40

,
SUPPLEMENT 40 th TO THE BULLETIN OF APPLIED BOTANY, OF GENETICS
AND PLANT BREEDING
E. .
1

3 , 16
86
Q \ 1 L^
H elena BARLINA
f f l T I L S F T l . n . . A l f l F O T m
A BO T ANIC - A& RO NO M IC AL M O NO G RAP H
/
With m an y t abl es an d f igures.
. .

1 930 LENINGRAD \


FT

N
_[ J
1925 .
1926 .
. 1927 .
4.
.
Map 4. The Northern limit of maturation of the common lent il according to th
ireographical experiments conducted by t he I nst it ut e of Applied Botany.
:J0
1 926 . (59

52')
, , .
, (5740')
.
1 927 . (581 7')
, ( ' '), ,
.


. , , 1 925 1 926 .
( , 5523' . ., 23

52' . .)
.
,
, ,
, ,

, . . (
. , .)
.

Lens ,
escuienta. ,
. ,
1 .760 . . . ( : , .)
1 .550 . ( , ) ,
, , . 1 926 .
( , . 1 .470 .) .
,
, , ,
, , " . .
,
,
.
. . .

1 .200 1 .300 . . .;
2.700 . ( , ) 2.800 . (
), .

, (3.000 .).
2.080 .
( . . ).
2.1 00 . (,' . . ). ,
. . , 2.000 .

Vicia Ervilia.

,
,
, , ,
( 5).

. , 1 924 .
/
I
5. (Ticia Ervilw
Wi l l d . ) .
Map 5. The Northern limit of mat urat ion of the French lent il according to t he
seographical experiments conducted by t he I nst it ut e of Applied Botany.
( 67
1
44
/
), 1 925 . 1 927 . (64
J
33')
. (6 1 ).

.
, 1 924 1 925 .
(
1 .760 .) ( 1 .550 .).
.
,

. . . ,

2.2002.400 . , '
3.1 30 . ( ,
/ ^, , 2.700 .
.
Ai t c h i so n ' y Vicia Ervilia "Willd.
4.000 (1 .220 .) .
V A i t c h i s o n , J. . . Tlie Bot any t he A:>ii;in T>eiiini;ation
Tr ansact ions of t h e Lin n ean Societ y, p. 59.
7.
.
Vicia Ervilia Willd.
Wi l l d . Spec. PI . I I I . 1 800, p. 1 1 03.M. Bieb. 1 . Taur.
Cauc I I . 1 808Led eb. Fl. Ross. I. 1 842, p. 663.Boiss. FL.
Or. I I . 1 872, p. 595. Bonnier, Fl. compl. ill. France, I I I , p. 67,
tab. 1 54. f. 830,P s p . F l. oest err. Kust enl. il. 1 898, p. 41 0.
R o u y et F o u c a u d Fl. France V, 1 899, p. 248.Beck in Rcnb.
I c. XXI I , 1 903, p. 204, t. 261 , fig. 1 1 0.Aschers, u. G r a e bn .
Synop. , 2, 1 9061 0, p. 904.
Ervum Ervilia L i n n . Spec. 1 . ed. 1 . 1 753, p. 738.DC. Prod. I I . 1 825, p.
367.Koch Syn. I. ed. 3, 1 892, p. 684.S t u r m IVutschl. Fl., 1 81 2, H. 32.
Ervilia sativa L i n k Enum. Hort. Berol. I I . 1 822, p. 240.
ErvumjilicatuwH o e n c h Method. 1 794, p. 1 47.
V. Ervilia


. D d n a e u s (St irp. Hist .
. Pempt . , 1 >83)
( . 51 4) hoCicere sa
tivo. Ba u l i i n , P a r ki n s o n (1 . .) Orobus
(Orobus siliquis art iculat is, seniine majore B a u h . Pin. 346). P a r
ki n s o n
'. Orobus vulgaris The ordinary bit t er vetch. T o n r n e f o r t
(l. .) Lens, Ciccr . Ervum,
, (t . 221 )
* Ervum verum
<Ers. , (1 753, 1 . .)
Ervum . Ervilia . Lens, . monanthos,
. hirsutum .
. Ervilia,
.
S e r i n g e (in D e C a n d o l l e Prodr. , 1 825) Ervilia
Ervum.
( ., Ko c h , E n g l e r , As e h e r so n
& G r a e b n e ) Ervilia Vicia,
: Ervum, Euvicia . .
,
;
Ervilia sativa L i n k.
,
, .
,
, Vicia,
Vicia.

V. Ervilia,
( . .
. . . ).
.

V. Ervilia.

1 ' .
F ig. 29
(environs
29. Tu ia Ervilia W 1 1 d..
( ).
. /=,.
. 1. . !
Yicia Ervilia Wi l l d., growing wild in Uzbekist an
f Tashkent ). Grown in li rwn houso, Let.skoyt'
Sselo.
2
/
5
.
Drawn by M. P . L o h a n o va .
V. Ervilia ,
, ( ,
),
( 67
).
;
V. Ervilia, habit ns' y " .
, ,
, ( ).
7.
.
Vicia Ervilia Willd.
Wi l l d . Spec. PI . I I I . 1 800, p. 1 1 03.M. Bieb. Fl. Taur.
<Cauc. I I . 1 808.Led eb. Fl. Ross. I . 1 842, p. 663.Boiss. Fl.
Or. I I . 1 872, p. 595. Bonnier, Fl. compl. ill. France, I I I , p. 67,
tab. 1 54. f. 830.P s p h. Fl. oesterr. K sten l . I I . 1898, p. 410.
Rouy et F oucaud F l . F ran ce V, 1899, p. 248. Beck in Rchb.
I c. XXI I , 1903, p. 204, t. 261, f ig. 110.As h e r s. . G r a e bn .
Synop. , 2, 1 9061 0, p. 904.
Ervum Ervilia L i n n . Spec. PL ed. 1 . 1 753, p. 738. DC. Prod. I I . 1 825, p.
367. Ko c h Syn. I . ed. 3, 1 892, p. 6 84 . S t u r m Deut sohl. F l. , 1 81 2, . 32.
Ervilia sativa L i n k Eimm. Hort . Berol. I I . 1 822, p . 240.
Ervum plicatimi e n h Method. 1 794, p. 147.
V. Ervilia


. D d s (Stirp. Hist.
. Pempt., 1 583)
( . 51 4) hoCicere sa
tivo. a u h i n , P a r ki n s o n (1 . .) Orobus
{Orobussiliquis articulatis, semine majore Banli. Pin. 346). P ar
ki n so n
: Orobusvulgaris The ordinary bitter vetch. T o u r n e f o r t
(L .) Lens, Cicer . Ervum,
, (t. 221 )
, Ervum verum
cErs. , (1 753, 1 . .)
Ervum . Ervilia . Lens, . monanthos,
. hirsutvm .
. Ervilia,
.
S e r i n ge (in D e C a n d o l l e Prodr., 1 825) Ervilia
Ervum.
( ., Koc h , E n gl e r , Asc h e r so n
& G r a e b n e r ) Ervilia Vicia,
: Ervum, Euvicia . .
,
;
Ervilia sativa Li n k.
,
, .

,
, Vicia,
Vicia.

^

. Ervilia,
( . .
. . . ).
.
. 29. Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d..
( ).
. /
5
.
. . . .
F ig. 29. Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d., growing wild in Uzbekist an
(environs of Tashkent ). Grown in liouso. Det skoye
Sselo.
2
/
5
.
Drawn by M. P . L a n v a.
V. Ervilia ,
, ( ,
),
( 67
).
;
V. Ervilia, habitus'y .
, ,
, ( ).
1 44
( ). ,
, . 61 1
. .
, . ,
, ,
. 7 , 4.8 .
. ,
. . ,
.
, , .
* (
= 2. 3 , =2.83.1 ),
,

.
( . 29 30).

. ,
, . , , ,
, .
. 30. Ticia Ervilia Wi l l d.,

( ).
1 : 2 : 3 :
4 ; 5
( l 5X*/
3
; 3x
8
/
S
)
. . 51 . I ll .
F ig. 30. Vina Ervilia W 1 Id.,
growing wild in Uzbekist an
(environs of Tashkent ).
1 flower; 2pod; 3seeds;
4st ipule; 5leaflet (1
5X
4
/
S
: 3x
8
/
3
) .
Drawn by A. M. S h e p e
1 e v a.
. As i a n i i w
>
n o r : prope Angora, in mont ibus calcareis. Jjykmcn.
1 834. Wi e d e m a n n . Kaia guenl Dcre, a 2 Heues
au SO d'Ouchak. P hrygie 29. Y. 1 857. B. B a l a n s a ,
1 1 97. S y r i a : Montium Ant ilibani, in declivit a
t ibus prope Baalbek, alt . 1 1 501 300 m. s. m. V.
1 91 0. J. B o r n m l l e r , 1 1 727. I t er Syriacum.
P e r s i a : . KArman, in mont e Kuh i Hiisar
(iut er Kirman et Bender Abbas) 3400 m. s. m. 1 0.
YI I I . 1 892. J. B o r n m l l er . I ter Persieo-tur-
cicum , 3680. T r a n s c a u c a s i a : . 1 4. VI .
1 889. . JI . , . .. 3
. , . 30. VI .
1 S88. . . . ,
, 5000' 24. VI . 1 888. . .
. Armenia. Erivan. I n lapidosis. l i . *. 1 922. A. G r o s s l i e i m .
: . . . ,
. . . 1 2. V. 1 91 2. . .
. . ., P ar kus im Tschirt schik Thal, 23000' 2. VI I . 1 881 .
. R e g e l . . ., . Jassy. pr. Tsgent , 56000' V. 1 879. . R e g e l . I t er
Turkest anicum. . ., . . . . 21 . I V.
1 91 G. . . Montes meridionales: Tian Schan occident alis. In agris derelict is
prope st at ionem viae ferreae Dsl l ga. 1926. I V. 22 f l . , V. 14 f r. P o p o v .
. . : provenit eult a, spont anea et subspon
per omnem provinc. Gadit anam ( Wi l l ko m m , M. Supplem. F l. Hispanicae.
St ut t gart iae. 1 893). : in campest ribus planit iei
int er Sadovo et Philippopol, spont anea ( Ve l e n o vs ky , J. F lora Bulsarica. Pragae.
1 891 ).
V. Ervilia
, ., B a t t a n d i e r et abut ,
Fl. Alg.; F i o r i , A. et Be gu i n o t , A. Flora analitica d'Italia.
1 9001 902; F i o r i , A. Nuova Flora analitica d'Italia. 1 925;
E n gl e r , . un d Drude, O. Die Vegetation der Erde. XL 1909,
p. 531; Hal acsy, Consp. F l . Graec. 1901; Koch, Synopsis. 1S92;
Coste, H., F l ore de la F ran ce. 1901, . I.
1 45
. .
1
) , V. Ervilia
,
, , .
.
Lens orientalis (
).
, 20 60

0 0 (
,
^

0
, ,
( ). (
), ( , . ).
, , , .
61 7 , .
, ;
1 31 7 , 34.5 . ,
, .
, , , .
, 1 4 ,
. ,
(71 0 , 57 ), ,

( . , ),
, ,
. , .
, ,
. 61 0 24
, . , ,
, , , 34
, ,
( , , ). 1 925
56 .
( ), (
, ). 3.56.5 ,
( 1 000 ) 20 75 .
.
, Lens
esculenta; .
, .
, .
,
.
, , , L. esculenta:
.

S i b t h o r p , Flora Graeca. 1 833. , S t u r m (1 . ) ,
G a ms in H e gi (1 . ) .
' ) Schedae ad H er bar ium florae Asiae Mediae ab Universit at e Asiae Mediae
edit um. Fasc. XIXIII. Taschkent . ,
. . 1 5. 1 927.
. . .
1 0

V. Er vilia.
146
Vicia Ervilia "
,
. ,
V. Ervilia, :
Rovi , ( .
ar go vi).
( ) ( ki r se n n e h ) , , .
, ( ) .
, .
, , ( ) (
, ).
, ( ., . .).
.
( ) , .
( . ),
., , , ,
, .
( ).
M o c o p i c o l o , e r vo , l e r o , z i r l o , mo c l i i , c a p o g i r l o ,
ve c c i o l i .
Jer os .
E r vi l i e , E r ve n l i n s e , kl e i n e
E r ve , E r ve n wi c ke , S t e i n Wi c kl i n s e , S t e i n l i n s e ,
E r ve , Wi c kl i n s e , L i n s e n wi c ke .
e r s, e r vi l i e r, l e n t i l l e b t a r d e ,
v e s c e e r v i l i e r e , e r v i l i e r c u l t i v e .
F r e n c h L e n t i l s , b l a c k b i t t e r ve t c h .



: ,
V. Ervilia.
>
. , . , . , , '
, , .
, ,
, . ,
: ,
( ,

1
), , , , ,
, , , .
, , ,
( ,
,
2
).

, . R. M u s h i e r
3
) ,
,
ku r s e n e .
') , 1 . .
s t e, H. F lore de la F rance. . I . P aris. 1 901 .
R e i c h e n b a c h . 1 903.
) , .
.
!. . V. . 1 261 927.
3) Mu. ?ch ler , R. Manual Flora of E^ypt . Berlin. 1 01 2. p. 543. 1 0*
1 48 1 49

. , , :
,
, ;
,
' ).
, , .
,

2
).
V. Ervilia
.
,
( , ),
( , ' .).
V. Ervilia , ,
V. Ervilia.

,
.
;
L. esculenta,

3
) ,
:
. 40. V. Ervilia W 1 1 d.
V. Ervilia
>.

16.4
16.36
13.5

11.SO
7.10
17.11
9.70
6.34
16.11

. ,


2.30
1.23
1.24
S
47.20
33.78
60.47
1 6.70
37.02
4.9S
5.60
5.21
2.70
,,
:
= 48.63
= 22.40
= 64.40
') . . .
. , . . . , . . . \ \ 1 926.
, . . . . . .
XVI. 3. 1 926.
s s (I 7. , G. I. A Study of Ervum Ervilia L.cugrehelbin Georgia.
Tiflis. 1 928.
) , I I . H.
1 926 . . . . XVII. 4. 1 927.

) ( . . . 37).
1
.
. 41 . Vicia Ervilia AV i l l d.
V. monanthos D e sf. ' ) .
( 1 92S . .).
346
1 94
27
456
1 095

.
. Ervilia
.
lescens
atropunctata
int (rmedia
/
. monantbos

.
. . .
. . .

. .
. .
/ :
.

9.44
9.28
9.40
9.06
9.0
2.70

3.23
2.8 !
3.37
4.26
S f
3.560.78
3.730.93
3.35
3.740.90
3.46 0.87
0.99 3.86 24.1 2
4.47 27.93 64
4.88 30.50 60
4.08 25.50 67.464.74
4.36 27.24 65
68
.77
92
4.55
,684.68
.06 3.38
4.30
V. Ervilia .
, , ,
.
, .
.
, ,
).
. . , ( ) V. Ervilia,
, .
V. Ervilia
; , , ,
. . ,
:
.
( ) ,
, :
, ( ). ( )
V. Ervilia , , .
,
*).
, ,
, . ,
1
1 .
.
2
) . W. Notes on Agriculture in Cyprus and its Products. 1 91 9.
"') P i e . t e r s . A. Green Manuring. Xew Jork. 1 927, p. 224.
1 50
' ) .
, .
(
V. Ervilia ).
,
, .

2
) .
, ,
s
) ,,
.
,
: ,

4
) .
, .
. . ,

.
56
,
. ,
.

{Semina Ervi).
V. Ervilia ;
,
, ,
. .
,
.
V. Ervilia

4
). V. Ervilia
.

'^ ' ' '**

( . 1 0)
. ( )
,
, . . . .
,
.
:
.

.
' ) , . . , . . .
. 1 29.
2
) . . .
3
) , . ., 1 . .
*) s s (I . . 1 . .
'') G r e s h o f f . M. Beschrijving der gilt ige en beweh nende plant en bij de
Tischvangst in geliruik. Bat avia. 1 91 3, p. 78.

=

1 52
. 42. ,
Vicia Ervilia "Willd., .
.

. .









.

.
.
.



.


. . . .

. . . . .

.

.
. . . .
.






.



. . .
1 0
456
1 53
Vi c i a E r vi l i a Wi l l d .

.
.
I. .
1.
2.
3.
a.
1 ) ( . , )
2)
( )
b.
a. ( 81 0 )
b. ( 78 )
a.
b.
4. . 1 2 ( , , . )
1 ). 24
5. a.
b.
I I . .
6.
7.
8.
9.
a. ( 21 25 ,
50 )
b. ( 1 721 ,
45.5 )
a.
b. ( , )
a.
b. ( , )
a. 34
b. 45
I I I . .
10.
.
a. (
)
b.
a. (
56.5 )
b. (
3.55 )
12, ( 1000
) . 22GO .
. 6075 .
. 34. Ticia Ervilia W 1 1 d. var. intermedia . . .
2
/
5
.
. . . .
Fig. 34. Ticia Ervilia W 1 1 d. var. intermedia ., Georgia. .
Drawn by A. M. S h e p e 1 e v a.

159

. , V. Ervilia
(
lutea).

.

,
. 35. Ticia Ervilia Wi l l d . .7 .
. . . .
Fig. 35. Ticia Ervilia Wi l l d . Branch of Frencli lent il from Bulgaria, /
Drawn by A. M. S li e p e 1 e v a.
. ,
.

. (1 . .) 3
:
1 . vulgaris (gemeine Ervenlinse) sub var. tnacrosperma (gros
samige Ervenlinse)
2. punctata (punkt iert e Ervenlinse)
3. pygmaea (Zwerg Ervenlinse ' ).
T u h i l i a t s h e f f (Asie Hineure) M. (Plirygi) var. tnitnis
1 62
) :
,
(6) . variegata .
, , . . . . . .
f) ( ),
( )
(7) var. coerulescens .
, . , . . , .
gj ,
(8) var. melanosperma .
. ( . , , ). . .
.
.
a) ,

(9) var. bicolor m.
, . , , . . ,
.
b) ,

(1 0) var. cypria m.
0. . . . .
. ,
( 1 925 , 45.5 ).
4.55 .
. 1 000 2565 .
(7.51 0 ), , ,
24 . (
1 2.51 7 , 35 ).
1 1 1 7. , (2560 ).
; ,
,
, .
: ,
, , ( , , ),
; : . , . ,
, , , . , , ,
, ,
grex exparsae m.
1 . , , .

(1 1 ) var. globulosa m.
( ) . . . .
2. , .
(
).
1 63
) ,
. .
4 ( 44.5 ).
(1 2) var. minima m.
( ). .
. . .
+ + 4.56.5
(1 3) var. intermedia m.
. vulgaris,
. . , . , . , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , .
b) ( ),
. , ,
.
(1 4) var. punctulata Abe ss.
, .
c) ( )

(1 5) var. maculata m.
, . . , .
d) ( )
(1 6) var. atropunctata .
( ). . , , ( ),
( . .), .
e) :
, ,
.
(1 7) var. georgica Abess_
, , , .
f) ( ),
( )
(1 8) var. einerea m.
, , . .
g) , .
( )
(1 9) var. nigra Ab e ss.
, .
1 1 *
1 64
.
) ,

(20) var. vulgaris ( Kr n . ) m .
. , . ,
, , , . , , , , . ,
, , , .
V. Ervilia.

.
. ,
, , . ,

,
. V. Ervilia
' ). pcc:;,
Ervum; .
.
D e C a n d o l l e V. Ervilia
, .

, ,

. , . ,
, .
.

V. Ervilia,
, Jiabifrus'y
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
, V. Ervilia
( 1 1 ).
Vicia monanthos
2
) De sf.
Fl. Atlant., II. 1 800, p. 1 65. Rouy & F o u c a u d Fl. France
V. 1 899, p. 24 1 Be c k in R c h b . Ic. XXII. 1 903, p. 201 . t. 263.
fig. I. II. 1 7. N y m a n Consp. Fl. Eur. 1 878 82, p. 208;
Suppl. II. 1 889, p. 1 03. Arcang. Compen. F l. it al. 1 882, p. 205.
Ervum monanthos L. Sp. Plant, ed. 1 ., 1 753, p. 738. DC. Prodr. I I . lS2o,
p. 367. Koch Syn. I. ed. 3, 1 892, p. 684.
Leus monanthos . Inst., p. 390. Mn ch, Meth., 17S4, p. 131.
Lathyrus monanthos Wi l l d . Spec. PI. I I I . 1800, p. 1083.
') Wi t t m a c k. S itiun gsber. d. bot. Vereins zu Brandenburg, 19 Dec. 1879.
2
) V. monantha ,
, R e t z i u s
: V. monantha ( = ~V. calcarata).
.
A' s

A)
A'
Bs
]
. Cai


ferruginei

.

.

,



.

,





. nj





'


!

',
. VI.


2 . .

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.



.


1 G8
. 58 ,
( 2738 ).
, ;
( )
1 724 , 23 . ,
, , , ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
, , ,
. .
1 01 4 , 78.5 .
. ,
.
, . .
,
.
. 1 1
2 , . ,
;
. , ,
, , 24 ,
. 26 32 , 79 ,
3.23.7 . 2548.
,
.
5.0 5.8 , 2.83.4 .
( 1 000 )4060 .
(
). , , 7
( . . , ).
.
V. monanthos
. 1 59 .
, 45 . .
.
, . ,
, .
, , 1 02 . .
" , . ,
.
(
) 5567 ,
1 031 1 2 ( . 37 38).
V. monanthos


_ g ,

>

.

,
, , . ,
.
, ,
, , , , , .
1 69
. .
( Coimbra), .
, ,
, ,
, , , , , (
), , , ,
.
.
,
( . 39).
. . ,

1 400 .
( ).
V. monanthos

.
, ,
,
,
.

1 3
, ,
, , .

;
:
, , ,

.
' , . 39.


Vicia
, ,

. Al e f e l d
V. monanthos,
: f. marmo
rata 1 f. nigra 1 f.
. .
, .

