2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 1

Sl i p Vel oc i t y,
Li f t and Cor r el at i ons
Collaborators
H.G. Choi
R. Glowinski
H. Hu
Support
KDI/NCC
GOALI (NSF),
DOE (Energy Sciences and Engineering),
Minnesota Supercomputer Institute.
http://www.aem.umn.edu/Solid-Liquid_Flows/
P.Y. Huang
T. Ko
D. Ocando
T.W. Pan
N. Patankar
V. Sarin
P. Singh
J . Wang
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 2
In a fluidized bed particles
are lifted by drag.
Fl ui di zat i on by Li f t
Drag
Weight
Lift
Weight
You can fluidize a slurry in shear flow by lift
rather than by drag.
Lift of a single particle
Lift of many particles
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 3
Li f t -of f
U
p
U
f
d

p

h
e
U
p

p
U
f
The pressure on a particle is increased
The particle slides and rolls
At a critical speed the particle lifts off
It rises to a height in which the lift balances the
weight
It moves forward in steady flow (no acceleration)
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 4
Fl ui di zat i on by Li f t of Ci r c ul ar
Par t i c l es i n Pl ane Poi seui l l e Fl ow
The particle is heavier than the fluid
and lifts off the bottom y = 0 as the
pressure gradient, indexed by , is
raised past a critical value, lift-off
value.

w
=
du
dy
wall
Channel
Width
W
Channel
Width
W
Poiseuille
Flow
Poiseuille
Flow
Particle of
Diameter d
Particle of
Diameter d
g
g
x
y
U
max
U
max
We calculated for
W/d = 12
L/d = 22
= 1 poise
d = 1 cm

w
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 5
Di mensi onl ess Equat i ons f or Ci r c ul ar
Par t i c l es i n Poi seui l l e Fl ow
Freely moving particles in steady flow have zero
acceleration
( )

d p
w
d
e
R
R
dt
d
R
x y
G
f
p
n u D e
U
+ + + =

2
0
] [ 2
4
2
( ) ( )

d p
dt
d
R
f
p
n u D X x
!
+ =

2
0
] [ 2
32
Fluid
Solid

, 2
2
u e u u
u
+ + =

x
w
d
p
t
R
[length, velocity, time, stress] = [d,
w
d,
w
,
w
]
( )
2 3 2
, gd R d R
f p f G w
= =

2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 6
Li f t -of f
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 7
Levi t at i on t o Equi l i br i um-Ani mat i on
One neutrally
buoyant particle
with rotation in
a Newtonian
fluid: Re = 5.4
One non-neutrally
buoyant particle
with rotation in a
Newtonian fluid:
Re = 5.4
One non-neutrally
buoyant particle
with rotation in a
Newtonian fluid:
Re = 16.2
One neutrally
buoyant particle
without rotation
in a Newtonian
fluid: Re = 5.4
One non-neutrally
buoyant particle
without rotation
in a Newtonian
fluid: Re = 5.4
One non-neutrally
buoyant particle
without rotation in
a Newtonian fluid:
Re = 16.2
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 8
Ri se vs. Ti me
Joseph, Ocando 2001
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 9
Li f t For c e
Aerodynamics L = U
U Forward velocity
Circulation
Shear Flows
U

L = cU
s

=
s

se
Slip angular
velocity discrepancy
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 10
Equi l i br i um Hei ght i s Uni que
Re = 10,
p
/
f
= 1 (Neut r al l y buoyant )
Particle migration
Joseph, Ocando 2001
The slip velocity is positive and
the slip velocity discrepancy is
positive.
U
se
= 0.25 cm/sec
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 11
Equi l i br i um Hei ght i s Uni que
Re = 10,
p
/
f
= 1 (Neut r al l y buoyant )

s
-
se
Slip angular
velocity

s
-
se
> 0
Y - Y
e
< 0

s
-
se
< 0
Y - Y
e
> 0

se
Joseph, Ocando 2001
Slip angular velocity discrepancy changes sign at the equilibrium height
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 12
Heavy Par t i c l e

p
/
f
= 1.01, Re = 10
I ni t i al Condi t i on 1 (c onst r ai ned si mul at i on)
Evolution to equilibrium of a heavier-than-fluid particle
p
/
f
= 1.01 at R = 10.
Particle Height
Slip angular velocity discrepancy
Joseph, Ocando 2001
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 13
Heavy Par t i c l e

p
/
f
= 1.01, Re = 10
I ni t i al c ondi t i on 2 (f r om r est )
HEAVY PARTICLE:
s
/
f
= 1.01, R
W
= 10. Evolution of the particles angular slip velocity.
For the particle starting at the centerline, the angular slip velocity function crosses the
equilibrium value. When the angular slip velocity is BELOW the equilibrium value,
the particle moves DOWNWARD. When the angular slip velocity is ABOVE the
equilibrium value, the particle moves UPWARD.
Joseph, Ocando 2001
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 14
St abi l i t y and Bi f ur c at i on of
St eady Fl ow f or
p
= 1.01
Turning point instability
(Patankar, Huang, Ko and
J oseph 2001, Choi and J oseph
2001).
Some equilibrium positions Y
e
are unstable.
A particle in steady flow
cannot be there.
The center line is always
(any
p
/
f
) unstable.
There are three solutions
when 13 < R < 22. Two are
stable and one is unstable.
Heavy Particle. Center line is at Y
e
= 6.
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 15
Const r ai ned vs. Unc onst r ai ned
Si mul at i on
In an unconstrained simulation the particle migrates
from an arbitrary initial condition to stable
equilibrium where the hydrodynamic lift balances the
buoyant weight.
In a constrained simulation we fix the position of the
particle center Y
c
and let the particle evolve to a
steady state. In general at Y
c
Y
e
the buoyant weight
does not balance the hydrodynamic lift. Every steady
flow is an equilibrium Y
c
= Y
e
for some particle with
density
p
.
L = (
p
-
f
)g Vol
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 16
Long Par t i c l e Model
The slip velocity is positive
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 /
2
2 / 2
B A
p
B
A B
B A
A B B A B A
A
U U
U
d d h
U U
h h
d h d h h h h h d
p
U
+
=
+
=
+
+ + + +
=

