Review guide For Ch.

1

Terms:
Sociological Imagination
Social Institution
Marxism
Verstehen
Anomie
Positivist Sociology
Double Consciousness
Functionalism
Conflisct Theory
Feminist Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Postmodernism
Social Construction
Midrange Theory
Divisions within Soc.:
Microscopy
Macroscopy


People:
Auguste Comte
Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Hobbes
Hariet Martineau
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Emile Durkheim
Georg Simmel
W.E.B. Dubois
Jane Adams


Concept Questions from Chapter:
What are the costs and returns of college?
What were Comtes views on social physics and positivism?
Who believes in the Economy of Sociology?
How did the Equality of Educational Opportunity effect sociologists way of thinking about
sociology?
What are the effects of history and anthropology on sociology?
What are the differences between the psychological and biological sciences versus the economic
and political sciences?

Chapter 2: Research Methods

Research Methods
Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
Correlation
Causality
Reverse Causality
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Hypothesis
Operationalization
Validity
Reliability
Generalizability
Placebo
Double Blind Studies
Reflexivity
Feminist Methodology
Participant observation
Survey
Historical Methods
Comparative Research
Experimental methods
content analysis

Moderating variables
White coats
Placebo
Mitchell Duneier
Case study
Interviews
General Social Survey
Manifest content
Latent content
Public Sociology

Ch. 3: Culture and Media
- Culture is like two mirrors facing each othermass media and social norms reflect each
other and create the work we live in
- Culture is what we do not notice at home, but would spot in a foreign context
- Culture is a set of beliefs, traditions, and knowledge
- Europeans began to see culture as a hierarchy, the way they did things was the right
way
o Ethnocentrism is when one sees their own culture as inherently better than
other cultures a real lack of sociological imagination
- Nonmaterial culture: values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms
- Material culture: everthing that is a part of our constructed, physical environment,
including technology (statue of liberty, mount rushmore, the White House, cars, fashion,
etc.)
- Durkheim theories see cultures as a set of values and norms in which we are socialized
- Conflict theories see culture as reflecting underlying differences
- Thornstein Veblen (1857-1929): American sociologist who was highly critical of the rich
and thought our natural instinct for workmanship is transformed by the need to outdo
each other in economic achievements
- Conspicious Leisure: comsuming time non productively because work is unworthy
- Conspicious consumption: wasting money on the best things
- Ideology: a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect
(Such as a passenger in coach cannot use the toilet in first classnot because they are
much better, but it would deteriorate the idea of a first class ticket)
- Cultural relativism: taking into account differences across cultures without passing
judgment or assigning value (no culture is wrong or right)
- Cultural scripts: modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural
(stands in opposition to the belief that ideas derive from biological programming)
- Symbolic culturehow we see baseball, an image of America, is how people of Bali
view cock fighting.
- Subculture: groups united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning
specific to the members of that group
- Values: moral beliefs
- Norms: how values are put into play in the world/society ( After you go to the
bathroom, you wash your hands, and if you dont, you may be shamed by others for not
following this norm
- Socialization: the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms
of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society
- Reflection theory: idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships
into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social
structures of our society is projected
(there is too much violence in rap music I live in a violent world, and Im like a
reporter. Im telling it like it is; so if you want to fix that, then fix the problems of
violence in my community)
- Media: any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information
- Hegemony: a condition by which a dominat group uses its power to elicit the voluntary
consent of the masses (going along with the status quo because its the natural
order)
- Media effectsrange from short term/ long term intended and unintended
- Racism in the MediaTime Magazines article titled How to tell your friends from the
Japs offering differences of characteristic between Japanese and Chinese.
- Sexism in the Media: Women commonly portrayed as skinny and sex icons, or viewed in
a housewife light, where they are cleaning or taking care of children.
- Consumerism: the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that
happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved (Brands sell more than fashionthey
sells self image, lifestyle, sense of belonging, and self worth)
- Advertising and childrenthe in toys cause parents feel the need to buy for their
children so they can feel included
- Culture Jamming: the act of turning media against themselves (parody ads against large
companies)

