- -.-i -:-
1..-I-1-5 14.
. .
.--I-1-P-1-I---I+l
-1- -.-- .
---II--I-| -I-IIi -I-i ---I---I
-. ,1.
. | - |
, Ir
-..I--4
- f
. l :
q
._i -T-
1.
I
J
I
_i _ _-_, I -
- --.__' I ' * I _ _ _ I ._ _ _ _ _o.-.1-1_: ___ _ __ _ _ ________ ....-I1;___1_
' " " " '-* * .| * I " -- -4- --H-I 'H---h- - - 1 --I ..--1-1-.-u-:.__- -Z:-:--1-1. .-;:11.-| .| .u+
|
l -1-- ;_-_-
-.--.--- -| ..,.-,--... . , i
I
__- ----1111
III!- I 1_.---..- -- -11--
i H -I-H-1 - - -I------1. ---u--| ----1---1-- .-. . --1.-.-1-.-.-.-.---.--1--+-..-| -.- -.----1| -.-1-.-- -- -- ..---,...i .1_._. .+-,_'_. kn, _ ..__. , . 1 I ____ , 4, -_ 1 ___ _ _. __.
: I | - .- I F I - ' : -
r
r t
II- II -IT:. _-_.. ._-_.,--...-. _
-_.-..-_._.' ._ - ..-_ ._-_..__- - -_ :--_.-_- _____ _- .. _ I_j , , .__,_= __ ______ _ _;_j_
.-.._...l ...__.._....-.._._...t -..-.* ,I..__..... ._-.....t... ,_ - " T" T. . .
- ...-,..I.....=..__. . ._ . _. I _
-'-i n-I--1+-I-I1-II -H-I--r --.-F-1-1- -.-1-1--1.-.--.1-4-- .--.-_-| | - -.-..--+-1..--.-.-4..---.-.-_- .-,-_- _ ---;;_ :_-;-_; 1 - | I - ,,__::,;_. | __| _ , __i _ ______:___, _._..___ _ _ _
.I,___
'1'
. -r -In , .
-. ..-.-___:- - _ ---,-_-_
- -..-.-...-II
.-| -_
. -m_ I@ Qh;;i ;i i ;;q
------| --u ..-.1--.-It-a-1-. -.----i .-1_-.-.1-.--.1 ... .,... 1....
.
_.-. ,.---... . ....-. ...| . . . . ...... . _, , _, ....__I - -- -I" -1.. . . .-. -.1..- _t- .._? -. ...... .,.,_,,. '-..._...-..,,._.I'___:.,.,_.,. __,_,',_,.__ _,_,'
. I | . '
IF I
.- -1---11-1:.-I-...... --.. -.. ...,.-.-..._, , _..____ ___
.-..
i r -I-I-~ --II-r ---r -| -- ------- 1-.--1---+-.. .. -..----1_ ._..,-
. _ ,
--..---.--.-| -" - 1-.-
_._.| __ __
i r r -1
.r
T! ___| .___'
---+--..n-.- 1-.-1.-h.1-1-1.-1-- -* I'ZZ1-L._| ..._,
---I---1.1-.1.--. -.-| -.- I...-..-1..--I----In-L-...-. ,-,4-.-....
- 1 - .
'_I" :" | -' _
" * -" " 1* '-
~ --a- 1.. . _ _ _ . . '
1" - r
I f_; fI;i T; TL-..
_1-.- 1.--...... F,-...]. ___., ,,, __,,,___,,, ,,,__,_,,_. _.,_,_h_._. _ __ _______ h ._h,_.___,___ __ ,______I_____| _,_____ " ___, __ _:;:_ _ , _____ __ _; I _ I ___ ___;__::i . :_____ bk _ _ _-_ _ U" _-
__ __ ____HfT" _" ___l r -i i _r I In ___ i _ _ _ -1 -__ _: __r ____::_:;-J______ Ii i ___-H__L:_ ____L__ i h Ll - . 1- | . I 1
I . I _ ,
| 'I" I-Il r l l ' -4 ; I-r ;.-I-r -1--. -E;
1;--r -.-I-...!-....| .-o-n:_1-.,,. F -.--1- __ .==;; 11.-1| ...-..g-.1.. - I
I I
| IIi
-,, ---...-.1-- .._._ .... | '..,- .. . ,,.,_.,,| ,_. ___., ___ | , _
I -11-I---1 - - . I---1-1 Jl - " I 1 -1 1. 1. '. ....
, | . . -. | '
. .._..._.._,.. _.-..,. .. .._.._| -... .._ .._ _ -.-
--ul .--.II.--- - I ...
-l !" " '
1|
-1
?.
1-I
i
l ..
..
.11--1-..-.--1.-1-1. .
.g-
i fr --r -I --| -| -.| n-I-
. . . ,..l _. -.-
. .-._..... 1 -.-
_.-.....-..-_. .,_.-....--.,,,. .,...., ,.,..,..i _.,,,,_,,
.
on -1--.1.-..--Q - -1-.n11-l -1- --1 1-. i n-..-....-..._1.......-p
| I
| .- --- -- -,.s...-1p-..-,-.11_-
...-.-,-.--.| I..---1....--......
.
- 11 . $ 11--
_.- ,_...;..
.1-.1...
1-I .-
- -...-..-.1--1. ..-_. ..-. ..| _-.| _?--;..-1.-1:--| _.r ..I.. '_-i -1-L.,.. I
I I. .I._.._
.- 111...-.111-4
-_i _-
_ ____ [ :'.'j" -.'
I T_
_, _
;____ - I _ J _ l ._._r _-_. _ 1 .-
--,--:-I--gj I ,| .T--T.-. 1}-.....--1- - 1 I . -.1,--I._.Ti .-.
.=| 1--| 1-:1| -1..-.-....,__,,_,,,,,__,,,__ ,
'?I- Q1!-IIIJ~ 'I$ '-l -l r I-I-p--f--I--I-I-- 4-1.-11.-1.1.-.r .-.
::_-Ft:
-.- ,-1.1.-1-
-| -n-:1:--1.-|
, -- I--r -.--
I- .1. .-. i -..-_;., ',.,,,.,
.- .1-1--| -- 1 .1 -...,... .| , ..-_ _ _
4,- _,_..... .. . . .. ,,,.,___..,__
.,.,.... .. .. .,.,_
I I I-l - .
.1...-. .- 1._ __.-.11.- .__ _-H,
.__l _
-I
--1-I-1.-..--1 --n-| --.1.-1| -| --
-| 1-_L-
s ,- .
J 1 -I.
...
I-
-..-...-, -. .,..-...-.....,_I.
.. _.-1-; -.- -,.._, ,...
I .
.- -1---1.... ...--1.... ....-.| ,,.,.,,_. ,._
r t
I I I
-1.-1.-| .-.-1- .- 1 -- .1:-
Q ---| .
1- .. .-.
1--| .-1--1.1. -1'1-.n. '11
'IT" I." .;....
.. ,.... ...,-....
I
. -1--1| -.11.-| -.
1 . . -
I I
H 1.;-1.
-.1.
- y-| .-..-1., -1l -.:.,.| ,1.
.| --- _
--:1-i n
,.-
Ii i
.._._L.:.l
I. ---.| -11
-1-.1-..1| -|
-.-1.--.- .-I.--....-1
.:.. 4. --._-.-..
-1-
Tl
J--.- .-1-1--1| -Ir ---I-..-.--.1.-H-. -.-11-.
' I
- - - - -:r - -I.
-- -I-I I1-I--I-- --l -I| -+- | | l -I-i n--I
1
II-no!-.1-1.-l ul u--I-h | 1-1+| -11-
I
11-.-..-1 | .11 .r l | 1. _| ._|
I-Ir I| --I1--5 --I- -.1..--l --| ----| -1- | 1-.--
-| - -- - | .- --1i -1. .-.-- -1 L-1--| .1
.
.| 1
1.-1 - _- -..-..-.-1.,-- -.-
- Ir
|
-i _._ ;_
4- -4,-I
1.
,4-. .
-- l ;mq :i i E E
I1
J
" " i " * " " * " " " ':'?.';r * .'.' or -" " or " -* -11' "
- . r 1='-
-_ . ,._._ TIT -----..-.+-" =5 -_
.| ,_
-I
I_
F
. - . , 1 _ . - - . . ,
[ '~ ---I-----Io -I-I--.-1-.n - -.-....-.-1..--.-.- .. ._ j - . -:---;--_;T _-- |
I ' . . I I ' . '
-..---- ------ ---.---1--~ | 1-------I-r .l --'---------I-----.---.------1--.1--1-" ..1-1+-11.1.-| _ -.._I . -_-_:_ I;:_-11%
I I I I
TI
-. _ . . - , , _ _ l I
-:-I-Q1-H-H --In--I-E-I---I-I---i ,-I-----r ---.-T--!-| ---1- ----+-.-..-n-| -..+.-._i | _. 1-.- I F --_,_._ . .;_,-_ I _
'_.T'L < 1- -T7'-* 1" -*
1| --I-T " " I'
-.-
. I I - . . . .
" " " " '' Hun" 'I" _ _" " " " " " " " " " _'I - " . T ' " " " !" " " ':--- It | .
" 'T' +1 , I I -l l
-.JI-I| -Il -.]-.-III1-| .- 0--o -.-1| | --| - | -| | I .- Tu.
{Ii
-.
-.-| 11-1,-.___ __.
' - . |
i
L _
1
-@ 1115
P
- _, -.__ .,_... ..., _. .____ _, _ _,_:_
--- -.---1--L--', ... . .. .'.. . ....._.....,. . .._._. _,_,,.,...__.,_ __,__,__,__
I 1 | .
-4
=i
II
e---
.-...:
-,.,-
L
-1 H __.
II J
-I
-I-1| -r -+4
1.1 .-.1. ..-.
|
--1- -1-.-
. T
1.- -i -.
J J
J J 1-
- .1-,1,, .1
-.-I
J .
_.,,.-
1-
.. .
-...
..._
.;i -
'1
_ 4. _ ._-I--q .i ;_.,._
.1.,- - ....1_-| 1.-
1111.1-F | . 1 -1-111.
1.1.11 1.... 1 .1.
I
1. I
--r .-.-
1
1- -n.-| -+-n-1-
_ -...-+__
T -.
-Ir
-n-1-.
_ .,______
-- r - .-..-
1-I--
--1 ++ --.-
|
1--.
I
l i p -. ..- . . _ . ...,..
* ---1?-' _' --'-" ' '- .'" 'I" | " I.'-',-" - | 'I
,I | " ' It r t T-----or .-H,
-.;..
I
" I
T.- ..!-1 ., | . .-1--+| --. 1 - -.-
. --.--r --
.- .1-..- - - -. - -
1
F J i -
L11-u11.l . .-
-I
-- I I--I- -+- _ ~ ..-.-\+1+--dI.-.-.q -
-'1'"
-1r -g-.-| -| -1-Q-1-1+1--.1-+1 H.,?.,.-1.-.......| ...
J
I
'I
1.
- l .__-_
ugzi r i i
I-i
r --Q--11
I
I. -.
_ _ _ | q ,_ ;._--__
I I-=.-.o< .* ._.:---
Ir -| --r .| . - -.-
1.-
.- ,.._.._.,_____
-1- --1. |
-__.-41,
I
T!
.1
,.,,.,,. ,.
1
.-., 1,. -...... I
-......
-I
._,, _
,..I
-.-.
-I -1-.--.-
I.
-1
-1:
.4; '-I-1.
...
.-.-
_ -_'
',I...
1
__,;
J1
___-_'l H I " J l I" '
-.-. | .....,,..- , I:
.?" I" " .
I
,..,..,.
I
.__. __ __,+___|
i t .1
T ' .
I-IJ
| - I--
1... .-..
IT
. .J- - .
.T .-.I_-_.-.l -- ......i ' 1.. _ 1
- II? .-r - I'- r v" -' " '
r m" -.1 11---_ .-.-- ..
I.--5 ...-1-+..| -..| -I--T.-_-.-:1 ..+..| - .-T.
..-.....| _,-........,' ...,.., ,, __. ,
.i ..:_I.;.. ..I....,
I
.-I
--..-,--.
I . I I
i
.1.-...--..
- r - -'-." .:-
. - -. . I A -_- . -
.
-.I1.1.f-...-.1
1.-i n-1| -pa-1-1
I
-1-1-1---. 1
I" "
i " .
-11.-1.-..| -.-..-
| I
1-1.1+--.--
I
.1.,.--.:1-I, -.-!--.--.1I..
I
" Ii -T-II-i b -. I I
...,_... .-.. . ._.-I1... -...-T
.........,.-,.... .:._:_.| ,...' _,-, -,.
---.-;_ = :__.r ,_ ...-. _.l
. . ..,-I....
_. .1, '
- | | -| - - 1-1.1-1- .1-1
I
| . .. ......
.
.| ..,;_
. . ,-
I- --1-.-..-. I .
-1 -.- | . .-. .. 1...
.. - 1 1 1| -1
.. 1-. | ..1.-11-
l l -
I
...,.. 1 - --
Ir
-| \
I" 'II-I-L -_ | Ir -II-| I-L" II-II-i t-IIIII.-r .1.-1 _ _ ,
-1++III-:-.! --T-I---1 -- - . .1 .-. 1| W111 .-11..- .- -.1-.---I
. " ;T" l -..-,. -. .- '_._.
I - .. 1.. 1 , ... -
-.-
1
1 |
1---|
.-
|
Fi g. 4.25 --Exampl e of conti nuous temper atur e sur vey.
fI.
.
I
I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I r '_-I I
__
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
. __,,1T_____]
l --l / ' "
I. T 5l
..--" " ;" J_\\ 1
..5 1' -{ / ,
.1 i n
q ..,._;_l _xl = J__" __4._ v
t-+ --- " I"
E 1--[ +" f'" ." '" _| -l _ _| ___.__ __.. _'_._L.
i J l i t * 4 l o;
-' I- ' _'-r
_ 6L _ -1- J ~ ' - " " " * -.- q t .l _l '
.\__ --JT T...
+:Li _.~ . -l , ~ l f[ t* r
. _F --T'
i ts l s,
.q i ;.' gt
atg
i i ask
3';-3{i hr l t-
jg T-r 1[ 1E% :
i f-si t;
'" 1 -.
~ __ __i --
\=.,,,
\-i
F--___'Lt-._.....
ml -
II-
.._._r ._ F __
._r r l __l _!r " r
~ .l _ _ _:
-1- _[ _. _r .
4-
" L-
\\
" 1"
i .l t _ I
i .
I Iv-1-... 15 " "
l t
~ 1___ l _| _ . }" <
I Q
.. 'l --l * :l _,._1.i ,__3.
+2 ___| _ ~ . 5
* < ''| " " ." " L-.-4 '
4'
I
4-+4-<
.+@ _P_+
l l ~
..- E * -
tl v -| ._ i t-l ' -. '-~ .r ~ I"
H:" 3;5 " * * * " * ;7-* : ?* * t'5 'l @
l .-r t " * 1 s1:;-:#..1i ~ -
ea:
1--_
SCALE l =-T. ~
0 5 0 I00 I5 0 200 25 0 - ' ~ - _ _ Contour val ues ar e i ndegr ees per I00 i t
1gg . i
" M5 _ 1' meansur face temper atur e = Y4 F
l l 1i \
__./ !5 f'_? ..| - .
1-Il l
I
st... ~ ~
. I )
-1
.
I
I
- > 1-* 2; "
46 ?
4I;
" I-
J;
F I
.2 -._ ___[
f* -'..ga-L-ti
121 T
% i \ ;" '-a
was
\\V;\.-$ _;$ ._ " 7-.5 42-a
, 'l ;Q-..
_.* " . I\" ~ ,4 ." "
,1 - .
< r _ _ 17f t.\\i -K ta xx