, (Avena,
Vicia):
.
' **?
monanthos.
(Alcala), .
. . . .
Fig. 39. Bick of thrashed Oneflowered
lentil Vicia monanthos Desf, Spain
(Alcala), near Madrid.
Phot, by N. I. V 1 .
2ii4
E o e me r , Th. 1 924. Vererbungsstudien mit Lupinen. I. Zeit. f. Pflanzenz.
B. IX. H. 4.
R o u p p e r t , H. 1 921 . Apergu agricole sur la Region de Fez.
R u y, G. et F a a d, J. 1 899. Flore de France. V. Paris.
S a ka r a u r a . 1 920. Experimentelle Studien ber die Zeil u. Kern teil un g
mit besonderer Rcksicht der F orm , Grosse u. Zahl der Chromosomen. Tokyo.
S an chez S a n t a m a r i a, J. M. 1925. Geografia Comercial economica de
Colombia. Bogota.
S cl i bcl er . F . C. 188S. Yiridarium Norvegicum. B. I I . Christian ia.
S chur , J. F . 1866. En um eratio plantarum T ran ss van iae. Vindobonae.
S h e i n f u r t h, G. 1 883. Neue Beitrge zur F lora des alten Aegyptens..
Ber. d. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. I .
S haw and Ra kha l d as Bse. 1929. Studies in Indian Pul ses. I. L en til .
(Ervum Lent, L i n .). Mem. of the Depart, of Agricult. in India. Vol. XVI. No. 6.
December 1 928. Calcutta.
S i b t h o r p , J. 1 81 3. Flora Graecae. Londini.
S t u r m. J. 1 81 2. Deutschlands Flora. Nrnberg.
T chi hat chef f , P. 1860. Asie Mineure. Trois. par. Botanique. I . Paris.
T ed i n , Hans and Olof. 1928. Contributions to the Genetics of Pisum V:
Seed Coat Color. Linkage and F ree Combination. Hereditas. B. XI . H. I.
no r e, M. 1 83536. Flora Napolitana. T. V. Napoli.
T h o mp s t o n e , F. and S a wye r , A. M. 1 91 4. The Peas and Beans of
Burma. Department of Agriculture, Burma. Bull. No 1 2. Rangoon.
T i s c h l e r . G. 1 921 22. Allgemeine Pflanzenkaryologie. Handbuch der Pflan
zenanatomie. I. T. Abt. I.Berlin.
T j e bbe s, K. 1 923. Ganzfarbige Samen bei gefleckten Bohnenrassen. Ber. d.
D. Bot. Ges., XLI.
T je bbe s, K. 1 925. Die Zeichnung der Samenschale von Phaseolus milii
flonts. Hereditas, B. VII, H. I.
T o u r n e f o r t . 1 71 9. Institutiones Rei Herbariae. T. I. Parisiis.
T r a b u t , D. L. et M a r e s, K. 1 907. L'Algerie Agricole en 1 906. Alger.
T s c h e r ma k, Erich. 1 928. Einige Bastardierungsergebnisse an Linsen und
Ackerbohnen. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wissensch. Wien. Abt. I, 1 37. ., 3 u 4 Beft.
T s c h i r c h , A. und e s t e I e. 0. 1 900. Anatomischer Atlas der Pharma
kognosie und Nahrungsmittelkunde. Leipzig.
Va vi l o v, N. I. 1 922. The Law of Homologous Series iii Variation. Journ.
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Va r i l or , N. I. 1 927. Essais geographique sur l'etude de la variabilite
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Rome en novembre.
Ve l e n o vs ky, J. 1 891 . Flora bulgarica. Pragae.
W e e s e, J. 1 924. Zur Kenntnis der Anatomie der Samen eines Linsen Wickenba
stards. Mitteil, d. bot. Laborat. d. Tecbn. Hochschule. Wien.
W e 1 1 e n s k, S. J. 1 927. Linkage Studies in Pisum. I. Genetica. IX. 46'.
We l l n s e k, S. J. 1 925. Genetic monograph on Pisum. Bibl. Genetica. II.
Wh i t e , . 1916. In heritan ce S tudies in Pisum. In heritan ce of cotyledon
colour. Am. Natur. 50.
W h t o, 0. 1 91 7. Interrelation of the genetic factors of Pisum. J. Agr. Re
search. I I .
Wi e gma n n , A. F. 1 82S. Ueber die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreiche.
Braunschweig.
Wi l l ko mm, M. et L a n g e, J. 1 880. Prodromus Florae Hisparicae. Vol.
I I I . Snttgartiae.
Wi n t o n , A. L. 1 91 6. The Microscopy of Vegetable Foods. N. Y.
W g, Fr. 1 886. Die Pflanzen im alten Aegypten. Leipzig.
Wood wo r t h , C. M. 1 921 . Inheritance of cotyledon, seed coat, hilum and
pubescens colours in soybeans. Genetics. 6.
Wo o d wo r t h , and C ol e, L. 1 924. Mottling of soybeans. The Jour, of
Heredity. XV.
1.
Lentils of the USSR and of other countries.
H elena Barulina.
(A Botanico Agronomical Monograph).
S MMA E Y.
I n t r o d u c t i o n .
Bein g in possession of vast world collections of cul tivated
plan ts, brought home from different coun tries bv a whole series of
expeditions, the Bureau of Applied Botan y of the S tate I n stitute
of Experim en tal Agronom y and the I n stitute of Applied Botan y
have made it their purpose to publish a series of monographs on
cul tivated pl an ts. The presen t work is the f irst essay to give
a botanico-agronomical world monograph on the l en til .
Our in vestigation embraces chiefly the common l en til , Lens
esculenta Mo#n ch, as bein g of the greatest economical im portan t.
I t partl y applies also to the F ren ch l en til , Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d. ,
and touches shortl y on the Oneflowered l en til , Vicia monawthos
D e s f. T he l ast two species belong to grain-forage pl an ts.
C h a p t e r 1.
H istory of the cultivation of the lentil.
The l en til is one of the most an cien t crop pl an ts, cul tivated
already in prehistorical tim es in the East, in Hun gary and in
Switzerland. L en til of the n eol ithic period has been found in
Europe in : Bosnia, Hun gary, I tal y, Switzerland and in the S outhern
part of Germ an y. T his crop was eviden tl y adven tive of the South-
Eastern Asia. T he an cien tn ess of l en til cul tivation in S outh-Western
Asia is testif ied by num erous Sanskrit names. I t was known to the
an cien t Egyptian s, Hebrews, Greeks and Rom ans. From I tal y the
l en til has spread over the A lps to Germ any, to the L ithuan ian s
and Slavs.
C h a p t e r 2.
T he geography of the crop and the limits of its cultivation.
T he area of l en til cul tivation embraces a con-
C ountries siderabl e acreage. Common l en til is grown in USSR;
^
r
esculenta.
nS
of the "West-European coun tries in F ran ce, Germ any,
A ustria, Hun gary, Czechoslovakia, Roumania, Spain,
Portugal , I tal y, S icily, Sardinia; in the Balkan Pen in sul a: in Bulgaria
r
2(16
Greece; in t he island Cyprus (t able 1 ). On a small scale t h e lent il
is grown in Switzerland and in England. I n N. Africa t he lent il
is sown in Egypt , Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripolit ania, Abyssinia
and Erit rea. I n America t he crop has gained wide spread in Chile.
I t is equally grown in Argent ina and Brazil, somet imes in Mexico,
Columbia, Guatemala and in t he island Cuba. As regards t he
Asiat ic count ries, t he lent il is grown on a large scale in, Asia Mi
nor, Syria, Palest ine, Transjordania, Mesopotamia, Arabia (Yemen),
Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchist an, I ndia, Kashmir, sometimes in
China.
Countries gro ^
s
regards t h e cult ivat ion of t h e F r ench and
wingViciaEr of t he Oneflowered lent il in our count ry , t he first
vilia and is of import ance only in t he Caucasus" while t he
V. monanthos.
s e c o n d i s n o t g r o w n a t a
l l in t h e Soviet Union.
The chief count ries where t he F r ench lent il is cult ivat ed are:
Syria, Palest ine, Transjordania, Asia Minor, Greece, t h e islands
Greta and Cyprus, Spain, as well as Afghanist an. The area of
cult ivat ion of t h e Oneflowered lent il is Spain and Port ugal.
The regions of cultivation of t he common le ntil in USSR.
The chief regions where t he lent il is grown in USSR
t he Sout h East of European USSR (t he provinces Saratov,
Tambov, Penza), t he Ukraine, t h e Upper Volga region (t he pro
vinces Nishny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk) and t he Cent ral pro
vinces (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lent il is also cult ivat ed in t he
Crimea and in t he N ort hern Caucasus, as well as iibt h e Trans
caucasian and Middle Asiatic Republics. I n Siberia however t he
lent il occupies but a very inconsiderable acreage, it s crops bein;
scat t ered chiefly along t h e rail roads. I n t h e F a r East (t he UsstT
rijsk t errit ory) t he lent il is sometimes sown.
T h e S o u t h E a s t of E u r o p e a n U S S R i s t h e p r i n
c i p a l c e n t r e p r o d u c i n g e x p o r t l e n t i l .
The first place among t h e grain Legummosae of t h e Ukraine
is occupied by t he lent il, along wit h peas. The cent re of lent il
cult ivat ion in t he Ukraine are t he provinces: Podolia, Chernigov,
Kiev and Volynia.
The lent il crops of t h e Tart ar Republic are concent rat ed in
t he region adjoining t h e river Kama and in t h e Trans Volga
dist rict s. In t he Trans Kama region t h e crop has gained but lit t le
spread.
Before t he war, in 1 91 3, t h e acreage under lent ils const it ut ed
in Russia= 41 5. 05S ha. I n 1 926 t h e acreage sown t o lent ils in t he
European part of USSR was 41 9.542 ha, in 1 929it was 426.500 ha.
Thus, USSR lent il crops occupy almost t he half of
t h e world acreage under lent ils. USSR holds t h e first place in
t h e world market wit h regard t o lent il product ion; Egypt follows,
'with Spain, Chile, Roumania and Czechoslovakia.
I n Spain all t h r ee species of t h e lent il are grown, t h e first
place being occupied by Yicia monanthos. The next in import ance
267

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1 1 '
208
is Vicia Ervilia, whil e the com m on l en til com es l ast. Besides S pain
ere F ren ch l en til is an im portan t crop in S yria, Pal estin e,
F ran sjordan ia, in Cyprus an d Greece. T he acreage occupied by
this crop in the above m en tion ed coun tries is con siderabl y greater
than that sown to com m on l en til . I f we attem pt the approxim ate
estim ation of the acreage un der l en til s in al l coun tries of the
worl d growin g this crop (n ot on l y the com m on l en til , but al so
the F ren ch an d the O n ef l owered on e), it wil l f in d its expression
in a b ou t on e m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s . T his val ue gives an idea.
of the im portan ce of the crop in the econ om y of the worl d.
I m port an d Export.
T he coun tries which export l en til s are US S R, S pain , Egypt,
Chil e, A byssin ia, T urkey, Western A sia an d I n dia. T he m ajority
of West-European coun tries, as Germ an y, F ran ce, En gl an d, Greece,
Bul garia, as wel l as A m erica im port the l en til from other coun tries.
Previousl y to the war Russia occupied the f irst pl ace am on g
other coun tries as regards the export oi l en til s. A l m ost the whol e
Russian l en til export wen t to -Germ an y through Kn igsberg. T he
bul k of the exported l en til was suppl ied by the provin ces S aratov,
Pen za an d T am bov. A f ter the war Chil e has becom e a serious
rival of US S R on the worl d m arket.
T he l im its of l en til cul tivation .
T he data of the geographical experim en ts
T he l atitudin al con ducted by the I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y
ti^atf on * i?
e
L
C
e
U
ns
Wi t h r e
S
a r d t o t h e l e n t i l
durin g 6 years (1923
escn l en ta. 192b) have shown that the Northern l im it of
m aturation of the separate l en til varieties m ay
vary in depen den ce on the m eteorol ogical con dition s of the vege-
tation period (see m ap 4). T hus, in the m oist year 1923 n ot on e
of the l en til varieties reached f ul l m aturity in the Northern
station s. O n l y begin n in g with 5740' North iatitude (Kostrom a)
f ul l m aturation coul d be observed. I n the com parativel y dry
year 1924 the l im it shif ted con siderabl y to the North. T hus, at
the S tation n ear the L adoga l ake (59 52') an d at the Novgorod
S tation (58 40') al m ost al l varieties attain ed m aturity.
A s f ar as m ay be judged f rom the resul ts of the geographical
experim en ts con ducted by the I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y, the
cul tivation of the l en til m ay be regarded as m ore or l ess rel iabl e
on l y begin n in g with approxim atel y 57 N. lat . (provinces Kost roma,
Tver, Moscow).
At an elevat ion of 1 760 m. above sea level
The vert ical (Georgia: Bakuriani, prov. Tiflis) and 1 550 m.
""t ion ^VbeSs (
T u r k e s t a n :
Chimgan) t he response of t he lent il
esculenta. ^ environment al condit ions is t he same as in the
ext reme N or t h and as a rule it does not reach
mat urit y. I n 1 926 in Armenia (Leninakan1 470 m.) all variet ies
of t he lent il at t ained mat urit y.
269
According to "the dat a of t h e expedition of X. I . Va vi l c v,
t h e chief region of lent il cult ivat ion in Afghanistan is sit uat ed at
an, alt it ude of 1 2001 300 m. above sea level. The highest point
for t he lent il was marked at 2700 m. and even 2800 m., where
t his plant is grown in a mixt ure wit h wheat.
The ext reme vert ical limit of lent il cult ivat ion in Abyssinia
is even higher (3000 m.) t han in Afghanist an.
According t o t h e dat a of t he geographical
T1
1 . limit s of sowings conduct ed bv t h e I nst it ut e of Applied
C
V ErviHa Bot any, t h e N ort hern limit of t he cult ivat ion of
V. Ervilia also sharply fluct uat es in dependence
on t h e met eorological condit ions of t he summer (see map >). I t
must be not ed t h at t his crop may advance considerably fart her
t o t he N ort h. Thus, in 1 924 V. Ervilia ripened even in t he
Murman region (Khibiny, 67 44'); in 1 925 and in 1 927in Arkhan
gelsk (64 33') and in Severo Dvinsk (61 1 0')
The vert ical limit of t he cult ivat ion of V. Ervilia equally
ascends much higher t han t h at of t h e common lent il.
C h a p t e r 3.
The chemical composition and t he cooking properties of lent il seeds.
According t o t he invest igat ion of t he Lochemical Laborat ory
of t he I nst it ut e of Applied Bot any, t he seeds of leguminous plant s
show a const ant chemical composit ion. I n peas, lent ils, vet ches,
horse beans, grown in t h e most different regions of USSR, no
considerable changes are observed as regards t he cont ent s of
prot eins, ash, cellular t issue and fat. Thus, t he variet al differences
observed in t he lent il wit h regard t o it s chemical composition
remain pract ically unalt ered in any geographical st at ion (see t able 2).
The aut hor gives t h e dat a concerning t h e
C O O l
r t L
S
P
r o
" cooking propert ies of different lent il variet ies.
lent il seeds. according t o t h e invest igat ion carried out by
V. S. F e d o t o v at t he Genet ical Station of t he
I nst it ut e of Applied Bot any (see t able 3).
Of all grain Leguminosae t h e lent il shows t h e highest cooking
coefficient. The small seeded variet ies (Afghanistan, I ndia, Abys
sinia, Persia) are bet t er cookers t han t h e large seeded ones (I t aly,
USSR). The colour of t h e seeds does not influence t heir cooking
propert ies. The t hickness of t h e seed coat plays a considerable
role in regard t o t h e cooking propert ies.
C h a p t e r 4.
The genus Lens, it s hist ory and geography.
F rom an agricult ural point of view usually
The species of
t
h
r e e
p i
a n
t s are referred t o t he cult ivat ed lent ils.
the cultivated r, , .
r
. , , , , , , n ,
Lent il. jBotamcally t h ey belong t o t he same iamily
Leguminosae J u s s . , sub family Papilionatae T a u b ,
and tribus Vicieae B r o n n . , but t o two separat e genera [Lens
( T o u r n , ) Ad a n s . and Vicia L.]: common lent ilLens esculenta
290
b) Seeds with well marked marble
pattern (51 ) var. marmorata m.
Asia Minor (vilayet Konia). Collected
by P. M. Z h i i ko vsky.
4. Seeds grey, unicoloured or with black marble
pat t ern. Cotyledons yellow (52) var. subitalica m.
I t alv, Sardinia, Asia Minor (Mersina, Sivas,
Tokat).
Flowers 24 on peduncle, white with light blue veins.
Cal3'x teeth much longer than corolla. Leaflets of medium
size. Plant most frequently light green (yellow green) colou
red
grex europaeae m.
Prost rat e habit. Late form (the period before
flowering is especially long ' ). Seeds 35 mm
in diameter, reddish grey, unicoloured or with
black marble pat t ern. Cotyledons orange (53) var. prostrata m.
France, Germany, USSR (distr. Kiev).
Erect habit.
X Pods before maturity with purple patches.
Seedlings and stems purple. Seeds 45 mm in
diameter, yellow green with dark green marble
pattern and dark purple spots. Cotyledons
yellow (54) var. dupuyensism.
Widespread in France under t he name Du
Puy. Grown also in Germany, Spain, I t aly,
Algeria, Tunis, Syria, as well as in t he
Ukraine.
XX Pods withmit anthocyan. '
1 . Seeds pinkish, unicoloured or with slightly
marked black marble pattern (speckledness).
Cotyledons orange (55) var. pseudomar
morata m.
Russia: prov. Samara, Ukraine. Distr. Kharkov.
Macedonia, Mesopotamia.
2. Seeds greyish reddish without pat t ern or with
black marble pattern (speckledness). Cotyledons
orange (56) var. variabilis m.
Tripoli, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Greece
(Thessaly), Bulgaria, France, Czechoslovakia,
Soviet Russia: Bashkir Republic, prov. Samara,
distr. Kharkov, Don province.
') Sometimes known under t he name of winter lent il, as in some count ries
i t is sown in fall. Seed samples have been obt ained from Vi l m o r i n under t he
name Ervutn Lens minor hietnalis. Ko e r n i c k e in his work Systematische
Uebersicht der Cerealien und monocarpischen Leguminosen (1 873) describes var.
erythrospermum Bot samiga Wint prlinse, which evident ly corresponds to our
var. prostrata. However, t he descript ion of Ko e r n i c k e being concise, t he perfect
ident it y of t he forms is difficult to est ablish.
4
291
3. Seeds grey, unicoloured or with black marble
pattern. Cotyledons yellow (57) var. mutabilis m.
USSR: Prov. Ryazan, Kuban. I t aly, Asia
Minor, Denmark, Macedonia.
4. Seeds yellow green without pat t ern and
with dark green marble pat t ern. Cotyledons
yellow (58) var.
Widespread form. USSR, Sardinia, Greece,
Asia Minor, France, Germany, North Africa.
vulgaris
(Al. ) m.
C h a p t e r 7.
Treats on the French lentil (Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d.) and t he
'Oneflowered lentil (Vicia monanthos D e s f.).
The first of these species has been studied with more detail.
The author gives t he scheme of variation of the hereditary varying
characters (in all 30) of V. Ervilia, as well as key to the determi
nation of its varieties. The greatest concentration of endemic
characters and forms of V. Ervilia is found in t he eastern part of
t he Mediterranean region (see map 1 1 ). In Syria, Palestine, in
Cyprus, part ly in Asia Minor a 'special endemic group of V. Ervilia
has been found (called by us mediterraneae) which in its general
habit is t he most akin t o t he wild growing lentil. I n t his region
dwarfy forms have been found, as well as black seeded ones with
large and with small seeds.
The Eastern Mediterranean is t he centre of origin of t he cul
t ivat ed Vicia Ervilia.
As t he distance from t his region increases, t he number of
characters and forms becomes perceptibly less. Thus, for instance,
in Afghanistan but 3 varieties are grown.
I n comparing t he scheme of variation of Vicia Ervilia with
t hat of Lens esculenta, we see t hat t he characters of both species
vary on t he whole in t he same way. Still some individual featu
res may be observed in t he variation of t he separate characters
of V. Ervilia. I n the first place, t he range of variation of t his
species is much narrower. Difference with regard to t he size of
pods and seeds is 3 times in Lens esculenta, and reaches 6 mm,
while in V. Ervilia it is but l'/
s
2 times (3 mm). F o differences
have been found with regard to t he pubescence of the plants, t he
lengt h of t he calyx teeth, shattering, etc.
1 9*
292
General scheme of t he variat ion of Vicia Ervilia Willd.
Hereditary varying features. Character of features.
I. F l o we r c h a r a c t e r s .
1. Colour of corolla
2. Dimensions of flower
3. Colour of pedicel
4. Number of flowers on pe
duncle
5. Length of awn of peduncle
a. yellowish: 1 ) standard without veins
(Asia Minor, Syria), 2) standard with
violet veins (Afghanistan)
b. reddish violet
a. large (length 81 0 mm)
b. small (length 78 mm)
a. green
b. purple
a. 1 2 (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus)
b. 24
a. long
b. short
I I . P o d c h a r a c t e r s .
6. Dimensions of pod
7. Colour of immat ure pod
8. Colour of mat ure pod
9. Number of seeds per pod
a. large (length 21 25 mm, width
56 mm)
h. small (length 1 7 21 mm, width
45,5 mm)
a. green
b. purple (Syria, Palestine)
a. straw coloured
b. brown (Syria, Palestine)
a. 34
b. 45
III. Seed c h a r a c t e r s .
1 0. Shape of seeds
1 1 . Size of seeds
1 2. Weight of 1 000 seeds
1 3. Colour of seeds
a. spherical (Afghanistan: Vazirabad)
b. triangular (pyramidal)
a. large (greatest diameter 56,5 mm)
b. small (greatest diameter 3,55 mm)
a. 2260 gr.
b. 6075 gr.
a. pink
b. grey
brown
d. black
293
Hereditary varying features. Character of features.
14. Character of pattern
15. Colour of pattern
16. Colour of cotyle dons
17. Colour of hilum
a. marbly pattern
b. spottiness
dottiness
d. complex pattern (combination of
a, b, c)
a. brown
b. purple
black
a. yellow
b. bright orange (red)
light orange (piiik)
a. light brown
b. dark brown
IV. Ve g e t a t i ve c h a r a c t e r s .
18. Col our of se e dl ings
19. Shape of l e a fl e ts
20. Size of l e a fl e ts
21. Numbe r of pa irs of l e a fl e ts
22. Col our of pl a nt
23. H e ight of pl a nt
24. Colour of ste m
25. Thickne ss of ste m
26. Bra nching
27. H a bit of young pla nt
green (Syria, island Ehodos)
purple
oval
linear
large
small
61 2 (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus)
1 1 1 7 (Italy, Algeria, Tunis. Bul
garia)
light green (yellow green)
dark green (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus)
tall
medium
dwarfy
green
purple
thick (2,54 mm)
thin (22,5 mm)
forms profusely branched (7 1 0
and more)
forms scantily branched (47)
erect
semi prostrate (Zarafshan)
prostrate (Palestine, Tunis)
296
as well as in Mediterranean countries: Asia Minor, island Rhodos,
Algeria, Tunis, I taly, Malta, Spain. In Western Europe: Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Germany, France
grex exparsae m.
1. Seeds orbicular, yellowish pink, unicoloured.
Cotyledons orange (1 1 ) var. globulosa m.
Afghanistan (Vazirabad). Collected by N. I .
Y a v 1 v.
2. Seeds of usual shape: triangular pyramidal.
a) Seeds greyish pink, unicoloured or
with scarcely perceptible grey spots.
Hilum brown.
Cotyledons from bright orange to light
orange.
f Seeds very small (greatest diameter
44,5 mm) (1 2) var. minima m.
The Crimea, valley of Baidary. As admix
t ure to crops of common lentil. Collected
by H. B a r u l i n a.
ff Greatest diameter of seeds 4,56,5 mm.
Hilum brown (1 3) var. intermedia m.
Along with var. vulgaris, this is one of
t he most widespread varieties of t he
world. Asia Minor, Spain, Italy, Greece,
Algeria, Tunis, Afghanistan, Persia,
Uzbekistan (distr. Fergana), Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Armenia, Daghestan.
a) Seeds with brown, uniform (blending)
marble pattern. Sometimes some of t he
seeds show an addition greyish spots.
Ground greyish pink . . . . (1 4) var. punctidata
Georgia, Armenia. A b e s s.
b) Seeds with dark brown (or black) spots
near the hilum . . . . . . . (1 5) var. maculata m.
c) Seeds with minute black (purple)
dots (1 6) var. atropun
Asia Minor, Daghestan. data m.
d) Seeds with compound pattern: small
uniform, brown marble pattern and
black spots near t he hilum. Ground
greyish pink (1 7) var. georgica
Ab ess.
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Algeria,
Germany, Czechoslovakia.
e) Seeds grey (smoke coloured), colour
varies from light grey (light bluish)
to dark grey (1 8) var. cinerea m.
Spain, Creta, Asia Minor.
297
f) Seeds black, hilum white. Cotyledons
light orange (1 9) var.
Georgia, Daghestan.
Cotyledons yellow. Seeds grej ish pink,
unicoloured or with scarcely percep
tible grey spots (20) var.
Most widespread form. Afghanistan, Spain,
I t aly, Greece, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Asia
Minor, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France.
Germany.
nigra
A b e s s.
vulgaris
Kr n .
Ch a p t e r 8.
T he lentil of USSR.
Lens esculenta is grown al l over US S R, while Vicia monanthos
is en tirel y missing. The cul tivation of Vicia Ervilia is of im portan ce
on l y in the Caucasus.
T he l en til grown in the European part of the S oviet Un ion ,
as wel l as in S iberia, shows no great diversity. T he large-seeded
l en til in al l probabil ity has been in troduced in to our coun try from
the "West, the sm all-seeded one bein g adven tive from the East.
To the l arge-seeded group belon g forms bein g of im portan ce for
export. T he sm all-seeded forms are used for forage.
The cen tre of the large-seeded l en til are the provin ces
adjoining the m iddle course of the Volga, and the Ukrain e. T he
sm all-seeded l en til gravitates towards the North and East of USSR.
F or the territory of proper Russia, the Ukrain e, the T artarian ,
T chuvashian , Crimean Republ ics, Siberiawe have established 10
varieties: var. nummularia, Pulmanii, italica, iberica, subnummularia,
dupyensis, vulgaris, pseudomarmorata, mutabilis, varidbilis.
O n ly durin g the very l ast tim es the Russian experim en t
station s have begin to devote their atten tion to l en til breedin g.
Smoke-coloured = Dym chataya l en til has been bred by I . A. P u 1-
m a n in prov. Kursk.
T he I n stitute of A pplied Botan y is engaged in the propaga-
tion and testin g of the practical l y m ost in terestin g l en til varieties
of dif f eren t geographical origin .
T he l en til of the T ran scaucasian Republ ics: Georgia, A rm enia,
A zerbaijan has m uch in common with that of the n eighbourin g
coun tries of S outh - Western and Western Asia. I t em braces
m oreover a con siderable n um ber of endem ic el em en ts. A l l T ran s-
caucasian Republ ics grow alm ost excl usivel y small-seeded l en til s.
Val uabl e practical properties of the Transcaucasian l en til s
are their earl in ess, drought-resistan se and the high cooking
properties of their seeds.
T he varietal and racial diversity of the l en til s of the Middle-
A siatic Republ ics: T urkm en istan , Uzbekistan , the Tajik Republ ic
is sim ilar to that of the n ieghbourin g coun tries, especially Persia.
A l m ost excl usivel v sm all-seeded l en til s are grown in T urkestan .
31 4
1 2 .
221
221
222
223
13 .
(Le n s
e scul e n ta ) 224
224
224
L. esculenta . . . . 227
. . . . 230
. . . 231
231
231
14 .
, ( ).
. 235
, 234
236
244
1 5 .
Le n s e scul e n ta . . 248
248
249
249
254
, t 255
256
260
" 265
I. II 305
. . 307
309
CO NTE NTS .
Page
I nt roduct ion 1
C h a p t e r 1 .
The history of le ntil cultivation 5
Data on t he cult ivat ion of lent il in hist orical times 5
Occurrence of lent il in preliist orical times
Dat a of linguist ic 8
M o d e r n n a m e s of t h e c o m m o n l e n t i ] 8
C h a p t e r 2.
Ge ogra phy of the l e ntil a nd the l imits of its cul tiva tion 1 1
Countries growing Lens esculenta
Countries growing Yicia Ervilia and Y, vionanihos 1 1
World st at ist ics of lent il cult ivat ion ,
E e g i o n of c u l t i v a t i o n of t h e c o m m o n l e n t i l ' i n T J S S B . . 1 4
Acreage under lent il in the South East of European USSR. 1 5
Acreage under lent il in the Ukraine 1 5
Acreage under lent il in other lent il growing regions of USSR 1 6
A c r e a g e a n d y i e l d of l e n t i l i n U S S R b e f o r e a n d a f t e r
t i e wa r 1 6
Acreage and yie]d of lentil iv. Sussia in 1 91 3 1 6
Acreage under lent il in European USSR in 1 926 20
S t a t i s t i c s of l e n t i l c u l t i v a t i o n i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s . 21
Acreage and yield of lentil in Egypt 21
Acreage under lent il in Spain. 21
Acreage under lent il in Greece 23
Yield of lent il in Palest ine 24
St at ist ics of lent il in other countries , 24
I m p o r t a n d e s p o r t 25
Countries exporting lent il. Export of Russian lent il 25
Export of common lent il from Spain 26
I mport and export of lent il in Egypt 26
Countries import ing lentil 27
L i m i t s of l e n t i l c u l t i v a t i o n 27
Lat it udinal limit? of cultivation 27
Vertical limits of t he cultivation of Lens esculenia . , 30
Limits of t he cult ivat ion of Ticia Ervilia 30
C h a p t e r s .
Che mica l composition a n d cookin g prope rtie s of l e n til se e ds . . 33
Utilization of t he lent il in different count ries 33
Chemical .composition of ih ; lentil 33
Cooking propert ies of lest : = <!? 37
316 317
C h a p t e r 4.
T h e ge n u s Le n s: i t s h i s t o r y a n d ge o gr a p h y 39
Species of cultivated lentil . . " " . . . , . 39
The history of the genus Lens in lit erat ure 39
The position of t he genus Lens in t he trilras Vicieae. I ts differences from other
genera. 40
General description of t he genus Ticia L 42
General description of t he genus Lens ( T o u m e f . ) A d a n s 42
G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e g e n u s Lens . 43
The general area of t he genus Lens and the distribution of its species . . . . 43
The ecology of the species of t he genus Lens 47
D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s p e c i e s of t h e g e n u s Lens. 48
Lens Lenticula (S h r e b.) A 1 e f. 48
Lens nigricans (M. B.) G d r ' 50
Lens Kotschyana ( s s.) A1 e f. . . 53
Lens orientalis ( s s.) a n d. a z z 54
Lens esculenta M h 59
C h a p t e r 5.
Syst e m of h e r e d i t a r y va r i a t i o n of t h e l e n t i l (Lens esc ul en t a) a n d
descr ipt ion of se pa ra te c h a r a c t e r s 62
Material and methods. G2
General scheme of hereditary variation of the species Lens esculenta M e n h. io
D e s c r i p t i o n of c h a r a c t e r s of Lens esculenia 68
Characters of flower 68
Colour of corolla. 68
Size of flower 70
Size of calyx teeth 71
Number of flowers on ^peduncle 72
Characters of pod 72
Size of pod 72
Form of surface of pod (thickness of pod) . . * . . ! 72
Shape of pod (outline) 76
Colour of pod 77
Pehiseence of pod 77
diameters of seeds 78
Size of seeds 78
Shape of seeds (thickness) * 78
Surface of seeds 79
Colour of seeds ' . . , ' . 81
Pat t ern of seeds , "85
Colour of cotyledons . . ' . .' ' 89
Product ivit y. ' '.'8'
Vegetative characters 91
Colour of seedlings 91
Colour of plant. , 91
Pubescence of plant . 91
Size of leaflets '. 94
Shape of leaflets , . 95
Number of pairs of leaflets / 9 5
Lengt h of tendrils 9 5
Habit of growth 98
Types of branching. ' .' 99
Branchiness 1 03
Height of plants 1 05
Physiological characters 105
Vegetation period 1 05
I nvestigation of some quant it at ive charact er? 1 1 2
Biology of the lentil 1 1 7
tp&
Germination
Germination power of the seed? . . .
Branching
Flowering and fruit formation . . .
Pollinat ion. .
Cytological invest igat ion of t he lent il
Root system of t he len t i l.
4
. . . . .
Page
1 1 7
1 1 9
1 1 9
1 1 9
I
2 0
1 22
1 22
," C h a p t e r 6. ,
Cl a ssifica tion of Le n s e scul e n ta . Ke y to va rie tie s. . 1 23
Short survey of t he systematic st udy of t he lent il 1 23
Classification of t he common lent il 1 24
Principal syst emat ic unit s . . ~ I
2
*
Subspecies. V . . . . . " ' 1 24
Geographical groups of variet ies 1 27
Description of geographical groups . ' 1 28
Varieties . . . _ . . . . . . 1 30
Element ary speciesjordanons 1 30
Ecotypes. 1 30
Geographk an d n on -geograpbical characters 131
S ystem atic val ue of the characters 132
Ke y t o t h e v a r i e t i e s of Lens esculenta Moe n c h 134
- Chapter- 7.
O ther species of cultivated lentil. . 1*2
F r e n c h l e n t i l Vieia Ervia W 1 1 d. 1 42
Short history of its generic and specific name 1 42
Description of wild growing V. Ervia 143
Gen eral description of cul tivated V. Ervilia *. . . . 145
Modem nam es 01 . Ervia I
4 6
Region of cul tivation of V. Ervilia 146
Utilization of T. Ervia l f
s
Material and scheme of variation 150
Classification of V. Ervia
15
9
Key t4) t he v a r i e t i e s of Ye Ervilia 164
Hi s t o r y of c u l t i v a t i o n an d o r i g i n of T
r
. Ervilia 164
O n e f l we r e d l e n t i l Vicia monanthos Desf . .* . . 164
Modern nam es . . . ' . - . ;* 1 67
Description . . , . . . . ' : I
6
?
Geographical distribution and origin 1 68
Chapter 8.
The l e n til of USSR.
Geography of t he lent il forms in European USSR. 1 70
Botanical diversit y of t he lent il in European USSR and in Siberia. 1 72
Pract ical work wit h t he lent il conducted by t he experimental inst it ut ions of
USSR. . . . v . . . V. . .. . . . . . . . 1 73
The lent il of t he Daghestan SSR . . 1 81
T h e l e n t i l of t h e T r a n s c a u c a s i a n R e p u b l i c s 1 82
The lent il of Azerbaijan . 1 S3
The lent il of Armenia ; I
s 4
The lent il of Georgia. . . . 1 85
T h e l e n t i l of t h e M i d d l e A s i a t i c R e p u b l i c s 1 S5
31 8
C h a p t e r 9.
T h e l e n t i l o f A s i a 1 87
T h e l e n t i l o f I n d i a 1 87
T h e r e gi o n of i t s c u l t i va t i o n , 1 87
Bo t a n i c a l d i ve r si t y of t h e I n d i a n l e n t i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 88
Description of the Indian lentil 1 89
The lentil in Mongolia, China. 1 90
The lentil of Afghanistan. r
1 9

