Ipv6 1

Implementing IPv6 Part 1
Ram Krishna Pariyar

rkitsolution@yahoo.com
IPv6
Part 1
Introducing IPv6
IPv6 Addressing in an Enterprise Network
IPv6 Addressing
Configuring and Verifying IPv6 nicast Addresses

Part !
"outing IPv6 #raffic

Part $
#ransitioning IPv% to IPv6
#unneling IPv6 #raffic
#ranslation sing NA#&P#

2
'eatures of IPv6
(arger address space
Elimination of NA#
Elimination of )roadcast addresses
*implified +eader for improved router efficiency
*upport for mo)ility and security
#ransition ric+ness
3
4
,+y -o ,e Need a (arger Address *pace.
Internet population
Appro/imately 01$ million users in Novem)er !223
Emerging population and geopolitical and address space
4o)ile users
p+ones5 iPads5 ta)lets 5etc
Appro/imately !2 million in !22%
4o)ile p+ones
Already 1 )illion mo)ile p+ones delivered )y t+e industry
#ransportation
Planes5 trains5 )usses5 automo)iles
Consumer devices
6illions of +ome and industrial appliances

5
IP Address
Allocation 7istory
1981: IPv4 Protocol was u!lish"#.
1985: $% o& IPv4 a##r"ss sac" in us".
2''1: $$% o& IPv4 a##r"ss sac" in us".
2'1': 9$% o& IPv4 a##r"ss sac" in us".
$
IPv%
$! )its or % )ytes long

%5!2252225222 possi)le addressa)le nodes
IPv6
1!8 )its or 16 )ytes9 four times t+e )its

of IPv%
$:% ; 12
$8
possi)le addressa)le nodes
$%25!8!5$6650!250$85%6$5$1%56215%$!51685!115%36
3 ; 12
!8
addresses per person
32522252225222522252225222522252225222
(arger Address *pace
(
(arger Address *pace Ena)les Address
Aggregation
Aggregation of prefi/es announced in t+e glo)al

routing ta)le
Efficient and scala)le routing

8
IPv6 'eatures
Address assignment features9 sing -7CP and *tateless

Autoconfiguration:
6uilt&in *upport for 4o)ility9 IPv6 supports mo)ility suc+ t+at

IPv6 +osts can move around t+e Internetwork5 retain t+eir IPv6
address and wit+out losing current application sessions:
Aggregation9 IPv6<s +uge address space makes for muc+ easier

aggregation of )locks of addresses in t+e Internet5 making routing
in t+e Internet more efficient:
No need for NA#=PA#9 #+e +uge pu)lic IPv6 address space

removes t+e need for NA#=PA#5 w+ic+ avoids some NA#&induced
application pro)lems and makes for more efficient routing:
No 6roadcasts9 IPv6 does not use layer $ )roadcast addresses5

instead relying on multicasts to reac+ multiple +osts:
#ransition tools9 IPv6 +as many ric+ tools to +elp wit+ t+e
transition from IPv% to IPv6:
IPv6 Packet 7eader
IPv6 +as fewer fields
#+e +eader is 6%&)it aligned w+ic+ ena)les fast5 efficient5 +ardware&)ased

processing:
7ardware&)ased5 efficient processing
Improved routing efficiency and performance
'aster forwarding rate wit+ )etter scala)ility
#+e IPv6 address fields are four times larger t+an in IPv%:
IPv6 +eader is %2 octets
IPv6 +eader is !2 octets in t+e IPv% +eader:

9
1'
)ra*m"nt
+&&s"t
)la*s
,otal -"n*th
,y" o&
."rvic"
I/-
Pa##in* +tions
0"stination 1##r"ss
.ourc" 1##r"ss
/"a#"r 2h"cksum Protocol ,im" to -iv"
I#"nti&ication
3"rsion
IPv4 /"a#"r
4"5t
/"a#"r
/o -imit
)low -a!"l
,ra&&ic
2lass
0"stination 1##r"ss
.ourc" 1##r"ss
Payloa# -"n*th
3"rsion
IPv$ /"a#"r
)i"l#6s 4am" K"t &rom IPv4 to IPv$
)i"l#s 4ot K"t in IPv$
4am" an# Position 2han*"# in IPv$
4"w )i"l# in IPv$
-
"
*
"
n
#
,h" IPv4 h"a#"r:
12 !asic h"a#"r &i"l#s 7 +tions an# Pa##in*
0ata ortion 8usually transort lay"r s"*m"nt9
)i5"# si:" o& 2' oct"ts
1n otions &i"l#
3aria!l";l"n*th otions &i"l# incr"as"s th" si:" o& th" total IP h"a#"r
IPv$
8 &i"l#s: 1 n"w 8)low -a!"l9< ( similar IPv4< ( not !rou*ht ov"r &rom
IPv4.
11
"esources
IPv6 Addressing At&A&>lance
+ttp9==cisco:com=application=pdf=en=us=guest=tec+=tk81!=c1332=cdccont?2022aecd82!62
2$d:pdf
IPv6 E/tension 7eaders "eview and Considerations
+ttp9==cisco:com=en=*=partner=tec+=tk81!=tec+nologies?w+ite?paper2022aecd823%d$1
d:s+tml
IPv6 7eaders At&A&>lance
+ttp9==cisco:com=application=pdf=en=us=guest=tec+=tk81!=c1%8!=cdccont?2022aecd82!62
2%!:pdf
IPv6 4o)ility At&A&>lance
+ttp9==cisco:com=application=pdf=en=us=guest=tec+=tk81!=c1%8!=cdccont?2022aecd82!62
2%6:pdf
Internet Protocol Version 6 @AA
+ttp9==cisco:com=en=*=partner=products=ps633$=products?Banda?item2022aecd82$11
3)f:s+tml
IPV6 Case *tudies
+ttp9==cisco:com=en=*=partner=products=ps633$=prod?case?studies?list:+tml
IPv6 Allocations
+ttp9==www:ripe:net=rs=ipv6=stats=
Cisco IPv6 *olutions
+ttp9==cisco:com=en=*=partner=products=ps633$=products?w+ite?paper20186a2282!!
10)c:s+tml
Version9
Contains 6 for IPv6 CIPv% contains t+e num)er %D
#raffic class9
*imilar as type of service C#o*D field in IPv%:
'low la)el9
New !2&)it field
Allows multilayer switc+es and routers to +andle traffic on a per&flow

)asis rat+er t+an per&packet5 for faster packet&switc+ing performance:
#+is field can also )e used to provide @o*:

12
Payload lengt+9
*ame as IPv% total lengt+ field
Ne/t +eader9
8&)it field determines t+e type of information t+at follows t+e )asic IPv6
+eader:
*imilar to t+e protocol field of IPv%:

13
7op limit9
8&)it field specifies t+e ma/imum num)er of

+ops t+at an IP packet can traverse:
*imilar to t+e time to live C##(D field in IPv%
6ecause t+ere is no c+ecksum in t+e IPv6

+eader5 an IPv6 router can decrease t+e field
wit+out recomputing t+e c+ecksum
14
*ource address9
1!8 )it source address of t+e packet
-estination address9
1!8 )its destination address of t+e packet
E/tension +eaders9
Eptional
#+e num)er of e/tension +eaders is not fi/ed5 so t+e total lengt+ of t+e
e/tension +eader c+ain is varia)le:
Also a mec+anism to provide support for future services wit+out redesign of

t+e )asic protocol
15
1$
IPv% 'ragmentation
,+en fragmentation occurs5 it does not get reconstructed until it

reac+es t+e +ost:
#+is takes processing time:
'ragment Effset field identifies t+e order

IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
IP Pack"t
4"twork link
with lar*"r =,>
4"twork link
with small"r
=,>
4"twork link
with lar*"r =,>
,h" out*oin* link has a
small"r =,> so I hav"
to &ra*m"nt th"
ack"ts.
,h" out*oin* link has a lar*"
"nou*h =,> !ut I #on6t
r"construct ack"ts.
It is my ?o! to
r"construct th"
ack"ts.
4# -iscovery
In IPv% routers +andle fragmentation5 causing a variety of processing issues:
IPv6 routers no longer perform fragmentation
se a discovery process is used to determine t+e optimum 4# to use
*ource IPv6 device attempts to send a packet at t+e siFe t+at is specified
)y t+e upper IP layers5 C#CP5 -P5 or applicationD:
If t+e device receives an Internet Control 4essage Protocol CIC4PD

Gpacket too )igH message9
"etransmits t+e 4# discover packet wit+ a smaller 4#
#+is process is repeated until t+e device receives a response t+at t+e
discover packet arrived intact:
#+e device t+en sets t+e 4# for t+e session:
In IPv6 fragmentation is only performed by the device sending a datagram, not

by routers.
1(
IPv6 Addressing in an Enterprise
Network
18
19
Address "epresentation
1!8&)it IPv6 addresses are represented )y )reaking t+em

up into eig+t 16&)it segments:
Eac+ segment is written in +e/adecimal Cnon&case

sensitiveD )etween 2/2222 and 2/''''5 separated )y
colons:
An e/ample of a written IPv6 address is