( )
0
4 2
2
) ( 2
2
@
2
2
2
>
(
(

=
+ = =
hd
y
h
d
d h
p
U
d
h y U y h y
p
U
c s
B c p c c s

u
A
U
B
h
A

A
p
1
- p
2
d
p =
l
P
2
Particle equation of motion

= pd
P
1
h
B
U
A

p
= /2
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 17
Long Par t i c l e
Long particle velocity
compared with DNS
Long particle angular
velocity compared with
DNS at R = 20
2 /

2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 18
Compar i son of Shear Sl i p Model and
Di r ec t Numer i c al Si mul at i on Re = 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y [cm]
u


[
c
m
/
s
]
Undisturbed
DNS
Shear slip model
WALL WALL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y [cm]
u


[
c
m
/
s
]
Undisturbed
DNS
Shear slip model
WALL WALL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y [cm]
u


[
c
m
/
s
]
Undisturbed
DNS
Shear slip model
WALL WALL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y [cm]
u


[
c
m
/
s
]
Undisturbed
DNS
Shear slip model
WALL WALL
Small
particle
Fixed
particle
Fixed
particle
Fixed
particle
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 19
Cor r el at i ons f or Li f t -of f i n Poi seui l l e
Fl ow of an Ol dr oyd-B Fl ui d (W/d = 12)
By plotting data from many numerical
experiments in log-log plots we find that
Correlation
Gravity Reynolds Number
Shear Reynolds Number
( )

f w
f b f
G
n
G
d
R
gd R
aR R
2
3
2

=
=
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 20
Li f t -of f Cor r el at i on R
G
= aR
n
f r om Dat a Pr oduc ed by DNS
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
R
R
G
W/d = 48
W/d = 12
W/d = 6
W/d = 4
Data from dynamic
simulations (W/d = 12)
W/d = 12 & 48 : a = 2.3648, n = 1.3904
W/d = 6 : a = 1.8120, n = 1.3566
W/d = 4 : a = 1.2596, n = 1.3644
a = 2.3648, n = 1.39
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 21
Gr avi t y R
G
vs. Shear R
Reynol ds Number
R
G
vs. the shear Reynolds
number R for lift-off on a
logarithmic scale for a
Newtonian and an Oldroyd-B
fluid at different elasticity
numbers
E = De/R =
1
/
f
d
2
(W/d = 12,
2
/
1
= 0.125,
= /d = 0.001)
d
Gap
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
R =
w
d
2

f
/
R
G

=

f

(

p
-

f
)
g
d
3
/

2
Newtonian fluid : E =0.00
Oldroyd-B fluid : E = 0.05
Oldroyd-B fluid : E = 0.1
Oldroyd-B fluid : E = 0.2
E = 0.00 : a = 2.3648, n = 1.3904
E = 0.05 : a = 5.8040, n = 2.1356
E = 0.1 : a = 9.9508, n = 2.1334
E = 0.2 : a = 17.221, n = 2.1064
R
G
= aR
n

2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 22
Fl ui di zat i on of 300 Par t i c l es
H. Choi & D. J oseph 2000, Fluidization
by lift of 300 circular particles in plane
Poiseuille flow.
N. Patankar, T. Ko, H. Choi and
D. J oseph 2000, Correlation for the
lift-off of many particles in plane
Poiseuille flows of Newtonian fluids.
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 23
Fl ui di zat i on of 300 Par t i c l es
= 0.05 p, R
G
= 2400, R = ".64
The flow is from left to
right. The bed rises to
the top of the channel
where the environment
for positive circulation
required for lift is
unfavorable. The
terminal flow is fully
eroded and wavy.
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 24
Numer i c al Si mul at i on of 300
Ci r c ul ar Par t i c l es
(Full version)
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 25
Fl ui di zat i on of 300 Par t i c l es
Bed Height H(t)
( = 0.05 poise, R
G
= 9.81/
2
)
The final height increases with p or R.
Notice the overshoot.
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 26
Aver age Hei ght
and Phase Fr ac t i ons
H = Average equilibrium height
of the bed
l = Length of bed
= 1 - Fluid fraction
l H
d N
8
2

=
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 27
Bed Hei ght H vs. R
For this correlation we account for the fact that a
particle in a suspension with composite density
The sedimentation Reynolds number for a particle in
the suspension is
When R is fixed,
Then we find that K(R) = R
0.138
is a power law
( ) ( )
f p f p p c p
= + =
G
f p f c p f
R g d d g d d

3 3
8 . 0
412 . 0 ) (
G G
R R K R =
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 28
Dimensional correlation
Critical values for lift-off for different weights
(
p
/
f
~ R
G
)
R
cr
is the critical value for bed expansion
R
cr1
is the critical value for lift-off of a
single particle
R
cr

1
/
4
R
cr,1
249 . 1 05 . 9 4
10 * 27 . 3 R R
G

=
( ) [ ] ( ) w dv g
l H
d N
p
f p
4 . 0 8 . 0
25 . 7
2
8
1 1235

=
R
G
R
cr
R
cr,1
9.81 0.461 2.787
245.25 6.061 28.240
981.00 18.390 76.560
3924.00 55.800 207.560
Bed Hei ght Cor r el at i on
2002 Regents of the University of Minnesota Slip Velocity, Lift & Correlations 2001 29