The lentil of Persia . . . . . . . . 1 91

T h e l e n t i l of S y r i a a n d P a l e s t i n e . . . 1 93
Vicia Ervilia of Syria and Palestine 1 94
T h e l e n t i l of As i a M i n o r " " . . . . " 1 96
The common lentil 1
9 <
>
Varietal diversity . 1 96
Vicia Ervilia of Asia Minor 200
Chapt er 1 0. *
The lentil of Africa 202
T h e l e n t i l o f A b y s s i n i a a n d E r i t r e a . . . . . . . : . . . . . 202
U t i l i za t i on of t h e l en t i l .' . \ . 202
R e gi o n of di st r i bu t i on a n d ve r t i c a l l i mi t s of c u l t i va t i o n . 202
Bo t a n i c a l desc r i pt i on of t h e Abyssi n i a n l e n t i l . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 202
Or i gi n of t h e Abyssin ian l e n t i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
N o r t h e r n A f r i c a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Mor occo . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Al ge r i a . . . 207
T u n i si a 208
T r i p o l i t a n i a , C i r en a i c a 208
E gyp t . . . . . . V . 208
Chapter 1 1 . _,
T h e l e n t i l of E u r o p e a n d Ame r i c a 209
T h e l e n t i l o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s of E u r o p e :
of t he I berian peninsula (Spain, P ort ugal), of I t aly, Greece and t he
islands of t he Medit erranean (Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cret a, Cyprus) . . 209
Spain and P or t ugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .. , 209
Lens esculenta of Spain and P ort ugal : . . . 210
Vina Ervilia of Spain . . . . . . . . 21 3
Vicia monanthos of Spain an d P o r t u ga l 21 3
I t aly, Sar dinia, Sicily .
2 1
*
Common len t il of G reece, Cr et a. . . . . . . . . 21 6
V. Ervilia of Cypr us, C r et a an d G r eece . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6
T h e l e n t i l i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f C e n t r a l a n d We s t e r n
Europe 21 7
The lent il of America . . 21 9
The lent il in t he United St at es, in Mexico and Columbia 21 9
The lent il in Chile. .. 21 9
The bot anical diversit y of t he American lent il . . . . . . 220
Chapter 1 2.
Ectypes of t he l en til
Earliness
Branchiness
Height of plan ts. . . . .
222
223
319
Chapter 13.
T he chief cen tres of origin of the common l en til (Lens esculen ta). 224
L iterary data 224
Geographical distribution of the l en til forms 224
Prin cipal cen tre of origin of Lens esculenta 227
Secondary cen tres of origin of the lentiL 230
Eegion s of adven tive cul tivation of the l en til . . . . , . . . 231
Data of botan ical geography 231
Gen eral con clusion s 231
Ch a p t e r 14.
O n t he vetch as a weed in l enti l s (mimicry l a plants). Di seases
and pests of the lentil 233
Vetch a v eed in peas 234
F l at-seeded vetch a weed in l en til 236
T he m os t i m p o r t a n t d i s e a s e s an d p e s t s of t he l e n t i l . . 244
Chapter 15.
A n atom y of the l en til (Lens escnlenta) 248
Material an d m ethods 248
A n atom y of the root of the l en til . . . . . . . : 249
A n atom y of the stem . . 249
A n atom y of the l eaf 254
A n atom y of the f ruit. 255
A n atom y of the seeds 256
Bibl iography 260
S um m ary 265
Expl an ation of pl ates I , I I an d I I I 305
L ist of drawin gs . 307
L ist of m aps 309
1 .
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( Vi r gi l i us, Georgica I, 228),
: ,
1 91 2.
') D e C a n d o l l e , A. L'origine des plantes cultivees. (1 882). 5 me ed. Paris.
, .
, . . 1 872.
S c h b e i e r , F . . Viridarium Norvegicum. . II. Christiania. 1 888.
u 1 1 , a If u r J o h n . The Plants of the Bible. London. 1 866.
B u s c h a n , G. Vorgeschichtliche Botanik der Cultur und Nutzpflanzen der
alten Welt auf Grund prhistorischer F un de. Bresl au. 1895.
Hoop s , J o h a n n e s . Wal dbum e un d Kulturpf lan zen im germ an ischen A l ter-
turn . S trassburg. 1905.
S c h w e i n f u r t h . Neue Beitrge zur F l ora des al ten A egypten s. Ber.
d. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. I. 1883.
Woe n i g , F r. Die Pflanzen im al ten A egypten . L eipzig. 1886.
6
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Fig. I . Palestine (Hebron). Ancient cemetery near
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Jacob for a mess of pottage made of lentils.
Phot , of N. I. Va vi l o v.



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(Mistelbach), (Bourget), . (Heraclea)
[(Dra Abu Negga) ].
: Brandenburg
(Niemitzsch, Guben), (Lutzmannstein),
(Karhof), (Steinburg)* (Striegau),
(Haute Loire); (Baden, Buchs)
(Bor, Pacengo, Aquileja).

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') H e e r , O s wa l d . Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten. Z rich. 1865.
'-') 1 u m e 1 1 e, De l'economie rurale. Tradtiit par M. Louis du Bois. T. prem.
Liv. II, p. 1 59. Paris. 1 844.
:1
) H u t t o n , B. J., l. c.
*) , . . . 1 866, . 61 2.
') H e e r , ., 1 . ; u s h , 1 . ; H o o p s , 1 . .
P a x, F. Schlesiens Pflanzenwelt. Jena. 1 925.
H e gi , G. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. B. IV. T. 3. M n chen . 1925.
Ne u we i l e r , E. Die prhistorischen Pf l an zen reste Mittel europas m it beson -
derer Ber cksichtigun g der schweizerischen F un de. Viertel jahrsschrif t der Naturfor-
schen den Gesel l schaf t in Z rich. 1905.
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l i n z e ; 1 n t h a, l e n t ; L e n
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Map 5. The Northern limit of mat urat ion of t he French lent il according t o t he
geographical experiments conducted by t he I nst it ut e of Applied Botany.


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Map 2. Kegions of cultivation of the common lentil (scheme).

1 45
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1 flower; 2pod; 3seeds;
4stipule; 5leaflet (1
5 X* /.,:
8
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1 .
. Asi a mi
n o r : prope Angora, in montibus calcareis. .
1 834. ffifdemann. Kaia guenl Dere, a 2 lieues
au SO d'Oucbak. Pbrygie 29. V. 1 857. B. B a l a n s a ,
1 1 97. S yr i a : Montium Antilibani, in declivita
tibus prope Baalbek, alt. 1 1 501 300 m. s. m. V.
1 91 0. J. Bo r nm filler, 1 1 727. Iter Syriacum.
P e r s i a : pror. Kirman, in monte Kuh-i-Esar
(iuter Eirm an et Bendej-Abbas) 3400 . s. m. 1 0.
VIII. lg92. J. Bor n m l l ex. I ter Persieo-tur-
cicum, A"s3680. T r a n s ca uca s i a : . 1 4. VI.
1 889. . . , . ., 3
. , . 3*0. .
1 8S8. . . . ,
. 5000' 24. VI. 1 888. . .
. Armenia.. Erivan. In lapidosis. . V. 1 922. A. G r o s s h e i m.
~: f : . . . .
, . . 1 2. V. 391 2. . .
. . ., Parkus im Techirtschik Thal, 23000' 2. VII. 1 881 .
. gel. . ., . Jassy. pr. Usgent,5 6000'. 1 879. . Ke ge l . I t er
Turke?tanicum. , ., . . . . 21. TV.
. . . Montes meridionales: Tian Schan occidentalis. In agrts derelic s
prope stationem viae ferreae Dshilga. 1926. I V. 22 L, V. 14 fr. P .
. . : provenit culta, spontanea et subspon
tanea per omnem prorinc. Gaditanam ( Wi l l ko mm, M. Supplem. PL Hispanicae.
tt-n :u-r:iae. 1S93). : in campestribns planitiei
i a 5 o r c i e f
PJiib'ppopol. sponunea ( Ve l e n o r s ky, J. Flora Bulgarica. Pragae.
is?;).
V. Ervilia
, ., B a t t a n d i e r e t T r a bu t ,
Fl. Alg.; F i o r i , A. et Be gu i n o t , A. Flora analitica d'Italia.
1 9 1 902: F i o r i , A. Nnova Flora analitica d'Italia. 1 925;
E r gl e r , A. a n d D r ude, O. Die Vegetation der Erde. XL 1 909,
p. 531 ; H a l a c sy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 1 901 ; Koch , Synopsis. 1 892;
C o r e , H., Flore de la France. 1 901 , . I.
~z M. .
1
) , V. Ervilia
. ; ,
, , .
.
Lens orientalis (
).
, 20 60


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.
, Lens
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, .
, .
,
.
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.

S i bt bo r p , Flora Graeea. 1 833. , S t u r m (1 . ) .
G ams in H e gi (1 . ) .
') Schedae ad Herbarium florae Asiae Mediae ab Universitate Asiae Jlediae
editum. Fasc. XI . Taschkent.
. . 1 5. 1 9:27.
. . . 1 0

^t v 4
Vicia Ervilia ,. "

BH U e
g ,
v. crvi ia.

. ,
V. Ervilia, :
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ar go r vi).
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, ( ) .
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, .
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ve c c i o l i .
Jeros .
E r vi l i e , E r ve n l i n s e , kl e i n e
E r ve, E r ve n wi c ke , S t e i n Wi c kl i n s e , S t e i n l i n s e .
E r ve , "Wi ckli n se, L i n s e n wi c ke .
er s, e r vi l i e r, l e n t i l l e bt ar d e.
vesce er vi l i er e, e r vi l i e r cul t i ve.
F r e n c h L e n t i l s , bl a c k b i t t e r ve t c h .



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5
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C o st e . H. Flore de la France. . I. Paris. 1 901 .
h e n ba e li. 1 903.
) , .
.
.. . . 1261S27'.
3) Mucl ; l er , . A Manual FJorr, of Etrypt. Berlin. 1 ^1 2. p. 543.
m
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.
;
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:
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.
.
< >.

=
2
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1 3.5 1 7.1 1
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a s
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1 .24
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47.20 ;' 1 0.70

33.78 37.02
60.47 4.98
5.60
5.21
2.70

:
= : 48.63
= 22.40
= 64.40
') & , . .
. . . . . , . . . V. 1 926.
. *. . . . . . .
. S. 1 820.
s a d z e. G. I. A Srady of Ervum Ervilia L.tugreheliin Georgia.
Tiflis. 1 928. ' .
"( , H. H. .
:926 . . . . XVII. 4. 1 927.
:
'\ 3? ( ( . . . 37).
. 1 1 . Vicia Ervilia 1 1 d.
V. monanthos D e s f. ' ).
( 1 928 . .).
346
194
27
45G
1095

.
". Ervilia
var. coeru
lescens
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. monanthos

.
. . .
. . .

. .
. .
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& .
1

X
^
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9.28 3.23
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5
S-
>

3.35|0.99! .86
3.56 0.78 4.08 25.50 67.46 4.74
3.73 0.93 4.36 27.24 65.77 4.55
9.06 3.37! 3.74 0.90
9. 0 4.26 3.46 0.87
4.47 27.93 64.06 3. 38
4.88 30.50 60.92 4.30
I !
V. Ervilia .
, , ,
. .
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.
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,

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) .
, ,
. , . ,

) .
ft.
s
) van , W. Notes on Agriculture in Cyprus and its Produc
3
) P i e t f rs. A. GreeE Majiurinii. vr Jerk. 1 927. p. 224.
duers. 1 91 9.
1 50


).
, . MVKH
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. 1 929.
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v;u!irst in gpl.Tuik. Bat avia. 1 91 8, p. 7S.
1 52
> s ?'
." Ervilia T T i i l d . , .
.
.




. .




2 I
.

. . . . .

26 I



.
.
. . : . .
. . .

. . . .
.
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Vicia Ervilia W 1 ? .

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3.
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. 24
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. 45
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1 2, ( 1 000
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15.
14.
15.
16.
1 7.
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1 8.
1 9.
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21 .
22.
25.
24.
25.
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, V. Ervilia

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, ( *
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.

. V. Ervilia, L. esculenta,
(aurantiae) (jlava)
. .