3ffe:1944:0100:000a:0000:00bc:2500:0d0b
2'
"ule 19 (eading 2<s
#wo rules for reducing t+e siFe of written IPv6 addresses:
#+e first rule is9
The leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to be

written if any 16-bit segment has fewer than four
he!adecimal digits, it is assumed that the missing digits are
leading zeroes:
E/ample
3ffe : 1944 : 0100 : 000a : 0000 : 00bc :
2500 : 0d0b
3ffe : 1944 : 100 : a : 0 : bc :
2500 : d0b
21
"ule 19 (eading 2<s
Practice
3ffe : 0404 : 0001 : 1000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0ef0 : bc00
3ffe : 404 : 1 : 1000 : 0 : 0 : ef0 : bc00
3ffe : 0000 : 010d : 000a : 00dd : c000 : e000 : 0001
3ffe : 0 : 10d : a : dd : c000 : e000 : 1
ff02 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0005
ff02 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 5
22
"ule 19 (eading 2<s
Enly leading Feroes can )e omittedI trailing Feroes cannot5

)ecause doing so would make t+e segment am)iguous:
Jou would not )e a)le to tell w+et+er t+e missing Feroes

)elonged )efore or after t+e written digits:
3ffe : 1944 : 100 : a : 0 : bc :
2500 : d0b
Correct Original Address
3ffe : 1944 : 0100 : 000a : 0000 : 00bc :
2500 : 0d0b
Wrong, Ambiguous Original Address
3ffe : 1944 : 1000 : a000 : 0000 : bc00 :
2500 : d0b0
23
"ule !9 -ou)le colon 99 eBuals 2222K2222
#+e second rule can reduce t+is address

even furt+er9
"ny single, contiguous string of one or more

16-bit segments consisting of all zeroes can
be represented with a double colon:
ff02 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0005
ff02 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 5
ff02 : : 5
ff02::5
24
Enly a single contiguous string of all&Fero segments can )e represented wit+ a

dou)le colon:
E/ample9 #oth of these are correct
2001 : 0d02 : 0000 : 0000 : 0014 : 0000 : 0000 : 0095
2001 : d02 :: 14 : 0 : 0 : 95
2001 : d02 :: 14 : 0 : 0 : 95
OR
2001 : d02 : 0 : 0 : 14 :: 95
2001 : d02 : 0 : 0 : 14 :: 95
Anoter e!am"le:
2031 : 0000 : 130# : 0000 : 0000 : 09C0 : $%&A : 130'
2031 : 0 : 130# :: 9C0 : $%&A : 130'
25
sing t+e dou)le colon more t+an once in an IPv6 address

can create am)iguity:
E/ample
2001:d02::14::95
Illegal )ecause t+e lengt+ of t+e two all&Fero strings is

am)iguousI it could represent any of t+e following IPv6
addresses9
2001:0d02:0000:0000:0014:0000:0000:0095
2001:0d02:0000:0000:0000:0014:0000:0095
2001:0d02:0000:0014:0000:0000:0000:0095
2$
Network Prefi/es
IPv%5 t+e prefi/Lt+e network portion of t+e addressLcan

)e identified )y a dotted decimal or )itcount:
255(255(255(0 or )24
IPv6 prefi/es are always identified )y )itcount:
#+e address is followed )y a forward slas+ and a decimal

num)er indicating +ow many of t+e first )its of t+e
address are t+e prefi/ )its:
$I%& notation or prefi! notation

3ffe:1944:100:a::)&4
1& 32 4$ &4 bits
2(
All 2<s IPv6 Address
An IPv6 address consisting of all Feroes can )e written

simply wit+ a dou)le colon:
#+ere are two cases w+ere an all&Feroes address is used:

1: -efault address5 #+e address is all Feroes and t+e prefi/
lengt+ is Fero9
99=2
1. 'nspecified address5 w+ic+ is used in some Neig+)or
-iscovery Protocol procedures ClaterD:
An unspecified address is a filler5 indicating t+e a)sence

of a real IPv6 address:
,+en writing an unspecified address5 it is differentiated

from a default address )y its prefi/ lengt+9
99=1!8
Interface Identifiers in IPv6
Addresses
In IPv65 a link is a network medium over w+ic+ network

nodes communicate using t+e link layer:
Interface identifiers CI-sD in IPv6 addresses9
sed to identify a uniBue interface on a link
#+oug+t of as t+e G+ost portionH of an IPv6 address:
"eBuired to )e uniBue on a link
Always 6% )its
4ay )e dynamically created )ased on (ayer ! media

and encapsulation
28
#+e data link layer defines +ow IPv6 interface identifiers are
created and +ow neig+)or discovery deals wit+ data link layer
address resolution:
"'Cs descri)e t+ese processes Cnot all supported )y CiscoD
(et<s look at t+e process for Et+ernet Interface IdentifierK