- b
on '-
" " ' -I---Jnu-
__, 1-.._-H
Jp-
r -
hi .| -IF
-i i
Fi g. 4.26Contour map of geother mal gr adi ents Inthe mi d-conti nent and U.S. gul f coast ar ea(fr omRef. 26) .
D owhhol e temper atur e i s anexampl e of the datacol l ected wi thout
cabl e use. Wi th l i near temper atur e di str i buti onassumed, onl y tem-
per atur e val ues at two di ffer ent depths ar e needed to dene the tem-
per atur e gr adi ent and hence the temper atur e at any desi r ed depth.
One of these val ues i s the temper atur e near the sur face, Ts, whi ch
caneasi l y be deter mi ned c pr i or i . Onl y one temper atur e val ue ac-
tual l y needs to be measur ed i nthe hol e. Thi s val ue i s deter mi ned
wi th amaxi mum-i ndi cati ng ther mometer .
A maxi mum-i ndi cati ng ther mometer i s si mi l ar to amedi cal ther -
mometer . It consi sts of acapi l l ar y tube attached to _amer cur y-l l ed
gl ass r eser voi r . A r estr i cti oni nthe capi l l ar y tube exi sts i mmedi -
atel y above the mer cuty r eser voi r . The mer cur y expands and r i ses
i nthe capi l l ar y tube, whi ch i s scal ed to r ead temper atur e. Because
the r estr i cti onpr events the mer cur y fr omr ecedi ng i nto the r eser -
voi r , the ther mometer i ndi cates the hi ghest temper atur e to whi ch
i t has beenexposed. The ther mometer must be shakenvi gor ousl y
for the mer cur y to r ecede. A maxi mum-i ndi cati ng ther mometer i s
al ways r uni nopenhol es. The ther mometer i s encl osed i nasteel
housi ng and pl aced i naspeci al sl ot i nthe tool wal l . The ther mom-
eter r eadi ng after al oggi ng r uni s takento be the bottomhol e tem-
per atur e (BHT) , Tgh. Note that few effects can cause the
ther mometer to i ndi cate anonr epr esentati ve val ue. Mer cur y ther -
mometer s have some l ag and r eq ui r e afew mi nutes to r each ther -
mal eq ui l i br i umwi th the sur r oundi ngs.23 In ahi gh-pr essur e
envi r onment, the mer cur y r eser voi r i s compr essed to adegr ee that
causes er r oneousl y hi gh r eadi ngs.34 If hol e condi ti ons cause the
tool to jar and vi br ate, the mer cur y i nthe capi l l ar y tube coul d r e-
cede, causi ng er r oneousl y l ow r eadi ngs. To check for any of these
effects, i t i s customar y to r unmor e than one ther mometer .
4.5 .4 G r adi ent and For mati onTemper atur e Cal cul ati ons. The
maxi mumr ecor ded temper atur e, Tgh, i s used to cal cul ate the geo-
ther mal gr adi ent, gG . Eq . 4.14 canbe ar r anged so that
gG =[ (T,,,,-T,) tt> ,,,,1100, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.15 )
wher e D g;,=total depth (TD ) of the l ogged bor ehol e and
gG =aver age geother mal gr adi ent pr acti cal l y expr essed i nFf 100
ft or (H100 m, dependi ng onthe uni ts used.
Inmost cases, the temper atur e near the sur face, T3., fal l s between
60 and 80F. Anaver age val ue of 70F canbe assumed. The for -
mati ontemper atur e, T,-, at any depth, D , i s cal cul ated fr omEq .
4.14, whi ch i s expr essed as
T,-=T$ ~ l -gG (D r l 0U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.16)
to account for the pr acti cal uni t of g5 .
The geother mal gr adi ent var i es fr omr egi onto r egi on. Its val ue
i s deter mi ned by the subsur face geol ogi c str uctur e. Contour maps
canbe used to show the geogr aphi cal var i ati oni ngeother mal gr a-
di ent. Fi g. 4.26 i s anear l y exampl e of such amap pr epar ed for
the mi dconti nent and U.S. gul f coast ar eas.25 Thi s type of map
must be updated as mor e temper atur efdepth i nfor mati onbecomes
avai l abl e. Fi g. 4.26 has beenupdated once and coul d be updated
agai n and agai nas mor e dataar e col l ected.
Exampl e 4.4. A maxi mumtemper atur e of 2l 6F i s measur ed i n
awel l dr i l l ed to 14,600 ft TD .
a. Cal cul ate the geother mal gr adi ent.
b. Cal cul ate the temper atur e of afor mati onsi tuated at 12,000 ft.
c. Investi gate the cal cul ated gr adi ents and the for mati ontem-
per atur e's sensi ti vi ti es to sur face temper atur es between60 and 80F.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPFi ETATl ON OF WEI
U
i TEMPERATURE,F
4 0 so as Bf] I00 I5 0 zoo 25 0
l l i _':" '' l " " " T " D I
l \
2* \
\
. \
4 i " ' \ * Temper otur e di str i buti on
\ based on T5 = 80F
6 __. Temper atur e di str i buti on
hosed on T, = 60F -1- \
O00 ft.
.--" "
..-'
D EPTH
@ \
T \
i I0 \
\
\
| 2- \\
1 |
| 4~ i -- I
c Tb; 2l 6F
I6
\ .
\ I
| \ '
' \ I l - -- --- --- . -- .-.-- -------------- -I-
\
..5 - I
I \ '
Fi g. 4.2?Sensl ti vl ty to assumed sur face temper atur e Inthe
60 to 30F r ange for Exampl e 4.4.
Sol uti on.
a. Usi ng Eq . 4.15 and assumi ng asur face temper atur e of 70F
gi ves
21s-10
s
G 14,5 00
100* " " IFr 'l 00 ft.
b. Usi ng Eq . 4.16 yi el ds
12,000
r f=v0+1=19 0F.
100
c. G eother mal gr adi ents of 1.068 and 0.9 32F.'100 ft and for -
mati ontemper atur es of 188 and 19 2F ar e cal cul ated wi th sur face
temper atur es of 60 and 80F, r especti vel y.
The devi ati oni ncal cul ated gr adi ent i s onl y 10.068 Fr ' 100 ft or
;| ;6.3 % . The devi ati oni nthe cal cul ated for mati ontemper atur e i s
12F, or onl y 11.1% . The sensi ti vi ty to assumed sur face tem-
per atur e i nthe r ange of 60 to 80F i s ver y smal l i nthi s case. It
gener al l y decr eases as the TD i ncr eases. The sensi ti vi ty to assumed
sur face temper atur e i s i l l ustr ated gr aphi cal l y i nFi g. 4.27. The sepa-
r ati onbetweenthe two i l l ustr ated tr ends i s vety smal l i nthe l ower
par t of the hol e, whi ch i s usual l y the par t of pr acti cal i nter est.
4.5 .5 Stati c For mati onTemper atur e. D ur i ng the dr i l l i ng of abor e-
hol e, mud i s pumped fr ommud tanks downthe dr i l l pi pe. It r etur ns
to the sur face by movi ng up the annul us. Whendr i l l i ng-ui d ci r -
cul ati onstar ts, the mud temper atur e i s r el ati vel y l ow. Star ti ng at
the bi t l evel , heat fl ows fr omthe r el ati vel y hot for mati onto the
i
TEMPERATURE
sf 5 * 2"
_ Ii
_ _ _ _ _ .__ '1-f
l at? _... "
< 5 't
812 J 8T| 3' 810
D ISTA NCE FROM
WELLBORE WALL.
Fi g. 4.2BSchemati c of temper atur e di str i buti onar ound a
wel l bor e at di ffer ent ti me i nter val s si nce ci r cul ati onstopped.
mud. The mud conti nues to be heated by the for mati onas i t tr avel s
up the annul us. At acer tai ndepth, the mud temper atur e i s hi gher
thanthe for mati ontemper atur e, and heat fl ows fr omthe mud to
the for mati on. Thi s cycl e of heati ng and cool i ng the dr i l l i ng mud
conti nues dur i ng bor ehol e dr i l l i ng and cl eani ng. The cl eani ng phase
star ts whenthe bi t r eaches the tar get depth and dr i l l i ng i s stopped.
The mud i s ci r cul ated for afew hour s to r emove al l cutti ngs fr om
the wel l bor e. Whenthe bor ehol e i s judged to be cl ean (i .e.,
r easonabl y fr ee of cutti ngs) , ci r cul ati oni s stopped, the dr i l l str i ng
i s r emoved, and the l oggi ng tool i s r un i nthe bor ehol e.
Whenmud ci r cul ati oni s stopped, the mud temper atur e, Tm, at
the bottomof the bor ehol e i s l ower thanthe sur r oundi ng for mati on
temper atur e, Tf. Fi g. 4.28 i s aschemati c of temper atur e r adi al di s-
tr i buti onar ound the wel l bor e for di ffer ent val ues of the ti me el apsed
si nce ci r cul ati onhas stopped, 5 1. Fi g. 4.29 shows that the maxi mum-
i ndi cati ng ther mometer r ecor ds the mud temper atur e, whi ch i s l ower
thanthe for mati ontemper atur e. How far the maxi mumr ecor ded
temper atur e i s fr om'Tf depends onsever al factor s: the ti me t at
whi ch the ther mometer r eaches the bottomof the hol e after ci r cu-
l ati onhas stopped; the mud temper atur e at 6r =0 (i .e. , the ti me ci r -
cul ati onfi r st stopped) ; and the vol ume of mud to be heated, whi ch
i s pr opor ti onal to the bor ehol e di ameter .33
Assumi ng that temper atur e bui l dup i s si mi l ar to pr essur e bui l d-
up al l ows mud temper atur e vs. ti me to be expr essed as29
6:
T,,,(5 .r ) =TfCl og--, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4.17)
r +6t
wher e t=mud ci r cul ati onti me, 6t=ti me el apsed si nce ci r cul ati on
stopped, T,,,,(r 3t) =mud temper atur e at ti me 6!, T,-=stati c for mati on
temper atur e, and C=constant.
A pl ot of T,,,(5 t) vs. (6tr 'r +6t) on semi l og paper (Fi g. 4.30) i s
astr ai ght l i ne. Because l i m(t+5 t) r 6t=l , the val ue of Tmr ead at
(t-l -6t) 6t=1 cor r esponds to Tf.
Thi s pl ot, knowni npr essur e-bui l dup anal ysi s as the I-Ior ner pl ot,
canbe used to deter mi ne Tf, pr ovi ded that maxi mum-i ndi cati ng
ther mometer r eadi ngs ar e avai l abl e at di ffer ent dfs and that mud
ci r cul ati ng ti me, t, i s known. Mor e thanone Tm(6!) val ue i s usual l y
avai l abl e whenmor e thanone l oggi ng r uni s used to obtai nthe need-
ed data. .
The ci r cul ati ng ti me i s not par t of the standar d datacol l ected and
r ecor ded by the l oggi ng engi neer . For tunatel y, as Exampl e 4.6 i l -
l ustr ates, the esti mati onof T; wi th the Hor ner -type pl ot i s not ver y
sensi ti ve to t, whi ch canbe obtai ned fr omdr i l l i ng r ecor ds. If dr i l l -
i ng r ecor ds ar e not easi l y accessi bl e, t canbe esti mated fr omthe
wel l depth. The esti mate i s based onthe ti me r ange necessar y for
one or two compl ete ci r cul ati ons of the mud.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
L
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
-_ .._ - _ _ __ T
Mex. Recor ded
LppTempepr otur e_p
MUD TEMPERATURE,
I-
-Ti me l oggi ng tool
r eoched bottom
; I
I .._ ______._. .__ ." " " ___ '
-- #-
I TIME SINCECIRCULATION
I STOPPED ,8t
I . ; I
I l
Fi 4 29 --Mud tamer atur e vs ti me el ased si nce ci r cul ati on
9 - - P - P
stopped.
MUD TEMPERATURE
H
I
I
|
0.001 D .0| O.l
_ Bi
t+8t
I ____,,t 1 25 07" .
2" I I I
I I ..-ff I I
Fi g. 4.30---l ~ i or ner -type pl ot for mud temper atur gbui i dup.
300; - .--
29 71+
I
| I .
29 0 I- l
I
I .
1 1 Ii
I I I
2e0 N
l
. I
o i _,__ E I
I
TEMPERATURE,
2?0- I '
Soni c
260%
! D ensy
i ,.-I I |
l nducon
240
230 It 1. -. sai l J
CI.5 0.6 0.7 O.8 O.9 I
St/ Us-SH
Fi g. 4.31Hor ner -type pl ot tor temper atur e bui l dup of Exam-
pl e 4.5 . i
|
I
I
Exampl e 4.5 . D r i l l i ng of a16,200-ft bor ehol e was fi ni shed at 1:30
a.m. The mud was thenci r cul ated unti l 4:00 a.m. Thr ee l oggi ng
tool s wer e r unto TD successi vel y. The tool type, the ti me the tool
moved off bottom, and the maxi mumr ecor ded temper atur es ar e
shownbe1ow.3'3
Maxi mum
Recor ded
Temper atur e
$ 9 .9 1 Ti me D ff Bal l ets (Fl
Inducti on 12:15 241
D ensi ty 15 :00 25 ?
Neutr on l ?:30 262
a. Esti mate Tf at 16,200 ft.
b. Cal cul ate gG .
c. If the for mati on-water sal i ni ty i s 100,000 ppm, deter mi ne the
er r or i nthe hydr ocar bon satur ati on cal cul ati onthat i s based on
24l F i nstead of the stati c temper atur e esti mated i n Par t a.
Sol uti on.
a. tr -2.5 hour s.
T,,, 5 :
Tool (F) (hour s) 6tr (t+t5 t)
Inducti on 24}. 3.25 0.767
D ensi ty 25 '? 11.0 0.315
Soni c 262 13.5 0 0.844
Fi g. 4.31 shows apl ot of Tmvs. l og[ tStr (t+r 5 t) ]. Extr apol ati ng
the best t thr ough the thr ee datapoi nts to r 5 t.I'(t+5 t) =l yi el ds
Tf=29 7F.
b. Assumi ng T_.,=70F and usi ng Eq . 4.15 gi ves
29 7-to
go > < 100=1.4-W100 r t.
16,200
c. Let SW1 and SW2 be the water satur ati onval ues cal cul ated wi th
241F and 29 ? F, r especti vel y. Because the for mati ontemper a-
tur e used affects onl y the cal cul ated val ue of Rw, then
S,,,1=(FR,,,l fR,) %
and S,,.2=(FR,,,2!R,) 5 ,
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
vg THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WEl '
0 ------- - - --I
\ x SMALLER D IAMETER
\ snar tow HOLES
I \.> -
5 - \
\
Feet)
'2; ,
PTH (Thousands
5
_ I.
/ ~ ___ ..--:" " '
III/ I
/ 1'
,/ x
/ '
/ " '
/
I I5 -~
[ D E
20
5 0 IOO I5 0 200 25 0
Il l EM PE R ATUR l l l l l I .
Fi g. 4.32Bo.ttomhol e temper atur es obtai ned i nwel l s dr i l l ed
Z i n Pecos County, TX (fr omFi et. 23) .
. ~ \ I .
Y, I
TEMPERATURE
' 1 T| M
D EPTH
I B
C
T,
t A
Fi g. 4.33Temper atur e di str i buti oni ndeep wel l s. 1
and the r el ati ve var i ati onof water satur ati oncanbe expr essed as
sw SW1_Sw2__ __ 1R1-vl IT
SW SW2 Rw2 V2
Fr omFi g. 4.19 , R,,,1=0.025 5 Q-m, R,,,2=0.0210 l 'l 'm, and
AS,,,i S,,,=0.10 or 10% .
A theor eti cal study 3'3 showed that aHor ner -type anal ysi s of tem-
per atur e bui l dup i s not mathemati cal l y cor r ect. The Hor ner pl ot
r esul ts i naval ue of Tf that i s sti l l l ess thanthe actual val ue. How-
ever , for the shor t ci r cul ati ng ti mes that pr evai l i nmost pr acti cal
el d condi ti ons, the method yi el ds r easonabl e esti mates of Tf.
4.5 .6 Temper atur e D i str i buti oni nD eep Wel l s. D eep wel l s ar e
dr i l l ed i nsever al secti ons. After asecti oni s dr i l l ed, i t i s l ogged
and cased befor e dr i l l i ng begi ns onthe fol l owi ng secti on, whi ch
i s, of cour se, dr i l l ed wi th asmal l er bi t. Inaddi ti onto l og r uns per -
for med at the tar get depth of each secti on, l ogs ar e r unat i nter -
medi ate depths to check for abnor mal condi ti ons, such as pr essur e
tr ansi ti onzones, whi ch si gnal the appr oach of anabnor mal l y pr es-
sur ed i nter val .
Pl otti ng the maxi mumr ecor ded temper atur e obtai ned at each l og-
gi ng depth usual l y yi el ds apl ot si mi l ar to that of Fi g. 4.32. The
pl ot shows two l i near segments of mar kedl y di ffer ent sl opes--i .e. ,
geother mal gr adi ents. Thi s change i nsl ope or el bow i s al so ob-
ser ved i n wel l s dr i l l ed al ong the U.S. gul f coast and i n Ok-
l ahoma.23
Sever al expl anati ons exi st for the change i n sl ope. A dr asti c
change i nthe r ange of for mati ons ther mal conducti vi ti es fr oml ow
to hi gh canpr oduce such achange i ngeother mal gr adi ent. Thi s
- ...T.T.__;;_::;-- - _ -_T------- --------_ --- _ +.'
expl anati on, however , does not appl y i nthi s case because shal l ow
for mati ons exhi bi t l ower ther mal conducti vi ti es owi ng to r educed
consol i dati ons and hi gher por osi ti es.33 Tr ansi ti onfr omanor mal
to anabnor mal pr essur e envi r onment cannot al ways expl ai nsuch
achange i nsl ope. The top of the geopr essur ed zone does not al -
ways cor r el ate wi th the depth of the el bow onthe temper atur el depth
cur ve.31-33 Another possi bl e expl anati oni s that deep wel l s usual -
l y have al ar ge di ameter near the sur face and asmal l di ameter i n
the deeper secti on. Lar ge-di ameter bor ehol es ar e expected to di s-
pl ay l ower temper atur es thansmal l hol es because gr eater vol umes
of mud must be heated after ci r cul ati onstops. But agai n, aweak
cor r el ati onbetweenhol e si zes and temper atur e tr end sl opes i s ob-
ser ved. 24
It i s bel i eved that the assumpti onused to der i ve Eq . 4. 13, whi ch
r esul ted i nal i near temper atur e di str i buti on, i s not val i d for deep
wel l s. The temper atur e di str i buti oni s actual l y acur ve, as i l l ustr at-
ed i nFi g. 4.33.. The cur ve canbe appr oxi mated by l i near Segment
A i nthe upper secti onof the wel l . Thi s l i near segment was ob-
ser ved i nshal l ow wel l s dr i l l ed ear l i er and pr omoted condence i n
the assumpti onof l i near di str i buti on. Indeeper wel l s, however ,
adepar tur e fr omthe l i near di str i buti oni s obser ved. The l ower par t
of the cur ve canal so be appr oxi mated by al i near Segment B. Seg-
ments A and B meet, for mi ng anel bow as i l l ustr ated i nFi g. 4.32.
Assumi ng l i near di str i buti on i n deep wel l s can r esul t i n mi s-
r epr esentati onof for mati ontemper atur e. As Fi g. 4.33 shows, den-
i ng ageother mal gr adi ent based onTemper atur e T1 obtai ned at
i nter medi ate depth and usi ng i t for the deeper por ti onof the hol e
r esul ts i nunder esti mati onof the for mati ontemper atur e. D eni ng
agr adi ent based on Temper atur e T2 measur ed at TD r esul ts i n
over esti mati onof for mati ontemper atur e. Repr esenti ng temper a-
tur e di str i buti onwi th two l i near segments as i nFi g. 4.32 i s val i d.
It r eq ui r es, however , that databe avai l abl e at depths above the el -
bow, whi ch i s not al ways the case.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE,F g
so IOO 200 5 00
1 Y" " " I
I \ I
\ I
\
so
I
4]
1 .
1- 8 4-
D EPTH, OOO ft
5
I.
--- _ 0
I
- O
l
I6" "
I
I
I 20F o
24 -
Fi g. 4.34Semi l og pl ot of temper atur e dataobtai ned i nwel l s
dr i l l ed i n Pecos County, TX.
Pl otti ng the temper atur e dataof Fi g. 4.32 onsemi l og paper r e-
sul ts i nal i near tr end, as shown i nFi g. 4.34.. Si mi l ar pl ots pr e-
par ed for the U.S. gul f coast ar eaal so di spl ayed l i near tr ends. 33
Thi s obser vati onsuggested that the temper atur el depth r el ati onshi p
canbe expr essed empi r i cal l y as33
:r ,.=r ,t-.-" II.-i i , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(4.1s)
wher e my i s aconstant r el ated to the sl ope of the l i near tr end on
the semi l og pl ot. my var i es fr omr egi on to r egi on and possi bl y
fr omwel l to wel l . The mai nadvantage of the semi l og pl ot of tem-
per atur e vs. depth i s that one cur ve char acter i zed by one constant
my expr esses temper atur e di str i buti onfr omtop to bottomof the
bor ehol e. Wi th one par ameter , -i nT, contour maps si mi l ar to that
of Fi g. 4.24 canbe constr ucted to gi ve temper atur e var i ati onr egar d-
l ess of wel l depth.
4.6 Recor d of Measur ement Envi r onment
D ataper tai ni ng to measur ement envi r omnent and other r el evant data
ar e r ecor ded onal og headi ng, whi ch i s the fr ont page of the fol ded
l og. The APIr ecommends the standar d headi ng showni nFi g. 4.35 .
i t-.._. ____ __ __ __
Usi ng auni for ml og headi ng and pr esentati onpr ovi des
al l dataper ti nent to the l og i nter pr etati on.
The headi ng i s subdi vi ded i nto sever al secti ons, wi th each
l i sti ng sever al datai tems. The i tems i denti ed by number s i nFi g.
4.35 ar e expl ai ned bel ow. The expl anati oni s based onthe APIr ec-
ommendati on. 5
l . Loggi ng company name and l og name.
2. Wel l i denti cati on, i ncl udi ng the oper ati ng company, wel l
name and number , and el d, county, and state wher e the wel l i s
l ocated.
3. Wel l i denti fi cati ontyped or pr i nted per pendi cul ar to the head-
i ngs mai nor i entati onfor l i ng pur poses.
4. Exact wel l l ocati onaccor di ng to the systemused i nthe state.
The most common desi gnati on uses the secti onl townshi pl r ange
system.
5 . Other l ogs and ser vi ces r uni nthe wel l (for compl eteness and
q ui ck r efer ence) .
6. A per manent depth datumand i ts el evati on. The per manent
datumi s sel ected so that r i g r emoval does not r esul t i nal oss of
depth r efer ence. The APIr ecommends that the top sur face of the
sur face casi ng's upper ange, cal l ed the br adenhead ange (BHF) ,
be used as the per manent r efer ence pl ane. Some oper ator s use
gr ound l evel (G L) or meanwater l evel (MWL) as the per manent
datum.
T. The datumfr omwhi ch the l og depth i s measur ed and i ts el e-
vati onabove the per manent datum. The APIr ecommends that al l
l ogs be measur ed fr omthe r otar y kel l y bushi ng (KB) .
8. The datumfr omwhi ch the dr i l l er s measur ements ar e made.
The kel l y bushi ng i s al so r ecommended for these measur ements.
9 . The exact el evati onfr omseal evel of the gr ound l evel , der -
r i ck fl oor (D F) , and kel l y bushi ng. These el evati ons ar e hel pful
i nconstr ucti ng subsur face str uctur al maps and cr oss secti ons.
10. The r unnumber . Each ti me the l oggi ng tool i s r uni nawel l ,
the r uni s assi gned anumber . The r undate and other measur ement
envi r onment dataper tai ni ng to the r unar e l i sted. Space i s pr ovi d-
ed for four r uns. The l ower por ti onof the headi ng i s dupl i cated
to r ecor d addi ti onal r uns.
l l . The depth of the bottomof the hol e at the ti me of l oggi ng
accor di ng to dr i l l er s and l ogger s measur ements, r especti vel y. The
dr i l l er s and l ogger s measur ements of depth usual l y di ffer by a
few feet, mai nl y because they use di ffer ent means of deter mi ni ng
depth. The dr i l l er uses the l ength of the r i gi d dr i l l str i ng, whi l e the
l ogger r el i es onthe l ength of the exi bl e l oggi ng cabl e.
l 2. The depth of the top and bottomof the i nter val l ogged.
13. The casi ng si ze and the depth accor di ng to dr i l l er s and l og-
ger s measur ements. The secti onof the wel l above the l ogged open
hol e i s cased.
14. The bi t si ze used to dr i l l the bor ehol e bei ng l ogged.
15 . The type of dr i l l i ng mud i nthe hol e at the ti me of l oggi ng.
Al so l i sted i s the mud densi ty i npounds per gal l on, mud vi scosi ty
i nMar sh funnel seconds, pH, and ui d l oss i ncubi c centi meter s
per 30 mi nutes.
16. The sour ce of the mud sampl e used to deter mi ne the pr oper -
ti es l i sted i nItemI5 . The APIr ecommends that aci r cul ated mud
sampl e be used. Thi s sampl e i s col l ected fr omthe ci r cul ated ow
str eami mmedi atel y befor e ci r cul ati oni s stopped and the dr i l l str i ng
i s r etr i eved to pr epar e for l oggi ng. The APIal so r ecommends that
sampl es col l ected fr ommud tanks (pi ts) not be used because
they may be nonr epr esentati ve.
17. Mud, mud l tr ate, and mudcake r esi sti vi ti es measur ed ac-
cor di ng to the pr ocedur e outl i ned i nSec. 4.3.6. The r esi sti vi ty
val ues ar e gi veni nohmmeter s and the measur ement temper atur e
i ndegr ees Fahr enhei t.
18. Mud l tr ate and mudcake r esi sti vi ti es ei ther measur ed or cal -
cul ated wi th the cor r el ati onof Sec. 4.3.1. The sour ces of Rm; and
R,,,,_. val ues have to be i ndi cated. IE4 i s usual l y used to show that
the val ue i s measur ed onasampl e; C i s usual l y used to show
that the val ue i s cal cul ated or deter mi ned fr omachar t.
19 . The val ue ofmud r esi sti vi ty at BI-IT, usual l y esti mated wi th
the char t i nFi g. 4.15 or asi mi l ar char t devel oped speci cal l y for
the mud type i nthe hol e.
_
i
l
i
|
i
i
i
I
I
I
i
i
I.
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF WEI OG
(3
COMPANY _ _
SERVICE CO. AND LOG NAME
FIELD ...
WELL_._._. .... L _._,___ ,. _
II
I
COUNTY _.
P. __ -_ STATE- ._ __ _ __ ___
Locati on
i n
Sec Twp...._i __._.Rg'e._-..I_.,...._
Per manent D atum; __ .-, El ev. ._.. . _. El ev.: K.B.m.i ..__ -I
r m To APIRP 3;
Other Ser vi ces:
o9 Lo Measur ed Fr om _ _
fo
t
Con
l
D ate
g . Ft. Above Per m. D atum D .F.%
D r i l l i ng Measur ed Fr om_. _ _...____ .-_ G .L._g_i ,_,_
ti __Log'

" Run hhhh I

E111
l i eu.-;ti tl 1i t;r F i t
_ 1 _ - _ _ -L _
I
FE
D epI:'h-Logger I

di
'_Btm_.___Log* Ip1er .__ " _ _,__ -__ " _ _____ _ _ _
I-Iea
@
Top Log Inter .
S
c--i -g-s-I1t- I@ I@ I @ i s @
Thi
@
Oasi ng:Logger _
" Bi t si r e i t " T
e
- '| - - " -- -- .____:-- .
Type Fl ui d i n_'Hol e D i T
_- ._ ' ' ._--- _. -T" _;- ___ --- _ _r -- _____---- 1
I I I I
PH l 'Iu1dLoss" ' I-mml i mi A i i ml Ii ; mi .
D ans. I Vi se. _
Sour ce ofSampl e
6
-- -- ______:1- _ _ - __- __ -- _ _____ ____--_ - .
Rm'@ Mea.s.'Temp. _
O-F _ --_- -__ OF, -
to
to
to
-5 .._ __..EF...| I
RHTI_@ Meas_Tempi m
OF I
Io
-5
Ia
d
to
@
r ) i r )
Rmp__@ l fIeas._'Iemp. =_ 9 F F _ M _ H __-- _I:\-P-'\_| _ I _T '__:__9 -F I _- ___ ' ti l F-