. 31 . Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d.
. V
s
.
. . . .
F ig. 31 . Ticia Ervilia Wi l I d . Branch of t he F rench
lent il of Syria.
2
/ ?
Drawn by A. M. S h e p e 1 a.
P E C. 32. Tioia Ervilia W 1 1 d. . variegata . , . .
1 7 */ ( 8); S
4
; *>
1 0 X!:,: 1 1
4
/
3

. . . .
Fig. S2. Ticia En ilia W 1 d. . variegata m., Cyprus.
17ar;:J.-i? of the f l ower x
!
.k ("X8):8pod X
4
3: 9seeds X
8
/s
:
i<istipul ex*,. "; 11l eaf l et X
4
; > "
Drawji by A . M. S li e p e 1 e r a.
. ' 33. F icia Ervilia Wi l l d. . variegata . . .
2
/
5
.
. . . .
F ig. 33. Ervilia Wi l l d . . variegata ., Cyprus
2
/
5
.
Drawn by A. M. S h e p e 1 .
. 34. Vicia Ervilia W 1 1 d. var. intermedia . . .
2
/.
. . . .
Fig. 34. Ticia Ervilia W 1 1 d. rar. intermedia .. Georgia. /
5
.
Drawu " . . S h e p d e r a .
:,c:-... :^ . . . . . . . .. , . Ervilia : \ :.:.::
(
luteu).

.

,
. 35. Vicia Enrilia W 1 1 d. 8 .
3
/
s#
. . . .
Pig. 35. Vicia Ervilia Wil l d. Branch of French le ntil fromBulgaria.
2
/
8
.
l
Drawn A. 31. Sh e pe l e ra .
. ,
.
,

*
/ #
^
rv
^
a B

. (1. . ) 3
:
1. vulgaris (ge me ine Erve nlinse ) subvar. macfosperma (gros
samige Erve nlinse )
2. punctata (punktie rte Erve n linse )
3. pygmaea {Zwe rg Erve nlinse ').
T c l i i b a t s h e f f (Asie Mineure) M. (Pbrygib) var. minut
260
o r r e r y " " ' : . ' : " ; . v .. :; :
(I. .)
.
, V. Ervilia
,
, Lens
esculenta.
(subspecies).
,
. 36. ri!tlia Wi l l d , rar. intermadiu . , .
1 7 X
8
/
s
; 8
4
/ ?
9
. X
8
/> 1
X*/
3
; XVs
. . . .
Fig. SS. Ticia Ervilia Wi l Jd. var. intermedia .. Georgia.
1 7analysis _: zht flower x
s
/
s
(7XS); 8 <
4
/
:
9seedsX
s
/
3
:
1 0stipulexVs; 11leafletxV-
Drawn by . S b e p e l e r a .

(grex variet at um).
, mediterraneae (
) , ,
, , , , . ,
. .; , , .
=: :; :
:
: ,
, ,
, ,
( . 31 , 32, 33).
exparsae
, ,
: 3. , . , . ,
, , ( . 34, 35, 46).

, , ,
. .
1 61
Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d .
. ,
( 21 25 , 56 ).
5 6.5 .
. 1 000 '6075 .
78 ,
, , (
) , .
: , .
: ( 1 3 1 5 , 3 3.5 ).
1 6 1 2. ,
(2030 ), .
: ,
, . , . , . ( . ., ,
, , ), , ,
grex medit erraneae
1 . , .

(1 ) var. pallidiflora m.
. : . ( . , ). .
. . . .
2. ,
. ' ' .
(
).
a) ,
Lf. " ,
(2) var. gilvogrisea m.
, , . , .
b)

(3) var. syrlaca m.
, , . , , , . .
c) ;
, , ,
,
' _ . . . ' (4) var. palaestina m.
, , . , . , .
d) ( ) ,

(5) var. nigripunctata m,
. , . . . . & .
. . . 11
' *:.
. "* . , !
ifc.
e) :
,
(6) var. variegata m.
, , . . . . . .
f) ( ),
( )
(7) var. coerulescens m.
, . , , . , .
g) ,
(8) var. melanosperma m.
. ( . , , }. . .
.
.
a) ,

(9) var. bicolor m.
, . , , . . ,
.
b) ,

(1 0) var. cypria .
0. . . . .
. ,
( 1 925 , 45.5 ).
4.55 .
. 1 000 2565 .
(7.51 0 ), , ,
24 . (
1 2.51 7 , 35 ).
1 1 1 7. , (2560 ).
; ,
,
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: ,
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; : . , . ,
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grex exparsae m.
1 . , , .
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(1 1 ) var. globulosa m.
( ). . . *.
2. , .
(
).
, ' ;:' .' : : : : : . : : "
. , : Gv .
f ( 44.5 ).
(1 2) var. minima m.
( ). .
. . .
4 4.56.5
(1 3) var. intermedium.
. vulgaris,
. . , . , . , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , .
b) ( ),
. ' , ,
.
(1 4) var. punctulata Abe ss.
, .
c) ( )

(1 5) var. maculata m.
, . , , .
d) ( )
(1 6) var. atropunctata m.
( ), . , , ( ),
( . .), .
e) :
, ,
.
(1 7) var. georgica Ab e s /
, , , .
I) ( ),
( )
(1 8) var. einerea m.
, , 31 . . .
g) , .
( )
(1 9) var. jiigra Ab e s s .
, .
1 1 *
1 64
) , ;

(20) . vulgaris (Kr n . ) m .
. , , ,
, , , . , , , , . ,
, , , .
V. Ervilia.

.
. ,
, , . ,

,
. V. Ervilia

1
). pcc^,
Ervum; .
.
D e C a n d o l l e V. Ervilia
, .

, ,

. , . ,
, .
.

V. Ervilia,
, habit us'y
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
, V. Ervilia
( ) .
Vicia mona nthos
3
) De sf.
Fi. Atlant., II. 1 800, p. 1 65. Rouy & F o u c a u d FI. France
V. 1 899. p. 24 1 Be c k in R c h b . Ic. XXII. 1 903, p. 201 . t. 263.
fig. I. II. 1 7. N y ma n Consp. Fl. Eur. 1 878 82, p. 208;
Suppl. II. 1 889, p. 1 03, Arcang. Compen. P l. it al. 1 882, p. 205.
Ervum monanthos L. Sp. Plant, ed. 1 ., 1 753, p. 738. DC. Prodr. I I . 1 825,
p. 367. Koch Syn. I. ed. 3, 1 892, p. 684.
Lens monanihos To u r n . Inst.. p. 390. Mn ch, Meth., 1794, p. 131.
Laihyrus monanthos Wi l l d . Spec. Pl . I I I . 1800, p. 10S3.
') Wi t t m ack. S itn m gsber. d. bot. Yerein s zu Brandenburg. 19 Dec. 1879.
2
j V. monantha ,'
, t z i u s
: . r.'.vncrntha ( Y. calcaraia).
\ j >~| **
/ rn 4 inefanospctnni
giJvogrtse a. titfotur in a/ / opit/ uJ
0 syruuii m Xcypi ui in
pulacstuia m globutosa m
3 tUJf {)ttfUU{M<J> I7L ^ fll(I 111
A vnriegcbUv in p i/ uesrruutiti rn
0 m. / / / Abcss
< / . OuAti/ ta/ iru/ uifJi '///// H't/
Aren, of Aisu ibiUian of wild tin tu \ \ iu<t
1 1 . Ervilia Wi l l d .
Map 1 1 . Geographical distribution of the forms of cultivated Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d .
1 68
. 8 ,
(27 3S :
;
,
, ;
( )
1 724 , 23 . ,
, , , ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
, , ,
. .
1 01 4 , 78:5 .
. ,
.
, . .
,
.
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2 , . ,
;
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. 26 32 , 79 ,
3.23.7 . 2548.
,
^ .
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( 1 000 )4060 .
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/
1 0

( . . , ).
.
V. monanthos
. 1 59 .
, 45 . .
.
, ^ ,
, .
, , 1 02 . .
" , . ,
.
(
) 5567 ,
1 031 1 2 ( . 37 38).
V. monanthos
^ ^ ^

0
,
.

,
, , . ,
.
. ,
, , , , , .
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.
.
,
( . 39).
. . ,

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( ).
V. monanthos

.
, ,
,
,
.

1 3
, ,
, , .

;
:
, , ,

.
,

, ,

. 39.
Vicia monanthos.
(Alcala), .
. . . .
Fig. 39. Bick of thrashed Oneflowered
. Al e f e l d lentil Vicia monanihos D e s f. Spain
V th ^?T 5
. A l e e os
V. monanthos, ^ ? '
b y
T L v5 T l .
: marmo *
rata AI e f. nigra AI ef.
H. .
, .

, (Avena,
Vicia):
.

,
.
2) .
, ,
,
.
3) : , ,
, . , ,

.
,
, , ,

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?
,

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' Lens esctUenta
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).
Legu
minosae
.
, .
!
Pisum, Lathyrus, Vicia, Lens,
Cicer, Phaseolus . ,
.

, ;
"" ,
,
. ;
.
, , ,
, .
( .),
Vicia Faba L., , ^
.
(Lqthyrus Ochrus L.) ,
.
Lathyrus Cicera L. L. sativus L.
Vicia Ervilia WH I d.

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, , ( ) .
,
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, 1. .
, . . .
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" " : ; , . I. Tiie L a w : HEVI L - ; . . ^ ' : . ": . ". . . : . . : : . .
, ( , ,
;, ,
. 1 /wva sativa Z^vts esculenta
. ,
.

,

,

' . , ,
, .
Vicia sativa L. ,
: ,
, ( . 61 ).
:
, , ,
, ,
Pisum arvense L. ( ' . 621 , 2,
3 4).
: ( ,
.).

: , , , .
, Pisum arvense L,
. , ,

' ). ,
, ,
Vicia sativa L., :
, ,
, , .

,
, .
, Camelina linicola ST. Z i n g er , Sper
gula linicola . ,
.
" ,
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
,

2
).
') , . . .
. . 1924.
2
) 9 , . Camelina Spergula
. . . . . . VI. .
. 1309.
. . .
. . 1 925.
S. . . ^ . .
:. :. . : : :. . . . . , l ^f j.
<\ 61 . Vi<:in satiiy L. , . (
. . . ' 1 .
F ig. ' . ... ' "" in peas. Ukraine iV!:;-rn iov).
:
-.
Drawing of A. M . -S h e p e 1 .
He
^
?
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, ,
,
.
. , ,
., 80/
0
,

.
. 1 91 8 1 91 9 .
, .
,
: ,
40% . . ^
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XIX . . "
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2
) : , ' ?
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1 828 ,

.
: / W g m a n n ,
, . ' "
W g m , Leguminosae:'
, , , ,
.
. G r t n e r
4
) , 40
W ; . e g m ' , J
Wi e g ma ' . '**
, , G r t n e r
, W eg- 1
m an n ' a .
, , G r t n e r
. , H e r b e r t ' o M
1 839 ., "Wi e gma n n ' a .
,
, \ :

. B e r g 1 848 ., Ervum Lens major
, , .
!
*) . . . . ,
. ( ). III
. . 1 920.
2
) , . . . . ,
1 835, . 1 09.
') Wi e gma n n , . F. eber die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreiche. Braun-
schweig. 1828. . . .
F oeke, W. Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge. Berl in . 18S1.
4
) Grtn er, S . F . Versuche und Beobachtungen ber ::? ;n r. z'~.
T >
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Flat seeded retcb weed in lentils. Pror. Saratov.
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Vetch weed lentils. Pro v. Saratov, dist. Balashor.
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Seedlings of the flat seeded vetch weed
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') . Ze itschrift f. P flanzenzchtung: Wicke mit linsenfrmigen
Samen. 1920. ;
2
) F r u w r t h. C. Eine auffalle nde Linsen wickenbastardierung. Ge ne tica. .
V. 1 923. <&
We e s e , J. Zur Ke nntnis de r Anatomie de r Same n e ine s LiDse n Wicke nbas
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3
) 1 e r. H . Ka ryologische Unte rsuchunge n an Lmse n Wicke n Bastarde n
Ge ne tica. XT. 192S.
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, . . 1 927. Papilio
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, . . 1 909. Camelina
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T ed i n , Han s an d Olof. 1928. Con tribution s to the Gen etics of Pisum V:
Seed Coat Col or. L in kage an d F ree Com bin ation . Hereditas. B. XI . H. I .
T e n r e, M. 1 83536. Flora Napolitana. T. V. Napoli.
T h o mp s t o n e , F . and S a wye r , A. M. 1 91 4. The Peas and Beans of
Burma. Department of Agriculture, Burma. Bull. No 1 2. Rangoon.
T i s c h l e r . G. 1 921 22. Allgemeine Pflanzenkaryologie. Handbuch der Pflan
zenanatomie. I. T. Abt. I .Berlin.
T j e b b e s , K. 1 923. Ganzfarbige Samen bei gefleckten Bohnenrassen. Ber. d.
D. Bot. Ges., XLI.
T j e b b e s , K. 1 925. Die Zeichnung der Samenschale von Phaseolus nnUi
florus. Hereditas, B. VII, H. I.
T o u r n e f o r t . 1 71 9. Institutiones Rei Herbariae. T. I. Parisiis.
T r a b u t , D. L. e t M a r es, K. 1 907. L'Algerie Agricole en 1 906. Alger.
T s c h e r , Erich. 1 928. Einige Bastardierungsergebnisse an Linsen und
Ackerbohnen. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wissensch. Wien. Abt. I, 1 37. ., 3 u 4 Heft.
T s c h i r c h , A. und e s t e r 1 e, 0. 1 900. Anatomischer Atlas der Pharma
kognosie und Nahrungsmittelkunde. Leipzig.
Va vi l o v, N. I. 1 922. The Law of Homologous Series in Variation. Journ.
of Genetics.
Va vi l o v, N. I. 1 927. Essais geographique sur l'etude de la variabilite
des plantes cultivees en URSS. Rapport a l'lnst it ut I nternational (['Agriculture de
Rome en novembre.
Ve l e n o vs ky , J. 1 891 . Flora bulgarica. Pragae.
W e e s e, J. 1 924. Zur Kenntnis der Anatomie der Samen eines Linsen Wickenba
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W e 1 1 e n s e k, S. J. 1 927. Linkage Studies in Pisum. I. Genetica. IX. 46.
We l l n s i e k, S. J. 1 925. Genetic monograph on Pisum. Bibl. Genetica. I I .
Wh i t e , . 1 91 6. Inheritance Studies in Pisum. Inheritance of cotyledon
colour. Am. Natur. 50.
I nterrelation of t he genetic factors of Pisum. J. Agr. Re
Wh i t c, 0. 1 91 7
search. I I .
Wi e g ma n n , A. F. 1 828. Ueber die Bastarderzeugun
Braunschweig.
Wi l l ko mm, M. et
I I I . Sut t gart iae.
Wi n t o n , A. L. 1 91 6. The Microscopy of Vegetable Foods. N. Y.
Wo en ig, F r. 1 886. Die Pflanzen im alten Aegypten. Leipzig.
Wo o d wo r t h , . . 1 921 . Inheritance of cotyledon, seed coat, hilum and
pubescens colours in soybeans. Genetics. 6.
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Heredity. XV.
im Pflanzenreiche.
L a n ge , J. 1 880. Prodromus Florae Hispanicae. Vol.
Lentils of the USSE and of other countries.
Helena Barulina.
(A Botanico Agronomical Monograph).
S U*M M AR Y.
I n t r o d u c t i o n .
Being in possession of vast world collections of cultivated
plants, brought home from different countries b;y a whole series of
expeditions, the Bureau of Applied Botanjr of t he State I nstitute
of Experimental Agronomy and t he I nst it ut e of Applied Botany
have made it their purpose to publish a series of monographs on
cultivated plants. The present work is t he first essay to give
a botanico agronomical world monograph on t he lentil.
Our investigation embraces chiefly the common lentil, Lens
esculenta M h
?
as being of the greatest economical importance.
I t partly applies also to t he French lentil, Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d. ,
and touches shortly on the Oneflowered lentil, Vicia monanthos
D e s f. The last two species belong to grain forage plants.
C h a p t e r 1 .
History of the cultivation of the lentil.
The lentil is one of the most ancient crop plants, cultivated
already in prehistorical times in the East, in Hungary and in
Switzerland. Lentil of the neolithic period has been found in
Europe in: Bosnia, Hungary, I taly, Switzerland and in the Southern
part of Germany. This crop was evidently adventive of the South
Eastern Asia. The ancientness of lentil cultivation in South Western
Asia is testified by numerous Sanskrit names. I t was known to the
ancient Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks and Romans. From I taly the
lentil has spread over the Alps to Germany, to the Lithuanians
and Slavs.
C h a p t e r 2.
The geography of the crop and the limits of its cultivation.
The area of lentil cultivation embraces a con
Countries siderable acreage. Common lentil is grown in USSR;
** l nta of the West European countries in France German
esculenta.
+rio dl +.
g n lentil is grown in USSR;
of the West European countries in France, Germany,
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Roumania, Spain,
Sinilv
1
+. p "Rfl.l 1

Greece; in the island Cyprus (table 1 ). On a small scale t he lentil
is grown in Switzerland and in England. I n N. Africa t he lentil
is sown in Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripolitania, Abyssinia
and Eritrea. I n America t he crop has gained wide spread in Chile.
I t is equally grown in Argentina and Brazil, sometimes in Mexico,
Columbia, Guatemala and in t he island Cuba. As regards the
Asiatic countries, t he lentil is grown on a large scale in Asia Mi
nor, Syria, Palestine, Transjordania, Mesopotamia, Arabia (Yemen),
Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, India, Kashmir, sometimes in
China.
Conntries gro A
s
regards t he cultivation of t he French and
wingVlciaEr of the Oneflowered lentil in our country , the first
vilia and is of importance only in t he Caucasus, while t he
V. monanthos.
s e c o n
d is not grown at all in t he Soviet Union.
The chief countries where t he French lentil is cultivated are:
Syria, Palestine, Transjordania, Asia Minor, Greece, t he islands
Greta and Cyprus, Spain, as well as Afghanistan. The area of
cultivation of t he Oneflowered lentil is Spain and Portugal.
The re gions of cultivation of the common l e ntil in USSR.
The chief regions where t he lentil is grown in USSR
are t he South East of European USSR (the provinces Saratov,
Tambov, Penza), t he Ukraine, t he Upper Volga region (the pro
vinces Nishny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk) and the Central pro
vinces (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lentil is also cultivated in t he
Crimea and in t he Northern Caucasus, as well as in t he Trans
caucasian and Middle Asiatic Republics. I n Siberia however t he
lentil occupies but a very inconsiderable acreage, its crops being
scattered chiefly along the rail roads. In t he F ar East (the Ussu
rijsk territory) the lentil is sometimes sown.
T h e S u t h E a st of E u r o p e a n U S S R is t h e p r i n
c i p a l c e n t r e p r o d u c i n g e xp o r t l e n t i l .
The first place among t he grain Leguminosae of t he Ukraine
is occupied by t he lentil, along with peas. The centre of lentil
cultivation in t he Ukraine are t he provinces: Podolia, Chernigov,
Kiev and Volynia.
The lentil crops of t he Tartar Republic are concentrated in
t he region adjoining t he river Kama and in t he Trans Volga
districts. In t he Trans Kama region t he crop has gained but lit t le
spread.
Before the war, in 1 91 3, t he acreage under lentils constituted
in Russiar=41 5.05H ha. I n 1 926 t he acreage sown to lentils in t he
European part of USSR was 41 9.542 ha, in 1 929it was 426.500 ha.
Thus, USSR lentil crops occupy almost the half of
t he world acreage under lentils. USSR holds t he first place in
t he world market with regard to lentil production; Egypt follows,
with Spain, Chile, Roumania and Czechoslovakia.
In Spain all t hree species of t he lentil are grown, t he first
place being occupied by Vicia monanthos. The next in importance

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:
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i'ransjordania, in Cyprus ana Greece. The acreage occupied by
tins crop in t he above mentioned countries is considerably greater
than t hat sown to common lentil. If we attempt t he approximate
estimation of t he acreage under lentils in all countries of t he
world growing t his crop (not only t he common lentil, but also
the French and t he Oneflowered one), it will find its expression
in a bo u t on e mi l l i o n h e c t a r e s . This value gives an idea
of the inxportance of the crop in the economy of t he world.
Import and Export.
The countries which export lentils are USSR, Spain, Egypt,
Chile, Abyssinia, Turkey, Western Asia and India. The majority
of West European countries, as Germany, France, England, Greece,
Bulgaria, as well as America import the lentil from other countries.
Previously to t he war Russia occupied the first place among
other countries as regards the export oi lentils. Almost t he whole
Russian lentil export went to Germany through Kn igsberg. T he
bulk of the exported l en til was supplied by the provin ces S aratov,
Pen za and Tambov. A f ter the war Chile has becom e a serious
rival of USSR on the world m arket.
The l im its of l en til cultivation.
T he data of the geographical experim en ts
The l atitudin al con ducted bv the I n stitute of A pplied Botan y
l im its of the cn l- w i t b regard "to the l en til durin g 6 years (1923
Of JLe nS ,
n n o X
, , , , .
t
J? , ,
J
T
V
. , rr
escnlenta. 1 92) have shown t h at ' t he Northern, limit oi
maturation of the separate lentil varieties may