Culture: Set of beliefs, traditions, and practices: The sum of total social categories and concepts we
embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors, and practices; that which is not the natural environment
around us.
Material Culture: Relationship between artifacts and social interactions.
Ethnocentrism: Encapsulates the sense of taken-for-granted superiority in the context of cultural
practices and attitudes.
Ideology: System of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.
Cultural relativism: Taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or
assigning a value.
Cultural scripts: Modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural.
Ideology: Set of ideas that constitute ones goals, expectations, and actions; a way of looking at things.
Subculture: The distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group
united by sets of concepts, values, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive
enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.
Values: Moral Beliefs
Norms: How values tell us to behave
Cultural relativism: (Franz Boaz) civilization is not something absolute, butis relative, and our ideas
and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes.
Socialization: Process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society
and learn to function as members of that society.
Reflection theory: Idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public
sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is
projected.
(Lil Wayne using reflection theory to defend his lyrics)
Media: Any formats that carry, present, or communicate information.
(Tv, radio, facebook,etc)
(Tv influence on the people after images of officers attack student during civil rights movement)
Hegemony: Conditoin by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary consent of the
masses.
Racism in the media Media continues to reflect and perpetuate racist ideologies.
Sexism in the Media Western media in particular are charged with glamorizing and perpetuating
unrealistic ideals of feminine beuty.
Consumerism: Steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and
fulfillment can thus be achieved.
Culture jamming: The act of turning media against themselves.
(Adbusters noncommercial activist group magazine that specialize in spoofs of popular advertising
campaigns.)

Chapter 4 (1
st
half)
-Socialization: the process by which you learn how to become a functioning member of society.
You learn the value and norms your society uses to function properly.
-We learn the view of the self through looking at others in society.
-In order to fully be functioning members of society, we need to be able to recognize others; we
learn this through socialization. You are seen as poorly socialized if you do things against the
social norm in public.
-Family is that main unit of socialization, but factors such as different social classes and culture
can affect the kind of socialization that an individual receives.
-School teaches us how to socialize and respect authority in a responsible manner.
-Peers can either reinforce messages taught at home or contradict them. Peers make a huge
influence on socialization. An example of the negative aspect of peers is peer pressure.
-Media is used to make us think in a certain way. For example, if Sesame Street teaches to share,
children will adapt that quality. Also, tutoring commercials say that they can help improve a
childs intellectual performance, so it is taken into consideration by parents.
-The generalized other: an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of
settingsregardless of whether weve encountered those people or places before. This way, we
can socialize with complete strangers in different settings like a normal individual.
-Human nature: a blend of organic equipment, the raw materials we are physically made
of, and social interaction, the environment in which we are raised.
-Resocialization: may be needed when you change your environment. An example of this is
moving to another country where a completely different set of norms is followed.
-Total institution: an institution that controls all the basics of day-to-day life. Examples:
boarding schools, monasteries, the army. People in these institutions do everything together like
eating, sleeping, studying, bathing, playing, and more everyday life rituals.
-Social interaction: understanding role theory in a society.
-Status: recognizable social position that an individual occupies.
-Roles: the duties and behaviors associated with a particular status.
-Role strain: incompatibility among roles corresponding to single status.
-Role conflict: tension between different individuals that affect the main individuals role in
society.
-Status set: all the statutes you have at any given time.
-Ascribed status: you inherit a status.
-Achieved status: earn the status you obtained.
-Master status: when one status within our status set stands out or overrides all others.
-Gender roles: set of behavioral norms assumed to accompany ones status as female or male.



Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality (Part 2- pgs.133-149)
Terms to Know:
Role conflict
Status set
Ascribed status
Achieved status
Master status
Gender roles
Symbolic interactionism
Dramaturgical theory
Face
Ethnomethodology
Ideas to Know:
How do roles and statuses function?
What are the key terms that you must learn to understand the role theory?
Understand how the concept of gender roles evolves from role theory.
What are the effects of gender-role socialization?
What does it mean to say something is socially constructed?
Name some examples of cross-cultural differences in the social in the social construction
of reality?
What are the three basic tenets of symbolic interactionism?
How can symbolic interactionism be used in understanding cultural differences in styles
of social interaction?
What has the internet done to social interaction?