Sdr ce I--Rmf Rmg
...,...i
- R... @ BHT y I i i
_. .-i f
@ :
~ 5 -

Ti me Si nce Ci r c
Max. Rec. Temp. ' T
I a
" " " " " q F I" -' ' ,5 -Fi r E
E!
Q
:-:q ui It i I;uet1ta. i f E: e s ; ,
Her
Recor ded By
Pi
s
W1tnesse'dBy 0 I T i t " B
Fi g. 4.35 --Standar d l og headi ng tor el ectr i c l ogs r ecommended by the APl (fr om 25 ) .
Fed
i n. In1 i *
20. Ti me (i nhour s) el apsed betweenthe end of mud ci r cul ati on
befor e l oggi ng and when the l oggi ng tool r eached bottom.
21. The temper atur e i ndi cated by the maxi mum-r ecor di ng ther -
mometer used dur i ng the r un.
22. The l oggi ng tr uck or eq ui pment number and the tr ucl -< s base
of oper ati on.
23. The names of the l oggi ng company and oper ati ng company
r epr esentati ves. The l oggi ng company r epr esentati ve i s i nchar ge
of the l oggi ng oper ati ons. The oper ati ng company r epr esentati ve
wi tnesses the l oggi ng oper ati onto ensur e that the l oggi ng pr ogr am
i s executed accor di ng to company pl anand that l og q ual i ty meets
company standar ds.
' _ ' _ i_ iE;i@_ I}4eas._ Te,rfu- U ' ' U
.. Rn... @Mess. Temp.
J-._ _ S1Jl1_ l' _ B_ i_ _ _ niil_ gfp1fa....i"f if H 3 3 3 if T if 0 T* * * * T
:5 Rm:@BH T
MEASU REMENT ENU IH ONMENT 3 1
rjsla H ere _ _ __ _ ' _ IE_ H ea-dine and Les 0@n wa1_ _ Tg.4PI.R.P. 3 1 -P . _ _ _ _ .
REMARKS . _ ..at a ~ 9 =--;; 9 at ~ ~ j_
Changes-in Mud TYH 1-l| Ei or additional sanples u Ssaplpsbgssss T l _ ,
~ s...|s.....N..:: 6 6 6 at-engage: we -saI@pvH 1e .s=@! sMas
ype' F1uia"1Y1' H EiB Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ .._ _ ._ _ _ ,_ ----- _ _ _ _
Dens. Vise. _ _ _ _ _ ,. _ _ _
sat 6| eases .|, to ms | w;_ _ , L _ ' . _ ."' ' _ ' " _ 1i".T_ _ T_ ' IU I lI(' ' ' I _ _
l ~ -* : F- l ea.
Rm @Mesa. Temp. @
ha
@
_ . Bun No. _ _ _ _ _ _ Tool TYp_ e_ _ _ _ _ Pad Type_ _ Too_ l_ _ Bos1tron_ _ l_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
@
Q _ _
@. re
s
R... @_ _ BH ' f l _ _ _ _ _ _
4
re
at
see
at
re
Rm:@BI-IT
F l.
F -p"* """""""-ii-""* "r"""
i _ _ _ pf 1 m l ' j DIIU IIH if ' I I.PIII"' _ K_ ' _ | T
I
l_ EEEE - 0 - -- -_ _ _
Fig. 4.3 6 -Second fold of the log heading showing the remarks section.
Space is provided for remarks on the second fold of the log. The
Remarks section in Fig. 4.3 6 includes (a) general remarks; (b) mud
data for two additional samples for the particular log run; (c) scale
changes if made during logging; (d) and detailed equipment data,
including tool type, pad type, and tool eccentricity.
Recent log headings are generated by computer. A computer-
generated well heading looks different from that shown in Fig. 4.3 5
because the grid lines are emitted. The heading, however, lists the
same information.
Example 4.6. Figs. 4.3 7 and 4.3 8 show the headings of the Dual
Induction-Laterolog (DILSM) and Borehole Compensated Log
(BI-ICSM) obtained in the Pardee Co. No. 2 well. U sing the data
recorded on log heading, give the following information.
a. The interval logged.
b. Order of magnitude of the drilling-mud salinity.
c. Depth from sea level of a sand top shown by the log to be
at a depth of 6,224 ft.
d. Best estimate of the formation temperature at the well TD (i.e. ,
9,67 3 ft). Exact circulation time is not available, but it is estimated
to be between 6 and 10 hours.
e. Geothermal gradient.
f. Mud, mud ltrate, and mudcal-re resistivities at 6,224 ft.
Solution.
a. The log heading indicates that the DIL. was run over the entire
openhole interval, which extended from the casing shoe at 2,5 23
ft deep to TD of 9,66? ft. H owever, the BH C sonic log covered
only the interval of 3 ,3 00 to 9,663 ft. The recommended practice,
however, is to log the entire open borehole.
b. Entering Fig. 1.1? or 4.15 with the resistivity of the mud
filtrate, which is 0.94 1 ' m at 7 0F, yields a salinity of about 6,5 00
ppm. This value is based on the assumption that mud ltrate is a
predominantly NaCl solution. It gives, however, a representative
value called equivalent NaCl salinity.
c. As Fig. 4.3 9 illustrates, the depth, D, to the top of the sand mea-
sured from sea level can be calculated as D=6,224 201=6,023 ft.
d. Because two tools were run in the borehole, the H orner-type
plot can be used to estimate the static formation temperature. Data
read from the log heading can be tabulated as shown below.
Time Time
Tm Circulation Logger on
Tool (F) Stopped Bottom
i 5 5 . - i
DIL 4:00 10:3 0
BH C 229 4:00 19:00
The data are used to calculate :5 :and 6n' (t+ 5 t). The circulation
time is estimated to be between 6 and 10 hours. Both values are
used to get a feel for the sensitivity of the estimated formation tem-
perature to the value of r.
T,,, 6:
(_ l=_ _ )_ (hours) n (6 + 5 :) 5 ri( 1 0 + 6:)
212 6.5 0.5 20 0.3 94
229 15 .0 0.214 0.600
The H orner-type plot of Fig. 4.40 was generated with the above
data. Both lines extrapolate to the same temperature of 248 F, which
is the best estimate of static formation temperature. Note that the
result is not sensitive to the value of circulation time used as long
as a reasonable value is chosen.
e. From Eq. 4.15 ,
248 --T0
gG=iX l00=l.B4Fi' 100 ft.
9,6T3
f. The log heading lists the following resistivity values:R,,,=
1.49 0-m at 64F, R,,,f=0.94 0-m at 7 0F, and R,,,,L.=1.24 0-m
at 64. The formation temperature at 6,224 ft is calculated with
Eq. 4.16:
6,224
Tf=7 0+ 1.8 4:=18 5 F.
100
From Eq. 1.13 ,
s4+ s.?1
s,,=1.49 -~ =o.s5 n-m at 1ss"1=,
13 5 + 6.??
T0+ 6.T7
R,,,f=0.94: -- -~ =0.3 8 0-m at 18 5 F,
18 5 + 6.' ?7
64+ 6.7 T
and R,,,,;.=l.24 - -- -20.46 0-m at l8 5 F.
18 5 + 6.7 7
Example 4.7 . Refer to the ISF."sonic log heading in Fig. 4.41 for
the following.
_ |
r
I
J
-I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
" i n@ _a@ a;i * r s,apc.pl , i t i t
,i ;j,g;R..@ aas-Temp- l l -
S@ -si s-@ ~ !i =_~ =, .i 1i ?s = -
:5 Rm: @ BHT
" EASUHEMENT ENUIHONMENT
gol d Hg,-E _ ___ ___ f_I@ e_Headi ng and Leg Cer 1jg;jnj1__Tg __1i _'PI_R_P_ 31 FD _ _ __
REMARKS - __.as 3 ~ 9 =--;; a as 1 ~
Changes-i nMud TYH1-l | Ei er addi ti onal sanpl es 1, Ssapl psbgvass .0 .0 _,
~ s...| s.s.1.s..:: 6 6 Ts-eaves: we twevpsol e .=e!s.D * v1Hs!a.
ype'F1ui a'i Y1'HE1B Q _ _ __ _
____ .._ _.___1_ __ ----- _ ___
D ene. Vi se. ___ __ ,. ___
sat 6| asses 0| , so as | w;__, L _'._." ' '_'" _1i " .T__ T_' IUIl I(' ' ' I __
l ~ -* : F- 1 eta
Rm@ Mesa. Temp. @
ha
@
_ . l i onNe. _____ _ Tool TYp_e_____ Pad Type__Tee_l __l fes1tr en__l _ _ _ ______et:______ __ _
@
Q _ _
@ : r e
a
R... @ __BH'f 1 _ ___ __
4
r e
at
see
ai
r e
Rm:@ BI-IT
F 1.
F -a" * " " " " " " " -i i -" " * " r " " "
i _ _ _ pf 1 m1 ' j i IIIUIIHi f'I I.PIII" '_K_'_| T
I
l _ LLLL - 0 - -- -- _ _
Fi g. 4.36-Second fol d of the l eg headi ng showi ng the r emar ks secti on.
Space i s pr ovi ded for r emar ks onthe second fol d of the l eg. The
Remar ks secti oni nFi g. 4.36 i ncl udes (a) gener al r emar ks; (b) mud
datafor two addi ti onal sampl es for the par ti cul ar l og r un; (c) scal e
changes i f made dur i ng l oggi ng; (d) and detai l ed eq ui pment data,
i ncl udi ng tool type, pad type, and tool eccentr i ci ty.
Recent l og headi ngs ar e gener ated by computer . A computer -
gener ated wel l headi ng l ooks di ffer ent fr omthat showni nFi g. 4.35
because the gr i d l i nes ar e emi tted. The headi ng, however , l i sts the
same i nfor mati on.
Exampl e 4.6. Fi gs. 4.37 and 4.38 show the headi ngs of the D ual
Inducti on-Later ol og (D ILSM) and Bor ehol e Compensated Leg
(Bl -ICSM) obtai ned i nthe Par dee Ce. No. 2 wel l . Usi ng the data
r ecor ded onl eg headi ng, gi ve the fol l owi ng i nfor mati on.
a. The i nter val l ogged.
b. Or der of magni tude of the dr i l l i ng-mud sal i ni ty.
c. D epth fr omseal evel of asand top shownby the l og to be
at adepth of 6,224 ft.
d. Best esti mate of the for mati ontemper atur e at the wel l TD (i .e. ,
9 ,673 ft) . Exact ci r cul ati onti me i s net avai l abl e, but i t i s esti mated
to be between6 and 10 hour s.
e. G eother mal gr adi ent.
f. Mud, mud l tr ate, and mudcake r esi sti vi ti es at 6,224 ft.
Sol uti on.
a. The l o g headi ng i ndi cates that the D IL. was r unover the enti r e
epenhel e i nter val , whi ch extended fr omthe casi ng shoe at 2,5 23
ft deep to TD of 9 ,66? ft. However , the BHC soni c l og cover ed
onl y the i nter val of 3,300 to 9 ,663 ft. The r ecommended pr acti ce,
however , i s to l og the enti r e openbor ehol e.
b. Enter i ng Fi g. Ll ? or 4.15 wi th the r esi sti vi ty of the mud
fi l tr ate, whi ch i s 0.9 4 1'mat 70F, yi el ds asal i ni ty of about 6,5 00
ppm. Thi s val ue i s based onthe assumpti onthat mud l tr ate i s a
pr edomi nantl y NaCl sol uti on. It gi ves, however , ar epr esentati ve
val ue cal l ed eq ui val ent NaCl sal i ni ty.
c. As Fi g. 4.39 i l l ustr ates, the depth, D , to the top of the sand mea-
sur ed fr omseal evel canbe cal cul ated as D =6,224201=6,023 ft.
d. Because two tool s wer e r uni nthe bor ehol e, the Hor ner -type
pl ot canbe used to esti mate the stati c for mati ontemper atur e. D ata
r ead fr omthe l og headi ng can be tabul ated as shownbel ow.
Ti me Ti me
Tm Ci r cul ati on Logger on
Tool (F) Stopped Bottom
i 5 5 . - i
D IL 4:00 10:30
BHC 229 4:00 19 :00
The dataar e used to cal cul ate :5 : and 6n'(t+5 t) . The ci r cul ati on
ti me i s esti mated to be between6 and 10 hour s. Beth val ues ar e
used to get afeel for the sensi ti vi ty of the esti mated for mati ontem-
per atur e to the val ue of r .
T,,, 6:
(_l =__) _ (hour s) n (6 +5 :) 5 r i ( l 0 +6:)
212 6.5 0.5 20 0.39 4
229 15 .0 0.214 0.600
The Hor ner -type pl ot of Fi g. 4.40 was gener ated wi th the above
data. Both l i nes extr apol ate to the same temper atur e of 248 F, whi ch
i s the best esti mate of stati c for mati ontemper atur e. Note that the
r esul t i s not sensi ti ve to the val ue of ci r cul ati onti me used as l ong
as ar easonabl e val ue i s chosen.
e. Fr omEq . 4.15 ,
248--T0
gG =i X l 00=1.B4Fl '100 ft.
9 ,6T3
f. The l og headi ng l i sts the fol l owi ng r esi sti vi ty val ues: R,,,=
1.49 0-mat 64F, R,,,f=0.9 4 0-mat 70F, and R,,,,L.=1.24 l l -m
at 64. The for mati ontemper atur e at 6,224 ft i s cal cul ated wi th
Eq . 4.16:
6,224
Tf=70+1.84:=185 F.
100
Fr omEq . 1.13,
s4+s.?v
a,,,=1.49 -~ =e.s5 o-mat 1ss" 1=,
135 +6.??
T0+6.T7
R,.,,f=0.9 4:---~ =0.38 0-Inat l 85 F,
185 +6.'?7
64+6.7T
and Rm,_.=l .24----20.46 0-mat l 85 F.
185 +6.77
Exampl e 4.7. Refer to the ISF:soni c l eg headi ng i nFi g. 4.41for
the fol l owi ng.
_ |
r
I
J
-I
8 2 TH EOFIY, MEASU REMENT, AND INTEFIPH ETATION OF WELL LOGS
0 i . 1 COMPANL - 5
0 / / -
5 1 IH .E._ BaRE! EE_ ....C0.t1P..s.N.YNil?_ _ _
T3 000Q FIELD lVAN,_ ,:0i_ ; ,
00L
1 l-I
van
sud
H
c0ur~ 4rY_ --_ - B.05 5 -IEB.- _ -sTATEl LOU I5 ..l.aNA.....----_ -_ ._ .
_ 1,907 -5 5 1. _ s s5 ,1,_ ,' _ F,l;.l,l_ ,,l~ l_ t sw "v-' 5 -* i=' =* =
CATCl - BH C.FDC/ GR
TY
H
ANT
2
coon to WELL com
CATU
D
-1
I .
API SERIAL ND. SEC. TWP RANGE
= .15 " 2s 2111 11w ,
Permonent Dutumt. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ;Ei9v.: E|Ev.: l' (.B._ _ ..2_ Q..]....._ ...
0 Log Measured From_ _ KB i_ _ _ _ _ Fl. Above Perm. Datum l.IJ.F._ ...;02....Q._ [ i}_ .........
_ Dmo 112-13 -vs, 1
Drilling Metlsurdd From .. .. - - - (Mi
as as pppp owl?" . = 1 '
0 9.sl5 ' h-ril! E000.000000 {$16,7 40 ._ _ _ _ 0
_ _ D' lllP* i' _ ' f0-_ 0-l="9Q_ ' ' llI.. -_ . . 9 6?3 l
Btm. Log _ l_ n_ tervo| 00 _ _ _ 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-T' =I0=0 =9 I==ar# =s ;=.I 02 5 2 3 _ 0
< :===iri -jrvma 5 i"i9i* i"5 ,f0@00gf5 ;_ 5 _ _ 1 l- M @
E= lvsEsass* 000.0000 K25 23 _ 0.Q].-000. -0 ;_ _ j,] 00
T B" $i s0 ll B 3 0Z ?l0]0.0 00000.00 . _ 0 1 .
_ ._ _ _ _ .._ R .. _ .
I l waspr:-41.1 assist 05 sU 05 1' 1 Q -5 ,5 11
0E0ns.000|0vi:e. 13 _ S000000Z l0F,000 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 ,
Iiciorce oi Somple _ 0
U 115
0000|0:H 00 ||=|..:JL..I.ii 0 5 g_ 1005 10 00 0 0000 i 00000n0|0 0 i astf in-ll
-"" -- --- -- - - --- ---? ---" - - ---- . ' ' |
p i@64 -For -1:- 1
Rm @00M0eos. Temp.00000
it - -"-- --- ---- -- - -----' ' '
F
@
M005 5 . TIBITIP 00 0 0000F
0a:
4:-
u --- - - .._ ._ _ _ _ . _ ------- -- --
@ If 1 . . _
0 R615 asa;iits.ap rd) 63 ,0 0?0 00
I
d
1" ;l\-3 ' EU ! it @.
F i _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ J-_ @. @l@
iisi.....;n;.;+ ii|"R... g pg A
1 f
_ l_
I1; _
' ."3 @Bt" .05 @212' Fl @._ . (E0-D
I
._ _ dn_ l Cirsvlviivn $l==Pl5 ===ii 4000 000000000
> 2
I- ltreserd-? B5 H ~ =m0 0003 00 0
000|lid0.Ree000T0emp. in 1,3 12 _ F 1":gr
1
is-Fvr=ls4 Br ll iflC,CaI_ ,L _ ,_ _ -,_ l
Wilnessed 0B0y0r0 00 | _ | ...000 5 :0 it 0 Q 000 5 '
Fig. 4.3 7 DlL heading of Example 4.6 (courtesy Sun Oil Co.).
a. Sketch a cross section of the well where the log was run. Show
different boreholes and casings. Mark the borehole siz es, casing
siz es, and casing depths. Also mark the mud weight used to drill
each section of the well.
b. List the values of the temperatures recorded in the well, the
depth at which each value was recorded, and the elapsed time since
mud circulation stopped.
e. Give your best estimate of formation temperature at 5 ,000 and
24,000 ft.
d. Estimate the resistivity of the mud ltrate saturating the ushed
z one of a permeable formation situated at 5 ,000 ft. Comment on
the representativity of your estimate.
Solution.
a. This deep well (D=20,5 5 6 ft) required the setting of several
intermediate casing strings. The data from the ve logging runs
were used to prepare the wells cross section in Fig. 4.42.
b. Data pertaining to temperature measurement in this well are
given in Table 4.3 .
c. Assuming linear distribution yields the following values from
Eqs. 4.15 and 4.16:
3 60-20
gG=- -- - -100=1.4lFl' l00 a,
20,5 5 6
= -f- -4: ' 0'
T to 1410000000 141 1=
5 ' 0" 100
24,000
and T24,000 =7 U "i' 1 W=* 5 i-08 00p.
H owever, assuming a linear distribution starting with T_ .,=-7 0F
is not valid for deep wells. As Fig. 4.43 illustrates, the line
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL
A A . 1 coMPAr ~ :Y-- - 5
I / / -
A 1 IH:E._.PaRE!EE.-.C0.t4P..a,N.Y N11 ? __ _
T300Q FIELD l VaN,_,,:i ,_; p
FOL
1l -I
van
sud
H
c0ur ~ 4r Y----- B.05 5 -IEB- --sTATEl LOUI5 ..l -.a:NA.--1-1-1-3-.
_ 19 07 ' 115 1. _s s5 ,1,_,'_F,,1;.?,t,l 1_ sw " v-' 5 -* i ='=* =
CATCi - BHC.FD C/ G R
TY
H
ANT
2
coon to wen com
CATU
D
-1
I .
API SERIAL ND . SEC. TWP RANG E
= .15 " 2s 2111 11w ,
Per manent D utumt. _ _________;Ei 9 v.: E| Ev.: l '(.B.__..2_Q..]....._...
I Leg Measur ed Fr em__ KB 1_____Ft. Above Per m. D etum D .F.__2..g._q ._._
_D mo 112-13-veg 1
D r i | | i ng Measur ed Fr om .. .. - - - (Mi
as 4? :::: ow" ? 1 = i '
A D tsi ai h-D r i l i l i ffi l i _,9 ,6,740 1 ___ 0
_P@ * P* i '_'_',-_E" 9 I=i _'?* !.'... --. . 9 6?3 1
Btm. Log i nter val i n ______ ______
-T'=P0 =9 I==1r #=s;=.I F2 5 2 3_ A
< :===1r i s -jr sma Ai 5 9 5 5 5 5 5 / @ gf5 ;_5 __ 1 ,1 M @
_= i vaEeasst00l 7 1025 23 _Qf-f7 --. ;__j,] i f
T B" 5 5 !? H B 30Z?l f Tji f . - T II 1
..__.. .._ R .. _ .
I , gr yas nae assi st Tr ; ,s U5 1' 1 Q -5 ,5 11
0e_ns.'__| _Vi :c. 13_S" '1IF1T _ i ________ H ,
Ii eer ce oi Sampl e _ '
TUFEQ
weft. | 1=| ..:.;.-.2.-;i i I 5 g_ i nl l H_ '____ i 'mr El __ _ i .s1f i n-1|
-" " -- ---" ---- --- ---? ---" - ---. ' ' |
1 1@ 64 -For 4:-1
Rm@ i ass=. Temp.m:
s --- --- ------- -----'' '
F
@
-05 5 . TIBITIP i n - El :
to
4:-
u--- - - .._.____. _ -----------
@ If II 1 1 _
' ta; aaeai i taap 1'6) 615 ,- F;
I
d
1" ;l \-3'EU! i t @ :
F i _____ _
__.i -_ @ . r ol e
_.S.our cei m0mf..l _Rmc g pg A
1f
_i _
I1; _
' 1* " : ear s ,0-5 @ 212'Fw @ ._.
I
.__dn_ Ci r svl vi i vn$ t==P| 5 ===i i 4000 TTTT
i ts
I - l l i eeer d-? B5 110" ? 000371] 0
i n..;.a.e:" 1:...p. i n 1,312 _ F 1" : gr
1
-83-Fvr =i e4 Br ,1 tfl C,,CaI_,L _,__-,_ l
Wi i nessed B5 ? U | _| ...m;_,,_ i t _ Q ___ 1 '
Fi g. 4.37D l L headi ng of Exampl e 4.6 (cour tesy SunOi l Ce.) .
a. Sketch acr oss secti onof the wel l wher e the l og was r un. Show
di ffer ent bor ehol es and casi ngs. Mar k the bor ehol e si zes, casi ng
si zes, and casi ng depths. Al so mar k the mud wei ght used to dr i l l
each secti onof the wel l .
b. Li st the val ues of the temper atur es r ecor ded i nthe wel l , the
depth at whi ch each val ue was r ecor ded, and the el apsed ti me si nce
mud ci r cul ati onstopped.
c. G i ve your best esti mate of for mati ontemper atur e at 5 ,000 and
24,000 ft.
d. Esti mate the r esi sti vi ty of the mud l tr ate satur ati ng the ushed
zone of aper meabl e for mati onsi tuated at 5 ,000 ft. Comment on
the r epr esentati vi ty of your esti mate.
Sol uti on.
a. Thi s deep wel l (D =20,5 5 6 ft) r eq ui r ed the setti ng of sever al
i nter medi ate casi ng str i ngs. The datafr omthe ve l oggi ng r uns
wer e used to pr epar e the wel l s cr oss secti oni nFi g. 4.42.
b. D ataper tai ni ng to temper atur e measur ement i nthi s wel l ar e
gi ven i nTabl e 4.3.
c. Assumi ng l i near di str i buti onyi el ds the fol l owi ng val ues fr om
Eq s. 4.15 and 4.16:
360-1'0
gG =--10e=1.41~ =w100 r t,
20,5 5 6
= -f- -4 : 0
T so 141moo 141 1=
5 '0" 100
24,000
and T24,,[ }00 =7U" | ' 1 W =4-08F.
However , assumi ng al i near di str i buti onstar ti ng wi th T_,,=-70F
i s not val i d for deep wel l s. As Fi g. 4.43 i l l ustr ates, the l i ne
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT
B3
COMPANY 5 U i l...' 3 |L..-.Q.0MPaNY . i
3
; .- - (0/ =/ --.--..- _
wens.-. tut P.sR@EE c0MPllll.Y--..s.@.2
MP0
.
D0E_ E (ii.
co
FIELD . I Va.I$l,.
R
E
U L - 1 COU l' -lTY,. B0S5 ...l.ER 1 -sTATELOU ISlA.lla,gg_ -.
SE
Ea
sos
rs
TH E
an
..
3 07 ' 0FSL EL 8 41 ' F' ll' L NE SW S-Pl Olhrssil-' i=Et=
CAT D
' ' A DlL.FDC/ GR
H
ANT
O
_ _ 1-I
TY
{DU N FEl.D LDCAT Cl WELL COMP
Permonent Dotum-- [ -E_ 0_ $r.E.|- _ _ - Elm... i 8 3 E|g.. . K 3 2 Oi
. M! E. 0. sec. ' rvvr= RANGE.
- _ _ .=I 2s 2m 11w l
Drilling Meosured From_ -.KB . _ _ _
LGQ f' li' iEO5 U I' EiIl FfU |' l"l--- 0_ _ _ _ ,_ . F1, Abgvg ggrm, Dfum 00
,/ G,|_ , 18 3
Dole 012' -13 -7 5
-l 00RLJri0 NSQ00000000 0 [ ]|' \l0E0000
0 Pest:-ril' s' 0 000000000l96.?4 -_ 0 l" |
Ii. _ _ _ _ .._ . _ _
DEP' h-' ~ "l l.9El.l5 . h' -3 l905 07 3 ....., 0 1.- 0
Bim.0Lolg000lh0tervo| sass _ 1 it _ _ L L e
tstsiit.5 gif.sg..sl 0 0 ' " '
Cosing;0[ 0)0i0i00l0l0e0r0000000 .9 gt ' """5 * @
Cosing I.ogger 0 0 00 00000 0 I 00
.- . he 3 .. 1,, Tl.
ii
0Trh0e0F|~ idi 1gl.s--. (0-04U |T|g_ _ y A pp
_ _ _ Dens. lVisc.
00PH 0000i PW 8 . 5 0
Source of
U - l
"1 fl tls.s.a.Ts.n.p= 000 0.1:-
to
l7 * 0o":
as
ii 00000
-r01 gt -r-0i
s"6
f
fimf rs. asserts... d
00l2.D
as .5 , "---I r::-
I1
.8 01
-S
:09
-|"'
fl-
- l
r\
Rmc -0c0t00.i0h0l0sos. Temp.
_ _ _ _ lt_ ;-;;_ ' _ _ _ ._ _ ....
J,-. .-_ 0 00 0
0 00l0
_ _ _ _ _ _ F, ' F _ i "0
"TI
Sourc_ e_ :_ _ _ 0 _ _
E F!
Rm -H BH T -""
.-""
=r~ :r will ho
"Tl
I_ _
; 1-..~ . :1 cn
00' }
-lie
il I1
1.c.j_ % < l
- E @_ -1-' 1
.-. _ _ - ' 0' 0' _ F_ _
0 _ .._ , _ _ _ _ _ ;_ |~ O 5 _
I-I-I Circulolion Stopped [ )4(j{]0
.= L@doe0r005 }+ 00B,e,l[ g,n1 ,196i;jT,, 1 1
~ m;R@te;r@+ ap;j_ yyrcr _ -r 1 "n
i
ts?-lea l LF.' =.' .! li?L0... :1 1' 10 .I ..t0LL0E..Rl0 ...
Recorded _ _ _ _ _ |.r|C_ .;_ _ gLL_ _ _
-==~ @$-Eilirtlr-it 1- D-ll 6 iiii is
Fig. 4.3 B -BH C sonic log of Example 4.6 (courtesy Sun Oil Co.).
representing the calculated geothermal gradient of 1.41 Fr' l00 ft
does not go through the data points. Moreover, a straight line forced
through the data points results in an unrealistic temperatures at the
surface (T5 .= 60F) and at 5 ,000 ft (T5 3 00 =40F).
A sernilog plot of the data (Fig. 4.44) results in a realistic surface
temperature of 7 8 F. The temperature distribution shown in Fig.
4.44 is expressed by Eq. 4.18 :
Tf=jr3 ' ?.5 4xl0_ 5 D_
Fig. 4.44 and the above equation yield the best temperature esti-
mates. Then, Tf =1 14F at 5 ,000 ft and Tf =48 0F at 24,000 ft.
d. The formation situated at a depth of 5 ,000 ft was logged dur-
ing Run 1. The sampled mud ltrate yielded R,,,f=0.5 l 0-m at
7 4F. Assuming that the mud sampled at the time of logging is
the same mud present in the borehole at the time of drilling yields
7 4+ 6.T?
Rmf=0.5 li =0.3 4 0-m at 114]-7 . i
ll4+ 6.' r' 0r
Review Questions
1. Why does measurement environment have to be known?
2. What are the main parameters that define the measurement
environment?
3 . What formation types give rise to borehole enlargement? Why?
4. What is mudcake? What are the conditions required for its
formation? H ow does its presence affect borehole diameter?
5 . What are the different caliper measurements available? Why
do they usually display different readings in the same hole?
6. What are the different uses of caliper information?
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
COMPANY 5 Ui l ...9 | L.,.Q.0MPaNY 1 l
3
; 3- - (0/ =/ ---.- _
wn1.,.._ tut PERBEE c0MPtu,Y__.,s,@ .2
MP;
,
D E_E Cl i .
co
FIELD 1 I Vai l ,
R
E
UL - 1 COUl '-l TY,. BUSSJER 1 _sTATELOUISl A,l l sgg,__,
SE
Es
eos
ta
THE
an
N
'1 307'FSL EL 841 'F'l t'L NE SW S-Pl Ol hr ssi l -'l =st=
CAT D
' ' A D l L.FD C/ G R
H
ANT
O
___ 1-I
TY
{D UN FEl .D LD CAT Cl WELL COMP
Per manent D etum-- I-E_T_$ r _E_L __ . El ev. 1 83 E| g.,. . K 3 2 Oi
. M! E. ct. sec. TWP RANG E.
- __.=I 2s 2m 11w l
D r i l l i ng Measur ed Fr em_-.KB . __ _
LG Q f'l i 'l EO5 UI'Ei Il FfU| 'l " l --- .____T_. F1, Abgvg ggr m, D fum H
,/ G ,| _, 183
D ol e 012'-13-75
-l ti ts-.;-.1 NSQTRRRR ' UN-l i t" :
Z Pest:-D r i l l ed TTl 9 6.?4 __ T l " |
Ii . ___ _ ___ . __
D EP'h-'~ l 9 .9 El .i 5 . h'-3119 05 -732, 0 1, i f
stm.t1sgti ai +;e.s| sass _ 1 i t __ L L e
_feB_l .e_:'l r Ti er vel _ ' ' " '
Cesl ngl ti i -l 'fI'E* 'T .9 gt '" " " 5 * @
Cosi ngl .ogger u u T_ I-1; _ I "
.- . cs 3.. ,,,_ Tl .
i i
.Tt'l 5 _e:F| i di l l _:| l gi _ ___ 04U| T| g__ p A pg
___D ens. l Vi sc.
__PH____i Fl ui d 8 . 5
Sour ce of
U -l
" 1 fl tts.v;_.Ts.n.p= 0: '_::-
to
l l ?-l i on
as
i l -r t
-H gt -1-I
s-s
f
fi mf as assti vsap. e
-LG
as .5 , " ---Ic-
I1
.e'
-S
r
-| " '
fl -
- l
r \
Rmc -:ti Th'l Teos. Temp.
____l t_ ;-;;_ '_ __.__....
J,-. 1-_ ' " T '
T Ml
______F, 'F _i "
" TI
sour c_e_:___ _ __
E Ft
Rm-H BHT -" "
.-" "
to wi l l to
" Tl
I__
; i s :1 cn
'0'}
-l i e
i l I1
1.o.,1_% < 1
- E @ _ -1-'1
.-. --_- " " '_F__
' _.,_, _____;_ | ~ O 5 _
I-I-I Ci r cul oti onStopped [ ) 4(j{]'
.= Looei r l i fgogttggm119 15 5 , 1 1
am;Ra:;taap;j_ yyr i r _ F 1 " r t
i
Est-Ri el l l < =sv,!i .a..j Tr r 10 l l ttyti i ttl tgal l ...
Recor ded __ _ __ | | C_.;__gLL__ _
v==~ mBi Bl aP-i t 0- D -11 s i i i i i t
Fi g. 4.3B-BHCsoni c l og of Exampl e 4.6 (cour tesy SunOi l Ce.) .
r epr esenti ng the cal cul ated geother mal gr adi ent of 1.41Fr 'l 00 ft
does not go thr ough the datapoi nts. Mor eover , astr ai ght l i ne for ced
thr ough the datapoi nts r esul ts i nanunr eal i sti c temper atur es at the
sur face (T,.= 60F) and at 5 ,000 ft (T5 300 =40F) .
A semi l og pl ot of the data(Fi g. 4.44) r esul ts i nar eal i sti c sur face
temper atur e of 78F. The temper atur e di str i buti onshowni nFi g.
4.44 i s expr essed by Eq . 4.18:
Tf=jr 3 '?.5 4x10_5 D _
Fi g. 4.44 and the above eq uati onyi el d the best temper atur e esti -
mates. Then, Tf = 1 14F at 5 ,000 ft and Tf =480F at 24,000 ft.
d. The for mati onsi tuated at adepth of 5 ,000 ft was l ogged dur -
i ng Run 1. The sampl ed mud l tr ate yi el ded R,,,f=0.5 l 0-mat
74F. Assumi ng that the mud sampl ed at the ti me of l oggi ng i s
the same mud pr esent i nthe bor ehol e at the ti me of dr i l l i ng yi el ds
74+6.T?
Rmf=0.5 l i =0.34 0-mat 114]-7. l
l l 4+6.?T
Revi ew Questi ons
1. Why does measur ement envi r onment have to be known?
2. What ar e the mai npar ameter s that defi ne the measur ement
envi r onment?
3. What for mati ontypes gi ve r i se to bor ehol e enl ar gement? Why?
4. What i s mudcake? What ar e the condi ti ons r eq ui r ed for i ts
for mati on? How does i ts pr esence affect bor ehol e di ameter ?
5 . What ar e the di ffer ent cal i per measur ements avai l abl e? Why
do they usual l y di spl ay di ffer ent r eadi ngs i nthe same hol e?
6. What ar e the di ffer ent uses of cal i per i nfor mati on?
8 4 TH EORY, MEASU REMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS
Kpell Eiushin Level _
.1 1 be ""
.._ I ll Derrick Floor
I0 Fietery Tobie
Q I E
-.~ -| 1
6
N I 1
I ' "* -- ----t-|- -- --- -- See Level
- 6224
I I
I I 0-
iss - - 1 Send Top
-I
Ll
- -ct.
Fig. 4.3 9--Schematic for Part c, Example 4.6.
7 . Explain how mudcake buildup can go undetected by caliper
logs.
S. What drilling mud data are pertinent to logging operations?
9. What is the most commonly used mud? What is its makeup?
10. H ow are the mud, mud ltrate, and mudcake resistivities
usually determined? '
I1. H ow does temperature affect the mud and mud-ltrate
resistivities? H ow is that effect determined?
12. What is a mud log?
I3 . What causes variation in drilling-mud resistivity? H ow does
this variation complicate leg analysis?
L4. Describe the step, transition, and annulus proles of invasion.
15 . What are the parameters that control the mud-ltrate volume
invading a permeable formation?
16. Explain why porosity is the essential parameter that deter-
mines the depth of invasion? H ow does the diameter of invasion
vary with porosity?
2so-~ - -s4~ -0 J
"H r.
H .
H u-
00"" 000-0:-.."---..
240-
o|_ |_ g
/ It
/ I .
I
TEMPERATU RE
I' D or O
I
r
* 2204
210 l-
r.-.10
r.-6
. .2 .3 .4.5 .e .8 l
1 Bl/ H -+ 5 1) I
I 246 F f| _ ,
200i. J--_ e4 L.----I |* r---_ I 4.1 I
.1 Fig. 4.4U H orner-type temperature buildup plot for Exam-
ple 4.6.
1?. Define the geothermal gradient. I-Iow is it usually calculated?
18 . Why is the BH T indicated by the maximum-recording ther-
mometer usually less than the formation temperature?
19. H ow does temperature distribution in deep wells differ from
that in shallow wells?
20. Why is it recommended to designate a permanent datum and
indicate its elevation on the well heading?
21. Why is knowing the elevation of the kelly bushing usually
necessary?
22. Why does the well TD indicated by the driller differ from
that indicated by the logger?
23 . What additional information do you think should be recorded
on the leg heading?
Problems
4.1 Fig. 4.45 shows a one-arm device caliper and a three-arm
bow-spring device caliper obtained in the same borehole in-
terval. Explain the disagreement between the two logs in both
the thick and thin z ones.
4.2 Fig. 4.46 shows an interval of a microcaliper recorded in
a Ouachita Parish, LA, well.
1' -.' ' _ r' .."_ III-nu-r| | Inn-|-I -.I|-r nlnlpl lln-otl
- TABLE 4-.3 TEMPERATU FIE DATA OF EXAMPLE 4.?
JII-|||| ' 1-I |IIIIo||. .-.' Jl-| line-I "PH . II-i II-0-ll-I III-I-P
Timer' Date
Data D Circulation
TimelDate
Logger on
Point
I 1
2
U ! -I5 -DJ
J :-;- _ : _ -
Missing data.
"Two thermometers were used during this run. The highest reading is retained.
l)
1e,?25
1s,5 ?9
2e.e?4
20.444
20.5 5 6
Stepped
1013 03 001. 28
N! A*
01:00lAprit 18
01:3 U l' Apri|26
21:00lMay l
Bottom
22:3 0l0ct. 26
1?:3 U l.lan. 19
11:00! April 16
0tl:U 0r' April 29
21 :U 01' lviay 2
5 t
(hours)
12
NIA
10
22.5
24
T...
(Fl
220
2?5
3 5 5 * *
3 60
3 60
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF WED
Kel l Ei ushi n Level _
.1 E i f " "
.._ I fl D er r i ck Fl oor
7 Fi otor y Tobi e
6
N I 1
I - ---1;--=----See 1.4-.-4|
6224
I 1
I I I-
? - -" " 1 Send Top
-I
Ll
- -ct. "
Fi g. 4.39 --Schemati c for Par t c, Exampl e 4.6.
7. Expl ai nhow mudcake bui l dup cango undetected by cal i per
l ogs.
S. What dr i l l i ng-mud dataar e per ti nent to l oggi ng oper ati ons?
9 . What i s the most commonl y used mud? What i s i ts makeup?
10. How ar e the mud, mud l tr ate, and mudcake r esi sti vi ti es
usual l y deter mi ned? '
I1. How does temper atur e affect the mud and mud-l tr ate
r esi sti vi ti es? How i s that effect deter mi ned?
12. What i s amud l og?
I3. What causes var i ati oni ndr i l l i ng-mud r esi sti vi ty? How does
thi s var i ati oncompl i cate l og anal ysi s?
L4. D escr i be the step, tr ansi ti on, and annul us pr ol es of i nvasi on.
15 . What ar e the par ameter s that contr ol the mud-l tr ate vol ume
i nvadi ng aper meabl e for mati on?
16. Expl ai nwhy por osi ty i s the essenti al par ameter that deter -
mi nes the depth of i nvasi on? How does the di ameter of i nvasi on
var y wi th por osi ty?
mm-- -F~ -
I 24a" r
F.
I:
/ I
/ l l
240-
o| _| _ y
/ I,
/ I .
I .
r
TEMPERATURE
| '\) 0! G _
* 2204
2l O I-
ZOOI. J -24.... L.----I 14.- I 4.1 I
. .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .8 l
. St/ (l +3l l I
r .-.10
r .-6
.1 Fi g. 4.4UHor ner -type temper atur e bui l dup pl ot for Exam-
pl e 4.6.
1?. D efi ne the geother mal gr adi ent. I-Iow i s i t usual l y cal cul ated?
18. Why i s the BHT i ndi cated by the maxi mum-r ecor di ng ther -
mometer usual l y l ess thanthe for mati ontemper atur e?
19 . How does temper atur e di str i buti oni ndeep wel l s di ffer fr om
that i nshal l ow wel l s?
20. Why i s i t r ecommended to desi gnate aper manent datumand
i ndi cate i ts el evati ononthe wel l headi ng?
21. Why i s knowi ng the el evati onof the kel l y bushi ng usual l y
necessar y?
22. Why does the wel l TD i ndi cated by the dr i l l er di ffer fr om
that i ndi cated by the l ogger ?
23. What addi ti onal i nfor mati ondo you thi nk shoul d be r ecor ded
onthe l og headi ng?
Pr obl ems
4.1 Fi g. 4.45 shows aone-ar mdevi ce cal i per and athr ee-ar m
bow-spr i ng devi ce cal i per obtai ned i nthe same bor ehol e i n-
ter val . Expl ai nthe di sagr eement betweenthe two l ogs i nboth
the thi ck and thi nzones.
4.2 Fi g. 4.46 shows an i nter val of ami cr ocal i per r ecor ded i n
aOuachi taPar i sh, LA, wel l .
1'-.' '_ r '.." _ l l -nu-| | | Inn-| -I -.I| -r nl nl pl r l n-otl
- TABLE 4-.3TEMPERATUFIE D ATA OF EXAMPLE 4.?
JII-| | | | '1-I | IIIIe| | . .-.'.n-| ti n-I " PH. II-i II-0-l l -I III-I-P
Ti mel l ate
D ata D Ci r cul ati on
' T I
Ti mel D ate I
Logger on
Poi nt
I 1
2
(H-I5 -D J
J :-;- _:_ -
Mi ssi ng data.
" Two ther mometer s wer e used dur i ng thi s r un. The hi ghest r eadi ng i s r etai ned.
(fl )
1s,?25
1s,5 ?s
2o.er 4
20.444
20.5 5 6
Stopped
1013011001. 28
N!A*
01:00l Apr i t 18
01:3Ul Apr i | 26
21:U0l May i
Bottom
22:30l 0ct. 26
1?:3Ul Jan. 19
11:00.0-i pr i i 16
00:00l 'Apr i l 29
21:U01'l vl ay 2
61 T,,,
(hour s) (F)
12
NIA
10
22.5
24
220
2?5
35 5 * *
360
360
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT
8 5
i-
0-_ * .-' 0.
- 1.
I
' Ptl H
inherit 1
" -4 - -.-ill ' .' l ' --.
.1 r l
._ ..' .;,;tr;1t0' I--0
I
this 00
_ C' .
TAL:
.5 .
H I
5 ! .5 ?.
ts..- H it.-D
III
..' -._ -.- -ll--' 1-* "7 ' * -i=0010' 00' 0 0 0 ..tl11l._ .,1.Lb17 ,.z i11 z a..li...* .=i0:0l'
fie.-' l,. ....
latte
DTQBJ1
L?0 -.0' 0-r
i0.0.l.illGE,00000_ H -l1._ F.c.s_
S
0' \.
I I
"0. :.r_ _ .._ i - 0000
' 5 0
.._ 3 .-
' 1l.. ii, .
bl, .-_ - * 0
pig! ' _ ::10
_ . .-.?:"-7 . L =- ' as -' -
._ ,"' - i_ ._ I-0:0
r -
- 3 ...-_ ~ _ ,;_ .=r -.4-.. it-.-05 .05 .5
3 .1% I0 8 9
asEr c?:iiJ0r~ r"~ 3 ' -
"PW
D0 _
Run H
u _ _ _ _
l H -l . I..IIl. -|-1
-E
Dllq
"-' -"-' - - f- .f_ - " I I-" _ f l ' _ ' ="' _ - ' _ _ l1f_ 1' -'
JIH I-I -- _ _ 1--n I-| |II|Ir -1- _ IIllI_ p-|..n.q_
_ _ _ _
1:5 lntlnrql 0 _ 0 |0 0,0; 0 - ' -0 0 0000 . 00 .000 00 0. ' 0
' --""' "---- ? -l--- ' - ---11 - ;_ _ l 1 _ 1 I "' 1' " "..' ._ |._ -_
Wild inl! l_ ' vn_ l|_ _ _ _ _ _ ' . ;_ _ i _ _ l_ _ _ _ "_ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _
.._ :-- - --0 0 -- - - _ _ u |_ @ _ p_ 0 _ --_ _ l .|I|u|-rr. |..|_ _ _ _ _ - .. - _ _ _ _ _ -_ _ _ _ : _ _ _ _
_ l"-I r_
.u-nu-l 1 _ _ -1-|-|_ :
I 1| I I. I ? I I 7 I _ _
I -II |:| r I _ I _ .i.|_ _ _ _ |-L - _ _ ' . _ |_ I I _ . _
nl. l_ _ Til-t
l
+ 0;1-* 0- 4 I.
._ _ _ |I| --~ ' --. ' _ _ _ . ---_ _ |. _ ---
Dl . . " - ' _
._ "_ _ _ " _ ' _ ' .n|ll-|_ ' _ . _ _ | _ _ _ ll |-u .- _ ' -' _ .-" _ _ _ q - _
Ii _ _ |||.00 0_ 00_ _ 0_ .l_ I-|_ -_ ' |IlIr "M0 -.' _ ' _ ' .lIL_ _ _ _ 0-r..|_ 0 _ _ 0 I
| 0? |_ 0 00 WW5 ? 0 007 -00:0-0- 0 - 0 F_ _ _ ' 0- - ---- -- ' _ ' _ _ _ _
. 1' 1
-fl
ajlgv
.1?
E
Im Mid:limp
15 > El
ii-
-' - .1; 5 .5 ;._ ' _ r- ' , _ ' .-., -I I!
I |- "k|' .a.! r|.::._ g 1- . qr I |_ . F L . -II L _
|=|5 |_ p -. .-. .* ,* -1,-H .,|l,gg5 E:g |_ - @ = tr
. I \ I P, t:-P I-Eh l_ k |..,|' P-er} 1. Pl .|- - I hi -Ll I -4 - I |
r. ...... ..:....s...-.. _ .-.:-{J 5 s""--la-ll tr! -= _ ""' ! * = --F - . - . 1 . - --
.lS.l.ltl~ th ' if @._ Fl* _ ' _ ' $...-.- A ... * ._ ........_ -......@_ _ ._ E. . P, ! v_ _ ,_ _ :* r
flll ill H IPPI - '
@ ""' _ _ I @ 00 1 - ' null."
lint-I at Mun. Tern (E7 -1 1;
r
@1@ ~ @ Q
I-|--1-lieu-I. _ --q
U . ... -_
_ DIH II Earvitlt-I
1 _ . |' 0|JC.l' 0 CH LIG
--_ H urt.-.1 .. _ :'
L _ ._ l,
\-
qr.
JI\
' - I - I II I - ' -|| | 0' .. - |
I0 0 ' . "0 * 0 ' - at -' ' .-"Q0 .0-' 1?--.' ii"0P.-00 ' 0"~ 0=": ' .' .00 0 0' = -" .' -"' 0
| hrmurrurrl _Elir.r' tt.|,' -,' - g ll:
, I-vs Mmtvrl- l Frw r. h._ ng"-Fermi Danni
Dliiiinqllgiu-qunid fron0 . - ;"' -"' * _ _ .' .;: u;_ ' _ + :_ _ r_ _ _ .|
* _ _ ' ' "* |-I I' . . |II. * |-I-1 ilIIIII._ _ _ _ _ ii _ _ ._ | -_ I_ |-....-|_ _ _ :,-r - _
E i.eggar00:0lr0|' T00i:|0itoIlii . . , .. 00000 - | I I "' '
0_ ' ;' _ I|.0_ _ K I I _ R1 _ ' _ I .
_ ' lIII|IFii_ _ T7 - ii _ I_ _ _
1111
' .-;;_ _ .._ .._ _ :,-_ . ..
mfi
-r ' ;i-E~
-\..' - .._ _
; ...;-;\.3 .f.;e.ri,_ ;._ -g.00l0* ' .i0,;'
' .- I e.t.."..
0' 0?0"IIE' _ llsselist l p.0....l _ ' _ 0,_ 0. ' J:7 -. I -
ilmrdl . _ _ _ l_ H _ - - 00 00000 ' 0
lulfitnlul I Mr. 1 "- ' I "" 000000000 00 00 II 000' 0' 0000 ' 000"
P-mu. E0"f H "-I K...
I-"it Mlnnrml From ' H EB 0 1 LRAh-eve Perm. Datum _ 1 D.F..,.,_ _ _ _ 5 L_ _ _ _ _
Drilling Menwred from t3 .,|l_ _ gt
.. | ..-. . _ ... _ .\_ .,,,, .
I 0' 0
E0! -, 0 * ' _ 2a_ _ _ ' _ _ _ _ 1_ _ _ L _ _ H _ I_ _ ' ._ _ H _ L_ _ _ _ _ _ |- _ _ _ .
' 0 ' ." 0 . I .~ ,' ,.. Iv,-.
:_ "|.|l-u_ _ _ ._ _ _ |I - - _ _ _ _ _ _ r_ _ ._ _ L _ _ _ _ _ -3 -. I l-.-.- L
It-I. or [ $111! ]
In fl-ll.
[ Blh:Drill' ar 0 I
' P! _ - 00
rn. H Interval
I. Interval _
. . _ .-
.._ nn||.-|_ _ ||- - _ _ -,...,|_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . :_
- ' . . _ I. .' _ -_
-1-" .|.||r_ _ |-H
_ "L ' 4--' _ 1' -Fl - I"' - - - our-urn. .
. I - -
Ill ' 1' -_ 1I-I-|_ |-|,.q_ -_ _ _ ' I _ _ _ ' _ . '
. - -- lTIu|ul.1_ -- _ 1-_