in dependence on t he meteorological conditions of t he vege

tation period (see map 4). Thus, in t he moist year 1 923 not one
of t he lentil varieties reached full maturity in t he Northern
stations. Only beginning with 5740' North latitude (Kostroma)
full maturation could be" observed^ I n t he comparatively dr y
:
year 1 924 t he limit, shifted considerably to t he Nort h. Thus, at
the Station near the Ladoga lake (59 52') and at t he Novgorod
Station (58 40') almost all varieties attained maturity.
As far as may be judged from the results of t he geographical
experiments conducted by the I nstitute of Applied Botany, t he
Cultivation of t he lentil may be regarded as more or less reliable
only beginning with approximately 57 N. lat. (provinces Kostroma,
Tver, Moscow).
At an elevation of 1 760 m. above sea level
The vertical (Georgia: Bakuriani, prov. Tiflis) and 1 550 m.
! ? &
O f C
(
T u r k e s t a n :
Chimgan) t he response of t he lentil
^ environmental conditions is t he same as in the
extreme North and as a rule it does not reach
maturity. In 1 926 in Armenia (Leninatan1 470 m.) all varieties
of the lentil attained maturity.
esculenta.
269
According to t he data of t he expedition of N. I. Va v 1 v,
the chief region'of lentil cultivation in Afghanistan is situated at
an altitude of 1 2001 300 m. above sea level. The highest point
for the lentil was marked at 2700 m. and even 2600 in., where
this plant is grown in a mixture with, wheat.
The extreme vertical limit of lentil cultivation in Ab\ ^ssinia
is even higher (3000 m.) than in Afghanistan.
According to t he data of the geographical
crttivutlon of
s o w i n
g
s
conducted by t he I nstitute of Applied
v/ lirvilia. Botany, t he Northern limit of t he cultivation of
V. Ervia also sharpl y f l uctuates in depen den ce
on the m eteorol ogical con dition s of the summer (see map 5). I t
m ust be n oted that this crop m ay advan ce con siderably f arther
to the North. T hus, in 1924 V. Ervia ripen ed even in the
Murman region (Khibin y, 67 44'): in 1925 and in 1927in A rkhan -
gelsk (64 38') and in S evero-Dvin sk (61 10')-
T he vertical l im it of the cul tivation of V. Ervia equal l y
ascends m uch higher than that of the common l en til .
Ch a p t e r 3.
The chemical composition and the cooking properties of l en til seeds.
A ccordin g to the in vestigation of the Biochemical L aboratory
of the I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y, the seeds of legum inous pl an ts
show a con stan t chem ical com position . I n peas, l en til s, vetches,
horse-bean s, grown in the most dif f eren t region s of USSR, n o
con siderable chan ges are observed as regards the con ten ts of
protein s, ash, cel l ul ar tissue and fat. T hus, the varietal differences
observed in the l en til with regard to its chem ical composition
rem ain practical l y un al tered in an y geographical station (see tabl e 2).
T he author arives the data con cern in g the
0
"
c o o k i n
g properties' of different l en til varieties.
l en til seeds. accordin g to the in vestigation carried out by
" V. S. F e d ot ov at the Gen etical S tation of the
I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y (see tabl e 3).
Of al l grain L egum in osae the l en til shows the highest cooking
coefficient. T he sm all-seeded varieties (A fghanistan, I n dia, A bys-
sinia, Persia) are better cookers than the large-seeded ones (I tal y,
US S R). T he col our of the seeds does n ot in fluen ce their cooking
properties. T he thickn ess of the seed coat pl ays a con siderable
rol e in regard to the cooking properties.
Ch a p t e r 4.
* The genus L en s, its history and geography.
_ . F rom an agricul tural poin t of view usual l y
The species of three pian ts are ref erred to the cul tivated l en til s.
the cultivated - o , -
r
,- , -, , , ,, r
Lentil. Botanicaliy they belong to t he same xamily
Leguminosae J u s s . , sub family JPapilionatae T a u b .
and tribus Vicieae Br o n n . , but to two separate genera [Lens
(To ur n . ) A dan s, and Yicia L.j: common lentilLens escidenia
is grv
On a sm al l scal e the l e
rid. in IN". A rrica the l e
is sown in Egypt, Morocco, A lgeria, Tunis, T f ipol itan ia, A byssinia
and Eritrea. I n A m erica the crop has gained wide spread in Chile.
I t is equally grown in A rgen tin a and Brazil, sometimes in Mexico.
"Columbia, Guatemala and in the island Cuba. As regards the
A siatic coun tries, the l en til is grown on a l arge scale in A sia Mi-
nor, S yria, Pal estin e, Transjordania, Mesopotamia, Arabia (Yemen),-
Persia, Afghanistan, Bal uchistan , India, Kashm ir, sometimes in
China.
Countries gjro- ^-
s re
g
ar<
is the cultivation of the F ren ch and
-wing Vicia Er- of the Oneflowered l en til in our coun try ,the f irst
vil ia and is of im portan ce only in the Caucasus, whil e the
V. monanthos.
s e c on
d is n ot grown at all in the S oviet Un ion .
The chief coun tries where the F ren ch l en til is cul tivated are:
Syria, Pal estin e, Transjordania, Asia Minor, Greece/ the islands
Creta and Cyprus, Spain, as well as Afghanistau. T he area of
cultivation of the Oneflowered l en til is Spain and Portugal .
The regions of cultivation of the common lentil in USSE,
The chief region s where the l en til is grown in USSR
are the S outh-East of European USSR (the provin ces S aratov,
Tambov, Pen za), the Ukrain e, the Upper Volga region (the pro-
vin ces Mshn y Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk) and the Cen tral pro-
vin ces (Tula, Orel, Ryazan ). The l eutil is also cul tivated in the
Crimea and in the Northern Caucasus, as well as in the T ran s-
caucasian and Middle-Asiatic Republics. I n Siberia however the
l en til occupies but a very inconsiderable acreage, its crops bein g
scattered chief ly along the rail-roads. In the F ar East (the ssu-
rijsk territory) the l en til is sometimes sown.
T he S out h- East of Eur op ean US S R is t he pr i n -
ci pal cen t r e p r od uci n g expor t l en t i l .
The f irst place among the grain Legummosae of the Ukrain e
is occupied by the l en til , along -with peas. T he cen tre of l en til
cul tivation in the Ukrain e are the provin ces: Podolia, Chern igov,
Kiev and T ol yn ia. '
The l en til crops of the T artar Republic are con cen trated in
the region adjoining the river Kama and in the Trans-Volga
districts. In the Trans-Kam a region the crop has gained but l ittl e
spread.
Before the war, in 1913, the acreage un der l en til s con stituted
in Russia=:4l5.05H ha. I n 1926 the acreage sown to l en til s in the
European part of USSR was 419.542 ha, iu 1929it was 426.500 ha.
T hus, USSR l en til crops occupy almost the half of
the world acreage un der l en til s. USSR holds the f irst pl ace in
the world m arket with regard to l en til production ; Egypt follows,
with Spain, Chil e, Roum an ia and Czechoslovakia.
In Spain all three species of the l en til are grown, the f irst
place being: occupied by Yicia monanthos. The n ext in im portan ce
267 -

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Greece: in the island
is grovri; j enanci
is sown in Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoiitauia, ,
and Eritrea. In America the crop has gained wide spread in*
WiU
I t is equally grown in Argentina and Brazil, sometimes in
Columbia, Guatemala and in t he island Cuba. As regards
Asiatic countries, the lentil is grown on a large scale in Asia
nor, Syria, Palestine, Transjordania, Mesopotamia, Arabia (Yemi
Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, India, Kashmir, sometimes
China.
Countries gro ^
s
regards t he cultivation of the French
wingVicia
&
r- of the Oneflowered l en til in our coun try rthe
vil ia and is of im portan ce only in the Caucasus, while
V. monantbos. seCon d is not grown at al l in the Soviet Union;
The chief coun tries where the F ren ch l en til is cultivated
S yria, Pal estin e, Transjordania, A sia Minor, Greece, the
Creta and ' , Spain, as well as Afghanistan. The
cultivation of the Oneflowered lentil is Spain and Po;
The regions of cultivation of the common lentil in USSB.
The chief regions where the lentil is grown in US
are the South East of European USSR (the provinces Sarat
Tambov, Penza), the Ukraine, t he Upper' Volga region (the
vinces Nishny Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk) and the Central ^
vinces (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lentil is also cultivated in'
Crimea and in the Northern Caucasus, as well as in the
Caucasian and Middle Asiatic Republics. I n Siberia howe wi
lentil occupies but a very inconsiderable acreage, its crops
scattered chiefly along t he rail roads. In the Far East (the Ut
rijsk territory) the lentil is sometimes sown.
Th e So u t i i E a st of E u r o p e a n U S S R is t h e pr i i
cipal c e n t r e p r o d u c i n g e xp o r t l e n t i l .
The first place among t he grain L egum in osae^pf ^ Ui
is occupied by the l en til , alon g with peas. T he cen tre
cul tivation in the "Ckraine are the provin ces: Podolia, Cl
Kiev and Yolynia.
The l en til crops of the T artar Republ ic are con cen trat
the region adjoining the river Kam a and in the Trans-Tc
districts. In the Trans-Kama region the crop has gained but lit
spread.
Before the war. in 1913, the acreage un der Lentils constifcut
in Russia=-415.05* ha. I n 1926 the acreage sown to l en til s in
European part of USSR was 419.542 ha, in 1929it was 426.50$^
T hus, USSR l en til crops occupy alm ost the hal rt
the world acreage un der l en til s. USSR holds the first, place"*
the world m arket with regard to l en til production ; Egypt follows!"
with Spain, Chile, Pooumania and Czechoslovakia.
In Spain all three species of the l en til grown, the
place beksg occupied by Vicia monaniho?. The nest in import
267
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: ' :
r.J'e French lentil is an important crop ia y::i;.. ru^st nie,
ransjordania, in Cyprus and Greece. The acreage occupied by
this crop in t he above mentioned countries is considerably greater
than t hat sown to common lentil. I f we at t empt t he approximate
estimation of t he acreage under lentils in all countries of t he
world growing t his crop (not only the common lentil, but also
t he Trench and t he Oneflowered one), it will find it s expression
in a b o u t o n e mi l l i o n h e c t a r e s . This value gives an idea
of the importance of t he crop in t he economy of t he world.
Import and Export.
The countries which export lentils are USSR, Spain, Egypt,
Chile, Abyssinia, Turkey, Western Asia and India. The majority
of West European countries, as Germany, Prance, England, Greece,
Bulgaria, as well as America import t he lent il from other countries.
Previously to t he war Russia occupied t he first place among
other countries as regards t he export oi lentils. Almost t he whole
Russian lentil export went to Germany t hrough Kn igsberg. T he
bul k of the exported l en til was suppl ied by the provin ces S aratov,
Pen za and Tam bov. A f ter the war Chil e has becom e a serious
rival of USSR on the world m arket.
The l im its of l en til cul tivation .
T he data of the geographical experim en ts
The l atitudin al con ducted by the I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y
S ^ ^
Wk h r e
S
a r d
. *
t b e 5e n t i l d a r i n
g
6
y
e a r s
(1923
1^2i?) have shown that the Northern l im it of
m aturation of the separate l en til varieties may
vary in depen den ce on the m eteorol ogical con dition s of the vege-
tation period (see m ap 4). T hus, in the m oist year 1923 n ot one
of the l en til varieties reached full m aturity in the Northern-
station s. Only begin n in g with 5740' North l atitude (Kostrom a)
full m aturation could be" observed, I n the com parativel y dry
year 1924 the l im it shifted con siderabl y to the North. T hus, at
the S tation n ear the L adoga l ake (59 52') an d at the Novgorod
S tation (58
C
40') al m ost al l varieties attain ed m aturity.
As far as may be judged from the resul ts of the geographical
experim en ts con ducted by the I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y, the
cul tivation of the l en til be regarded as more or less reliable
only beginning with approximately 57
C
N. lat. (provinces Kostroma.
Tver, Moscow),
At an elevation of 1 760 m. above sea level
(Georgia: Bakuriani, prov. Tiflis) and 1 550 m.
(Turkestan: Cbiingan) t he response of t he lentil
to environmental conditions is t he same as in t he
extreme North and as a rule it does not reach
maturity. In 1 926 in Armenia (Lenrnakan1 470 m.) all varieties
of the lei;til at t dreci maturity.
The vertical
limits of culti
vation of Lens
esculenta.
269
A"?""! iic r: <? data of t he expedition of N. I . Va r i l c v.
tLe ' _ , ; : . ui Cultivation in Afghanistan is situated at.
an altitude of 1 2 1 00 . above sea level. The highest point
for t he lentil was marked at 2700 m. and even 2800 . , where
this plant is grown in a mixture with wheat.
The extreme vertical limit of lentil cultivation in Abyssinia
is even higher (3000 m.) t han in Afghanistan.
. According to t he data of t he geographical
Jif + i
i t s
* sowings conducted by t he I nst it ut e of Applied
cultivation of r, . ,,
T
.
J
,. . , . . . ,\
r
j,
V. Ervilia. Botany, t he Northern limit of t he cultivation oi
' . V. Ervia also sharpl y f l uctuates" in depen den ce
on the m eteorol ogical con dition s of the sum m er (see map 5). I t
m ust be n oted that this crop may advan ce con siderabl y f arther
to the North, T hus, in 1924 V. Ervia ripen ed even in the
Murman region (Khibin y, 67 44'): in 1925 and in 1927in A rkhan -
gelsk (64 33') and in S evero-Dvin sk (61 10').
T he vertical l im it of the cul tivation of V. Ervilia equal l y
ascends m uch higher than that of the common l en til .
Cha p t e r 3.
The chemical composition and the cooking properties of l en til seeds.
A ccordin g to the in vestigation of the Biochem ical L aboratory
of the I n stitute of A ppl ied Botan y, the seeds of legum inous pl an ts
-ehow a con stan t chem ical com position. I n peas, l en til s, vetches,
horse-bean s, grown in the most dif f eren t region s of USSR, no
con siderabl e chan ges are observed as regards the con ten ts of
protein s, ash, cel l ul ar tissue and fat. T hus, the varietal differences
observed in the l en til with regard to its chem ical composition
rem ain practical l y un al tered in an y geographical station (see tabl e 2).
The author gives the data con cern in g the
ert"*" ^"f
0
"
co
ki
ri
g properties of differen t l en til varieties,
l en til seeds. accordin g to the in vestigation carried out by
" ' V. S. e d t v at t he Genetical Station of the
I nst it ut e of Applied Botany (see table 3).
Of all grain Leguminosae t he lentil shows t he highest cooking
coefficient. The small seeded varieties (Afghanistan, India, Abys
sinia, Persia) are bet t er cookers than t he large seeded ones (Italy,
USSR). The colour of t he seeds does not influence their cooking
properties. The thickness of t he seed coat plays a considerable
role in regard to t he cooking properties.
C h a p t e r 4.
* tfhe genns Leas, it s history and geography.
_ . . From an agricultural point of view usually
t h/ cumvat ed
t b r e e
P
l a n t s a r e
referred to t he cultivated lentils.
Lentil. Botanically they belong to t he same family
Leguminosae Ju ss. , sub family Papionatae T aub.
and tribus Tici'eae Bron n . , but to two separate gen era [Lens
(T u r n.) A dan s, and Vicia L.I: common lentilLens e?cuhnta
r l
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_.
If ' , .
T a b l e 2 . C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f g r a i n , s t r a w a n d c h a f f o f t h e , U w i t i l .
(Yield of 1 926 at tlie Ukrain St at ion of the last , of Appl. Hotany, dist r. Kharkov).
142

: >10
1 0
337
41 7
383
409
Bot anical'
vuriet y
nutnmuln
riu A 1 .
I'ulguris
(Al. ) m.
vulyaris
( .) m.
Puhiianii m
(laghesta
nica in.
dupuyen
sis m,
melano
s}>erma in.
viola
scens in.
persicu .
Name of variet y
and origin
Tareloclmaya
prov. Sarat ov .
prov. Sarat ov . .
Krapcliataya
(speckled) Perm
l u p . St at ion. .
fDymchat aya,
Select, of P 1
m a n . . . .
Dagliest an. . , ,
Du Puy, F rance
Small blacksee
ded. Afghanis
t an, Chekhosarai.
Afglianistan,
i i i a n a . . . .
Afghanistan, Ku
ghiglan . . . .
Hygroscopi
eal wat er
8,38
9,26
9,68
9,57
1 0,1 8
1 0,1 9
9,66
9,83
9,68
7,33
9,42
9,37
9,25
8,68
6,81
8,99
1 1 ,74
7,77 2,70
9,68 3,37
9,95
1 0,70
1 1 ,44
6,81
1 2 , 2 4
1 0 , 0 7
I n "/ % o f a b s o l u t e l y d r y w e i g h t
A s h
2,76
2,55
2,74
2,45
2,52
2,61
2,47
6,29
6,1 8
6,68
6,64
6,24
5,65
1 0,28
8,61
0,97
7,61
8,07
8,67
6>7
9,62
7,90
2,87
3,48
4.97
1 1 ,1 6
1 0,90
Cellular
tissue
23,1 0
26,62
2,94 27,91
3,38 27,60
9,62 3,4G 27,85
3,1 0 28,81
2,89
2,76
2,94
20,76
2,76 26,0(
1 7,7
1 7,68
1 9,38
1 7,35
1 7,37
F a t
0,98
1,09
1 ,06
1 ,1 0
1 ,01 1 ,81
1 6,86 0, 861 , 89 2,1 7
0,88
1 .26
1 7,1 2 1 ,07
1 ,67 2,46
1 ,59 1,60
2,60
1,87 2,84
1,6'J
Nit ro
ge i
gone
ral
a'
.

4,61
6,07
4,88
4,77
4,82
4,86
4,53
4,40
4,78
Raw prot ein,
N X 6,26
28,81
31 ,09 6,91
30,50 6,96
29,81
30,1 2 6,20
30,87 4,1 7
28,31
27,50 4,81
>9,87 6,00
0,76
7.75
7,U
9,75
9,26
7,20
7,82
7,H7
8,06
1 0,69
6,94
Nilrogen
Ubs
ext ract ,
substances
04,64
00,42
02,74
3,1 6
02,67
03,23
05,40
05,08
03,05
272 2.73
ZI h. F rench lent ilVkia Ervilia " 1 1 d. and Onefiowered
'. ;:. . 1 Vjda / ? D e s : . l . v : species of Yicia a r e
usually referred to t he grain forage plan: They will be discussed
in a separate chapter 7. The remaining part of the work deals on
the common lentilLens esculenta which is of t he greatest
importance in cultivation. The author gives also a cursory survey
of the wild growing species of Lens.
The first' good description and drawings of the genus
Lens were given by T o u r n e f o r t . L i n u e unhappily united t he
genus Lens with, t he genus Offer. He brought the common lentil
to the genus Ervum (ErvumLens L.) together with E. tetraspermum,
E. hirsutum, E. monanihos, E. Ervilia. The last four species are
referred by t he modern authors to the genus Vkia. During a long
time the botanists followed t he nomenclature of L i n n e and
only in the late half of t he XI X century Lens appears once
more in botanical literature as an independent genus. Accepting
Lens along with Yicia as a separate genus, the modern authors,
regard Ervum as but a section of the genus Yicia.
To the tribus Vicieae belong 4 very related genera: Lathyrus,
Pisum, Vicia, Lens; especially closely related are Lens and Vicia.
The difference between these two genera consists sometimes only
in minor characters. An extremely great and intricate synonymism
is found in this group.
Our study of t he, genus Lens with its species (chiefly t he
cultivated lentil), as a whole, according to a definite complex of
characters has shown however t hat t he group Lensis indubitably
a separate genus, delimited from t he neighbouring ones not only
morphologically but also physiologically.
Geographical distribution of the genus Lens.
The genus Lens is not large, it embraces only 5 species:
L. Lenticula ( Sc h r eb. ) A 1 ., L. nigricans (H. B.) (jodr. ,
L'. Kotschyana (Boi ss.) A 1 ., L. orientalis (Boiss. ) Hand. Mazz.
and, finally, the cultivated L. esculenta M o e u c h .
The extreme Western station of t he distribution of t he
genus Lens is in MoroccoTamanir (prov. Haha), situated at 9
West. long, from Greenwich and 30 North, lat. (L. nigricans). The
easternmost limit of t he distribution of t he species is the valley
Chimgan in Turkestan. I t is determined by 42 North, lat. and
the 39 th meridian to t he East from Pulkovo (or 69 from Green
wich) (L. orientalis). The Northern limit of t he distribution of t he
genus (the cultivated lentil i.% here not taken into consideration)
passes through I t aly (Mbnfalcone) at 4547' North, lat. and
2
33'
Eastern long. (L. Lenticula). The southernmost station is Djereh,
in Persiabetween ABushir and Shirazat 29 1 9' North, lat. and
51 " 58' Eastern long. (L. orientalis).
" Thus, the total area of t he genus Lens is comparatively
narrow in regard t o latitude (from North to South) and conside
rably stretched out as regards longitude (from West to East). The
genus Lens is a typical Mediterranean genus whose whole area is
situated in the region of the so called Ancient Mediterranean
' map 6. ~\ .
Description of the species of the genus Lens.
1 . L. Lenticula (Schreb.) Alef.
Plant annual, much branched, slightly pubescent with
adpressed hairs. S e e d l i n gs purple coloured. Semiprostratehabit.
S t e ms thin, erect, purple coloured (with anthocyan). L e a ve s
showing 24 pairs of leaflets. Axis of leaf terminates in bristle
or tendril. L e af l e t s small, lower ones orbiculate, upper onus
narrow linear. Length of leaflet in. upper part of main stem 1 0
1 1 mm, width 2,5 4 mm. S t i p u l e s s e mi h a s t a t e or
l a n c e 1 al e. en t i r e. Peduncles uniflorous, rarely biflorous,
longer than t he leaf, usually bearing no awn as in other species.
1 w e r s small (46 in length, w^dth of the standard 4 mm),
violet blue; standard with blue veins, wings bluish, keel whitish.
P e d i c e l s with anthocyan. C a l yx t e e t h ve r y sho"rt (much
shorter than t he corolla). P d s rhomboid, s l i gh t l y p u b e s c e n t
with short adpressed hairs, 1 2 seeded, readily dehiscent, seeds
shattering. Length of t he pod 89,6 , width 3,54,8 mm,
thickness 2,52,7 mm. S e e d s very small, reddish brown, with
black marbly pattern and speckles. Diameter of seeds 2,95 mm,
thickness 1 .8 mm, relation of length t o thickness 1 .6. H i l u m
linear, white, somewhat longer than in other species. C o t yl e d o n s
orange coloured. Ve ge t a t i o n p e r i o d from seedlings to flo
wering30 days, to maturity50 days ') (fig. 2 and 3).
H a b i t a t : on tilled land, pastures, dry stony places.
G e o gr a p h i c a l a r ea . Mediterranean region: Spain, Algeria,
I t aly, Sardinia, Sicily, the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Syria,
Palestine, t he Crimea, t he Caucasus.
2. L. nigricans (M. B.) Godr.
Plant annual, 1 030 cm high, perceptibly pubescent, short
woolly or almost villous. S t e m ascending or decumbent, branched.
L e a ve s in the majority of cases without tendrils, but the upper
ones show a bristle; less frequently t hey terminate in a simple
tendril. L e a f l e t s of t he lower leaves are 23 pairs, small, oval
or obovate: those of t he upper leaves5 pairs, larger, elongate
or linear lanceolate (up to 1 cm Ions;, 2 mm bread). S t i p u l e s
d e n t a t e , semi triangular, semi hastate. Peduncles 1 2 flowered,
in t he majority of cases somewhat longer than leaf, terminating
in an awn. C o r o l l a bluish. C a l yx t e e t h subulate, equal,
24 times longer than the tube and slightly surpassing t he
corolla. P o d rhomboid, glabrous, 2 seeded. S e e d s small, flat
tened, brown (fig. 4 and 5).
') All figures are given according to the data obtained in sowing out, in the
distr. Kharbor. seeds of L. Lenticula received from the Tiflis Botanical Garden and
collected in Karabakh.
E. . . I S
274
!: t a t :, / s*: r;T slopes: in ravines, in barren, sandj*,
stony places.
G e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a . Mediterranean region. Portugal,
Spain, Southern France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Balkan
Peninsula, Creta, Morocco, Algeria, Asia Minor, t he Crimea,
Transcaucasia. , . , ' *