-

Carina Suarez
Domingo Guiterrez
TA: Deborah Hobden
Monday 8am
Chapter 5: Groups and Networks

Social Groups (Georg Simmel)
Size
dyad
triad
mediator
tertius gaudens
divide et impera

Social Networks
tie
narrative
Six degrees of separation - Stanley Milgram
Social Capital
Organizations
Organizational Structure
Organizational Culture
Isomorphism
Policy: The 1965 Hart-Cellar Act






Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance

Key Terms:
What Is Social Deviance?: Social Deviance, Crime
Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control: Social Cohesion,
Mechanical or Segmental Solidarity, Organic Solidarity, Social Control, Formal
Social Sanctions, Informal Social Sanctions
A Normative Theory of Suicide: Social Integration, Social Regulation, Egoistic
Suicide, Altruistic Suicide, Anomie, Anomic Suicide, Fatalistic Suicide
Social Forces and Deviance: Strain Theory, Conformist, Ritualist, Innovator,
Retreatists, Rebel
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance: Symbolic Interactionism, Labeling
Theory, Primary Deviance, Secondary Deviance, Stigma, Broken Windows Theory of
Deviance
Crime: Street Crime, White-Collar Crime, Corporate Crime
Crime Reduction: Deterrence Theory, Recidivism, Total Institution, Panopticon

Look up The Stanford Prison Experiment And Abu Ghraib on page 208-209.

Chapter 7: Stratifcation
Stratification
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Dialectic
Ontological Equality
Equality of Opportunity
Bourgeois Society
Equality of Condition
Equality of Outcome
Free Rider Problem
Estate System
Caste System
Class System
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
Contradictory Class Location
Status Hierarchy System
Elite-Mass Dichotomy System
Meritocracy
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Income
Wealth
Upper Class
Middle Class
Global Inequality
Social Mobility
Structural Mobility
Exchange Mobility
Status-attainment Model
Lecture:
Functionalist
Symbolic Interactionist Approaches
Broken Window Theory (Zimbardo)
Eye or the Street (Jane Jacobs)
Stigma
Social Stratification
Socially Constructed

Chapter 7 Study Guide

Views of inequality:
Stratification- structured, systematic social inequality
Social equality- condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on non-
natural conventions exist
Carlos Slim Helu- wealthiest man in the world, with over US $74 billion
Jean-Jacques Rousseau- sees humankind as naturally pure and good; sees emergence of private property
as the primary source of social ills
Thomas Malthus- believed inequality was good/necessary to keep the population in check
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel- German philosopher who viewed history in terms of a master-
slave/servant dialectic
Dialectic- a two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways

Standards of equality:
Ontological equality- notion that everyone is created equal at birth
Equality of opportunity- idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and
power because the rules of the game are the same to everyone
Equality of condition- idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
Equality of outcome- position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of
the fairness of the game

Forms of stratification:
Estate system- politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
Caste system- religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
Class system- economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and
somewhat loose social mobility
Status hierarchy system- system of stratification based on social prestige
Elite-mass dichotomy system- system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who
broadly hold power in society

How America is stratified today:
Socioeconomic status (SES)- an individuals position in a stratified social order; classify in terms of
indicators such as occupation, income, wealth, and education
The upper class- economic elite; group of individuals at the top of the socioeconomic food chain
The middle class- term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay
significantly more than the poverty line; highly debated and expansive category in the US
The poor- in 2011, the poverty line for a family of four was $22,350; working poor vs. nonworking
poor

Social reproduction versus social mobility:
Social mobility- movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any
given society
Structural mobility- mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy
Exchange mobility- mobility in which, if we hold fixed the changing distribution of jobs, individuals
trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out
Status-attainment model- approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and
educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more
desirable occupations

Policy:
The Death Tax- the US estate tax; affects stratification and mobility; aimed at estates that have a net
worth over a certain amount, currently estates with a gross value of over $675,000 are taxed; opponents of
the estate tax have consistently portrayed farmers as its undeserving victims; however, many wealthy
Americans and billionaires, who have the most to lose from the estate tax, still support it; it prevents an
ever-growing concentration of power among those whose only virtue is that they were born into a rich
family
Chapter 9: Race
Race
racism
Scientific Racism
Ethnocentrism
Ontological equality
Eugenics
Nativism
one drop rule
miscegenation
race is not necessarily about physical or biological differences
racialization
ethnicity
symbolic ethnicity
straight-line assimilation
primordialism
pluralism
segregation
racial conflict
genocide
Domination
Racial Passing
prejudice
Discrimination
institutional racism