1
I
rilln ' 00" """ "" - ""- -4-
-! -III-I_ ' _ rm-14-1 _ - _ _ H _ .._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' _ _ _
E 1II' _ _ -
' t' 1! vr' -' "i"-I
l_ -ilsl
E!
_ _ _ W _ T lnj - _ _ _
pl-1 U iuid l.au_ _ ~ _ -_ _ L - m|| _ _ _ , _ ' "' . m| ' _ ' . :|:_ ' ;|
...... et00emrI! I: 0-0 0 i 000: 0000 00 0 000' "
I- ' @al.iIr.....5 . L "_ " "* --as -- "' 1 --- -F
F ii . --iL L- H _ _ I I _ _ - -_ _
(nil H int TlmE._ _ -_ _ -I ' |= _ _ ega-
l' I
E1-"iE|0?@_ ' I
4 00' ;-"0l".il
e--iss
- _ _ _ ;:._
04. -r-he
".m_ -_ _ _ _ _ -I _ .
- IIIIII
uerlmi Inn:_ _ _ -_ -0 0L - -
-1- { .- F I
it
, W ' T _ _ _ " " Ii0000-- Fl' | - ' _ -
0 0 I0 0 0 0 06% ? 0 0000 0000:0000 5 ' - 0' i~ - 0000 0| 000000000000. ~ 00 01000000: -car 00000000000000 0- 0000 a0i0_ ' 0_ _ -00.0.! 1' 0000000000000.0d lv 0 1-' 00:? 1
~ "_ ... --aw i . ~
I
nttufin-iii ' " " ' _ "' " av" - ~ ---.-F
.' _ @0' * t=.* ~ .irer- I -
0i2lrrul~ =gi_ aa00$ivigg4_ _ - 1000_ _ I_ . 00; .- . _ ! "?" --' {"' ""- ="* "
Logggronloltpll I _ - Q0 0_ _ _ 000J -0.00 "" I
.. -. 1 - op, _ ' |=j "I ~ - * 5
i0_ E13 [ fr.T|Le< e|lsn0j000l10i |H I000000[ 00 . 0' 0 . """ 00"
.4-arr;
H ! -. 1' 0- .-' _ _ _ =-00-Q3 1. _ .
' I- 1:5 ?
.' -' .' ' .
_ _ I
-I-1..I _ i.-0-
.' , ;. ._ |_ ._ -I r. ;
1.;-.1" -_ .-_ .-_ -.-
s
.. 1- :' 0 :. II
.- 1
In
-- . .- .1. _ ._ 1,
Fig. 4.41 Log heading of Example 4.7 (courtesy Chevron U .S.A. lnc.).
_ _ .. . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1"
1|. If |
3 ..
Ci
4.3
a.
b.
Ce
d.
B.
What are the minimum and maximum borehole diameters
indicated by the microcaliper in this interval?
b. What is the thickest mudcake buildup in this interval?
If the z one between 8 ,8 91 ft and the bottom of the hole
is shale, explain why part of it is washed out and the other
is not.
Fig. 4.47 shows the heading of a microlog, and Fig. 4.48
shows the mud leg recorded as the tool is lowered into the
borehole. Compare the mud-log and mud-sample resistivi-
ties at BH T.
4.4 Examine the log heading of Fig. 4.49.
On linear graph paper, plot the maximum recorded tem-
perature v_ s. depth.
Is the assumption of linear thermal gradient acceptable in
this case?
Find the mathematical depth! temperature relationship for
the subject well.
Plot a cross section of the well.
Calculate the mud and mud-filtrate resistivities of the drill-
ing fluid sampled for the eight log runs at T5 F. Plot R,,,f
vs. Rm. Does a strong correlation exist between these two
parameters? Can this relation be predicted by any of the
methods discussed in this chapter?
4.5 At the time of logging, the resistivity of a 10-lbmlgal drill-
ing mud is measured with an instrument on the surface. A
value of 1.5 2 Q-meter is obtained at a temperature of 90F.
3 .. What is the apparent salinity of the mud?
b. What is the estimated mud resistivity at a depth of 8 ,600
ft in the hole where the formation temperature is 18 0F?
c. Estimate the resistivities of the mud filtrate at 90 and
18 0F.
d. Can you justify the statistical approximation for predomi-
nantly NaCl muds:R,,,f=0.?5 R,,,?
e. Estimate the resistivity of the mudcake at 18 0F. '
f. Can you justify the statistical approximation for
predominately NaCl muds:R,m.=l.5 R,,,?
4.6 Determine the values of Rm, Rm}-, and R,,,,._ . at 10,000 ft if
mud weight=16 lbmlgal, mud resistivity=0.42 0- m at 7 5 F,
and geothermal gradient=l.lFl100 ft.
4.7 Fig. 4.5 0 shows a composite plot of mud temperatures meas-
ured in wells drilled along the Tuscaleose trend in Louisiana.
a. Explain why data points do not lie on the same straight line.
b. Find the parameter TS and my of Eq. 4.18 for the Tus-
caleose trend.
c. What Thy, would you expect in a 24,000-ft well drilled
along the trend?
4.8 Figs. 4.5 1 and 4.5 2 shew the headings of two legs run in
the same borehole. Examine the two headings and then
provide the following information:
a. Apparent drilling-fluid salinity.
b. Depth from sea level of a formation top shown by the leg
at 5 ,603 ft. _
c. The best estimate of the static formation temperature at
total well depth.
d. Geothermal gradient.
e. R,,,f and Rm at the 5 ,603 -ft formation.
4.9 Estimate the static formation temperature from the following
data (from Ref. 3 0):depth =7 ,646 ft, drilling stopped=22:00
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
B5
i -
4-..-' PH Hi t.1vvPtt-
tavdi -__g_IaBJ,-__* '
- 1.
I
,. Us _} cosv;\~ ]g~ ..;: ta 1aetr n..s._ " '- av-
e: ' --
" " >
at;-1-5
~ t - -.=_ ' Us-E-10..
W
abl e I
_C'.
TEL:
5 .
HI
5 !.5 ?.
tes-Hi t.-D
-e
-Il 'I" "
.. . -1 .. =-'4
,_.,=.~ ='~ t ._.~ .~ f:-f=* 4-* i ..-5 5 I-,_,sq . 11 Q11 3111zgwi i ~ 41.
w r -1 r -- " gt. no
Eu I 1- yr Hm
.'P.l l tRl :A P-'12." ,-' PF???" _
\ .._
I
Y .
* 0-e-T -fur : i s -__- ;-_-_ ' .
Zr __" I
'1 i f'-I:
'11. i i , .__
bl , .-, " _
'15 '_i :I-
.1 '' -.
'. " .=:,_,,
._-as _ " __:,,.': " ' _.:' ; 131:. 1* ' -as -* * ='-
" 'i ..r \ _-.-:1 t-T
' .s .1" :-;'-.4243
+
:1; ~ r :E:'..- so
1-" - 1-;
:-QT?
FfEs c?:i U:~ r " ~ 3
D W
_ IT X. _ _._ _ T W _ _
RunHe
l H-l i t I. 1-l . | -| 1 H .
1
D nl l er T
T -_ _ - -F _ 1* It- 1 _| -* __.,
JIHI-I -- __ 1--n I-e| II| Ie--1- _IIl l I_ I-l p-| i .e,.q __
_ l i - '.
Tgpl nter vel I . _ 1' T; ' - ' -1 ' ' . . ~ .T
' --" " '" ----? T -l --- '- --_H - ;_ l 1 _ 1 I " '1'"
I'I'l eel = i nI!r vn_I| ____ _ _ ' . ;__i __ l ____ " ___ _.__
---=" _" -'- I " ' ' _ _u | _ @ _p_ _ -- I -1- .| Il eeI| I-er . L..- _ I " I _ - T '__ 'T'I ' TTT ':'-
F" I l ' ___
Il l i l _:
.-'-L 1.1- _ r - 1 -" . " '-" '1 " " ,
_ | -i r I I I _.T.i ____& _- _ _i _ I _ __
ne. l __\\" i I-e
4
4 1.
.___| I| --~ ' . ' __ _ . ---__| . _ ---
D e . . " - ' _
._ " _--" _'_'.n| l l -| _'_. __| __ _ 11 | -u _-__---__-" _ __ q _
-ml ! ' ml " ' ml
Ii __| | e.______.1_ I-| _ -_'| Il Ir " ' -.'_ '_'.l IL___ _-f.| _ _-__
| F | _T T' 'T'?'#' ' TI-T:'-I'--'- - l l F_T" TT T. __.__. __ '_- ___
. 1'1
-fl
ajl gv
at
Im Meet l i mp
E @ - El
QIWT
-'- .1; 5 .5 ;._" _r - ', _'.-., -I I!
Ie " k| '.a.!r | .::._g 1- . q r I | _ . F L . -II L _
| =| 5 | _p -. =-. .* ;-1,-H.,| ,gg5 E:q | _ - @ = tr
1 I\ I P, t:-P I-Eh l _k | ..,| ' P-er } e Pl ,| - 1- I hi -Ll I -4 - I |
F. -_... ..-1......-. ..-. _.-.t-gr =:=-we-1 tr !-=_ 11'" -.'* * 1 ---~ - . _, . ~
1.! i i " -l '1:\:'L:-:5 -4' R" . @ l IL_._ 1-| I| e H .5 4] 1" . .. 1 Fi l l " '.'.._ Fn,_=| Ie-'r :1-
Cl r cul nl l enStepped . - ' , '
@ " " ' __| @ I. 1 - ' nee."
the-I et Meet. Ter n @ T' -1 1;
r
@ 1@ ~ @ Q
I-| --1-l i eu-I. _ -.-.-
Ul hel Ser vi ces:
; _ Q FD CICHLIG
--_ Hor t.-.1.. _:'
L _. _l , _:1
q r .
JI\
' - I - I II I - '-| | | T .. - |
I ' '. " i I ' - -~ 1- -' '.-C. .Q'-'1?--.'i I" 'P.-T " " 5 " : r ." '~ ' " = -" .' -" "
| Per manent _ EIe'e.r 'K.l ,,,._,'-I- ti :
, I-we Metwer l Fr w | . t| | _evg'-Per m. D el uei
or 1l 1aq i _r a-some fr or e' . - ;" '-" ' * __i ;: a;_-_,f;_,___.,,|
17-Ei l r sstaat 5 * " " ." " T. E----~ -.. -- - 1-'~ * -~ . ----
'_';'_Il .'__K I I TR1_'_ I .
_ Tl III| IFi i _ _ T7 - i i _I___
1111
'.-;g__4_..__:,-_. _.
mfi
-r ';i -E~
-\..'- ..__
; ...;-;\.3.j'.;o.r i ,.;..g.'
'.- I o.t.." ..
i i r l r t l l sssl i e" I p....-I 4;. ' J:2- . I -
e-r or r l oi dl . ___l _H_ - - T " T T
Wl tneue I Mr . 1 " - ' I 'T' TTITTTL '1 T II _r TTT'_T" "
P-mu. E" f H" -I K...
I-" i t Meenr r er l Fr om ' HEB ' 1 LRAh-eve Per m. D tum _1 D .F..,.,____5 L_____
D r i l l i ng Mentor ed fr om 5 ,1, _ H
.. | ..-. . _ ... _.,_.,,,, .
I It
13- -, ' * ' _2a_ _-_ '____1___L __H_I__' .__H_L____ __| - ___ .
' ' ' ." ' . I .~ ,',.. Iv,-1
:_" | .| e-u___.___| I --_ ____ _r ____ _ L _____ -3-. I -.-; L
It-I. er [ el d]
Infl -l l .
gpl hi l fl r i l l er I I _J" _L_ I__ ___
, ' H . - T. H_'_T ':'l .I. .' ,~ .
r n. HInter val
I
-: _.ee-r ___ H-_-____ _ ___ I
I - - . -__ __ r ,_._+:-_._
5 -1 I-l l
T " IT' ' 4--'_ 1'-Fl - I" '- - - an-vet. .
4- er I I - - - _ _| | | -| __. ' 1' -_'| I-I-!_ | -| ,.q _-___' I-_ __ ___'_ __ ___ _
El l e - - " ' F