3. L. Kotschyana (Boiss.) Alef. '

Plant ' annual, strongly pubescent with dense long hairs
(villous). S t e m short, spreading. L e a ve s with 69 pairs of oval
or elongated leaflets, terminating in long branched tendrils. Length
of t he leaflet 1 0,7 mm, width3,5 mm. St ipulessemi sagit
tate, entire. P e d u n c l e xmiflorous, considerably siort er than
leaf. C a l yx t e e t h slightly shorter ' t h an . corolla. C o r o l l a
whitish. P o d p u b e s c e n t , rhomboid elongated, 1 6,5 mm long,
67 mm broad, *2 seeded.t S e e d s irregular oval, large (greatest
diameter.of seeds about 6 mm, smallest4,55 mm), thickness
of seed 2,72,8 mm. H i l u m very short, elliptic (fig. 6 and 7).
This interesting species is very rare and occurs only in
Mesopotamia."
, ^ 4. L. orientalis (Boiss). Hand. Mazz.
Plant annual, about 30 cm high, with medium pubescence.
B r a n c h i n g 78, number of internodes 1 61 7. S e e d l i n gs
purple, semi erect habit. S t e ms thin (1 ,5 mm thick), purple
(anthocyan present throughout whole length of stem). L e a ve s
with 36 pairs of oval or elliptical linear leaflets. Length of
leaflet 1 01 4 mm, width 23 ,o mm. T e n d r i l s short. S t i p u l e s
oblong, lanceolate, entire." F 1 w e r s small (4,56 mm in length,
width of standard 3,54,3 mm), purple blue; standard with blue
veins, wings somewhat lighter than standard, keel whitish. Pedicels
purple coloured. Mowers arranged by one or two on the peduncle.
Peduncles equal to length of leaf, terminating in an awn. Calyx
t e e t h slightly shorter than corolla or equal to it. P d rhomboid,
glabrous, 1 0 mm long, 4,6 mm broad, 3,2 mm
v
thick, 2 seeded;
"strongly dehiscent, seeds" shattering. S e e d s small, reddish brown
with black dots and speckles or entirely black. Diameter of seeds
3,6 mm, thickness 2,0 , relation of diameter to thickness 1 ,7.
Cotyledons orange coloured. H i l u m white. We i g h t o f l 000
gr a i n s 1 31 4 gr. (fig. 8 and 9).
H a b i t a t : occurs in Asia Media in the foothill zone, on
strongly carbonaceous, rubbly fine textured or rubbly stony soils,
on swarded slopes of medium steepness.
, G g r a p h a 1 a r e a . Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Meso
potamia, Transcaucasia, Persia, Afghanistan, Asia Media.
5. L. esculents Moench.
Plant annual, 1 5 to 75 cm high, pubescent with short hairs.
The degree of pubescence (length, density of hairs) varies in tb e
2 '
separate varieties; the greatest pubescence is observed in t L
Indian lentil. St ein almost srect or 1 :~:.;". : '.'r_
:
: Z :":v >. ""..
(furrowed) with anthocyan over the vrhcie surface or only at .*.
base, more rarely entirely green, as in some Mediterranean (Spam,
Portugal, Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine), African (Abys
sinia, Egypt, Morocco) and Persian varieties. L e a ve s compound,
even pinnate, with 28 pairs of leaflets terminating in the"majority
of cases in a simple, rarely a branched tendril, sometimes only
t he rudiment of a tendril (for instance in the Indian form).
L e a f l e t s oval or linear. S t i p u l e s semi hastate, lanceolate,
entire. P e d u n c l e shorter than leaf, with 1 flowers, termi
nating in an awn. F l o we r s 58 mm long; colour of corolla
varies from white to blue, or pink; of most frequent occurrence
is a white standard with violet blue veins of different intensity.
Wings grown together with t he keel. Stamens1 0, nine of them
united in a tube, while one is free; stamen tube oblique at the
Taase. Ovary free. Style in upper part flattened on dorsal side, ou
inner side hairy; in lower part glabrous. As regards t he structure
of t he style, t he genus Lens approaches t he genus Latkyrus, but
differs from it by the stamen tube oblique at t he base. The
character of t he style is a distinctive feature of this genus from
some small flowered species of Vicia, akin to Lens. I n the genus
Vicia t he st}
r
le is round, in its upper part pubescent from all
sides. C a l yx five cleft, calyx teeth subulate, almost all equal,
shorter than corolla or surpassing it, longer than tube. F r u i t
p o d unilocular, two valved, flattened, more or less rhomboid,
to 20 mm in length, 4 mm in width, 1 3 seeded (most
frequently 2seeded), glabrous, 3
T
ellow. Forms occur with pods
coloured with anthocyan before maturity (Afghanistan: Chekhosarai.
Jalalabad; Asia Minor: var. Du Puy) and brown or black in
mature condition (Afghanistan: Jalalabad, Chekhosarai). S e e d s
flattened or almost globose. 39 ram in diameter, greatly various
in colour, ranging from light green to perfectly black. We i gh t
of 1 000 grainsfrom 1 1 to 82 gr.
C h a p t e r 5.
System of hereditary variation of the lentil (L. esculenta); de
scription of separate characters.
The study of the lentil from different points of view has
been carried out on the vast collection of the I nstitute of Applied
Botany, embracing at the present time up to 1 500 samples. A great
^Republics (Russian Turkestan), Syria, Palestine, Greece, I taly,
Spain, Portugal were collected by N. I. T a v 1 v, those from
Asia Minorb}
T
P. M. Z i i u ko vsky, from the other countries
by a whole series of investigators.
The study of the lentil was carried on during a series of
years (becrinniag with 1 920' chiefly on pare lines. The material
18*
:-
276
eine of t he heredit ary variat ion of t he species Lens
e scule nta Moench.
Hereditary varying features. Character of the features.
I . C h a r a c t e r s of f l o we r .
1 . Colonr of corolla
2. Size of flower
3. Colour of pedicel
4. Length of calyx teeth
5. Number of flowers on pe
duncle
6. Length of awn of peduncle
a. white: 1 ) standard almost without
veins (India)
2) standard with blue veins
b. light blue (Asia, Transcaucasia)
c. blue (Daghestan)
d. violet blue (South Eastern Afghani
stan, India, Abyssinia)
e. pink (India)
a. large (78 mm in length)
b. small (57 mm in length)
a. green
b. violet (South Eastern Afghanistan)
a. calyx teeth considerably longer than
corolla
b. calyx teeth shorter than corolla
(India, Afghanistan, Abyssinia)
a. 1 2
b. 23 and more
a. long
b. short
. C h a r a c t e r s of pod.
7. Shape of pod surface
8. Size of pod
9. Shape of pod (outlines)
1 0. Size of pod apex
1 1 . Colonr of unripe pod
a. convex
b. flat
a. large (1 5,520 mm in length and
7,51 0,5 mm in width)
b. small (61 5 mm in length and
3.57 mm in width)
a. rhomboid
b. oval
a. short
b. long (Abyssinia)
a. green
b. purple (Asia Minor)
c. violet (Afghanistan)
d. spotted (with violet 6pots) (Du Puy")
Hereditary varying features. Character of ie features.
12. Col our of ripe pod
15. Num ber of seeds per pod
14. Dehiscen ce of pod
a. stiaw-coloured
b. l ight brown (Abyssinia, Asia Minor)
dull brown {black) (Afghanistan;
d. spotted (Du Puy")
a. one (rarely 2)
b. two (rarely 1 )
a. dehiscent forms (Jalalabad, Chekho
sarai)
b. non dehiscent forms
HI. C h a r a c t e r . of se e d s.
1 5. Shape of seeds
1 6. Size of seeds
1 7. Surface of seeds
1 8. Weight of 1 000 gr ain s
1 9. Colonr of seeds
20. Ch ar act er of pa t t er n
21 . Colour of pa t t er n
22. Colour of cot yledon s
25. Colour ex h i !u m
a. globose (relation of diameter to
thickness 1 ,52,5)
b. flattened (relation of diameter to
thickness 2,54)
a. large (diameter 69 mm)
b. of medium size (diameter 56 mm)
e. small (diameter 35 mm)
a. smooth
b. wrinkled ;
a. great (4082 gr)
b. small (1 1 40 gr)
a. pink
b. yellow
c. green
d. gray
e. brown
f. black
a. spottiness
b. dottiness
marbly pattern
d. complex pattern (combination of
a, b. c)
a. green
b. gray
violett (blue)
d. brown
e. black
a. yellow
b. orange '
a. whit
b. dull browTo
.
278
279
Hereditary varying features. Character of the features.
IV. Ve g e t a t i ve c h a r a c t e r s .
24. Colour of seedlings
25. Shape of leaflet s
26. Size of leaflet s
27. Number of pairs of leaflet s
28. Lengt h of t endr ils
29. Colour of plant
50. Height of plant ~
31 . Pubescence of plant
52. Colour of st em
33. Thickness of st em
34. Shape of t he young plant
35. Branching
a. green
b. purple
a. oval (relation of length to width
2 3, 5)
b. linear (relation of length to width
3 5)
a. large (1 5,527 mm in length and
5,51 0 mm in width)
b. small (8,51 5 mm in length and
2,05,0 mm in width)
a. 36
b. 58
a. long; (3060 mm)
b. short (1 35 mm)
a. light green (yellow green)
b. dark green
gray green
a. .tall
b. intermediate
dwarfy
a. strong
b. slight
a. green
b. purple
a. thick (1 ,53,0 mm)
b. thin (0,51 ,5 mm)
a. erect
b. prostrate
intermediate
a. profusely branching forms (61 4)
b. sparingly branching forms (I6)
V. B i o l o gi c a l c h a r a c t e r s .
56. Veget at ion per iod a. early forms
b. late forms
Hereditary vary:;:? . . .
37. De gre e of suscept ibilit y to
pa ra sitic fungi (Erysiphe
communis G v. f. viciae,
Uromyces ervi Wi n t e r ) and
inse ct pe sts (Bruchus, Eii
ella zinckenella T r.)
58. Productivity:
1) Number of pods per plant
2) Weight of seeds from one
plant
a.
b
a.
b.
a.
b.
VI. An a t o mi c a l
59. Thickness of seed coat
(spermoderm)
a.
Character of tue features. ;
immune
susceptible
great* (80100 and more, up to 200)
small (4580)
:
high (35 gr.)
low (0,53 gr.)
characters.
thick (3642 micr.)
thin (3033 jnicr.)
was sown out in different places: prov. Saratov, prov." Leningrad,
in t he Crimea, Transcaucasia, prov. Voronesh,. distrj Kharkov and
in other stations of USSR. The plants were under observation
during t he whole vegetation period. The investigation of the
separate lentil forms was carried out. with, regard to all characters
according ;to a general scheme adopted by t he I nstitute of Applied
Botany for all cultivated plants. I n analysing the quantitative
characters t he method of variation statistics was applied.
The rest of chapter 5 is devoted to t he description of the
separate characters of L. esculentaV "With regard to t he quantitative
characters, tables of variation are given, according to the .separate
years, and t he different characters. The" "biological peculiarities of
t he lentil, as germination, germinative power of he seeds, flowe
ring and fructification, pollination have been touched upon in
a general way. Cytological data are equally given.
C h a p t e r 6.'
Classification of L. esculenta. Key to the determination of varieties.
The classification of the cultivated lentil was first proposed
Al e f e l d and Ko e r n i c ke . A. I efeld established 7 varieties.
Ko e r n i b ke introduced but * few alterations into t he system of
Al e fe l d . The subsequent authors accepted t he classification of
Al e f e l d almost entirely, with slight modifications and additions.
I n comparing t he numerous samples of the lentil from the
whole world we have come to the conclusion t hat t he existing
classification does not embrace the whole diversity of lentil forms.
This plant has proved extremely polymorphous. The number of
" 'fit
280
281
ciiar&cr ers by wLicii ihe ^ ^.:,:. . t>^ , : :. ^ ::... : ,. . . _:.stead
of t he 7 8 variet ies known up t o now, we have est ablished 58.
The classification of the le ntil, adopted byus,
Principal sy j
s a
morphologic ge ographical one, be ing basedin
units. ^
e
fr
rs
k place on t he geographical principle. The
area of distribution of a form with the one or t he
other characters, or of separate characters is of decisive import
ance in discussing the systematical merit of a form. Besides, one
may judge of t he degree of importance of t he systematical cha
racters from their greater or smaller constancy, the division
being based on characters varying t he least under t he influence
of environmental conditions.
s
. . All forms of t he lentil may be divided in 2 vast
. ' geographical groupssubspecies (subspecies or races
according to Ko r s h i n s ky, Ko ma r o v, Sem en v Tian
S h a n sky) , well delimited from one another morphologically, each
with a definite geographical area: macrosperma and microsperma.
We are giving a detailed description of both subspecies.
Sc, , ^ p
r o v a r
) Barul. large seeded
lent il.
Ssp. macrosperma (Baumg.
P o d s large (1 5 20 mm in length, 7,51 0,5 mm in width),
in the majority of cases flat. Seeds large (69 mm in diameter),
flattened (relation of diameter.to thickness 2,54). C o t yl e d o n s
in the majority of cases yellow, sometimes orange coloured.
, F l o we r s large ( 7 8 mm
:
long), white (standard with blue or
light blue veins), rarely light blue. P e d u n c l e s with 2 3 flo
wers. Calyx teeth long. L e a f l e t s large (1 5 27 mm in length,
41 0 mm in width), oval (length exceeding width by 33,5 times),
rarely elongated. H e i gh t of plants from 25 to 75 cm. To this
group belong chiefly the midseason varieties. They are grown in
the Mediterranean countries (Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Sardinia,....
Greece, Cyprus), in Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunis), in Asia
Minor; in Syria, Palestine it is met with chiefly as admixture.
I n western Europe it is grown in France Germany, Austria,
Czechoslovakia. I n USSR the large seeded lentil is met with chiefly
in the South East and in the Ukraine: I n t he countries of South
west ern Asia (India, Afghanistan) this group of lentil is not
grown; sometimes it is found in Persia, as well as in the Trans
caucasian Republics. In America the large seeded lentil is also
grown (fig. 25, 26).
Ssp. microsperma (Baumg. pro var.) Ba r u l . sma l l se e d e d
l e n t i l .
P o d s small, more frequently of medium size (6 1 5 mm in
length, 3.5 7 mm in width), convex. S e e d s convex (relation of
diameter to thickness 1 ,53). small or of medium size (3 6 mm
in diameter), various in colour and pattern. F l o we r s small
(5 7 mm long"), violet blue, blue, light blue, white, or pink.
P e d u n c l e s wirb 1 4 flowers. Leaflets small (81 5 mm long,
2 5 broad), elongated, linear or lanceolate (length 4 5
t imes exert. ' _ 'viuii:,. . H e i ght of pl a n ts from 1 5 t o 35 err;.
This group oi forms is distinguished by comparative earliness.
I t is chiefly grown in the countries of South Western and
Western Asia: India, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Syria, Palestine, Asia
Minor, Yemen, as well as in Africa: Abyssinia, Eritrea, Egypt,
Morocco. I n USSR t he small seeded lentil is" grown in t he Middle
Asiatic and Transcaucasian Republics (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia),
as 'well as in Daghestan. I t is grown moreover in t he whole
European part of t he Soviet Union (chiefly as a forage plant).
In the West European countries: Spain, Sardinia, France, Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Roumania t he small seeded lentil is
also met with, frequently mixed with t he large seeded one.
The small seeded lentil is polymorphous
than t he large seeded one. Within t he limits of
varieties. this subspecies there may be marked out several
narrower geographical groups of varieties (grex
varietatum). We could establish six of such groups. Each of them
is distinguished by a whole complex of morphological characters
common to all its varieties and not repeated in other groups. At
' t h e same time each group is differentiated geographically.
Thus, t he group of lent il forms peculiar to India, Punjab and
Kashmir, occurring nowhere else in t he world, is distinguished by
strong ^pubescence of all vegetative organs.
:
I n t he region of Afghanistan, adjoining India (Ghekhosarai,
Jalalabad), N. I . Va vi l o v has found a rather peculiar group
approaching t he wild growing lentil species as regards shattering
and t he dehiscence of the pods.
v
^ I n. N ort h Eastern mountainous Africa, in Abyssinia, Eritrea,
as well as in Yemen (Arabia), lentil forms are grown, which up to
now have been found only in this region. With regard t o many
characters (violet blue flowers with short calyx teeth, dwarfiness,
earliness) t his group is akin to t he Indian and Afghan ones, but
.may be easily distinguished from them by its general habitus.
. All Asiatic forms are characterized fey a series of features
differing^ from t he European group: length of calyx teeth, number
of flowers per peduncle, character of branching, colour of flowers, etc.
1 . P o d s r e a d i l y d e h i s c e n t and seeds
strewing. Pods purple coloured before maturity,
when mature brown, o.r black. S e e d s ve r y
sma l l (3,03,4 mm in diameter), black or grey with
F l o we r s vi o l e t b l u e , single or 2 on t he
e
eduncle, I, small (5,7 6,0 mm). Peduncle anthocyan coloured.
al x t e e t h mu c h s h o r t e r t h a n c o r o l l a . Leaves with
35 pairs of very small leaflets (length of leaflet 8,5 9,0 mm;
width 2, 2 2,6 mm). Plant dwarfy, early (fig. 27, 2H)
. . ' ' ' " ' grex subsponianeae m.
Cultivated in t he region of Afghanistan adjoining India, near
Kabul (Jalalabad, Chekhosarai).
geographical
groups.
black pattern.
!
1

:

282
_. . ; : : . ; ! b s t \ ; ]. > . '" : ::: ';;.;:
ciitiu greyjS ii t i n ge , dwa rfy, e a rl y. F l o w e r s s i n g l e , l e ss
frequently 2 on t he peduncle, violet blue, entirely white, or pink,
small (5,36.0 mm in length). C a l y x t e e t h c o n s i d e r a b l y
s h o r t e r t h a n c o r o l l a . T e n d r i l s s h o r t , sometimes only
rudiments of tendrils may be observed. Leaves with 36 pairs of
small elongated leaflets. Length of leaflet 1 0:1 2,5 mm, width
2,84,4 mm. Plants branching scantily. Main stem stands out
clearly against lateral ones. Seeds reddish with black dots or black
(fig. 4547) grex pilosae m.
All varieties belonging t o this group are endemic forms whose
cultivation is spread in India, Punjab, Kashmir.
. P o d s wi t h e l o n ga t e d a p e x, when ripe slightly
brownish. S e e d s brown with black dots, or black. F l o we r s
vi o l e t b l u e , s i n gl e , or 2 on t he peduncle. C a l y x t e e t h
mu c h s h o r t e r t h a n c o r 1 1 a. Leaves with 37 pairs of
elongated leaflets, pointed at t he apex. Length of leaflet 1 31 5 mm,
width 2,93,7 mm. Plants dwarfy, early (fig., 5456)
grex aethiopicae m.
The varieties of this group are grown in North Eastern
mountainous Africa (Abyssinia, Eritrea), as well as in Arabia (Yemen).
IV. P e d u n c l e s 1 3, mo r e f r e q u e n t l y b i f l o r o u s .
F l o we r s b l u e , l i g h t bl u e , less frequently"white with light
blue veins. x t e e t h in the majority of cases a 1 m s t
e q u a l l i n g t h e c o r o l l a , sometimes exceeding it in length.
Leaflets small, narrow, elongated. .Plants^comparatively early and
of short habit. Seeds of different colour (fig. 4851 )
grex asiaticae m.
The varieties of this group are of especially, frequent occur
rence in South Western and Western Asia, as well as in Trans
caucasia; less frequent in W. Europe and N. Africa.
V. P e d u n c l e s 24, mor e fr e qu e n t l y' t r i fl o r o u s.
F l o we r s wh i t e with light blue veins. C a l yx t e e t h consi
d e r a bl y lon ger t h an cor olla. Leaflets medium sized.
Midseason forms. Seeds of different colour (fig. 41 43)
grex europaeae m.
Common forms grown in USSR, in t he countries of W. Europe
in IS". Africa and in America; sometimes met with also in Asia.
VL F l o we r s, s i n gl e or 23 on t he peduncle. Calyx
t eet h eit her equal to t he corolla ox longer than it . Flowers white
with blue veins. Leaflets small, less frequently of medium size.
S e e d s me d i u m in d i a me t e r (56 mm), mostly convex
(fig. 52, 53) grex intermediae m.
This group is of especially frequent occurrence in Asia Minor,
Sj^ria, Palestine, as well as in USSR and in W. Europe.
283
Va rie tie s. . ^ Y
; i
^^ ^ ^ ' : . '
majority oi cases based on nongeograpiacal. not.
fluctuating characters. These characters are convenient for identi
fication and are practically most important ones, as for instance,
colour and pattern of seeds. The geographical principle plays here
no longer a pre eminent role.
Thus, a variety is rather a conventional unit. The variety
in its t urn falls into a series of small taxonoruical units, races
Xjordanons), differing by a number of minor characters: colour of
seedlings, size of leaflets, colour and height of plants, branching,
lengt h of vegetation period, etc.
Al e f e l d and Ko e r n i c ke did evidently
vVlu^ofcha
n o t d w e 1 1 o n t h e
< l
n e s t i o 1 1 o f t h e
taxonomical
racters. value of t he separate characters. They divided Lens
esculenta into two groups according to t he height
of t he plants, thn length of t he vegetation period, t he colour and
pubescence of t he leaves. Within t he limits of each group they
established several varieties according t o t he weight and colour
of t he grain, t he shape of t he leaflets, t he colour of t he seedlings.
I n our opinion, such strongly fluctuating characters as height
of plant and length of vegetation period, cannot serve as basis
for t he divisioa into principal groups. Likewise, t he weight of t he
grain and t he colour of t he seedlings cannot serve for the delimi
t at ion of varieties. The height of t he plant, t he length of t he
vegetation period and t he weight of t he grain depend in a high
degree on environmental conditions.
We have based our classification of t he lentil in two principal
geographical groups of formssubspecies macrosperma and micro
sperma, on complex characters independent on environmental
conditions, qualitative, as well as quantitative ones, showing
a small variation coefficient. To these characters belong the sharp
differences in t he size of flowers, pods and seeds, t he shape oi
t he pods. All these characters are accompanied by a series of
other ones as: shape and size of leaflets, length of vegetation
period, height of plants.
To t he gr o u p c h a r a c t e r s belong chiefly t he qualitative
characters depending but lit t le on environmental conditions, in
t he majority of cases designing narrower geographical groups, for
instance, degree of dehiscence of t he pods, pubescence of the
plants, relative leDgth of cah
T
x teeth, number of flowers per
peduncle, character of branching, colour of flowers (Abyssiniar.
I ndian, Afghan, Asiatic lentil).
To t he va r i e t a l c h a r a c t e r s belong aongeographical,
qualitative characters, varying comparatively little under t he
influence of environmental conditions, convenient for identification
and partly designating economical peculiarities. Such are: the
colour of t be seed coat and t he cotyledons, t he colour of t he pocls,
t he shape of t he plant, etc.
To the r a c i a l c h a r a c t e r s we refer the fluctuating,
chiefly quantitative characters. Thus, for instance, length . ' "

