INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL

DIVERSITY

CHAPTER 32
GENERAL INFORMATION
The first animals originated about 700
million years ago
Animals are grouped into many phyla
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animaliae
Phylum _________________
Most animals are aquatic.
Most animals are invertebrates.
Only about 5% of all animals are
vertebrates.

EVOLUTIONARY TREE
ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Multicellular eukaryotes
Nutritional mode
Cell structure
Specialized tissues
Life history features
Homeoboxes
ANIMALS ARE MULTICELLULAR
They are made up of more than one cell, most cells are
grouped into tissues.

They probably evolved from
one - celled organism colonial to multicellular

Plants, fungi, and some algae are also multicellular.




Colonial Choanoflagellate heterotrophic flagellated
(single cells, various functions) (mode of nutrition) (means of motility)



Choanoflagellate: probably the common ancestor of animals, originated about 1 bya
ANIMALS ARE HETEROTROPHIC
Animals must ingest preformed organic material in the form of
plants or other animals

Plants are autotrophic

Fungi are heterotrophic; absorb food
CELL CHARACTERISTICS
animal cells lack cell walls, large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts
support for animal cells:
extracellular matrix
contains collagen (protein)
junctions between animal cells
tight junctions, desmosomes, gaps
INTRACELLULAR JUNCTIONS
Campbell Text, page 120
SPECIALIZED TISSUES: MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUES
Muscle tissues
Nerve tissue
Conducts signals throughout the body. Impulses &
senses stem from the brain & spinal cord.
LIFE HISTORY FEATURES
most animals reproduce sexually
dominant stage is diploid
not alternation of generations as in plants/algae
meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells directly
LIFE CYCLE STAGES: REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT
parent cell (2n) in the gonads
meiosis produces egg (n); sperm (n)
egg and sperm unite
fertilization zygote (2n)
cleavage a series of mitotic divisions
blastula
multicellular stage
hollow center is the blastocoel
gastrulation produces embryonic tissues
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
archenteron develops; the opening is the blastopore
Embryo develops
Juvenile adult directly, or
larval stage(s) metamorphosis adult

EMBRYONIC TISSUE LAYERS
ectoderm
covers surfaces
develops into outer covering
mesoderm
develops into muscles, connective tissues, other organs
endoderm
innermost layer
develops into the digestive tube
lines digestive tract and organs, e.g., liver and lungs
HOMEOBOXES
sets of genes (DNA sequence)
regulate expression of other genes
(bind DNA; help turn genes on)
help regulate patterns of development
influence morphology
HOX genes
shared by all animals
sponges humans
number of genes in a set correlates with
the complexity of the animal
Anterior/posterior ends; numbers of
segments/where those segments are..

ANIMALS CAN BE
IDENTIFIED BY BODY PLAN
Body symmetry
no symmetry (asymmetrical)
radial
bilateral
cephalization
Tissue organization
diploblastic
triploblastic
Body cavities
coelomate
pseudocoelomate
acoelomate
Embryonic development
protostome
deuterostome


BODY SYMMETRY
Top
Bottom
Oral (mouth area)
Aboral
Dorsal (top) side
Ventral (bottom) side
Anterior (head) end
Posterior (tail) end
Left and Right sides
RADIAL SYMMETRY
cross section
body like the spokes of a wheel
characteristics similar in each section if cut like a pie
generally sessile
approach the environment from all sides
two tissue layers (diploblastic)
Phyla
Cnidaria
Jellies, hydras, corals, anemones
Ctenophora
Comb jellies
ALL OTHER ANIMALS BODIES ARE
BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL
BILATERAL SYMMETRY
more complex
mirror images
adapted to moving more rapidly
encounter the environment head on
cephalization
evolutionary trend towards the concentration of sensory
equipment on the anterior end
Examples: eyes, antennae, brain, cns
triploblastic
BODY CAVITY CHARACTERISTICS
body cavities
fluid filled space
between the digestive system and the outer body wall
area where organs are suspended
cushions, protects, prevents injury to organs during movement

in some provides a hydrostatic skeleton
fluid filled cavity under pressure
provides support
muscles press against the body cavity
example, earth worm


BODY CAVITY CHARACTERISTICS
Acoelomates
Pseodocoelomates
Coelomates


EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
ECDYSOZOA
Examples: Arthropoda, Nematoda
LOPHOTROPHOZOA
Examples: Mollusca, Annelida, Nemertea