1
I
YET." ___I W. I. '1-i i 3- I i f _ ____L_
1-III-ue.'_ tel l -o| . _ --i t __, _.H_.._ r ____ __ _
IE l .o_Q_l | 'tIer e_d _
't'1!tIf" -" " 1" -I .
ni t} _ l .e_ er
I
E!
D e
F
u
IT
I'l l -
fl ! Iti ='l ='* ....._._." ..I _ ml ! ....--__ 5 .i " =T:I:T:;.'|
r te et Eemr l l e - I _ ' TT ' "
-l l -I i l l -I__ - __ _ _
_ F
IIIIL _
E i Il ';L__
J1 _
1| -e__ _-__ --_ _ ___!
as-
1
" st:-l s
ti
at--I s" -E-.4: s-ts
'E_'-Q-1 " " i " .i l
E @ 4-
H r I 13.
l -@ Hen: temp _| _1_____
r s Meet TIME -
'-" 'r -- | -' _.F_-_1 ___ -__-_
G r
_ BI
enter Itmi ti me -
_i i _
II__
| -
- IIIIII
" -_-_r .' _
, W ' T__ T " " Ii _m--Fl '| - ' _-
- - -- as- - -. .=- 11'" . .-." ." " " " '. * '.* .'r _." ... " .'.'I'..i .-':'.* '~ .II.l -I~ ." -" " " " " '?' H5 . QBRUHH.t- ..--:. . -.'- 111-; ~ '-5 -.I.vg~ _f-t
m[ El l -II '
t= w=~ =~ =-aa" a'.- ee T'" -- "
.13 ti es ' " " " _ " ' " ea" '- ~ ---.-F
4Ts i * 1-~ i - '- " T5 ." -'
;?i ;;'1 . -=
-er I I
i f TLfTTff' El -1-;;1_i , t - . 0 .
ci atml asw- e_ on ._. _ I 1-.-~ --1;-1-:4----=~ -E
" . I ' I D ___ _' ___ I ' - I l .| _:'_ _
i _E15 gr .i '| 'ta a| Iaa'_gB'0'Tl al | t~ l l T" F[ " [ T . L . 1' " J"
as-ea;
H!-. 1' -.-_ A-T.-Q 'I.' _.
' I- 1:5 ?
.'-'.' '.
__ I
-I-1..I _i .-I
.', ;. ._| _._-Ir .;
1.;-.1" -_.-_| -_-.-
-e-
.. e :" :1 II
.- 1
e
....,. ,. 1 ,1,-__.-I __.-_-.1
__.. . _____ __ _ I
Fi g. 4.41Log headi ng of Exampl e 4.7 (cour tesy Chevr onU.S.A. l no.) .
1| . If |
H.
b.
c.
4.3
a.
b.
Ce
d.
B.
What ar e the mi ni mumand maxi mumbor ehol e di ameter s
i ndi cated by the mi cr ocal i per i nthi s i nter val ?
What i s the thi ckest mudcake bui l dup i nthi s i nter val ?
If the zone between8,89 1 ft and the bottomof the hol e
i s shal e, expl ai nwhy par t of i t i s washed out and the other
i s not.
Fi g. 4.47 shows the headi ng of ami cr ol og, and Fi g. 4.48
shows the mud l og r ecor ded as the tool i s l ower ed i nto the
bor ehol e. Compar e the mud-l og and mud-sampl e r esi sti vi -
ti es at BHT.
4.4 Exami ne the l og headi ng of Fi g. 4.49 .
Onl i near gr aph paper , pl ot the maxi mumr ecor ded tem-
per atur e v_s. depth.
Is the assumpti onof l i near ther mal gr adi ent acceptabl e i n
thi s case?
Fi nd the mathemati cal depth!temper atur e r el ati onshi p for
the subject wel l .
Pl ot acr oss secti onof the wel l .
Cal cul ate the mud and mud-fi l tr ate r esi sti vi ti es of the dr i l l -
i ng fl ui d sampl ed for the ei ght l og r uns at T5 F. Pl ot Rmf
vs. Rm. D oes astr ong cor r el ati onexi st betweenthese two
par ameter s? Canthi s r el ati onbe pr edi cted by any of the
methods di scussed i nthi s chapter ?
4.5 At the ti me of l oggi ng, the r esi sti vi ty of a10-l bml gal dr i l l -
i ng mud i s measur ed wi th ani nstr ument onthe sur face. A
val ue of 1.5 2 Q-meter i s obtai ned at atemper atur e of 9 0F.
3.. What i s the appar ent sal i ni ty of the mud?
b. What i s the esti mated mud r esi sti vi ty at adepth of 8,600
ft i nthe hol e wher e the for mati ontemper atur e i s 180F?
e. Esti mate the r esi sti vi ti es of the mud fi l tr ate at 9 0 and
180F.
d. Canyou justi fy the stati sti cal appr oxi mati onfor pr edomi -
nantl y NaCl muds: Rmf=0.?5 R,,.,?
e. Esti mate the r esi sti vi ty of the mudcake at 180F. '
f. Can you justi fy the stati sti cal appr oxi mati on for
pr edomi natel y NaCl muds: R,,,L.=l .5 R,.,,?
4.6 D eter mi ne the val ues of Rm, Rm}-, and R,,,,._. at 10,000 ft i f
mud wei ght=16 l bmfgal , mud r esi sti vi ty=0.42 2 - mat 75 F,
and geother mal gr adi ent=l .l Fi 100 ft.
4.7 Fi g. 4.5 0 shows acomposi te pl ot of mud temper atur es meas-
ur ed i nwel l s dr i l l ed al ong the Tuscal oose tr end i nLoui si ana.
a. Expl ai nwhy datapoi nts do not l i e onthe same str ai ght l i ne.
b. Fi nd the par ameter TS and my of Eq . 4.18 for the Tus-
cal oose tr end.
c. What Thy, woul d you expect i na24,000-ft wel l dr i l l ed
al ong the tr end?
4.8 Fi gs. 4.5 1and 4.5 2 show the headi ngs of two l ogs r uni n
the same bor ehol e. Exami ne the two headi ngs and then
pr ovi de the fol l owi ng i nfor mati on:
a. Appar ent dr i l l i ng-fl ui d sal i ni ty.
b. D epth fr omseal evel of afor mati ontop shownby the l og
at 5 ,603 ft. _
c. The best esti mate of the stati c for mati ontemper atur e at
total wel l depth.
d. G eother mal gr adi ent.
e. Rmf and Rmat the 5 ,603-ft for mati on.
4.9 Esti mate the stati c for mati ontemper atur e fr omthe fol l owi ng
data(fr omRef. 30) :depth =7,646 ft, dr i l l i ng stopped=22:00
8 6
TH EORY, MEASU REMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WE' LL LOGS
3 002ft
en Siz e I43 / 4in.- -+
II 3 / 4il1. Casing
|3 ,?25 ft.
I6in.Cosing -' ~
I
i I
Bit$i1e 8 ' / gin * 4 I TEMPERATU RE,I: I
0---
I -I00-soar o ?{}vFIOO z oo aoo 40o
01 vi rte ~ v| . ~ ,
O00ft
iii
II
DEPTH
B
I2
I5
: SIZ E in. _ "' | 24L.
TEMPERATU RE,F
' \
' \
\ "\
\. \ ,
\\ \\ I
4 " M \
| \ ti
~ x
\ x
\
\ \
-,1
_ \ \gG=I.4IFr'
x \ ,
\ \ ,
\ \
\ X
\
\
\
|\\
no.2 lbm/ gal 2 3 * 5
I I
95 / 8 in, Casi ng I r
1 Fig. 4.43 Temperature data of Example 4.? plotted on linear
I scales.
I6,5 94ft. , , Iwlbm/ gal a -
lbmfgal).
on the second day of the month, circulation stopped=02:3 0
on the third day of the month.
Thermometer Time Off
Depth
Tool? _ (ft)_
Bottom
' (iiI11 1da l
6: Tm
(beasts) PF) 11
' i' ,608
"L608
7 ,620
T,620
Sonic
DIL
I-DC
SNP
Nomenclature
A = area, ftz
C = constant
"nICJ-?"a.
= depth, ft
hIIIC
its
0?' :3 6fthird
12:48 ="thircl
14:29t' third
20:3 Tfthird
in Eq. 4.17
= formation resistivity factor
gs = geothermal gradient, Ff 100 ft 24 # -
h = formation thickness, ft " "
2 mudcake thickness, ft = :29. 4.::1--Temperature data of Example 4.? plotted on semi
=- thermal conductivity, caloriessec-cm-C) B . _ .
5 :06 99
10:18 106
14:29 107
18 :07 110
P
OOOff
Ii
DEPTH
41$
I
Iii-
7 3 IOO 200 3 ' 00 400 5 09
_ _ ' _ mi. ' 1' ' " 1 I I
20,5 5 6 rt TD 16.4 Ibm/ goi \
I 4 \ I
V Fig. 4.42 Croea section of the Well in Example 4.? (ppg- \\
I I
, \
, 2
| I
I
= diameter, in. 20
= diameter of invasion, in. , 5
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF WELI
t: I6i n.Cosi ng -'~
3002 ft.
en Si ze I43/ 4i n.--4.
II 3/ 4i l 1. Casi ng
I a I
I
Bi t$ i ze 8'/ gi n. * 4 ' TEMPERATURE ; I
O
O00ft
i i i
II
D EPTH
4
B
I2
I5
: SIZE In. _" '| 24L.
" X
| \ \
-,1
I \ \\
_ \gG | 41F. *
, _ K |
| 3,?25 tr . 10.2 l bm/ gol 2 5
I
9 5 / i n, Cu i n I
8 S g 1 I Fi g. 4.43Temper atur e dataof Exampl e 4 T pl otted onl i near
I scal es.
16,5 9 4 1 1 | l .8l bm/ got ea _ - ~ ,
l bmfgal ) .
.... 4 -
onthe second day of the month, ci r cul ati onstopped=02:30
onthe thi r d day of the month.
Ther mometer Ti me Off
D epth Bottom
Tool ? _ (ft) _ - _(_ i I]l }-" [ I3.Z) __
6: Tm
(beasts) PF) 0.
I608
" L608
7,620
T,620
0?':36fthi r d
12:48=" thi r cl
14:29 " thi r d
20:3Tfthi r d
Soni c
D IL
I-D C
SNP
Nomencl atur e
A = ar ea, ftz
C = constant i nEq . 4.17
" =i ICJ-?~ o.
= di ameter of i nvasi on, i n.
depth, ft
= for mati onr esi sti vi ty factor
-1--
gs = geother mal gr adi ent, Ff 100 ft 24 --
h = for mati onthi ckness, ft t _ I t d r i i i
2 mudcake thi ckness, ft = :29 . 4.::1--Temper atur e dataof Exampl e 4 7 p o te onaem
, , e e.
ther mal conducti vi ty, cal or i essec-cm-C) _
hl l i
kh 2
5 :06 9 9
10:18 106
14:29 107
18:07 110
P
OOOff
Ii
D EPTH
TEMPERATURE F
-I00-ED ?-' 0 7nvFI00 200 300
U T" T; 1 T I I ' I " I
78 IOO _ 200 OO4OO 5 00
I I \
20,5 5 6 r t TD 16.4 Ibm/ got \
Fi g. 4.42Cr oeasecti onof the Wel l i n Exampl e 4.? (ppg- \\
I 1 I
, \
41$
I
Ii i -
| I
= di ameter , i n. 20 G
- 5
, 2
ti;
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT B?
H OLE DIAMETER (inches) I I
5 II] 15 I
T1 ""' ' 7 - -- - 1 - -.-_ ;_ _ _ _
I
3 0
- MICROCALIPER '
;;.e' F
-,I_ .L._ :_ ,_
EH 16
+ l_ L
, Iier s v ion 1213 415 16
i I |, | i 1 Ii l I
-H ";-
t-==
-;-1+
IITIJU "' - ' "
_ _ _ _ _ - -' -- - .-| |- v--r|r1L|1
_ _ ._ _ _ _ .._ _ ._ _ ._ ..-.. .:._ . _ _ _ .|
I _ _ _ - -_ - - "I" - i I
- -- I _ _ _ J '
s_ _ -! iE f""* I-Ii-r
M
ungr-
_ ,_ I -L
-A.
if - - - - --- --- 3 Arm Ben Spring
PI
_ CaIIpura_ ' :_ ;_ ---.{.- ~ -_ Y I
if I1 fiiiilii ' * "" P" I I I
P ;j;
I! Illi all
._ _ l _ _ ;;-: ' | ----" --
lll
I
ur
-.=;.
f I
113 00 ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-1-
f
i v v r i i i' ;f;f;i;i;_ "I _ --_ i
"u* t' * ?* % v* r$*
_ i_ .L..l_ ..L| '
CIDH E!
|-I-
II I Q e
av I
iv
1|-
-1-
' _ _ _ _ _ " "' 6 _ ' "' ' 1' '
Fig. 4.45 CaIiper log of Problem 4.1. _ " "' ""' ' " ' ' -
.|.._ .,_ . .. .._
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Kin
"11"
H
Q
R...
in I-ta i-' Z 1l:"U
5 &3 + aE njfui E
2
a.s' ,,,
Sxo
r
6:

11:
11
-n-H
an

-n |
-up
illi-
i
-| n-

-1
T:
T,
Tr
T...
T.
Vmf
p
pm
ti
-in
-1-I
-in-n
.-|-||

1|-
.,,_ _ .:_ ._ ,._ ._ _ _ i
?* ' "":::;;
i:-
I I-" giql I . I
i i I"
{- _ _ _ --- _ _ - - --- -
coefficient that varies with mud weight
constant in Eq. 4.18
saturation exponent
heat flow rate, calisec I ~ E E c--"
. . . I _ _ t.
mud resistivity, Q-m .
mudcake resistivity , 1-m 5 ;-_ I
_ . _
tar
I II: I I
It!
_ _ _ _ . _ . . _ ._ _ ,
I
mud-ltrate resistivity, Q-m i
resistivity of uninvaded z one, Q-m i _ _
formation vvater resistivity, * m EI " 1-_ I
I-' . ' ;' 1I ' _ w_ _ _ _ ..- Q
I ,. _ --- --l_ _ _ _ _ -
I . I \ _
resistivity of flushed z one, Q-m I s --_ - - - I
oil saturation, fraction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I ,
residual oil saturation, fraction E E
vvater saturation, fraction _ _ _ '
_ it ll---._ I oi-
..|ll|Ii|l||IIsIlit Il! II-III.-k _ . Z _ Jli , 1
.--i--.L_ _ -* + -+ -... a.-I-"' 1 I
nose
variation in water saturation r .._ .. _ _ .' ..'
1--._ _ _ .
saturation of mud ltrate in flushed z one, fraction p -- --- --- 1
mud circulation time, hours .;_ ;1;
time since mud circulation stopped, hours --
t@mP 1' l11IB, F : I :;;;* ;;;
mean annual temperature of air, F * ;
_ Il-
static formation temperature, F _ _ ~ _ -_ e_ _ -- -
mud temperature, F
temperature near surface, F I
mud ltrate volume, cm3 I
density, gicn' i3 . i - I-- -- ~ - -- -=- - ---
mud density, lbmfgal r _ || t 5
F .4.46 MI I fP hi 4.2.
porosity, fraction _ _ lg Gwen em
_ _ . .._ :1 p * H ole Diameter in Inches '
_ _ _ |
* I
I I
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
,,.II-III _J_
-1-.1
Ti _..t , _f,l _._L
E
Io- -II @ -o E E G -D i In
_ ____ _-__ ___ __ __
_ _ _ _ I 4
I" .
T_' " " ' ' 7- --- 1 - -.-_;_ __ _
I
HOLE D IAMETER (i nches) I I I
~ I 1 I I MICROCAIIPER
I5 16
Ii l I
Inns - -- __--
_ ___ Hol e D i or neter i n Inches
I I
?l !!5 Ei , I
I
I * 'T+
. -Ii :
I
I
I I
__-- _.._ _.__ ._..-.. _.:._. __ _.
| ' ___ __
__f;'.___ _ . _ ___,__
ta-
l i L
-A.
- '_ - I =~ I~ I~ M
.I..
I
r u-
Cal i per s _ I '_':_ _:_" " .'_." * " -_ ---
1-t
J; -
i i - - - - --- 3 Ar mBur r Spr i ng __
IUI W
+-t? I!!L- ui l mt
.| - .'_| _;
i I" ;a__
3| -l 1d3CI
f I
uses 1-:
-
I,-
. :5
I I
I
-_-
f
-.- - _ 7:? I --- - _-1:: -- --- --- _ _ . -
___ I " '" -' " " J Inui t,-::a,:i t
_i _.L..l _..L| '
_.In ...?
| -
i f-
1| -
-1-
._ ..__.: .-. ..__ _
_ ___ ______
Fi g. 4.45 CaIi per l og of Pr obl em4.1. _" ;' I'" E '' E-
Km
" 11"
H
Q
Rm
c -I I-ta ;-1:1?-I
E013 ocq i d pd-.:'U--g
2
a.s',,,
Sxo
r
6:
T
It
Tr
a.
a
Vmf
to
pm
ti -*