17
284
"". ~ v . ,.. _ ....' : s . c o l o u r 0 1 u h . e p l a n t s , c o l o u r :. :'~:\
:
. . '. . _'
height of tue pianos, vegetation period, fractional division a:eord:r^
to the diameter of the seeds, etc. The majority of these characters
manifests itself only in comparing races having grown under equal
conditions. ,
Key to t he determination of the varie tie s of Lens e scule nta Moench.
A. Pods large, flat (1 5,520 mm long, 7,51 0,5. mm width).
Seeds large, 69 mm in diameter, flattened. Flowers large
(78 mm long), white with light blue veins, very rarely
light blue; 23 flowers on peduncle. Calyx teeth longer
than corolla '
ssp. macrosperma m.
X Pods before ripening anthocyan coloured
(purple), in mature condition light brown.
Seedlings and stems of adult plant also showing
intensive purple colour. t
1 . Seeds yellow green, unicoloured or with dark
green marbly pattern. Cotyledons yellow. (l) var. erythro
Asia Minor, vilayet Konia, Amasia. Collected carpa m.
by P. M. Z h u ko vs ky.
2. Seeds grey without pattern. Cotyledons
yellow . (2) var. .
Asia Minor, vilayet Konia. Collected by P . M.
Zh i i k vsk v. .
XX TTnripe pods green, ripe ones straw coloured.
1 . Seeds yellow green (overripe ones pinkish and
brown) unicoloured and with dark green marbly
pattern. Cotyledons yellow ^ .; .. (3) var. nummn
One of the most widespread varieties. Culti laria AL
vated in W. European countries under the
name Heller, Pfennig Linzei Lentille large
blonde, etc. I n USSR known Under t he name
of plate likezrtareloehnay'a lentiL This variety
embraces a great number of races differing
by t he size of the seeds, the dimensions of
t he leaflets, the colour of t he seedlings and
other characters. The most large seeded forms
have been found in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia.
2. Seeds yellow green, with dark green spots.
Cotyledons yellow . . . . . (4) var. atrovirens m.
. Sicily, Asia Minor (as admixture).
Cotyledons orange . . . . . \ (5) var. sicida m.
Sicily (as admixture). Collected by N. I .
"V a vi 1 v.
285
3. Seeds yellow green with dark purple minute
dots.
Cotyledons yellow (6) var. vindi? m.
Greece (Thessaly). Cyprus.
Cotyledons orange (7) var. hispanica m.
Spain, Sicily (as admixture). Collected by
N. I . Va v 1 v.
4. Seeds greysmoke coloured (on t he edges
t he colour is less intensive than in t he centre),
without pattern or with black marble pattern,
large (7^8,5 mm), flattened. Cotyledons yellow.
Leaflets broad, oval (8) var. Pulmanii m.
Smoke coloured dymchataya lentil. Bred by
I . A. P u l ma n at the Bogorodizk Exp. Field
(prov. Kursk).
5. Seeds grey, unicoloured and with black marble
pattern. Cotyledoas yellow . . . . (9) var. m.
Italy, Sicily, Asia Minor. I n USSR met with
as admixture to var. nummularia.
6. Seeds greyish reddish without pattern and
with black marble pattern.
Cotyledons yellow . . . . . (1 0) var. iberica m.
Portugal, Spain, I taly, Sardinia, Tunis, Asia
Minor, Palestine. I n USSR as rare admixture.
Cotyledons orange . . . . . . (1 1 ) var. rubigi
Sardinia, Tunis, Palestine. nosa m.
7. Seeds greyish reddish with minute dark
purple dots. Cotyledons yellow. Flowers light
. blue (1 2) var. ihessala m.
Greece (Thessaly). Collected by N. I .
Va v 1 v.
8. Pods, sipall (61 5 mm long, 3,57 mm width). Seeds
small or medium sized (36 mm in diameter). Flowers
small (57 mm long), of different colour
ssp. microsperma m.
Mature pods readily dehiscent, seeds shattering. Immature
pods purple coloured, in mature condition brown or black.
Flowers small, violet blue, single or 2 on the peduncle. Seeds
very small (about 3 mm in diameter). Cotyledons orange
grex subspontaneae m.
1 . Seeds quite black (1 3) var. melano
Endemic Afghan variety. Collected by Is. I. sperma m.
T a vi l o v in South Eastern Afghanistan near
the Indian frontier (Chekhosarai, Jalalabad).
t 1*
' t
4 "
^*
f\
. 287
2. Se. ns rrev}?b r 'idi?h v ;:b minute dark purple
^ia . ;:, ^u . a:^ : . :_ : spec hies. As to
zae other characters quite similar to the
preceding variety (1 4) var. afghanica m.
Afghanistan, region adjoining India (Chekho
sarai). Collected by N. I . T a vi l o v.
OO Pods not dehiscent when mature. Seeds comparatively little,
shattering.
LJ Plants grey green from strong pubescence (hairs soft, dense),
of short habit, early. Flowers smalL violet blue, rarely
entirely white, in majority of cases single. Calyx teeth
shorter than corolla or almost equal to it
grex pilosae m,
r Flowers violet blue, standard with veins, seed
lings and stems dark purple.
1 . Seeds greyish reddish with minute black (dark
jmrple) dots. Cotyledons orange . . (1 5) var. indica m.
Spread all over India, Punjab, Kashmir.
2. Seeds greyish red unicoloured . (1 6) var. unicolor m.
India. As an admixture to var. indica.
3. Seeds black (1 7) var. wgreseens m.
Kashmir (Ravelpindi).
+ + Flowers white, standard almost without veins,
seedlings and stem green (1 8) var. leueantha m.
India: Calcutta, Bailhongal, Jubbulpur, Bengal,
Burma. ::
j f Flowers pink. Seeds prussian red, no mottling,
occasional speckling. Hilum pale yellow
(1 9) vaf. rhodantha m.
This description is based on t he work of Sh aw
and R a kh a l D a s B o s e .
DU Plants of t he usual green colour common for lentils.
Pubescence medium. : ^
X Apex of pod elongated. Mature pods light brown
grex aethiopicae m.
1 . Seeds 45 mm in diameter, greyish reddish
vrith black dots. Cotyledons orange . . (20) var. abyssinica
_ (Hchst. ) A I .
En dem ic variety of North-Eastern Africa.
Grown in A byssin ia, Eritrea, as well as in
Yemen (A rabia). '
2. Seeds black. As regards the other characters
quite sim ilar to precedin g variety . . (21) var. coptica m.
Cultivated in Abyssinia, Eritrea along with
var. abyssinica, more f requen tl y as adm ixture.
X X Pods of common shape.
F lower 13 on pedun cl e, blue, light, blue, or "Kite.
teeth longer than corolla, or equal to them. Leaflets small
t Seeds 35 mm iu diameter.
grex asiaticae m.
f Flowers blue. Calyx teeth longer than corolla.
1 . Seeds black, 44,5 mm in diameter. Cotyledons
3*ellow. Leaflets narrow, elongated (1 ,52 cm
long, 4,56 mm broad). Plant of comparatively
t all habit, late, yellow green coloured. . (22) var. nigra A I.
The origin of" this form is not known with
certainty. The seeds were received by us from
Germany (SilesiaBreslau).
2. Seeds dark brown with black marble pat
tern and dots, 44,5 mm in diameter. Coty
ledons orange. Flowers 23 on peduncle.
Leaves with 68 pairs of elongated leaflets
(length 1 .21 ,8 cm, width 36 mm). "Seed
lings and stem intensively anthocyan co
loured . " . . ' . . .(23) var. dagliesta
ff Flowers light blue or white (standard with
blue veins), 1 2 on peduncle. Leaflets small.
1 . Seeds yellowish pink (seed coat colourless,
colour of seeds depends on colour of translu
cent cotyledons). _ '
Cotyledons orange.
a) Sfeeds unicoloured (24) var. persica m.
The most widespread form in Persia. I ts
area of distribution is: Persia, Afghanistan,
t he Middle Asiatic Republics, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Armenia, Asia Minor, Sj'ria, Pa
lestine, Mesopotamia, Morocco, Spain, Por
tugal. I t is a polymorphous variety, embra
cing a whole series of races differing by
a number of characters: length of t he
vegetation period, height of plants, bran
ching, thickness of stem, colour and pube
scence of leaves, colour of seedlings, etc.
b) Seeds with minute dark purple (black)
dots (25) var. nigripun
Afghanistan, Middle Asiatic and Trans data m.
Caucasian Republics, Syria. Palestine, Asia
Minor, Morocco. Consists of several races.
c) Seeds with black spots concentrated
chiefly around t he hilum . . (26) var. m.
Syria, Palestine. Collected by X. I. Ta
vi l o v.
288
3) S e e d s w i t h d a r k p u r * % ..; ; :;. ':
s p o t s . . . i L T ) . , / . . j .
Rare form. Found in Afghanist an (prov.
Herat ). Persia (Meshed), Uzbekist an (Tash
kent , Zarafshan dist r).
Cot yledons yellow. Seeds yellowish pinkish,
wit hout pat t ern (28) var. gva m .
Persia (I sf ahan ), A sia Min or, S pain .
2. S eeds greyish-reddish (sl ightl y viol et). Coty-
l edon s oran ge.
a) S eeds without pattern . . . . (29) var. violascens m.
A f ghan istan , Persia, Middl e-A siatic an d
T ran s Caucasian S oviet Republ ics, A sia
Min or, S yria, Pal estin e, Morocco, A l geria,
Egypt, T ripol itan ia, S udan , Greece, S pain .
Con sists of a whol e series of races.
b) S eeds with dark purpl e (bl ack)
dots (30) var. punctata
A f ghan istan , Persia, Middl e-A siatic S oviet (A l . ) m .
Republ ics (Pam ir, distr. Zaraf shan ), Geor-
gia, A zerbaijan , A rm en ia, A sia Min or,
S yria, Pal estin e, Egypt (rare), Morocco,
A l geria, S pain .
c) S eeds with bl ack spots con cen trated
chief l y at the hil um . . . (31) var. syriaca m .
S yria, Pal estin e, A sia Min or. , . .
d) S eeds with wel l m arked dark brown
m arbl e pattern an d bl ack spots. (32) var. atrorubi-
A sia Min or, Daghestan . ginosa m .
3. S eeds l ight-brown with bl ack m arbl e pattern
an d dots. Cotyl edon s yel l ow . . . . (33) var. m.
Georgia. .~
4. Seeds grey. Cotyledons yellow.
a) Seeds wit hout pat t ern . . . . (34) var. grisea m.
Persia, Zarafshan, Daghestan, Azerbaijan,
Asia Minor, Spain.
b) Seeds wirb dark purple (black)
spots (35) var. Tcazvinica m.
Persia (Kazvin). Collected by 1ST. I . T a
V 1 V.
c) Seeds wit h dark purple (black)
dots (36) var. atrogrisea m.
Spain, Azerbaijan.
d) Seeds wit h dark purple dot s and
spots . . (37) var. punctatoma
Afghauistan (Kandahar), China. ctdata m.
OiQ
Seeds veilcw-;r?''.'~.
Cotyieaoiis \ tii-: '. '.
a) S eeds without pattern . . . (38) var. viridula m .
S yria, Pal estin e, Daghestan , A rm en ia, A zer-
baijan , Morocco, S pain , Portugal .
b) S eeds with bl ack dots . . . (39) var. pdaestina m .
Pal estin e, A zerbaijan , S pain .
c) S eeds with bl ack (purpl e) spots . (40) var. maculosa m .
S yria, Pal estin e, A sia Min or, A zerbaijan .
Cotyl edon s oran ge.
a). S eeds without pattern . . . . (41) var. virescens m .
A sia Min or, Persia, T ran scaucasia. Rare
variety, occurs as adm ixture.
b) S eeds with bl ack dots. . . . (42) var. atroviri-
A zerbaijan (as rare adm ixture). Col l ec- dula m .
ted by - N. N. u 1 e s h v.
c) Seeds wit h dark green marble pat
t er n and spots (43) var. transcau
Rare form, found in Georgia. easica m.
ff Seeds 5 mm in diamet er
grex int ermediae m.
1 . Seeds yellow green. Cotyledons yellow.
a) Seeds unicoloured or wit h dark green
marble pat t ern, flat.... (44) var. subnummu
Spain, I t aly, Sicily, Sardinia, Asia Minor, laria m.
t h e island Rhodos, Syria, USSR: Crimean
Republic, Bashkir Republic, Ukrainian SSR.
b) Seeds wit h dark purple dot s . (45) var. subviridis m.
Morocco, Spain, Palest ine (as admixt ure).
c) Seeds wit h black (dark green)
spots (46) var. subairovi
Syria, Palest ine. Collect ed by N. . rens m.
v 1 v.
2. Seed yellowish pinkish. Cot yledons orange.
a) Seeds unicoloured . . . . (47) var. rhodo
sperma m.
Spain, Sardinia, Greece (Larissa), Asia Minor.
b) Seeds wit h black dot s. F lowers light
blue . . (48) var. cypria m.
Cyprus. Collect ed by N . I . Va v 1 v.
c) Seeds wit h blackmarble pat t ern. (49) var. variegaia m.
P alest ine (Jerusalem). Collect ed by N. I .
Va v 1 v.
3. Seeds greyish reddish. Cot yledons orange.
a) Seeds wit hout pat t ern . . . (50) var. subrubi
Syria, Palest ine, Asia Minor. ginosa na.
E. . . if*

1 1

.
.
290
pattern . ' ) \ .
Asia Minor (vilayet Konia). Collected
bv P. M. Z h n ko Vskv.
orafo m.
4. Seeds grey, unicoloured or with black marble
pattern. Cotyledons yellow . . . . . (52) var. subitalica m.
I t alv, Sardinia, Asia Minor (Mersina, Sivas,
Tokat).
Flowers 24 on peduncle, white with light blue veins.
Calyx teeth much longer than corolla. Leaflets of medium
size. Plant most frequently light green (yellow green) colou
red
grex enropaeae m.
Prostrate habit. Late form (the period before
flowering is especially long
s
). Seeds 35 mm
in diameter, reddish grey, unicoloured or with
black marble pattern. Cotyledons orange (53) var. prostrata m.
Trance, Germany, USSR (distr.
r
. Kiev).
Erect habit.
X Pods before maturity with purple patches.
Seedlings and stems purple. Seeds 45 mm in
diameter, yellow green with dark green marble
pattern and dark purple spots. Cotyledons
yellow (54) var. dupuyensism.
"Widespread in France under t he name Du
Puj . Grown also in Germany, Spain, I taly,
Algeria, Tunis, Syria, as well as in t he
Ukraine.
XX Pods without anthocyan.
1 . Seeds pinkish, unicoloured or with slightly
marked black marble pat t ern (speckledness).
Cotyledons' orange (55) var. pseudomar
. morata m<
Russia: prov. Samara, Ukraine. Distr. Kharkov.
Macedonia, Mesopotamia. .
2. Reeds greyish reddish without pat t ern or with
black marble pattern (speckledness). Cotyledons
orange . (56) var. vari-abis .
Tripoli. Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Greece
(Thessaly), Bulgaria, France, "Czechoslovakia,
Soviet Russia: Bashkir Republic, prov. Samara,
distr. Kharkov, Don province.
V
.
') Somerhn^s known under t h e name of wint er lent il, as in some count ries
it is sown in fall. Seed samples have been obt ained from Yi l m o r i n under t he
name Ervum Lens minor hiemalis. Ko e r n i c k e in his work Systematische
Uebersicht der Cerealien und monoearpischen Leguminosen> (1 873) describes var.
erirtbrospermum E c k eKotsamige Wint erlinse, which evident ly corresponds to our
. prostrcn a. However, t he descript ion of Ko e r n i c k e being concise, t he perfect
; en t:;v of the r a s is difficult to est ablish.
291
>' :' :; *, n n icolour ed or wi t h black mar ble
p a t e r a . Cot yledons yellow . . . . . (57), var . muiabis in .
US S R: Prov. Ryazan , Kuban . I t al y, A sia
Min or, Den m ark, Macedon ia.
4. Seeds yel l ow-green without " pattern and
with dark green m arbl e pattern . Cotyledons
yel l ow . (58) var.
Widespread form. US S R, S ardin ia, Greece,
A sia Minor, F ran ce, Germ an y, North. Africa.
vulgaris
(A L )m .
h a p t 6 r 7.
Treats on t he French lentil (Yicia Ervilia Wi l l d. ) and t he
Oneflowered lent il (Yicia monanthos D e s f.).
The first of these species has been studied with more detaiL
The author gives t he scheme of variation of the hereditary varying
characters (in all 30) of Y. Ervia, as wel l as key to the determ i-
n ation of its varieties. T he greatest con cen tration of endem ic
characters an d forms of V. Ervilia is found in the eastern part of
the Mediterran ean region (see map 11). I n S yria, Pal estin e, in
Cyprus, partl y in A sia Minor a special endem ic group of V. Ervia
bas found (called by us mediterraneae) which in its general
habit is t he most akin to t he wild/ growing lentil. I n t his region
dwarfy forms have been found, as well as black seeded ones with
large and with small seeds.
V . The Eastern Mediterranean is t he centre of origin of t he cul
t ivat ed Yicia Ervilia..
As t he distance from t his region increases, t he number of
characters and forms becomes perceptibly less. Thus, for instance,
in Afghanistan but 3 varieties are grown.
I n comparing t he scheme of variation of Yicia Ervilia with
that of Lens escidenta, we see t hat t he characters of both species
, vary on t he whole in t he same way. St ill some individual featu
res may be observed in t he variation of t he separate characters
. pf V. Ervia. I n _the f irst pl ace, the ian ge of variation of this
species is m uch n arrower. Difference with regard to the size of
pods' an d seeds is 3 tim es in Lens escidenta, and reaches 6 mm,
-while in Y. Ervia it is but V^2 tim es (3 m m ). ~No differences
have been found with regard to the pubescen ce of the pl an ts, the
l en gth of the cal yx-teeth, shatterin g, etc.
. ' . . i 14
I t - '
19*
mki
292
General scheme of iLt :. ;. 'lor. ef Ticia Ervilia Wiiid.
Hereditary varying features. Character of features.
I. F l o we r c h a r a c t e r s .

1. Colour of corolla
2. Dime nsions of flowe r
3. Colour of pe dice l
4. Number of flowe rs on pe
duncle
5. Lengthof awn of peduncle
a. yeUowish: 1 ) standard without veias
(Asia Minor, Syria), 2) standard with
violet reins (Afghanistan)
b. reddish violet
a. large (length 81 0 mm)
b. small (length 78 mm)
a. green
b. purple
a. 1 2 (Syria. Palestine, Cyprus)
b. 2 4
a. long
b. short
I I . P o d c h a r a c t e r s .
6. Dime nsions of pod
7. Colour of immature pod
8. Colour of mature pod
9. Number of se e ds per pod
a. large (length 21 25 mm, width
56 mm)
b. small (length 1 7 21 mm, width
.45,5 mm)
a. green
b. purple (Syria. Palestine)
a. straw coloured
b. brown (Syria, Palestine)
a. 34
b. 45
. Se e d c h a r a c t e r s .
10. Shape of se e ds
11. Size of se e ds
12. Weight of 1000 se e ds
13. Colour of seeds.
a. spherical (Afghanistan: Vazirabad)
b. triangular (pyramidal)
a. large (greatest diameter 56.5 mm)
b. small (greatest diameter 3,55 mm)
a. 2260 gr.
b. 6075 gr. *
a. pink
b. grey
c. brown
d. black
293
Hereditary varying features. Character o: :t.a;un
14. Character of pattern
15. Colour of pattern
16. Colour' of cotyle dons
17. Colour of hilum
a. marbly pat era
b. spottiness
e. dottiness
d. complex pattern (combination of
a, b, c)
a. brown
b. purple
black
a, yellow
b. bright orange (red)
light orange (pii'k)
a. light brown
b. dark brown
IV. Ve g e t a t i ve c h a r a c t e r s .
18. Col our of se e dl ings
19. Shape of l e a fl e ts
20. Size of l e a fl e ts
a. grern (Syria, island Rhodos)
j b. purple
a. oval
b. linear
21. Numbe r of pa irs of leaflet s
22. Colour of plant
25. Height of plant
24. Colour of stem
25. Thickness of stem
26. Branching
27. Habit of young plant
a. large
b. small
a. 61 2 (Syria. Palestine. Cyprus)
b. i:1 7 (Italy, Algeria, Tunis. Bul
garia)
a. iigbtrgreen (yellow green)
b. dark greei) (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus'
a. tall " .
b. medium
c. dwarf
a. green
I b.
T
..irple
; n. thick (2.54 mini
b. ::iin (22,5 mm)
a, forms profusely branched (7 1 0
I and more)
! b. forms scantily branded (47)
a. :rrect
b. s'mi pro5trate (Zarafshan)
o. .rostrate {Palestine. Tunis)

If

294
295
;:aary T arrin g features.
V. Bi ol ogi ca l c ha r a c t e r s .
a. earl y forms
b. l ate forms
a. 20-50
b. 50100 and more
a. 1,55 gr.
b. 510 gr.
a. immune forms
b. susceptible forms
28. Vegetation period
29. P roductivity:
1) number of t>ods per plant
2) weight of seeds from one
plant
30. Degree of susceptibility:
to fungi parasites (Erysi-
phe commtmis G v. f. vieiae)
and inse ct pe sts (Bruchus
ulicis Mills. & Key)
t o the determination of the varie tie s of Vicia Ervilia Willd.
A. Immature pods slightly purple coloured, mature ones light
brown (length. 21 25 mm, width 56 mm). Greatest diameter
of seeds on an average 56, 5 mm. Seeds in majority of cases
with dark pat t ern. Weight of 1 000 grains 60 75 gr. Flowers
7 8 "mm long, standard and wings more or less reddish purple
r
standard with dark violet veins, rarely (in some forms of Asia
Minor) standard yellowish, without veins. Flowers 1 , less frequently
2 on peduncle, Xieaves with 61 2 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets com
paratively small (length 1 3 1 5 mm, width 33,5 mm)." Plants
grey green, of short habit (20 30 cm in height), comparatively
early. Grown in Mediterranean countries: Syria, Palestine, Cyprus,
Creta, Asia Minor (chiefly vilayets Nigde, Kaisarie, Konia, Afram),.
Greece, Spain, Tunis
v
; . ; . : 1 ., j/ grex mediterraneae
. . 1 . Flowers yellow/ ^ standard without veins.
Seeds greyish pink* . . _. . ^ . . , . (1 ) var. pallidi
Aeia Minor (vilayet Aidin, Denizli). Bare form, flora m.
occurs as admixture. Collected by P. M. Z h u
k v sky.
2. Flowers light reddish purple, standard with
dark violet veins.
Cotyledons from bright orange to light
orange.
a) Seeds greyish pink, unicolpured or with
scarcely perceptible grey spots, some
times not manifesting itself . . . (2) var. gvogri-
S yria, Pal estin e, A sia Min or, Cyprus. sea m.
*<
b
:
) Seeds covered with uniform , bl en din g.
l i^ht brown m arbl e pattern . \ >)

sunaca .
Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Spain, Morocco,
Asia Minor.
c) Seeds with dark brown or black spots.
Large sparse spots concentrated chiefly
near t he hilum (4) var. palaestina m.
Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Morocco.
d) Seeds with minute black (purple) dots
on greyish pink ground . . . (5) var. nigripunc
tata (Al.) m.
Syria, Palestine, Cyprus. Collected by
N. I . Va vi l o r .
e) Seeds with compound pattern: brown
marble pat t ern all over t he seed and
black dots near t he hilum, not infre
quently in form of stripes . . (6) var. variegata m.
Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Tunis. Collected
by N. I . Ya vi l o v.
f) Seeds grey (smoke coloured), colour
varying from light grey (light bluish)
to dark grey CO ^ar.
Palestine, Cyprus, Greece", Asia Minor,
Spain.
g) Seeds black, hilum white . . . (8) var.
coerules
cens m.
jnelano
m.
Asia Minor (vilayet Konia, Nigde,
Afram Q arahisar). Collected by P. M.
Z h u ko vs ky.
Cotyledons yellow.
a) Seeds greyish pink, unicoloured or with
scarcely perceptible grey spots . (9) var. bicolor m.
Palestine, Creta, "Spain, Asia Minor. Rare
form found as admixture.
b) Seeds with brown spots, concentrated
chiefly near t h e hilum . (1 0) var. cypria m.
Cyprus. Collected by N. I . Ya vi i o v.
B. Immature pods green, mature ones straw e L. .tired (length.
725 mm, width 45.5 mm). Greatest diameter of seeds on an
average 3.55 mm. Seeds unicoloured or with pattern. 1 000 grains
weigh 2565 gr. Flowers large (7,51 0 mm long], yellowish,
standard with violet veins; 24 flowers on peduncle. Leaves
with 1 1 1 7 pairs of leaflets; t he lat t er comparatively large (length
1 2,51 7 mm, width 35 mm). Plants light green, tall ^2560 cm).
Most widespread group, grown in all "places where V. Erviha is
cultivated. Yery often met with as admixture to common lentil.
Grown in all countries of South Western Asia: Afghanistan, Persia,
Uzbekistan, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia. Azerbaijan'.. Daghestan,
) 1
" A
J
1
' L
I If