11:
11
-n-H
an
i p
-n|
-up
i l l i -
i
-| n-

-1
-In-nI
.-| -| I

1| -
__ -.._
* -F,
II
-.., '
IE
II
. I: -.|
IfI.I. I.
.I
II I
. Ii
i i ,. I ..
f" " " r {- ___--- __- - --- -
coeffi ci ent that var i es wi th mud wei ght _-...
I-I-P
-I-I
constant i nEq . 4.18
+l __.. Ir
II
-ti
TL
I I I
SEIIUITIIIIUII CXIIJD HEIIII
ant
II Il L-_
It!
heat fl ow r ate, cal i sec
mud r esi sti vi ty, Q-m
mudcake r esi sti vi ty , 1-m
___ __.__. I . Z. . ___.
mud-l tr ate r esi sti vi ty, 0 - m
I __ _ ___ ___ .
r esi sti vi ty of uni nvaded zone, Q-m
for mati onwater r esi sti vi ty, 0* m
_. . I: . -
E: *
e~ ~
r esi sti vi ty of fl ushed zone, Q-m
oi l satur ati on, fr acti on
I
II-
CID BE!
r esi dual oi l satur ati on, fr acti on " " -_ .._
water satur ati on, fr acti on
.__._-_--F
I I
I-. J
I I
var i ati oni n water satur ati on r ..__. _ _.'..'
satur ati onof mud l tr ate i n fl ushed zone, fr acti on
1--._ _ _
mud ci r cul ati onti me, hour s ..._;
1; I
* -
ti me si nce mud ci r cul ati onstopped, hour s __
_Il -
temper atur e, F
" H" * ' III I-r
meanannual temper atur e of ai r , F t ;
...II
; I
'-t.
3I
stati c for mati ontemper atur e, F ~ -4 -- -
l l
mud temper atur e, F
temper atur e near sur face, F
mud l tr ate vol ume, cm3
densi ty, gIcn13 . i -I-I----~ -L -
mud densi ty l bmfgal Fi g. 4.46MIcr ocal " per of Pr obl em4 2
por osi ty, fr acti on _ _ I
U068
TH EORY, MEASU REMENT. AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS
J:
" t
i' I"F-' '
1-
P
-r-| I-r_ :il-||-|- ' I"l' I' l' -iv-I
TIi, t I I .
L-IJ ~
?I
.-ii.
F II-Ii
tn . I
ti use4Bsoouna 2:1:-.~ 2o
Ev
i
II;
L _
he-||-I
.-I
; .9_ Q Ii
qt-
11
COU NTY FELD or LOCATON W.n_ _ _ _ _ I5 II
Ell.
left . + .-a.- I -_ - - It .
"I' .l
~ t
, i
; I
I 4|
-I-< 1}
- -;
TIOBEII
i
-In-.|.
III|II|-
Y 411-:.... It~ IY
I. "Ila
I
1' "-
I' l-IIIKI
-p-u-H -|--
,1--I
I }
|'
i
IEOMLPIANY
11_ -+
CTP
I 1.
E Ll ,_ ..,:.: _ \_ --_ _ I,-I-_ _ l_ I,-' 1-_ -I
Irlpnf: ' II"I_ ,,I";,_ I' -H 0
i iii IIt' i' II"IIIII ' 4 II' II' III! "
-I' I- nil--i
-|--in -
j_ "_ I I "CQMPANY TH E CALII' OF.NIA S
""""""' " ILI -
WELL
_ _ _ _ i 662 5
SE/ C C-LIC
II FIELD BROOKH J-WEN
: ' r- Pi i I J
uup-s.-.-..||I--Q-1?-I I - II! ..;-3 -;I:ILH
CO-1I3 A?\Ir_ + ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
I ' 0
.-.uq:.|i-s..H |.|-1-i-ii-.n.,,.Ir. -L ...-' 4 .' :~ J-|4-# \-I_ -|||rn|- Iii :-ul.I--L- ' # # Jn..1::hi@-;-n&bIT;rr _ p' -Q.--:1;-.1,-nun-|..|....' ,,|-p,.,,..|-_ ..... ,. _ |.,,,-_ H _ -* _ _ I,.4,.I_ ,,,,_ ._ I_ ,_ _ _ 1_ I-I\* _ _ _ _ _ . _ . H -I_ I4 , r
:"---" * 1 ' * - ' ' ' - -' - -"IIl"lIl-"' * "-4III-""- il--I-1-"\-Pd-II-"vi In -II|-I-i' \-in - ' F
SI.-Cf}
+ 1
I
I 1'
IT
I r,.."YII_ III
LOCATION QII-1...-' . .* .Q--}.~ I;]II;. h_ _ _ _ _ i' i.../ I...5 -_ - .
I lull;
' ' 1 1" "I ' ' 7 \"l""I"% I-|-\|IIl"I-Iv-i Ilr -' _ * -I-II \-1-1! -qt-lupt--- -lit-_ -..pI-1|-H I-in--I-1-I-Iilltuill "_ ' ' i|-|l|-|||. , - _ t|.-._ |- . * _ :|q:; _ :||q,_ _ Tpq- 1-1;; .-.... - ..-i. .,,,.H .v-i. .._ ... .,. ..-,..- _ .- -I-.|.-i. --- + -u-up .. r
it
Other Surve;IIIs-in
T I
I I3 ROOKIIA.' :' _ ' ?I J?-IIT I' "' I' I We
:3 : 4' 1
COU NTY L I NCOI-N,_ ,_ _ _ . ._ - Elevation:l(.B..:._ _ _ ._ .._ .
D.F.:.A_ ?.E.._
STATE... I I-II :3 I3 3 I PPI ,- I Q! G1,, _
Xi-I._ llill .._ _ ..L.._ ' lI IIFL. . _ L. _ IIlII |FQ' . II FFl._ .E_ _
. ... . . , , . . I i
-
Log Depths Measured From RDB OR I -3 . _ 5 / Ft. b BIIF
. ...... _ ....._ ..F_ ..-_ -_ _ .. _ . Q 0' 99
"""" I _ """-| _ I' --I_ .i|-III-||||_ _ |_ |-pl-q -- | ; - - - 1_ -_ - - _ _ _ -_ -_ _ - 1.-.||.,q-_ - -- _ ._ _ ._ i- _ _
_ iii
- RU N No.
I ate
. M l | I I I I I _ iii I I i - ' _ -I---H ' | --- "_ ' ?-
I I ONL. - :
H
J ' .23 ]_ _ g-5 ;} I I_ _ :"I' III _ III T I "II"I" I
F* * =* i.R;~ :=.@a. tY;aeI it iooo I ; ,0 "' """' I, I
I,9tF t=_ I.Iit! iy.IIII13 3 III r r r I
gtveiaeumdi """< .:> 2z et""* rri I L t
drew rt 7 7 he he
Betttom P;riI_ Ier-I I I T -- " _ _ _ _
Mud N01 I CA"STT GLIL I I II TIH IITIIIIFIIII I T
5 - -- ~ I-"' -' ' _ _ J-Ls-- ----.--I -I-F ...... .bl_ 1...-..:-- _ _ _ ..
I;-,.....;\,/ ii:.< =-I N-...! 4.2.._ ... I; I I
-t\Iv.sIiRr=ia! - A 1-aside I I3 4 IN jyf, , I,
-- Res. an . * 5 ?-g1 e
@._ ..
_ _ _ I_ _ _ ._ _ _
"TI
_ Jlll
@
l' \-J U 3 -5 @
:1-II
"4 -riI.
@ @ II T T II T I
1| F Ii "1,-I --* - -- I " ' "' "' -' ' -"* ' -1 - - - ' "' '
_ I _ II_ _ _ Wtr. Less I.
I I I I _ I-H -I I1 _ _ _
I I J II
\.~ a1.0
i..._ ... . 5 .-I Q0 i' P' i"? I I T
d
T iii
J13 11 5 1:11 . _ _ _ . A F5 3 29
;;'
"Tl
.-- - I - c - @
I7 ..--R_ a1;._ i_ a I
C)
-l.5 ._ @_ _ 216 @ PI _
-5
III' I.4! .=I_ .I.I..9$.1-f..II1* ' i;..II Q;_ 04 [ If ,,:,,,_ ,, I II, Q
Death 103 00 I I T T I
EETIISIIEI I; "' 5 3 T4i' I ' "' I T" * i"""" "'
III -r' '
9I4,jIv,p IIIIl IIIPt1I-A I "e crewrtree i
P=! $IJIYs4= :i1r0RA 0. ii:0 I
. _ l' _ _ I_ _ ' _ _ _ _ _ -p-
-1;-1
OPEI: Tim II 4 RS I
T11-I I< I~ I5 - _ 5 0?-00L I I IIIIIIIT I I
isecieiaeia B I I III-Itti Z IIYIIIIITI I I "TIT I TIII "ITI* IITIIJ' I"II' II' _ _ ' _ I_ ' III"
y_ -:- .
_ t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
E ' -. II II I-;- II _ |-I- I;-_ _ T ' -I! II-' 5 ' :-I;-;--I-1 if:-I :' I||-III-II_ III _ i-|||i i i-i lie-|u||_ _ |-II-.||iIi|Ii_ -_ _ _ _ _ L-- r _ _ _ ? _ _ T|-. -' I-- ' ----
Fig. 4.4? Log heading of Problem 4.3 .
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL
I I..--I=_I.~ I.n.-I.I..I
I-1-I.1- -Ir -~
I...-I.
. ' 3
\-.-" i - .
Q E | .'_ I:-,Ii I-I
' r ,'.
,,.
I
. I
I
i i ! F Y
.II| 5 .,-I.-_
" I'.l 11_-+
' I '1 I " ' '7\" l " " I" % I-| -\IIIl " I-Iv-I Il r -' _* -I-II \-1-1!-Ii -IIIQI----IIII-_-Ii i -1II| 1I-Iq --I-1-!-IIIIIIIII 1'H-| I'-| 1| | r ,__.| '\-HI=.-'-" _'1I-| l | -I| I| .,-_t| .-._| - . * _:| q :;_:| | q ,__Tpq - 1-1;; -... -.I-I.I a.,,,IH.v-I. I,-... .,. ..-,.I- _ .- -I-I-II.-I. --- +In...
. ... . -__ ,_.-1_.-
,- ..,_
I II. l l
5 L I 'l " l i 'I1'I-I III l I l I| I ._ -Q. I l i l ;
-I'I-1| - IIIIIHI-II-i
-| --In - -Imp-s.-.-..| II--Q-1?-I I - 1" ..;-3-;l ::LH
II
.-.uq :I| i u-eIIH| . | -Ii -eh-.-u.I,.'r . -1 ..| I'wI- .' :~ J-| 4-'II-I.-Il Ir I| I- II-an l #-.I- 1t _1-'I:I.__7T- -I--:1;-.1,-,n| q I-I..I..I.',,| -p,.,,.I| -_.,.., ,I _| I,,,-_H_.,* ___,.4,__,,-_ __,___1__-_\* ___ __. _. -_ __. , r _
I ---" ! -. -1- - ' ' ' -1* -' ---IIIIIII-I-I" * -~ -4I| | | I'-QM II--I-1.-" \-I- .I-I-III-II I-I-I I-| -I-41 - " Ir ' I .
1-
1-4| !-up-It ,_| e
P
..;L_____3_w
IL T__
1---I
I. I .
L-'1 -I ---
II, 11-
I
-Ii . II-Ii
Ff}
.-H. -I-I
ta use I-IBsooanaSITE-.-' ~ 2085 1.9 9 2 If
Ii
ti
VI_'
he-Io,
-I
.-,-
11
N
COUNTY FELD or LOCATOWELL
l eft . +I-aI- I -_- - It .
.Z__PI?-" IFI| I$ ' _
I
T
I
I
I
I
I
I-I-
I
-II
I
I
e
@ ..Bi -I-
i
-In-.| .
III| II| -
{Ii i -;__.. It~ IY
III
---tr
1-0| -I| I| I| I
COMPANY......
i -' IITP

Other Sur veys
1.1? ; 'Q() MPANY TIIE cnttr ozmtn I
' I L'5 " " I_ " '0-QT
CO-1I3.I7-I?\Ii _,__ _______ _ -
Locati on of Wel l
w| 5 I_I_ I Bi t0OI< IIA'.'I'_'III JIIIIT
17 062 5 *
" FIELD BROOKHA.EN
.I- _ i t }__
' G 63 4' II
. Fr -IF gr i p
JL IO I.JL.~ ..-
!;,," 'I" " * |
LOCATION QL-C.-" . 2Q--3.II;]'I; ___ _ I) 'IZ./ l .J:- I
I l ul l ;
I
:.I" II.:l l !;
I
n.
. - D .F.:.A_?.E.._
STATE - I-II 3" * I3? I
... ..._....._.. .'.,..._,.______.___ or G .l ..:_i .__
.-I.. . , _ , . . . I '
COUNTY LI~ = 0I.~ EIO\fCIIIOI1:I(..B..:. .._
PPI I
9 .Ek.et.'1$ Me_eI~ r @ q .Er om_,, RQB ,0.-=< 1.1;? II_. II-.I_= .. I~ I~ < ~ .-e,=II:i _,,.-
.RU| 7I| ;_ | ' " " " ' " ' " " " " " * " " '"
gi g_-_ H4 ' A _2_,}8._, ' I Tr " '1 T _
UNI; _r
62.
.FI.l ;f_R* _gai h_g_ I. I I5 5 130 I I I" -H" -* -I~ I
I.Cl $ I'RtJhEI'_1LHI__ " " " " " " It I ar ee to I It I
,_, ,_, _.T-_9 _ -L I-I.I5 I3
I ___.- . _. _ _
_r I=.-I.=.-IIIIIIIIIII.-.I;II< IIIII 9 2ki i i 2i " * i i I I " I * I
% MW@ Ti mT ? ave I
TB5 i l 5 7v'E?fi I.Il i .I f ___,-I_., I--f___. I- T ....
.M.II.d,1_~ 1< II.--., 3-_,c_s;sII c;tt_,___ ________ I F
F It '" I" I ' I " 1
._I3.' r 1$ -......_i Yi $ .c.II .05 -...! Fl '_42__... If .._ __
H_Res__BHT__ T J
@ ._.. _'nf
I1
1.0
-IIF!F!R$ .> t.t.!- ;__L_ _l .,--39 ,,@ . I34 IF.I._.,,___,...,-I..-.@ I ,0 4 I ._-_,_,f.O_,..]Q[
-- -. I I
n ' 5 __." @ CF- '
@ @ @ I@ I
I
l oss
'l '._
L--.Ii ~
.'l . _ l l l l l l l -I-II __ h| | | - I r IIIII __ r
I:I.~ II IIIIIII I I < :I:I:IIIIIII-
_I_ l _ _ _ 1| -IIF -III-I - -L __-- ---
Itf" | I-I-It-I-I| 'f " _'I| -r __I_.-._..,__l | I -__I_ --- -------- ------I---_ -_~ - -________ ____ ___--_--__---I_ _- ___- --
;;'
" Tl
C) | _.
" 1 I
~ x7mwi z~ @ vn* " @ state @
" z_5 _@ __ zi t-3,~ If' I @ PI I _ @ ~ " 1'!
.Mv!i ..l 9 s:..R@ .-.,If QQ34 [ Of fO1f., -,l :.}f.IIfyl i ff O I, f ff.f
QI> !hj _10300_ I I T T T I
5 i I-i I= 6 3/ 4--I I _ ,;_, I I I
_P" d.?jYP;O+I TLPIIEFA I OTOIOOOOTHO IO-LT T I I
Pi l ve :I10IzAgt. LC I I
OPE: Ti n" -I I 4 RSI O THIOIFOTFTHO
Tr uck N5 - '0 ITTISETT-COL I Om I I
Ol R1ecl or del d By I -T-_-MI-_1IIIi B_':',mjL-[ I-1____ I I " TOT I T" " " T" 'T'" " * _'__" "
_" " " '1: I - '- ---" T 1-'-_'l ?: ---- _| * | Il -I& ;r _....II-1 __,| ._ _'__ ._ I,I| I-I| j_| I-I | ,..-H _| .'| .pI| II-- -_- -- ----| ---:_:| ___.r __ . __r I
$ " l I- I Fl I ' I-" I" III-IT . l IvI| I\-nun.--r ui n.-'-T-' I - _'___'___.ET,,_i -- U _-- I I
Fi g. 4.4?Log headi ng of Pr obl em4.3.
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT
B9
14 --

. .' I
Ilhkll
COMPANY... ..T.II .... eLl.F0{1N,lI% I_ 0I-IPi1NYI_ I_ _ 1..., O_ .]It_ :@ I
Iii; . U I I i ' R f -.I_ ..-4Q._ -@ -=
v+ .IEtt_ _ _ ._ ...-_ .-.iIR@' 3 1I< II"I' ~ -N. L* -III. ?I' .I.' ? -..,_ _ _ _ _ 22 lL_ =' 5 f@,. I I F
I . ant
neu_ > _ _ _ ....._ ._ ......ii.F.00.i:2.l! I_ ' .-i..EI_ -.-,.....-_ ...._ . - KB
DI: L. .- I
GL -
. COU N' lY._ _ ...... Li_ N.I;,_ 0_ l_ ' .-_ N _ _ _ _ _ ,STATE_ _ _ _ _ I1I_ _ ' 3 l_ _ "|PPI
PI-* 4
in--i
I11.-.
-m-- -I + -.I .
I-Z --I-I e I.|. . I
-I--|-II-n-1-J-Ii I ... . ,
I I
... -.I-.. I
I H
|I..-_ -...--.1. i,...,.,_ . I,I,._ _ _ _ _ _ I I
._ _ I I_
Apparent RII' t._ _ Ii -Il_ Q n1"I.Im
DEII1_ H _ .._ ..H ..[ ?' ..0.Q., _ fl.
i.l' II_ ..' L ' :' .' 1I".' I I... I
J-
-
I
II-I-ill-|--n-It-i-.|q.I...-._ -. + I.- ,- II ._ I II II. I II
- .1. _ _ _ I,_ _ I_ _
- I . .
M-in-ti-|1|i.| _ .||,|-|,|_ I
IEIE
I |-| ||-
...._ , ..
-n-IiI-o-In
l' I
1"! -I--I
I
i.-J- I.
_ p-.1- |_
I .- 1;:..-
It-|--ii I ---"I.- _ .I. _ .
:I | .II-
! _ L I I' -
"""""-' ' Ir* -' -I|---* -- I ... . ._
I - - . I II I
I
I i --
_ _ .I_ I
II
_ ..I -.
I I-
7 1? I.' j.."
.._ "". ;1:;:;""t..- ..
I .
_ L
_ , --.. I --
- - 1-" : ---....
H :;.; - -_ . _ _ _ -_
II
_ I. I II_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ | .-_
--4
-1--1
_ _ |.
I.' I= -- I _ :_
II_ # :-_ .I.I_ II_ _ _ ;_ _ ]. _ ;;\r - - -|II---- .. I,.,_ ,
-\I\'
_ I
"' 1.
II. I--ii
--o--.-.
J. .i-If-.-._ -_ _ I ..
I
.. .._
.--...-"..-_ .....-_
_ _L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
f-1| I i
if.
-I-I - ;i_ .-: _ ]t...-......_ ...._ _ - ..
' :--I-I- - . --;-_ :;_ _ . _ .I.I..._ ..,I I_ I,_ ,_ , LI_ _ _ _
i
- -....I _
_ \- I.I_ I I L-; ,_ I .-...,|I_ _
I' I.
-=,.- - _ ,-I -- - .._ .
II
T;ii ' iquf&'
. .::-_ .-_ I -; _ --_ -_ ,-_ _ _ H II _ I_ _ _ _
+ -.- I1 I
I _ .II..
I_
... |_
...._ ._ ,,,, _ _
- - .-... I
-I.
"-III I .
=. -I. _ =..;._ .._ .....
I- .I_ .-_ ._ ...._ ,.
1--I-I-I.-_ -_ - ---. _ _ _ . _
-.I._ ._ - ._ _ _ _ _ . . ,I_ _
~ I' II_ -1:' _ I-I- I -:1-_ .-L ._ .
L._ -.
I-I--- |-|- ... .
I .' .:1...' .'
gill
Ii
-- ...... ,I.. ..
" .._ J._ ._ 5 .--
--I----I-I-- -+ |_ _ _ I
_ ...-....._ ._ _ ......_ _ ,, L... _ _ _ ,_ _ _ ,
I . -. .I
|_
+ ---I
..,...,.
1 _ _ _ ,: II _ II
I - I -.-.... -I
. . II
_ _ _ ..I._ -_ _ '
"
I
_ ._ -..I,I_ -._ .
. II_
_ I
_
' :r
I-I u,
._ I
I
I-I.
i I. .
i_ I
;._ .- ;_ I-. .... _ .
--...,
I ---
I.=---_ - _ ...._ ..._ ._ _ _ _
1|-I-..|,,.
I
. i It-
_ .._ ._ ._ II_ - _
I; r"_ "IT-' 1- :* I- ------ _ .. ...... _ .
-I_ _ - -1 T. II: ;. I.I _ ---_ _
I _ I
' -tZ l_ _ ' |
-:.-I _ .. .I,..,._
- --~ ----...--4,,
-1-I-I-I I-Ii.
I..
..;-..I:
_ ..-.' ....T7 .' ""il' i' .. - . . .
_ _ .,.....I:_ _ . I II
1 " - ==- - - II I, |- -_
-Ii-T
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I
...._ _ II_ , .
.. -.... L, . , I
"' \l-' -' --vl-|I--
-..... ...
.-.._ II_
I... ._ 1._ ._
I--.-. _ I..._ ..,I , I _ I
..II.II.._ I. _ _
I I L
"' --e-. -. -_ _ _ . ._ .._ ._
.
-I_ ' -T
_ _ I_ _ _
I _ 7 .-
I-.-...._ i.._ _ _ _
' -I-I-_ --i-
.-- _ . _ _ _ _ _
_ ;r
rI"' - -IrhIIH -I- I-u--|.-.-H I 1.....- ' _ I
_ ' in I" ' 5 - -_ - --H -:_ ' _ I-I _ : -- J"
- -I-I----H I-- lI
._ .._ .._ ._ ._ _ ._ _ .i_ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ L_ _ _ _ _ _ I
1 "-i
I-nil-I
* F II_ " r ---
Fig. 4.4B Mud log of Problem 4.3 .
-I- p .;_ _ I- _ ...
sunvev wan some COLLAPSED
0090!
GU 20
003 0

D
D
0000
0066
0096
I-CI
J
r' \
|. |
_ ,_ ,II,_ _ ._ _ .I _ _ ' ..,...,,1"_ ,II' ,_ ;IT' :J_ _ , _ _ .II,,_ _ _ _ I,_ _ _ _ |. . .I_ _ _ _ I II: _ I IIII I_ IIII.I I:II
I I I | II | I-I _ I,. _ II
I I_ I I I III III-I.._ .|I I I . I I
-- --2--.--L.---_ J,....,.,.,. I_ _ _ _ _ IIII_ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ :I_ _ _ _ I_ I_ I_ IIIII_ _ _ _ I_ _ I_ ?_ IIII II
I I I I I I ---"1 I ' :.1_ -.1n.
---I1 - -. _ ...,I
-1-I--I.-in _ ....,,.,_ , _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ ]_ _ _
I 1-I .._ - _ _ _ _ _ I_ _
I ..-
II I
--..-.._ _ I.,._ _ .. I, ,
I' .' .
._ ...II. ...... II,_ _ ,_ _ I, _ _ _
. I _ ,E.- I! I 5 -
I I II' III I - I ||
I-"' l I ' ' ' 1:I -I; II+ -I-I--:1-I---III-+ |-In-I---_ |iii.-.I-.|....-.,II,.-_ ._ ,_ _ I,,I_ III,_ I-_ -I-_ III_ II_ ' I_ II_ _ -i_ IIIIII_ I_ --IIII-III.-I -I I
"-1- I I I
I - II "- ' I -- I-- I - II _ .. _ _ _ _ I I
4- -I I I I
' "' 1' ' I- |- ---.-._ ...' -._ ... .
_ -.~ - TI II T" "* 1 " " I=-"I- _
Tn I I I || II . I| I_ III I . I
"' II;_ I' I' II. I I I
_ ""I* " i =1:"' ;IIH --H M" I I I.-H --+ ~ - I==-...- -_ _ _ I . .- -.
i I.. ..
I I
I 0
I-
..
I ' I ' I II . -I -TI -: -""l' :_ ._
. I
' ' I
In "I - -I I I | - _ .. -. . .
' "I* II-' ;-II-"" ---- ._ ._ _ ..I _ , I
._ II- aI. II. I- II I.. ..|.. I-p I I
I
.-.I-I.I--s-F1-_ -I. ._ ... .I.---.--..|-.-II 1' II- -:- -- . g.-_ .- 4.. .... I-.... .. .|.I ,,,,,_ I_ _ _ -, _ _ I. _ l _ ; _ _ I_ _ _ II _ _ I _ II I
' I - ' . . v I . . I I I ' IF" -
I ll ' " ' ' II I' I' I -1--I1-I-|- -.
. I I I I . . . I E I IIII_ II_ I| III _ IIIIII-I:IIII_ _ -IIIIIIII;-_ II-II_ IIIIIIIIIIII-IIIIII
I I I * I - -
-.4... |I..... - ; ~ 3 .1.1 .._ -----.. II::II. I.-..-_ .1._ ._ -.;I. ._ _ _ ..I,_
I ' I I _ I I
I I I
I
' - II _ - .. .
-.-_ . . I. # 1.... ..:. ..._ ,_ , II _ _ _ _ _ I_ _ :II_ _ II_ _ _ _ : _ I
.| -.._ _ , _ _ I II
I :I -- . .
' -* --~ -* I~ - ' - -I------ -. .. . = _ ,._ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _
I I I I _ T -' I I - - P .
. i I I - I I ' II ' ' I -. - I
I "'
|' "~ ' _
K
II- |-
J
ii
F svvsc FR 10600 '
- swsc to IU III-U 1 "
_ "F oats TD_ TU TIU D'
F EIt' .' .l:
f-]' IIr-it|' J_ ...' _ ...II_ _ ,IIII.II_ . C-C"PCJ J1
I
I
' I I ! -- .|
' I'
. I I
I
' II - I _
.- ,_ I. i. 1|-I I -
II
._ I IIII . = I I II I -I II_
... _
- ' ' -' I - -1 ..
" II I ' ' I -- ..|.I-
I.
" ' I--II ' .-..' .,.,I_
I.-. I. . ...-II I_ _ _ _ _ II I
,_ . ....|--- -
I I._ .
CF
,.f1""* 1
II.
--.-- -I
F- I
,_ -...._ _ ,.
_ -_ I' I _ ...' .._ ' ._ -j
- _ .:_ I-_ -._ ;.j....,.. -' _ ._ I... F -; ?7 .
+ 0-. -.-..., _ _ H I
-lI .III
I +
+ ' I _
. , I
I II I - I
- I_ I- - + ...-
.-..-_ _ _ . I
2.1-I$ II -|._ ' _
L. -
.. _ ,| II_
J -in-I
- -- .-1|-- I :.-I. , I 1
. I I. _ . .. _ _ ._ 1._ _ _ ..' ......_ .I_ _ _
~ +
I.
I
I I
- ...
T-I-.
+ l' .I-
_ r_ _
til I.-I
I-
_ I-_ _ I
' 1 r_ - -I-I-I
_ .I Ii- '
II..
. I. I" I _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ I_ IIIIIII
.. - I... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ _
I -~ -|.- .II. .. , , I I I_ _ I_ _ ,I,I
I;
T1
. ._ . ._ .. . _ . : ,.._ _ ._ .I_ .._ ._ II
l
I I
.
_ _ _ I_
I
" ' ' - I--I- I-. |-- ......
"..' * 1.-- _ .I-.. . _ . II_ _ _ _ _ _ I_ _ _ _ _ I_ _ II_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ + _ ;i
II
I_ I
---. -"I I .. .--.... ...-. -
_ _ _ I;+ I . I -' -' "-H -- ----..-.- ..........,...I,_ _ "I
- I l. ....- _ .. _ _ _ _ I II_ _ _ I_ III II
I II . - - I .- .- --. ---. I.I.-I.-+ .-.I-I. -..-.._ I '
3 I_ ,I_ _ .
-IIt.' -- --_ .---- I .I' .| - I
I in r" * 1-"'
r
-1 4
.' -_ t
r i
-1 I-
. _ I.
' e- T - I I .. _ , _ . _ _ _ I III I
- - ....,.
.
..|- - ' I - I
- I.
I
_ _ -r
I _ _ l_ -
I
._ II_ . I. I =I II ---~ .. .... _ _ _ _ _
it . I I I_ I
I,.I..- _ ;.. 1-;_ _ _ 2; _ _ .:_ _ _ ._ I_ I
".. " I. . II_ I
' ' - H ~ -. - ......_ ._ IT --
II ' | ' -
I, I" ' II - I- - --- -._ -...... _ .,_
I I
I I -n...
-.|
Il"' .- I
I F I I
.I,?-..-II- I
-4
_ _ ' -|- i
I -I
- - ..I...
H II --113 I _ I I I .
' I- I-' .
I l.
:5I ' 1' .. -+ il' -|- l_ ' l It I_ _ _ 1_ - oi II I II ' |- . I III I
I4.-I-I~ In
_ -_ |_ _ - _
I.
I
-' _ | I _ ; -I _ _
' _ ;| . _
Y
:- II_ _ I_ _
i T_ _ H IT _ _ _ _
II I: -n.- - |--t-I-..In_ :I _ I: _ lI II fI. i
-1" -II" -' 4--r-I--| ' _ ,.I,_ _ _ I _ II'
-I ;I ' I
- I- ~ -5 -h . ._ ; L-" i-t - ' .4 .1- .._ _
1- 1
1' _
I I.
-1- I
I -nq. . I
I
I -...... ._ , _ ,_ I_ _ _ I_ I_ _ _ II_ _
I
-\I '
' 5 -I -
I - ------ I. --- -.. ..- _ ,...._ ,_
-1-
.-I...
.|I I-
--H """ -I-J--. I
- "' I""' .Ii""_ ;,, 1 _ - _ I
_ -- I . . _ _ _
- - II - -- - I--.I .--.--.. . -. ._ ._ _ ,, , _ _ _ _ _ ' II_ _ _ I . .._ .- ,_
_ . .-
-- - ~ ---I-- --- .._ ... _ .. .,_ ._ _ _ _ _ I.,,_ _ _
.1 ' - I - - - ..--..I.-.- _ I I I I """ 1----I-I-I-I.-.-I _ _ _ ,
' _ . " I I
_ ._ . _ _ Ii.., ' II II. I I I I .
Ir I ' I: '
.. l .._ . I......... ' ._ ....1_ . _ _ _ _ + I I_ II _ _ II_ II III_ I_ I_ I IIIII_ .
- I I II IIIIIII
Q- I
I"IIIIII Ill I ' - I .. _ _ _ , _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ III_ _ _ III_ I I
_ I_ _ _ :|'
-\
|
--1- I"
I
I --I.--- --II---.._ _ I _ -. _ .-.,..._ .I_ . _ II_ ,-.II._ _
I
i
""5 "" Fl - IKIIIQI _ -II. I, _ _ _ I_ I_ I
Subscripts
bit =
It, =
III =
I in =
L
nic=
tn_ f=
0:.-
or=
bottomhole
borehole
invasion
mud
mudcake
mud ltrate
oil
residual oil
References
1. Parsons, C.P.:Caliper Logging, Trons., AIME (1943 ) 15 1, 3 5 -47 .
2. H ilohte, D.W.:Caliper Logging Theory and Praiz tiee, Log/ Inoiyet
(Jan.-Feb. 1963 ) 3 -12.
3 . Boyeldieu, C., Coblentz , A., and Plissier-Combesoure, 1.:Forma-
tion Evaluation in Oil Base Mud Wells," paper BB presented at the
198 4 SPWLA Symposium, New Orleans, June 10-13 .
4. Prineipies of Drilling Finid Control, 12th edition, Petroleum Exten-
sion Servioe, U . of Texas, Austin (198 1).
5 . RP i3 B, Standard Procedurefor Testing Driiiing Finids, fth edition,
API. Dallas (197 4).
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I
I
I
i
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
14 --

I .'I
:5 -l l
COMPANY... ..T.II .... eLl .F0{1N,l I% I_0* -IPi 1NYI_I__ I Rm O,]It_:@ I
Ii i . U H i ' R f -.I_..-4Q._-@
vIIEtt___._...-_.-.BIm'3II< * I" I'~ -N. L-III. ?I'.I.'? -..,_____ 22 .IL='5 f@ ,. i I
I . BHT
neu_> ........_._......i i .FSI.0IJ.i :2LI!I_'.-i .IEI_-.--.....-_...._. - KB
D I: LI .- I
ot -
. COUN'l Y.__...... Li _N.I;:_0_I?.'_N _____,STATE_____I1I_;_I__" | PPI
I
._._.I-.. ' ,
PI-* 4
i n--i
.'I.'l I__.
I-I-n-In -I +-., .
I-Z--I-Ie I.I. . I
-1--| -In-1-J-Ii I I-I . ,
I...-_-...--.1. i ,...,.,_. I,I,._ _ ___ _ I I
._ _ I I_
Appar ent RII't.__Ii -Il _Qn1" I~ Im
D EII1_,,_.._..II..[ ;I'..0.II.I., _ft.
i .l 'II_..'L ':'.'1I" .'I I... I
1-
-
I
II-I-1.-| --| I-II-i -.Iq -I...-._-. +I.- ,- I, ., I II I I II
| | -----I. _. ... I. ,_ I_I
- .1. ___I,__,__
- I I .
M-| | -ti -| 1| i .| _.| | ,| -| ,| _ i
IEIE
I | -| | | -
..._, ..
-n-| i I-I-In
l ' i
1" ! -I--I
I
I-J- J-
_p-.1- | _
I.- 1;: ._-
W I ---...I.- _.I. _.
:1| .II-
I _I" ' I I' -
" " " " " -''~ r * -'-I| ---* -- I ... I 'I_'
I - - . I II I
I
I .I --
__ .I_I
II
_..I -.
I I-
71?1'j.."
.,_" " . ;1:.:;" " I..- ..
I .
- - 1-" : ---.... | ._
H :;.; - _. , __-_
I --
I _ L
_ " I* * i 1,;:;;-
__|
--4
-1--1
__| .
l .'I=--
_ ,___,_I
I _
-L :Ll | Hl _ L __;__ ]._;;\r --I'---- ---.I.-...
-\I\' I_I -_-_-_
_I
I,I 1--i i
--| ---
J. .I-If-.-F] ..
I-I
..
.--...-" ..-_.....--
__I.___ ____.
f-1| Ii
If.
-I-I -;i _ .-: _ ]t...-......_,..._ _ - ..
' :--I-r - - .--;-_:;__. _..I..._..,, I_I,_,_, L,_ ___
I
- -...n _
_\- I.I_ I. I__. L. ., Q .-...,| ,__
I'I.
-=,.- - _,-I -- - .._.
II
I:_;;'..'.
..::-_.-_I -;_--_-_,-___H ,I __-_-
+-- I1 I I.I.._... -I.
I_
... | _
...._._,,,. __
- - ._... I
.-i ,--
v.I I .
=. -I._=..;._ __......
I-.I_.-_.-._...
1--I-I-I.-_-_- -.__. __.. _
.I._._ - ._____. . ,,__
~ I' IT-1:'_I-I-I -:1-_ .-L ._ .
L._-.
I----- l 'Il ... .
I .'.:I...'.'
Ii i
i i
-.- ...... ,I.. ..
" .._J._._ 5 .--
--I----J-I----| -I __- I
-.-.-...I._.__......__,, L... ___-. __ ,
I . -. .|
| _
-II----I
..,...,.
1 _ __-: II _ II
I - I -.-.... -I
. . II
___..I._s_ _'
"
I
_._-..I,I_-._.
I:,_
_I
_
':r
I-I\I,
._I
I
I-L
i I. .
i _I
;._ .- ;_ Ii -. .... _ .
--...,
I _" I
I.=---_ - I...._ ..._..__,,
1| -I-I.I,,.
I
. IT 1* -
_ .._._._ -,,_ - _
I; r " _" IT-'1- :* I- ------ _.. ..._... _.
4-_' '1 T-" I-Ir ? ; - J-I . --~ .
I I
'-l Zl __'|
-:.-1 _-_ .| ,..,._
---~ ----I--4,,
-1-I-I-I-01+
...-..I:
i _;'f" ;'_..-.'...fT" 'Tl 'i ;.- . . .
___,.....I:__. I I
1----~ -- - _==- . - ---I. .L_..__.
-Ii -T
_ __ _____I
.._._, II .
.. -.... L, . , ,
* -H----I-.| ~ .
-..... ...
.-..._ II__
I... ._1._._
'I _II.._..,| , i _ I
..II.I.._ I. __
I I L
:_ F
" ' --e-. -.-___. ._.._._
I
1--T
| ..;;
I-.-...._'I.,_,__
'-I-I-_- -i -
I-- _. -__-_
_;r
r ji --Ir wr w-I-I--I.-.--I I ...,..- ___!
_ ' i n I" ' 5 - --H-:_'_4-I_:-- J"
- -I-I----H I--l |
._.._.._._._..__.i _._ ____ __,_I____ _ _ I
1 " -i
I-ni l -I
* -* _- 1-" r ---
Fi g. 4.4BMud l og of Pr obl em4.3.
-I- p.;__I- _.._
sunvev wan some cottar sso
009 0!
G U20
0030

D
D
0000
0066
009 6
I-CI
J
r '\
| . |
~ I
--| - -I-I-- --.- I.-..- .' ,
----2--.--L.---_ J,....,.,.,. ,__ _ __IIII______ ___ :___ __I__I___II_____I___?_III_ II
I - " " " I :.1_-.1n.
---'1 - -. __...,
" i '-" 'F'-i " " " " '$ I .
I' I " '
II I
--I.-.I__I.,.__.. I, ,
I. .
._ ...I| . ._.., ,I,__,__I, ___
I I _,E.- " II I 5
I ~ '=.' ' ' I - - . ...I .
_-- ---If" '- I | - - - '1n I '.I+--I---J-I---II-+' ---I --~ -- -I----- ---- L-hi -| | -1 ._._,,_,,_ ___ I_____ I_II_-III______III ___ I
.- I " I" I I I I I
4- -I I I
' " '1' I- I- ---.-._...-._... .
_-.~ - .T II T" " * 1 " " I=-" I- _
Tn I I I | | I, . | | I_ III I . I
" 'II;_I':'I . I I I
I b - I I II III --- ' -- -I ---I_' -Q I - H II .-. I" '_" " 'I'_" " " " :* =-t '2: -.--I _ --__ - _ _
' II '' ' I ' I ' I I I I- .. I'
I I
I 0
I-
I _ ... I_ .-
" I" ':" " 'l '1| --III----I--i i I-.. .- ....HII,,,._.,i ..I _i . ,..H..I... ..I',__T:J.) -- _-;.,,.___.I,,___ _.I. . .I____ I I__? _ _ IIIII I_;'-III I:_
I I I I 4" I I_ I
I F I I I III I -I _ -I II I....._
I ' I I I II I -II -.-. -" -" r : _I_
I i - ' - - :- __ ,. , ,. _, .
I I I I " I -_; __--w I--I I'. I1 II--- . _. I.I______I:-_,___ ___II__ _I__III_I_I ___
I I I
I | ._
'i i ' :_-':I-III--" -_--- ._._ ___I
' ,I I_ I I I -r | II
. . '1-l l I i I I I -. ._| ,. ___I_ I I __I I_I_I_ _II__ I I
" " " " " " " 'T1' ~ --Ir --- -I-----In-.-14' " II-Inn-g- -.- . ._ -- -l -- --- I-.... .- -I-I -----. I--~ __ I- .j, -; __:__.;. ___ _I__ I I
I , . - I _ . I _ I I I _- I-~ .
I III ' " ' ' II I'I'I -1--IJ-| -| - -.
. I I I I . . . It I IIIII_ I._I| I H _ III.-:'J" _-III_.IhI_-'_III-.IIII-I-I-III
I I I * I - -
* " l I---+- - I " I-I-= .-I----HF5 I~ ...._.s---" I" ----1+-
I I 1- ;.I, - I, I_ II ,,_ _ I I _ II HII I _I III
I I I '" - - - =T "
I
' - I _ - .. .
--_ . . I. #1.... ..:. ..._,_, II __ __ _____:_I_ _ II____: I
II -.._ _, ___ II
I :I -- . .
'-* --~ -* I~ -'- ------- -. .. . I _...___.____ _ _ _
I I I I _ T -' I I - - P .
I I ,I I - I I ' II ' ' 5 - -. - I
I
I " '
I. 2, ,
K
I\-| -
J
i i i
_F swscr aI0600
:F swscto We-U1"
- " F oats TD _TUT* UD '
F EIt'.'.l :
f-]'IIr -:1| 'J_.._...,I__,II,l _. C-C" PCJ J1
I I
I ' 'I I !-- .I
'I'
. I I
I .
' II - I _
.- ___ 1| -I I -
| I
I. I IIII I = I I II I -II,_
... _
I_L-L. I I I I II I; -' I . ., , _
II ' ' I -- .... I-
" ' I--II '.-..'.,.,I_
" --I I----'| - . .._.
I ',_. ....I-'- -
CF
,.f1" " * 1
II.
--.-- -I
F-I
,_-..L.__,.
_ -_I'I _ ...'.._'.--j
-_ .:;.I-- ,._;.j...,..-'_._I..n F -. ?7I
+0-. -.-..., __HI
-l I .III
In +
+' I _
. , ,
I II | - ,
- 9 - - + ._.-
.-I.-___. I
2.1-I$ II -| ._'_
L. -
1. _,| IIIIII
J-.-. '| l -I-|
-- - .-1| -- I :.-| . , 1' 1
' , 1 I, II - I-- -__. II,.___-....--.-_-I_ .__- . _ _.:I.- II_
T-r -.
. :- II-
_r __
ti j
" I
_ | -l . I}-._
'1 r _ - :1"
i - .__
I
., -II',,,,,_I,'1__ I..-.-I-Ia: I__ I :
I
" " - - --- --- _-_. ,,__,,-
- i "
II _. ._ ._ -_ ,__,._II ___,I___ I
I
I " " '* --\I+I-.I._,__,, " III
' . I
I;
T1
. ._ . ._.. . _. : ...__._.I_,,_._ II
l
_ I
.
___I_
I
---r I- I-- .-....
_+_;i
I
,_ |
---. -" I - I .. ._-.... ._.-. -
__ _I;+ I . I -'-'" -H -- ----..-.- .........,...,,,_ _ " I
I II1--I .- .- -.-. ---. | .I.-| .-+.-II-I. I..-.._ I '
3 I:-__ .
-IIt.'-- --_.---- T .I' .| - I
I i n I- * 1-" '
r
-1 4
.'-_t
r i
-1 I-
..I- - ' I - I
- I.
_ I - .
' I ~ 1+ ' | 11 I -- ...,.. _ _ __ ,
I
_ _-r
I __ I_-
I
1- -' r . I
r 111 ' -I 1' :--_ Z; -_-:_-_-_ __ _
. , - -- . I. I,
I I --I " ' .~ _I' II I .. .
Hr I |
- I-- --- -a......._.,
.j_,..._I-' I I I -I
I I - - . ,.I.,.
i i I'M " I
' -- I-'.
;__ .
I___
.I
.1 _|
i
'_-.___. _,'
-I I
f-II 1-. ._ .- F
1'_
I I.
-1- I
I -nq . . I
I-
I -...... ._, _,_i ___I_ I____I_l
I
___1-
'-
-\I '
'5 -I -
I - ------ +~ --- -.. ..- _,...._
-1-
.-,...
.| III-
--H " " " -I-J--. I
I__IIII_I_I I. .
'1' " - '
__
\I
' I
A g__-_II
i i.-,.,., _
_.I.; ..--....
I = i
I
. _, __.
- II - -- - --- --.--... -. ._ .__,, , __ _, '
- I__ I I . -.-...
-- -.,- '* " " . - ~ ---+-- --- ..._... -.. . -__ ____I.,,___
.1 ' " ' ' - I - -- ..--..L...- _ I I I I " " " 1----I-I-I-I.-.-I ___,
I
I -..II- -I II I I I
_-_. __~ i .., I, ,,,, . I I I -
, I ' I! I I -.- _. l .._. I......... ' ,_.,..I_. _ _,_____+I_____II_____I_I___I'_I___ I _II___ _I_I
I I . ~ . I. . .. .
Q- I
I_IIIL II I ' j " '--P --- .... I
_I___ :| '
-\
|
--1-I"
I
I --i -~ --- --I---I-._ _, __. _.-.,..._.,_, _II_,-.II.__.
I
I
" " 5 " " Fl - IKIIIQI _-| ,.IH I, ___I_I_ I
Subscr i pts
bi t =
,1, =
g =
I -In =
L
ni c=
nt_f=
0:-
or =
bettomhol e
bor ehol e
i nvasi on
mud
mudcake
mud l tr ate
oi l
r esi dual oi l
Refer ences
1. PaIr soIns, C.P.: Cal i per Loggi ng, Tr ons., AIME (19 43) 15 1, 35 -47.
2. Htl ohte, D .W.: Cal i per Loggi ngTheor y and Pr atzti ee, Log/ Inni yet
(Jan.-Feb. 19 63) 3-12.
3. Boyel di eu, C., Cobl entz, A., and Pl i ssi er -Combescur e, 1.: For ma-
ti onEval uati on i nOi l Base Mud Wel l s," paper BB pr esented at the
19 84 SPWLA Symposi um, New Or l eans, June 10-13.
4. Pr i nei pi es of D r i i i i ng Fi ni d Contr ol , 12th edi ti on, Petr ol eumExten-
si onSer vi ee, U. of Texas, Austi n (19 81) .
5 . RP i 3B, Standar d Pr ocedur efor Testi ng D r i i i i ng Fi ni ds, fth edi ti on,
API. D al l as (19 74) .
90
TH EORY, MEASU REMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS
Sllllllllllll RWELL llllllllll llllllllllllllllll
, . - T fr H E/ c
WEL .%
-. LEE 03 2 1 .
1.1
J.
F|Eto_ _ c0H sTANcE ..a;ex.ou_ --_ '
LOCATION 5 EG_ ._ _ 23 - L65 -3 1! ; .
Elovotiorn D.F.:_ _
cgupffy CH ER FEED or CDMPFLNY
_ ,,-, COU NW - .._ ..... _ _ _ . or G.l..:_
l ' -J sr;m_ --,_ LU ,l5 _ 1ANA_ ---. FILING No._ _ ._ _ ..
sun H o. veg E;
T ' "' 1' ; ..
_ I 5 3 ,1 T
-.-L.-.. _ .._ ...
i-. _ ,_ _ ._
ANY ! |EEB|Q Q Lorz ohon oi Well
Sehlum '
ia--i
i._ _ ._ _ _ _ _
ii "-' -I ii. + "j;
in --.-|-
"|' -~ .-
-Ilia.._ .
WH PAH I ' 5 -WL Q: seer s tr. 996 tr
-
_ _ E_
_ @ F
_ "F
QR
Mos. jg r_ np_ _
Bit Si: _
it it
H _ .._
ea
is
I-. i
A" - _ _
so f
er
=3
ll
6-YE
I
l(.B.:_ ._ _ _ ... .
l I-
ll
I"DI-III-I
RU N No
Rdochird
_ I
\
sstliea. . 15 5 .! ..._ ll1I_ [ l IEH BB l2_ IB5 _ . I3 40
coding" " T
Feet Mm ' -1_ t_ r5 l_ _ _ _ _ T1" ' '
l==-E.
.. _ q5 n|-2 |n1|| R93 3 |213
Mum LL10 -
.-.._ Z 023 _ L.; 21123 - 21128 : l1' 1B...._ ._ .....J2B
D' ....- -_ i
_ .J_
"ll" T H 12]. _
-=11 I1] for
._ _ _ _ _ .5 . F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Csg. Schlom. l |3 5 Q.[ ' I"3 6| " ' _ " ' ""f"_ -""'
C_ s_ g, D ' _ _ |_ Ior _ j_ |3 5 |] - [ 3 ' i ' "
_ _ pth lileo' c|1_ _ _ H m "
r
II
_ _ _ I any H ah B F i" "_ '
In _ .. _ _ _ - _ .._ _ _ ._ ._ _ _ _
-1--0--11
oil .5 5
_ l"li # 5 1:
oi;
-Fr.
rt
...PH _ .
Iii as
.
Siz e
we. net ~ ":_ T;;3 g_ ,! ,@": ,,,;,_ ,trt,,,-,,_ -,
i AM_
* ' "' ":_ T _ ' LlP-_ .f_ i - mg ii . tr,
5 Z s* _ .1
no_ _ --
1:; _ I ls... T;
T~ ~ - c 1 -;1 - "2-_ i;-...
E
- . h ' . _ . _ _ _ _ _ --: _ -.-_ ... .,._ ,.,.' - I E-.r .1
\-"\Io--lI --
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ;_ _ _ _ _ -_ _
_ .._ ,
1|-
--_ .._ _ -_ -_ _ -_ -_ _ _ 1| -_ -
I A T Fig. 4.49 l.og heading of Problem 4.4. 1
_ "l=_ F |
G ti BF I
1- _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_ -- - -_ -- ' _ _ --- -=- ' 5 _ ; -- . .
3 l-_ _ ._ ._ -- .... _ _ i-- - - ! - , .- 2, X- - -- -=r-=-=l-L
i ' I I " K |
I |
_ : . - _ _ _ : . _ I
I I fl l l|_ ' ._ ._ _ . Tr- --:-:- - . : ; ._ ._ _ _ -- - --
B . _ .._ . _ . _ --_ .. _ _ _ -- _ - _ _ L.
i I ' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --_ _ ' T ' > <
| X I ._ - _ . I:
9 _ _ .. K. ......_ i_ _ _ ._ _ _ l.
FEET ii-
DEPTH 1000
-E E
-1-._ ' _ ' -H Y* 1* 1;-* _ t , -_
.. E ..:.3 5
-IrII. . .. 1.{' i' _ _ - -L- Xi"
. _ _ _ _ .... ,_ ._ _ .. .. \
' ' _ _
"I
> < -};t;=.:..- 1-:T *
" - _ ' ~ ' - > < |
. _ . J, I
. _ _ r_ - _ . ... - rs.-.1. -1 I I I . . - - * * 7 ' 7 ' -Phi "' 4 I
' 1| |
= ' . .. 15 ._ ._ ._ _ _ ._ _ _ .-_ _ _ _ i. ._ _ -----2-_ . ._ _ _
g ....... - . 5
I l .> < . =
| {* 1
_ _ ._ _ .! _ ; . .. . 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
21 ;' _ .;' ;;i' i. _ H l - 9
| :- - ----- --, NC
T=arJ-E> tPlo l]EE-lMl[ lEPTH ilElCIlI|ll I i; X
2 re ca" l t ii.-T-ll-lllilld-illU ? t 5 .1 t ..."
TEl' lPEFlFlTU FiE F
l > -r . l - l
Fig. 4.5 0 Composite plot of mud temperatures recorded In
wells drilled along the Tuacaloose trend, LA (from Ref. 3 2).
. _ ' - :_ :' .-.-; _ -- _ _ _ :; ----- _ _ _ _ _ -_ -. ; _ --- - - l-
H orner, V. et ai.:Ivlicrobit Dynamic Filtration Studies, Trans.,
AIME (195 7 ) 210, 18 3 -95 .
Lowe, T.A. and Dunlap, H .F.:Estimation of Mud Filtrate Resistivi-
ty in Fresh Water Drilling Muds," Log Analyst, (March April 198 6)
7 7 -8 4.
Overton, H .L. and Lipson, L.B.:A Correlation of the Electrical Prop-
erties of Drilling Fluids with Solids Content," Trans., AIME H 95 8 )
213 , 3 3 3 -3 6.
Log Interpretation Charts, Schlumberger, H ouston (I97 2).
Wang, G.C., H elander, D.P., Wieland, D.R.:Laboratory Resistivity
Evaluation of Lime, GYP, and Calcium Lignite Calcium Lignosul-
fonate Muds," Trans, SPWLA, Third Symposium (196i).
Lynn, R.D.:Effect of Temperature on Drilling Mud Resistivities,
paper SPE 13 026 presented at the 195 9 SPE Annual Meeting, Dallas,
Oct. 4 i.
Log interpretation, Vol. 1:Principles, Schlumberger, H ouston (I922).
Ferguson, C.K. and Klotz , J.A.:Filtration from Mud During Drill-
ing, Trans., AIME (195 4) 201, 29-42.
Williams, I-I. and Dunlap, H .F.:Short Tenn Variations in Drilling
Fluid Parameters; Their Measurement and Implications, Log Analyst
(Sept. 0ct. I98 4) 3 -9.
Johnson, I-I.lvI.:The Borehole Environment:Known and U nknown,"
paper T05 1, Canadian Well Logging Soc., I920.
Basic Concepts of Well Log Interpretation, Welex, H ouston (1923 ).
Phelps, G.D., Stewart, G., and Peden, J.M.:Analysis of the Invad-
ed Z one Characteristics and Their Influence on Wireline Log and Well-
Test Interpretation, paper SPE 13 23 ? presented at the I93 9 SPE An-
nual Technical Conference and Exhibition, H ouston, Oct. 16-19.
Gondouin, M. and H elm, A.:Experimentally Determined Resistivi-
ty Profiles in Invaded Water and Oil Sands for Linear Flows, JPT
(March 1964) 3 3 ' ?-43 ; Trans., AIME, 23 1.
Pirson, S..T.:H andbook of Well Log Analysis, Prentice-H all Inc., En-
glewood Cliffs, NI (1963 ) 5 9.
Guyed, H .:Temperature Well Logging:H eat Conduction, Oil Weekly
(Oct. 21, 1946).
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WET
Sl l l l l l l l l l l l RWELL l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
, 3 . T or fr we/ =
WEL ._
-. LEE 032 1 .
1.1
J.
F| Eto__c0HsTANcE ..a;ex.ou_--_ '
LOCATION 5 EG _.__23- L65 -31!; .
El ovoti or n D .F.:__
cgupffy CHER FEED or CD MPFLNY
_,,-, COUNW - .._._... ___. or G .l ..:_
l ' -J sr ;m___,_LU,l 5 _1ANA___-. FILING No._.__
sunHo. veg E;
'" ' 1'; ..
_. I5 21 :2,
-.-L.-.-
ANY !| EEB| Q Q Loeohon oi Wel l
Sehl um i ___ _
'--" ' -\l -Ii ---i .i ...._
- - l _~ ______,
.-
--.-F
-Il -i .._. .._.
3 C i l atl l .5 -\I!L-Q1 m i s ts. 9 5 5 -..
-
F
_
QR
Mos. jgr _np_._
Bi t Si : _
i t i t
H _.._
TF
as
as
I-. i
l (.B.:_,__ _,.. .
=3
l l
no
I
ID I-III-Il l
RUN o
Rdochi r d
_ I
\
sstl i ea. . 15 5 .! ..._ l l 1I_[ l IEHBB l 2_IB5 _. I340
codi ng" " T
_J_
E
Foot Moo u _o_el _]____ _" ' _ V ' '
PP
.. _q 5 g| -2 | n1| | R9 33 | 213
Mum LL10 -
.-.._ Z023 _i _; 21123 . 21128 : l ZB...._._.__..J2B
D '....- -_ i " l l " T H12]. _
-=11 I1] for
_t t C. - _
C:g.5 ch| um. t | 35 g.| ';" 35 | " r - -c " " " '"
C_ _g,D '__l _Ior _ _ | 35 ;m. [ 3 =
__ pth l teo'i :l 1__ L _ _ G m} "
l
II
__ _ I any H ah B F i " " _'
In __. ___ - _.._ __ ._ .____
-1--0--41
oi l ..5
_l " l i #5 1:
oi ;
-F..
r t ...;-H __ _ '
Ii i ar e
l
J'!_II= as
-I1
Si ze
-1; ' _--- _ - OF
'" !- l s" _.C 3l 1_oi a. assess
i AM-
M=v=._T mP- 5 .f_; - | i __2 i t : _ tr U
5 Zs* _,1
- l s- ~ -
| :
_ l _.
Lg.
-4__| ..
__., | . .i
5 %
Tl mo
- . h '. _ . _ _ ___ --:_-.-_ ... ...,._,.,.' - I E-.r .1
\-" \Io--l I--
? I :-__
'l - I -
_AEl l __
so -La'e';_ " ff 71;-J
--__.__ -_-__-_-__ _ 1| -_ -
I A l l Fi g. 4.49 l .og headi ng of Pr obl em4.4. 1
OG S
1- _ - - ___ ____ -_ -- --_-- ' _ __-- -=- '5 _; -- . .
3 l -__._._ -- .... __ i -- --- ! - , .- 2,, X-- ---=H-=-=l -L
i ' I I " K |
I |
_ : . - _ __ : . _ I
I I fl l l | _ ' ._.__. Tr ---: -:- - . : ; ..._ __ -----
B . _.._. _, __.__ .. ___ -- _ - _ _ L.
i I ' _ _ ___ _._'..-__' l g '> <
| X I ._ - _ . I:
9 _ __- K. ......_i _ __.___l .
FEET i i-
D EPTH1000
-E E
-1-._'_ ' -H 1* 1* 1;-* _t at -_
.. E ..:.35
-Ir II. . .. 1.{'i ' __- -1.- Xi "
. ____.... ,_ ._ _ .. .. \
' ' _ _
" I
> < -};t,=.:..- 1-: T *
_ _ U} _ _ _ .
. _ _r _ - _. ... - '~ s .-.1. -1 I I I - _ - - * * 7 '7' -Phi " '4 I
' 1| |
' . .. 15 ._._._.____._-_ __ _ i . ._ _ -----I-_ . __-_
, ....... 71 . 5
I l .> < . =
| {* 1
__.__.!_; . .. . 1 ____ __..
21 ;'_.;';;i 'i . _ H l - 9
| :- - ----- --, NC
T=ar J-E> tPl o l ]EE-l Ml [ l EPTHi l El CIl I| l l I i ; X
2 r e ca" c. t stati sti ci anUs t 5 .1 t .2
TEHPERHTURE F
l > < . l - l
Fi g. 4.5 0Composi te pl ot of mud temper atur es r ecor ded In
wel l s dr i l l ed al ong the Tuacal oose tr end, LA (fr omRef. 32) .
._'- :_:' __-; _ -- ___:;----- _____-_-.;_--- - - l -
Hor ner , V. et ai .: Ivl i cr obi t D ynami c Fi l tr ati onStudi es, Tr ans.,
AIME (19 5 7) 210, 183-9 5 .
Lowe, T.A. and D unl ap, H.F.:Esti mati onof Mud Fi l tr ate Resi sti vi -
ty i nFr esh Water D r i l l i ng Muds," Log Anal yst, (Mar chApr i l 19 86)
77-84.
Over ton, H.L. and Li pson, L.B.: A Cor r el ati onof the El ectr i cal Pr op-
er ti es of D r i l l i ng Fl ui ds wi th Sol i ds Content," Tr ans., AIME H9 5 8)
213, 333-36.
Log Inter pr etati on Char ts, Schl umber ger , Houston (I9 72) .
Wang, G .C., Hel ander , D .P., Wi el and, D .R.:Labor atoty Resi sti vi ty
Eval uati onof Li me, G YP, and Cal ci umLi gni teCal ci umLi gnosul -
fonate Muds," Tr ans, SPWLA, Thi r d Symposi um(19 63) .
Lynn, R.D .: Effect of Temper atur e onD r i l l i ng Mud Resi sti vi ti es,
paper SPE 13026 pr esented at the 19 5 9 SPE Annual Meeti ng, D al l as,
Oct. 4i .
Log i nter pr etati on, Vol . 1:Pr i nci pl es, Schl ur nber ger , Houston(l 9 '}'2) .
Fer guson, C.K. and Kl otz, J .A.: Fi l tr ati onfr omMud D ur i ng D r i l l -
i ng, Tr ans., AIME (19 5 4) 201, 29 -42.
Wi l l i ams, I-I. and D unl ap, H.F.: Shor t Ter mVar i ati ons i nD r i l l i ng
Fl ui d Par ameter s; Thei r Measur ement and Impl i cati ons, Log Anal yst
(Sept.0ct. I9 84) 3-9 .
Johnson, I-I.l vI.: The Bor ehol e Envi r onment:Knownand Unknown,"
paper T05 1, Canadi anWel l Loggi ng Soc., I9 30.
Basi c Concepts of Wel l Log Inter pr etati on, Wel ex, Houston (19 33) .
Phel ps, G .D ., Stewar t, G ., and Peden, J.M.: Anal ysi s of the Invad-
ed Zone Char acter i sti cs and Thei r Infl uence onWi r el i ne Log and Wel l -
Test Inter pr etati on, paper SPE 1323? pr esented at the I9 39 SPE An-
nual Techni cal Confer ence and Exhi bi ti on, Houston, Oct. 16-19 .
G ondoui n, M. and Hel m, A.: Exper i mental l y D eter mi ned Resi sti vi -
ty Pr ofi l es i nInvaded Water and Oi l Sands for Li near Fl ows, JPT
(Mar ch 19 64) 33'?-43; Tr ans., AIME, 231.
Pi r son, S..T.: Handbook of Wel l Log Anal ysi s, Pr enti ce-Hal l Inc., En-
gl ewood Cl i ffs, NI (19 63) 5 9 .
G uyed, H.: Temper atur e Wel l Loggi ng:Heat Conducti on, Oi l Weekl y
(Oct. 21, 19 46) .
1* -_ _ _
MEASU REMENT ENVIRONMENT
e
-' . .i,_ Twp. 9.l:l _ _ _ Rge, ..?_ 91' i _
Permanent Dotum=, Elev_ _ _ i1]_ Z _ _ Elem, ill-i
Log Measured Froi-n_ _ I$.r_ ............l.?_ Ft. Above Perm. Dotum - -
Drilling Measured From I' ll - B - _ _ E222
._ nc cuttun
no CU LEH H
00.t5nsnrsioi;
coMPANY....;G.1! ! iIlH E"TAl- "IL rsnr
wE|,|_ _ ,_ _ _ ;_ _ l-10 EU LLU H I.tH |T_ I_ .ft_ ._ _ 7 5
" |=||5 |_ p _ H U RTH H C CU L_ _ l,1l_ H _ _
(' _ jQ|_ 1[ ~ ,|1' Y JACKSU H FELD or toaston "BETH WELL
_ U TTIT
COMPANY CONT L I- 2 H
COU NTY JACttsg_ t1l_ _ _ _ _ _ :_ _ _ :_ _ _ _ _ 3 1-A-|-E COL0tta00
OCATIOH 65 0' F5 L 205 0' Ft-it. Cttherervicesi
F00-CH L-GR
not
PP?E-res"
.,_ .e.a|.. 1 Q; it 1
Psathrleser 5 _ &5 _ L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ . _ _
Bl ls In -=l.IiB_ 5 _ 0 _
m. _
Tenloo interval I 3 _ ]_ D _ _ g _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ i _ _ _ _ T _
< 3 -==iii' _ i0rtIl=r i_ _ 9_ -_ _ 5 ,lH _ @3 J_ 2_ e _ _ - e e
Coiin--Lo ef' ' i 1
Bit 5 iz g_ _ _ _ _ -j_ Ll.| | _ _ _ _ _ _
WP Flviduliililale FIil11_ _ _ _ _ _ _ I
I ' " :
E _ l_ _ E_ ui _ Lest" _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ource"o' F5 E' mle ' ' 5 _ U ' '
e . . ' i ' "' _ ' "T"-
" Ft l"I' fL~ , A ..., A ... E.
R 0" il|' ie0|I-..Tern, F1
F
,, Meoi.Tern, - _ _ _ _ _ _ AF .
R-it -.@.-' tl! E - Tt' vr- "F. E
-
ee-
-iii-ii
loo : In O ."_ ' ! ..?:1._ rose @lit
sse.a.a,,, _ r_ i,,,,,,_ _ _ _ _ _ '
...12.;
,: e-' -to
UG
EII T-B I1 e-la E... =1. o-ta o 0' 11 -@' -iii}
,, - B-H T _ F
Time Since Ciro. '
o e. Tem
_ R_ ecordek:l lif I
* 99 P- _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ . .
Egui}:5 _ |_ _ Locotion _ _ _ _ ' "_ ' '
.. _ _ _ ..._ _ _ -l..1i_ T.-:lli.l.9_ 1' =T. . H J _ -_ . '
witnessed B ' " ' ~
G} ED I1-"I
E3 95 I-at-2i;u
i I". Q
_ |' I |-=2
1....
r-Fl
Qt:
U H
counts JKEEN FED o
gf H TH H 1: BU LL
WELL H ECU LLU H U H T gi.o=a|qf_ ' Cl1I' T lT|_ El\l_ T' All. U L
AB DR
CCtMPAN' f_ _ _ _ _ U H TIH EH IAILU IL EDH PAH |' _ _
WELL _ .-_ _ _ .H _ CU LLU H Ll_ H l_ T H lJ._ ' i5 _
nae -. Trieste ac t:ui.|_ ._ uM .1 _
5 7 > vip Rge _ _
- - _ Fl Above Perm Datum
9??
tog Measured Frorn
Drilling Measured From
Date _
a
II
i
11-
' iu_ e_ rto.
9 atl.' _ :! ' -ti"! ! ! ._ ,_ _ ti
_ _ l:.lfg|s_ th_ --t.t2tl_ ! |ger
Btrri, lag Interval
To I. lnt oi
_ . _ _ | _
P og ere
Casin ~ Dri|ler
.' f' 3 =t=i"0 l< =0eIrr
, -:
O1-,
E,:,U -_ :D 3
5
--.. .-.--_ -;-_ :-_ . -:_ _ -_ ._ _ _ _ -_ \ -- ----
. .._ _ l_ ' _ _ @ "tit _ T _
Bit_ 5 i:e
E
Type F|uicl_ i_ i1_ _ I' lo_ |e_
l-ii to1
:I" _ ! il=! i=lTr-I. - ._ _ l.--.----.
Dari I sc.
_ _ ,;;_ u_ J Fluid Loi
Boureeofumple
-3 '
Re-5 3
Rm @_ Meos. Temp.
Flmf @Moos. Ternp.
-
r"
re? 1
Lela DEW
_ ... u T _ -