296 297
' v. ' _ ' v prliterranean countries: Asia Minor, ?]':.~~ Rhodos.
~ . ^ ::' . . . . . . lu, lv. Malta. Spain. I n "Weetern ~Z~j.r:\ z Z ^garia.
Czechoslovakia, Germany, F rance
grex esparsae m.
1 . Seeds orbicular, yellowish pink, unicoloured.
Cotyledons orange . .. . . . (1 1 ) var. globulosa m.
Afghanistan (Vazirabad). Collected by. N. I .
V S T O T .
2. S eeds of usual shape: trian gul ar-pyram idal .
a) S eeds greyish-pin k, tm icol oured or
with scarcel y perceptibl e grey spots.
Hil um brown .
Cotyl edon s from bright-oran ge to l ight-
oran ge.
t S eeds very sm al l (greatest diam eter
44,5 m m ) . . . . ._ . . (12) var. minima m .
T he Crim ea, val l ey of Baidary. A s adm ix-
ture to crops of com m on l en til . Col l ected
by H. u 1 a.
t f Greatest diameter of seeds 4,5 6,5 mm.
Hilum brown . . . . . ., . (1 3) var. intermedia m.
Along wit h var. imlgaris, t his is one of
t he most widespread varieties of t h e
world. Asia Minor, Spain, Italy, ' Greece,
Algeria, Tunis, Afghanistan, Persia,
Uzbekistan (distr. F ergana), ' Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Armenia, Daghestan.
a) Seeds with brown, uniform (blending)
marble pat t ern' Sometimes some cf t h e
seeds show an addition greyish spots.
Ground greyish pink . . . . (1 4) var. puncttdata
Georgia, Armenia. Ab e s s.
b) Seeds wit h dark brown (or black) spots
near t he hilum 7 . . ., > . (1 5) vax. maculata m.
c) Seeds wit h minut e black (purple) *
dots . . . . . . . . . . (1 6) var. atropivn
Asia Minor, Daghestan. ~ data m.
d) Seeds wit h compound pat t ern:, small
uniform, brown marble pat t ern and
black spots near t h e hilum. Ground
greyish pink . . . . . . . . (1 7) var.
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Algeria,
Germany, Czechoslovakia.
e) Seeds grey (smoke coloured), colour
varies from light grey (light bluish)
t o dark grey . . . . . . . (1 8) var.
Spain, Creta, Asia Minor.
georgica
Ab ess.
einerea m.
f) Seeds black, hilum white. Cotyledons
light orange (1 9) n.r.
Georgia, Daghestan.
Cotyledons "yellow. Seeds greyish pink,
unicoloured or with scarcely percep
tible grey spots (20) var.
Most widespread form. Afghanistan, Spain,
I t aly, Greece, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Asia
Minor, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France,
Germany.
Abe s:
vidgaris
Krn .
C h a p t e r s .
The l en til of US S B.
Lens escvdenta is grown al l over US S R, whil e Vicia monanthos
is en tirel y m issin g. T he cul tivation of Yicia Ervilia is of im portan ce
on l y in the Caucasus.
T he l en til grown in the European part of the S oviet Un ion ,
as wel l as in S iberia, shows no great diversity. T he large-seeded
l en til in al l probabil ity has been in troduced in to OUT coun try from
the West, the sm all-seeded one bein g adven tive from the East.
To the l arge-seeded group belong forms bein g of im portan ce for
export. T he sm all-seeded forms are used for forage.
The cen tre of the large-seeded l en til are the provin ces
adjoining the m iddl e course of the Volga, and the Ukraine^ T he
sm all-seeded l en til gravitates towards the North and East of USSR.
F or the territory of proper Russia, the Ukrain e, the T artarian .
T chuvashian , Crimean Republ ics, Siberiawe have establ ished 10
varieties: var. nummularia, Puhnanii, itaJica, iberica, nibnummularia.
dupyensis, vulgaris, pseudomannorata, mutabilis, varialrdi?.
Only durin g the very l ast tim es the Russian experim en t
station s have begin to devote their atten tion to l en til breedin g.
Sm oke-coloured := Dj-mchataya l en til has been bred by I . A. P u i-
m a n in prov. Kursk.
T he I n stitute of A pplied Botan y is engaged in the propaga-
tion and testin g of the practical l y m ost in terestin g l en til varieties
of dif f eren t geographical origin .
T he l en til of the T ranscaucasian Republ ics: Georgia. A rm enia.
A zerbaijan has m uch in common with that of the n eighbourin g
coun tries of S outh - Western and Western Asia. I t embraces
m oreover a con siderabl e n um ber of endem ic el em en ts. A l l T ran s-
caucasian Republ ics grow alm ost excl usivel y sm all-seeded l en til s.
Val uabl e practical properties of the T ran scaucasian l en til s
are their earl in ess, drought-resistan se and the high cooking
properties of their seeds.
T he varietal and racial diversity of the l en til s of the Miadle-
A siatic Republ ics: T urkm en istan , Uzbekistan , the Tajik Republ ic
is sim ilar to that of the n ieghbourin g coun tries, especially Persia,
A lm ost exclusively- sm all-seeded l en til s are grown" in T urkestan .
it.
298 299
L h a p t e r 9.
The lentil of Asia.
The lentil of South Western Asia: India, Kashmir, Afghanistan,
Persia shows t he greatest diversity of forms. A great number of
endemic characters has been found in these countries where
exclusively t he small seeded group is grown.
The principal centre of lentil cultivation in India are t he
Central provinces, the United provinces, Bengal and Madras.
Over the whole of India, Burma, Punjab, Kashmir a special ende
mic group, characterized by strong pubescence of t he vegetative
organs, is grown. I t is represented by varieties: indica A1 .,
unicolor m., leucantha ... rhodantha m. and nigrescens m. The
Indian lentil, along with t he Arabian one, is one of t he earliest
in the whole world.
I n Afghanistan nine lentil varieties have been established.
The most interesting is the endemic group of small seeded lentil
found by N. I . Va vi l o v in t he region of Afghanistan adjoining
India (Jalalabad, Chekhosarai). This group represents t he extreme
microform, the terminal link, as it were, of t he general chain of
variation of t he cultivated species, approaching the latter to t he
wild growing species. ~
7
I n Persia the lentil (a d a s) has gained wide spread. I t is
grown chiefly in mountainous regions and its cultivation is exclusively
irrigated. Persia displays t he same number of varieties as Afgha
nistan (y), a great majority of them belonging to t he subspecies
microsperma. ' . . ;
r
; / .
Th e lent il of Syria and Palest ine shows a great diversit y.
The following variet ies have been found: persica, maculata, nigri
punctata, violascens, jmnctata, syriaca, palaestina, viriduZa, maculosa,
subviridis, subatrovirens, variegata, subrubiginosa, subnummularia, num
mularia. . " .
Large seeded forms are of comparatively rare occurrence.
Forms showing seeds of medium size (of t he group intermediae)
are' widely spread in Syria, as well as In Palestine.
;
;
Not less diversity is shown "by Viei Ervia in these coun tries.
T he endem ic group (mediterraneae m.}, dwarfy, suggestin g by its
gen eral habitus the wild growing species, is cul tivated there.
In Asia Minor Lens esctdenia m er dj m ek, as well as Vicia
EriAlia boor chak, are grown on a l arge scal e. T he chief l en til
region is the S outh-Eastern part of the pen in sula.
T he in vestigation of P. M. Zhukovs ky in Asia Minor
(Northern Mesopotamia and T urkish A rm en ia in clusive) has estab-
lished the greatest number of varieties for this coun try (23).
L arge-seeded and small-seeded forms are grown, as "well as a
considerable num ber of varieties with seeds of medium size. T he
small-seeded l en til gravitates to the East and S outh-East of the
pen in sula, while the large-seeded one is spread chiefly in the
Western , Northern and Cen tral part of Asia Minor. I n cen tral
A n atolia (vil ayet Konia, Amassia) very in terestin g endem ic forms
have been found with purple pism en t of the im m ature pods.
A great num ber of varieties is represen ted by n ot endemic forms.
T he varietal diversity of Lois esculenta in Asia Minor shows
the traces of two in fluen ces: the small-seeded forms pen etrated
in to the pen in sul a from S outh-Western Asia, whil e the l arge-
seeded ones came from the West. T he resul t of these in fluen ces
is the m ultifariousn ess shown by the l en til in A sia Minor.
V. Ervia is represen ted in Asia Minor by 12 varieties. Two
groups, mediterraneae and exparsae are m et with in this coun try,
as wel l as a considerable n um ber of in term ediate forms.
-;.. Ch a p t e r . 10.
The l en til of Africa. *
I n A byssin ia the l en til crops (L. esculenta)m esser, ber sem
are spread in the south-eastern and cen tral parts of the. coun try:
the districts Harrar and Chercher, A nkober, Addis-Abeba, rarefy
in Aksum and Gondar.
T he A byssin ian l en til is an original endemic group which
we have called aethiopicae. Besides A byssinia it occurs in the
m oun tain ous part of Eritrea and in Yemen (Arabia). With regard
to m an y characters, as earlin ess, dwarfiness, small flowers and
sm al l seeds, this group approaches the A fghan-Indian one. Two
varieties have been sin gled out according to their seeds: dbyesinica
(Hchst . ) A I . (with brown dotted seeds) and coptica m. (black-
seeded).
T he coun tries of the North African coastMorocco, A l geria,
T un is, T ripol itan ia, Egyptrepresen t no in depen den t cen tre, as
regards their cul tivated vegetation . T hey all show marks of the
in f l uen ce of foreign coun tries. The l en til of Morocco has proved
to be richer in forms. The represen tatives of the A siatic group
are grown in con siderabl e num bers. In the coun tries of F ren ch
A frica (especially in A l geria) the in il uen ce of F ran ce makes itself
f el t: the variety Du-Puy has gained wide spread.
T he chief region of l en til cul tivation in Egypt is the Upper
Egypt. T he uniform ity of the Egyptian l en til (chiefly var.
violascens m.) poin ts to its adven tive character. As regards it
habitus it is the m ost suggestive of Pal estin e l en til .
Cha p t e r 11.
The l en til of Europe.
T he particul ar conditions of the Mediterran ean coun tries,
their soft cl im ate and lon g vegetation period, the con cen tration
of the great crops of an tiquity in this region , have given rise to
a special ecotype of cul tivated pl an ts.
S pain . I tal y, S icily, Sardinia grow the m ost cul tivated l en til
type: l ate forms with l arge flowers, large leaves and large seeds. I n the
Pyren ean pen in sula (especially in North-Western Spain) t i e small-
I" I'
"
ft

300 301
' :. :::' '''.: . " " r ai n ed ^ride spr ead. S i r *
f
.
o
beer*. :: :.:..:;^ ,.: :or Spain and Portugal: vai.
hispanica, s u^ nummularia, subviridis, rhodospenna. dujiujtn t , iugn
punctata, punetata, violascens, grisea, atrogrisea, vinduXa. palaestina,
persica, gilva.
Besides L. esculenta t he cultivation of V. monanihos and
V. Ervilia are of great importance in Spain and Portugal. T h e
P y r e n e a n p e n i n s u l a is t h e c h i e f c e n t r e f t h e cul
t i va t i o n of F. monanthos, whose crops are spread in the central
part. As to V. Ervilia it is chiefly, grown in t he. central and
southern part of t he peninsula (see maps 1 2, 1 3, 1 4).
The absence of endemic lentil forms in t he Pyrenean penin
sula induces us to regard t he accumulation of a considerable
number of varieties as a phenomenon of secondary order.
The islands Sardinia and Sicily deserve special attention. The
varietal diversity of the lentil is much greater in these islands
t lan in I taty. I n Sardinia small seeded forms are grown?
In I taly, Sicily, Sardinia a great number of forms with very
large green seeds (up to 9 mm) have been found.
I n Greece the lentil is cultivated in t he chief agricultural
regions. Thessaly and Macedonia. The most widespread form is
that with seeds of medium size, thongh t he large seeded and
small seeded lentils are equally grown in t he country.
I n Creta L. esculenta is grown on a small rase, but in Cyprus
it is of greater importance. V. Ervilia is a .highly important forage
plant in Cyprus, Creta and Greece. Similar t o Vicia Ervilia of
Syria and Palestine, it shows a great polymorphism. The majority
of its forms are endemic for this part of t he Mediterranean, which
is a fact of pre eminent importance.
The le ntil of America.
With t he exception of Chile, t he lentil plays an insignificant
role in the countries of Northern and Southern America.
The lentil crops of Chile areConcentrated in/ t he provinces
Nuble and Maule. The consumption within t h e ;qoxmtry is inconsi
derable, the lentil being chiefly att article of export to Argentina,
Prance and other countries. The lent il is grown in this country
either as a winter crop or as a spring crop, chiefly without irri
gation.
Having been brought into t he country by the Spaniards
after the discovery of America, the lentil shows no great botanical
diversity. The prevailing variety is var. nummvUaria. with a
diameter about 7 mm.
* . ' ' '
Chapter 1 2.
:
This chapter describes t he ecological types of the lentil in
regard t o earliness. amount of green mass, drought resistance,
imnmnitv.
C h a p t e r 1 3.
The principal centres of the origin of L. esculent a.
In applying the method of differential systematics, of botanical
geography to t he study of botanical diversity shown by the cul
tivated lentil, we have tried to ascertain t he place where it was
introduced into cultivation and to estalslish, according to
N, I . Va vi l o v, t he focuses" of its primary diversity, the
geographical centres of t he origin of its forms.
Prom t he map 1 5 showing t he present geographical distri
bution of t he separate lentil forms it may be seen that t he grea
t est accumulation of large seeded forms is found in t he Mediterra
nean countries: Spain, I t aly with islands, Greece. As to the small
seeded, t here are several regions in which their varieties are con
centrated: South Western Asia (Afghanistan, Persia), Transcaucasia,
"Western Asia (Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine) and partly Spain.
The botanico geographical study has shown however t hat the
t o t a l n u mb e r of va r i e t i e s in a c o u n t r y is n o t
a l wa ys d e s i c i ve for a s c e r t a i n i n g t h e p l a c e of
o r i gi n of a gi ve n p l a n t . Of mu c h gr e a t e r i mp o r t a n c e
is t h e a c c o u n t of t h e e n d e mi c c h a r a c t e r s .
The systematic geographical analysis of Lens esadenia has
shown t hat t he greatest diversity of endemic small seeded varie
ties is t o be found in t he countries of South Western Asia. "While
in Greece, in Asia Minor t here occurs but one small seeded
endemic variety, t he lat t er being entirely missing in Spain and in
I taly, South Western Asia (India inclusive) shows of cine these
varieties. All rare forms, occurring nowhere else in t he world, are
concentrated in this region. Thus in t he region of South Eastern
Afghanistan, bordering on India, there have been found endemic
forms entirely dissimilar to common lentil and most akin to the
wild growing species: dwarfy, ephemerous plants with minute.
almost spherical dark coloured seeds, with small blue flowers and
readily dehiscent brown fruits. I n India, Kashmir hairy forms
are cultivated with flowers white, pink and blue, and with black
seeds. I n t heir recently published work S h a w and R a kh a l D a s
s e (Studies in Indian Pulses, Mem. of the Dep. of Aer of
India, 1 929) have described 66 types of Indian lentils: forms
having been found with pink flowers, differing in the structure
of t heir root system, etc. I n Afghanistan, in t he Middle Asiatic
Republics (Uzbekistan. Turkmenistan, Tajikistan) races have been
found showing much green mass and being of semi prostrate
habit. Along with early forms t here occur comparatively late ones
(Oasis of Khiva) with a characteristic pattern of the seed coat, etc.
Shortly, the whole diversity of the morphological and phy
siological characters of the small seeded group is to be found in
South Western Asia.
I t is in this region t hat are concentrated all characters most
important for classification, t he most outstanding and constant
ones, or, as they are sometimes termed, organizational characters.
as t he structure of fruit and flower.
I

If?:*
J I
302 303
~ ' ' : r. TTes erii Asia, in particular the :: "". .:?.:" region bet
. ^ i.ii uii Kush and Himalaya, is t ut p r : L : : I p r i ma r y
c e n t r e f a ccum ul a t i on of v a r i e t a l e l e m e n t s , as
wel l as t he p r obabl e p r i n ci p a l cen t r e of t he or i gi n
of t he c u l t i v a t e d l e n t i l (L. eseulenta).
As we withdraw from. the-, prin cipal cen tre of diversity of
the small-seeded l en til , the num ber of en dem ic forms and that of
characters, perceptibl y decreases. T he European part of USSR,
Siberia, the West-European coun tries and A m erica, the Northern
T ren ch Africa grow an inconsiderable n um ber of l en til forms diffe-
rin g from on e-an other by few characters.
Special atten tion should be devoted to Abyssinia. T he
in vestigation s of N. . a v 1 v have established t he uniformity
of the lentil in North Eastern Africa. The Abyssinian lentil,
though showing certain peculiarities, approaches t he Indian and
Afghan group in regard to a series of morphological and physio
logical characters. .
The uniformity of the Abyssinian lentil speaks, it should seem,
in favour of its adventive character. But a whole series of pecu
liar features observed only in t he Abyssinian lentil, as the shape
of t he pod and other small characters, induce us to single it out
into a separate group.
As to Transcaucasia, Asia Minor and other Mediterranean
countries, we refer them to the secondary centre of diversity of
the cultivated lentil.
I n dealing with such ancient crops as t he lentil, the possi
bility of their transference from t he principal centres to distant
regions must be taken into consideration; To such countries where
t he lentil is an adventive belong Egypt and t he countries
of French Africa. The cultivated lent il of Egypt is very uniform,
being represented by two typical Asiatic forms.
In comparing t he areas of distribution of t he wild growing
lentil species with t he regions showing t he highest concentration
of the diversity of the cultivated lentil, no perfect coincidence is
observed. Still t he Eastern part of i h e area of Lens orientcdis,
the species most closely" related to t he small seeded lentil, reaches
into Turkestan (see map 16).
Ch a p t e x 14.
On t h e ve tch as a weedin l e ntil s (mimicry in plant s).
whole group of weed
peas, lent il. This weed
vet ches met wit h in
in many charact ers,
t h e plant s t h ey are
There exists a
different crops, as
chiefly in regard t o t h e seeds, simulat e
admixed t o.
;
:
The percent age of admixt ure of t h e flat seeded vet ch t o t h e
lent il crops is sometimes very considerable and impairs t h e qualit y
of t h e lent il.
The adult erat ion of t he lent il by t h e vet ch is a fact pointed
out in lit erat ure by many invest igat ors: T h a e r , Wi e g m a n n ,
G a e r t n e , B e r g, F r u w r t h, et c.
Some of t h e aut hors, for inst ance W e s; m a n n, F r u w i r t h
are inclined t o regard t h e flat seeded vet cii as a hybrid L>etvreer.
lent il and vet ch .
Our invest igat ion of t h e weed vet ch has revealed an ext ra
ordinary diversit y of forms according t o size, colour, pat t ern of
seeds, from ent irely black spherical ones t o lent icular seeds. As
regards t h e veget at ive and biological charact ers, t h e weed vet ch
equally approaches t h e lent il.
The origin of t h e vet ch form mimicking t h e lent il may be
scarcely explained by hybridizat ion. Up t o now all at t emps at
artificial crossing of lent il wit h vet ch have failed.
An approach t o t h e explanat ion of mimicry in plant s may be
found, in our opinion, in t h e law of homologous series in heredi
t ar y variat ion est ablished by N . I . a v 1 v, according t o which
whole families of plant s are charact erized by a definite cycle of
heredit ary variat ion which may be t r aced t h r ough all genera making
up t h e family.
The causes of such parallel variat ion in t h e family Leguminosae
are of a general order det ermining t h e polymorphism of plant s.
The family Leguminosae cont ains a cert ain number of here
dit ary fact ors for shape, colour, et c. , dist ribut ed among it s different
members. Cert ain differences observed wit hin t h e limit s of a family
depend on t h e presence of t he one or t h e ot her factor, and diver
sit y is t h e result of many combinat ions of factors. Considered
from t his point of view, t h e not infrequent ly observed st riking
similarit y, exhibit ed by species belonging t o quit e different groups,
depends on t h e fact "t h at t h e different plant groups have many
heredit ary fact ors in common. I t is for t his reason t h at some
forms manifesting t hemselves in one group correspondingly
appear also in t h e ot her.
The phenomenon of mimicry is only a special case of t h e
manifest at ion of t his general law." I t illust rat es t he recurrence of
t h e forms of variat ion, common t o t h e whole organized world.
Th e majorit y of cases of mimicry are only separat e manifest at ions
of polymorphism in t h e general cycle of heredit ary genot ypical
variat ion, peculiar t o t h e group 'of plant s t o which t h e given
mimicking form belongs.
N at ur al select ion is no creat ive fact or t aking an act ive part
in t h e origin of mimic forms. I t only firmly est ablishes t hose
of t h e already originat ed forms which are fittest for t h e given
condit ions, or have some advant age over t h e ot hers, naking t hem
t h e predominant ones.
The most important diseases and insect pest s of t he lent il.
The most import ant fungi diseases of t h e lent il are: mildew.
Erysiphe communis G v. forma viciae, false mildew. Peronospora
lenti G a u m a n n an d r ust , Uromyces ervi Wi n t e r .
T h e mo st h ar mful in sect s ar e t h e l ar vae of Bruehus lentil
F r l . , Br. signaticornis Gyl l . , Br. ervi F 1.. as w?l i as Cdllo-
304
sobruchus chinensis L. (in I n di a, Afgh an ist an ) , zhe la ; e: d:rr;.r.. ?: ;
t Le len t il n ot on ly in field. ~,~:. also I _ : r : : ^: ^ : .
Of o t h er pest s ma y be men t i on ed: Lethrus apierus L e i ; , ,
*ytpha crinitus H b s t ., tiorrhynchus ligustiei L . , Cleonus piger S cop. ,
Tanymecus palliatus F . , Etiella zinchendla T r.
C h a p t e r 15.
Con tain s a short an atom ical characteristic of the l en til {Lens
esetdenta). T he root, stem , leaf, f ruit an d seeds of the l en til have
been in vestigated.
T he m ajority of the drawin gs have been m ade by our l ate
assistan t 0. M. V v e d e n s .
All phot ographs and drawings are original ones. The lat t er
have been made by means of t h e drawing apparat us Ab b e wit h
an objective 7 and ocular 3 of L e i t z microscope, on a level wit h
t he st age of t h e microscope.
All drawings, phot os and maps occurring in t his work are
original.
Below t h e cont ent s of each chapt er is given.
. \
P lat e .

III
ill
12
II.
Plate .

II
III. /f?
P lat e III.
'