lt,,,,,_ "_ @not;-its...

at-=
so er Fl _
5 ""! ! .lin1l l.5 ' .|n .
_ i,,, @"' inr '
C
,.s
Bl-* n-F1 , I
ll _ Tirr|e Since ire,
F I Mae, _ l_ ec. Iernp.
r Equip. ]' |.' l-.1-.eil_ q' |[ _ _
Recorded By "A2
._ ...._ F _
1 I "_ _ l' .
Fig. 4.5 1-Log heading ot Problem _ _ -
Witneiieil By
Fig. 4.5 2 l..og heading of Problem 4 8
21
22
23
24
25
26
2?
28
i
i
Guyod, H .:Temperature Well Logging:Temperature Distribution in
the Ground," Oil Weekly (Nov. 4, 1946).
Temperature Log interpretation, Welex, H ouston (197 9).
H ilchie, D.W.:Maximum Temperatures Recorded in Wellbores,
Log Analyst (Sept.-Oct. 1963 ) 21-24.
Millikan, C.V.:Temperature Surveys in Oil Wells, Trans., AIME
(1941) 142, 15 -23 .
RP3 l Recommended Practice and Standard Formfor Electrical Logs,
third edition, API, Dallas (1926).
. Nichols, E.A.:Geothermal Gradients in Mid-Continent and Gulf Coast
on Fields," TFH H S. AIME (194?) 110, 44-4?.
. Moses, P.L.:Geotliernial Gradients Now Known in Greater Detail,
World on (May 1961) 1' 9-3 2.
. Guyod, H .:Temperature Well Logging:Wells Not in Thermal Equi-
librium, A:Rotary H oles," Oil Weekly (Dec. 2 1946) '
Timko, D.J. and Fertl, W.H .:H ow Downhole Temperatures, Pres
sures Affect Drilling, World Oil (Oct. 197 2) 23 -B8
Dowdle, W.L. and Cobb, W.M.:Static Formation Temperature From
Well Logs An Empirical Method," JPT (Nov 197 5 ) 13 26-3 0
Bebout, D.G. and Gutierrez , D.R.: Geopressured Geothemial
Resource in Texas and Louisiana Geological Constraints, Trans ,
Fifth Conference on Geopressure-Geothermal Energy, Louisiana State
U ., Baton Rouge (198 1).
Bassiouni, Z .:Evaluation of Potential Geopressure Geothermal Test
Sites in Southern Louisiana, "research report, Louisiana State U Ba-
ton Rouge (193 0).
Bassiouni, Z .:Temperature Distribution in Deep Wells, research
report, Louisiana State U ., Baton Rouge (198 6)
_ ..... Elev _ 5 .Z lZ _ _ EIev=KB
counrv _ ot i< son sure EDI-ltelt
' l-=< =' t~ == 5 5 5 * F5 |_ 213 5 5 ! |:w|_ Dther5 erv1cei
| ' _
:-I Sec. T . ._ 19
Permanent Datum; _ _ , _ ,
. . _ _ _ _ _ _ :._ ._ _ _ 3 2
@~ ' ."t' ;)' -J * * r"1
El
it
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
o
b
u
y
N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
I
l
1* -.__
e
MEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT
-' . .i ,_Twp. i l l ___Rge. .. EH _
Per manent D atum: .l , . , El ev. Q22! | 5 | _,
Log Measur ed Fr om__I$ _,_B_._,__,_,_J_Z_Fi . Above Per m. D ol um - -
D r i l l i ng Measur ed Fr omI'l l - B - _ _ E222
._nc cuttun
nc CULEHH
H0.t5 neur al oi ;
COMPANY___:=.i l l !Il l l E" TA| - " IL Ar snv
wE| ,| __,___;_ _ l -10 EULLUH I.!H| T_0_.__ 75
" | =| | 5 | _p _ HURTH HC CUL__l ,1l _l _* l __
| [ Q| _]N1'Y JACKSON FELD or toaston " BETH WELL
_ UTTIT
COMPANY CONT L I- 2 H
COUNTY JACl tS.g_t1l ______:___:_____ 31-A-| -E cotoanou
OCATION 65 0' F5 L 205 0' Fwt. Other Ser vi ces:
F00-CHL-G R
not
fl h
Q9 ? E-tee"
.1-onl er 1 Q; i t I
Psathr l eser 5 _& 5 _L___ _______ ._ . __
Bl l s In -=l .Ii B_5 _0 _
m. _g____l e_r v_ _
T0n._l go_l nter v0l .3_]_t] _ ________ __ i __ __
Cosi ng___D r i _| l er l l l l _ u
Cosi n--l .o eF'" = | 1
i .-9 :.5 x1H_.'El 3_l .Z_ @ __.. - @ @
Bi t 5 i zg__ _ _ _-j_Ll .| | ___ __ _
WP Fl vi dul l l l i l al e FIi l 11__ _ _ __ _ I
I ' " :
E _l __E_ui _ Lest" _____ __ __ _
our ce" o'F5 E'ml e ' ' 5 _ U ' '
e . . ' i ' " '_' " T" -
61" l " I'fL~ , A .... A ... E.
R 0" l l -" l eo:.Ter n, __ F; i
F
,, Meo:.Ter n, - _ _____ AF .
Ree ..@ .Ms.st- Tses- " F. E
-l l to ea_o_r o_
ae-
-i i i -i i i nIn ." _'!..?:1._ r ose
|
...}:
| |
i
| __
$ UfCl tR__mf _r _t,,,,,,____ __ _ '
...._.l _
UQ
El I T-B I1 % @ ,, - B-HT _ F
Ti me Si nce Ci r o. '
o e. Tem
(Eh ... -r e {E1 o 0'11 E
_R_ecor dek:l l i f I
* 9 F P- _ _:_ _ .__ . . _
Egui }:5 _| __Lo-coti on ____ ' " _ _ _ ' '
_..____l :l i _T.-_;Al i .l .l -'!_E. . ' ' ' __ '
G } BoI1-" I
E39 5 I-at-i ;u
i I" . Q
_| 'I I-l l
| .._..
* -Fl
wi tnessed B H
T l l _Ti r r | e Si nce i r e,
7:71" :1___l " IIH l ::__' F I Mq n_,_l Fl _ec. Tor nl o, 'Fj F l H H _ F F
counts _ol l i < son state ED I-ERRED
_ l ='< ='" =-" = 5 5 0' FSL 205 0' Fm. -'=> " ~ ~ ' =* ~ =~ * =-~ = 4
T _ IE5
:- -5 Sec. r . 9 11.... ._ I9 " q .
D r i l l i ng Measur ed Fr om . ___ _______ ____ _____ g_;_ i
9 _ _ _ . _ | i
Qt:
LL UH
COMPAN'f_____UHTl HEHIAl ,,_U| L CD HPA_.H1'__ _ _
4xson ntano cu noCULLUHunT contHEHTIL oL
wen _._____e0_ cut.t.ununi t no .___?5
- Fl eto _. haste ac t:u1.| _._un
AB D R
__.__________
counts FED o
ocxton
was. cosu=s.m7_
E
IF
CHL G R
wp Rge __
5
A
'i u_e_r Io.
9 -n1* h_:Pti l l !r ._ ,_ _
:[ .\gp_r h_-tog ger
El m, l og l nl er eul
To I. Int oi
.'f3=* =.i " 0l < =0eIH
- - _ __ \_ ___....
P og er v
Cousi n~ D r i | l or ,-:
cl -,
E.:,U-_:D 3 35 . l ;
'9 3 ' 1 ...._..J El ?I=
l i l r 5 i :e ' ' ' " " ' ' "
E
Type Fl ui d i n_ Hol e
l -i f to1
_!=_!~ :==IT.-1-'i " .
-5 -e-..-i t toca sass I
i _ 1i __
i r " 1
5 * ;
D evi I sc.
__| ;;_u_J Fl ui d Lo:
Bour eoofumpl o
Rm@ _He| :l 5 . Temp,
Fl mf @ Moos. Temp, | * | : ' " T" -F
s..;_jaMoo;- =p. or at F 1
.4, i f
-E; r -
see?
I
l
ai sl e? 5 -.t 1:
see see
5 " " !!.l i n1l l .5 '.| n . ' 3 _ _ ___- _: l
faow 1B'F' at '== _r = .
C
at :,* _ -E
Q._
Fi g. 4.5 1-Log headi ng of Pr obl em _ _-
E=- =-=- l t~ =--as - 1;F.e- _ I --;l i ;:f; :11; I
Recor ded By E _
Wi l nel ted Br _ " ' |
Fi g. 4.5 2l ..og headi ng of Pi r oi bl em4.8.
21
22
23
24
25
26
2?
28
i
i
I
i
G uyod, H.: Temper atur e Wel l Loggi ng:Temper atur e D i str i buti oni n
the G r ound," Oi l Weekl y (Nov. 4, 19 46) .
Temper atur e Log i nter pr etati on, Wel ex, Houston(19 79 ) .
Hi l chi e, D .W.: Maxi mumTemper atur es Recor ded i nWel l bor es,
Log Anal yst (Sept.-Oct. 19 63) 21-24.
Mi l l i kan, C.V.: Temper atur e Sur veys i nOi l Wel l s, Tr ans., AIME
(19 41) 142, 15 -23.
RP3l Recommended Pr acti ce and Standar d For mfor El ectr i cal Logs,
thi r d edi ti on, API, D al l as (19 26) .
Ni chol s, E.A.: G eother mal G r adi ents i nMi d-Conti nent and G ul f Coast
Oi l Fi el ds," Tr ans. AIME (19 4?) 170, 44-47.
. Moses, P.L.: G eotl ter mal G r adi ents Now Knowni nG r eater D etai l ,
Wor l d on(May 19 61) 1'9 -32.
. G uyod, H.: Temper atur e Wel l Loggi ng:Wel l s Not i nTher mal Eq ui -
l i br i um, A: Rotar y Hol es," Oi l Weekl y (D ec. 2, 19 46) .
Ti mko, D .J. and Fer tl , W.H.: How D ownhol e Temper atur es, Pr es-
sur es Affect D r i l l i ng, Wor l d Oi l (Oct. 19 72) T3-38.
D owdl e, W.L. and Cobb, W.M.: Stati c For mati onTemper atur e Fr om
Wel l LogsAnEmpi r i cal Method," JPT (Nov. 19 75 ) 1326-30.
Bebout, D .G . and G uti er r ez, D .R.: G eopr essur ed G eothemi al
Resour ce i nTexas and Loui si anaG eol ogi cal Constr ai nts," Tr ans,
Fi fth Confer ence onG eopr essur e-G eother mal Ener gy, Loui si anaState
U., Baton Rouge (19 81) .
Bassi ouni , Z.: Eval uati onof Potenti al G eopr essur e G eother mal Test
Si tes i nSouther nLoui si ana, " r esear ch r epor t, Loui si anaState U. , Ba-
tonRouge (19 30) .
Bassi ouni , Z.: Temper atur e D i str i buti oni nD eep Wel l s, r esear ch
r epor t, Loui si anaState U., Baton Rouge (19 86) .