29
3'
Calculating t+e Interface I- sing EI&6%
#o automatically create a guaranteed&uniBue interface I-5 IPv6 defines a

met+od to calculate a 6%&)it interface I- derived from t+at +ostMs 4AC
address:
#+e eig+t+ )it in an IPv6 interface identifier5 also known as t+e G>H )it5 is t+e
group=individual )it for managing groups:
#+e niversally=(ocally C=(D )it is t+e sevent+ )it of t+e first )yte and is
used to determine w+et+er t+e address is universally or locally administered:
If 25 t+e IEEE5 t+roug+ t+e designation of a uniBue company I-5 +as

administered t+e address:
If 15 t+e address is locally administered & t+e network administrator +as

overridden t+e manufactured address and specified a different address:
*eems to )e some de)ate on w+et+er Cisco s+ould flip it if it is already a 1:
G#+e standard says leave t+e =( )it a 1 if itMs a 1 and t+e NCiscoN way says to
flip it regardless:H
r31
bia: !!!! !!0!
Configured: !!!! !!1!
6ecause of privacy and security concerns5 +osts may create a random

interface identifier using t+e 4AC address as a )ase:
#+is is considered a privacy e/tension )ecause5 wit+out it5 creating an

interface identifier from a 4AC address allows activity to )e tracked to t+e
point of connection:
,indows OP implements t+is capa)ility

32
.u!n"t: 2''1:8:85a3:4289::@$4
=12 1##r"ss: ''1A:055A:14'8
Blo!al >nicast 1##r"ss:
2''1:8:85a3:4289 :
'21A:05)):)C5A:14'8
Int"r&ac" I0
#+ree types of IPv6 Addresses
34
#+ree types of IPv6 Addresses
#+e t+ree types of IPv6 address follow9
1: nicast
>lo)al nicast
(ink (ocal nicast
*ite (ocal nicast Cnow deprecatedD

1: 4ulticast
!: Anycast
nlike IPv%5 t+ere is no IPv6 broadcast address:
#+ere is5 +owever5 an (all nodes( multicast address5 w+ic+ serves

essentially t+e same purpose as a )roadcast address:
35
>lo)al nicast Addresses
A unicast address is an address t+at identifies a single device:
A glo)al unicast address is a unicast address t+at is glo)ally

uniBue:
7as glo)al scope:
Also known as glo)al aggregata)le
>lo)ally uniBue and can t+erefore )e routed glo)ally wit+ no

modification:
3$
#+e +ost portion of t+e address is called t+e Interface I-:
7ost can +ave more t+an one IPv6 interface
Address more correctly identifies an interface on a +ost t+an a +ost

itself:
A single interface can +ave multiple IPv6 addresses5 and can +ave an
IPv% address in addition:
3(
Anot+er )ig difference )etween IPv% addresses and IPv6

addresses9 location of t+e *u)net Identifier
*u)net Identifier is part of t+e network portion of t+e address

rat+er t+an t+e +ost portion:
Allows an organiFation to use up to 6353$6 individual su)nets

38
>lo)al nicast Prefi/
Assignment
#+e current glo)al unicast address assignment IANA uses t+e range
of addresses t+at start wit+ )inary value 221 or !22299=$
#+e start wit+ t+e same $ )its C221D as !222
% +e/adecimal digits5 )efore t+e first colon
4ore easily recogniFed as )eginning wit+ a +e/adecimal ! or $:

2212 //// or 2211 ////
ICANN assigns glo)al unicast IPv6 addresses as pu)lic and glo)ally&

uniBue IPv6 addresses
No need for NA#
#+is is one&eig+t+ C1!:3PD of t+e total IPv6 address space and is t+e
largest )lock of assigned addresses:
39
Assigning IPv6 Addresses
+ttp9==www:iana:org=assignments=ipv6&unicast&address&assignments=ipv6&
unicast&address&assignments:/ml
+ttps9==www:arin:net=knowledge=rirs:+tml
#+e Internet Corporation for Assigned Network Num)ers CICANN5

www:icann:orgD owns t+e process:
ICANN assigns one or more IPv6 address ranges to eac+ "egional Internet
"egistries C"I"sD
#+e Internet Assigned Num)ers Aut+ority CIANAD formerly owned t+e

address assignment process5 )ut it was transitioned to ICANN:
4'
#+e IPv6 glo)al address assignment plan results in more efficient

routing:
ICANN owns t+e entire IPv6 address space
ICANN assigns t+e rig+ts to registry prefi! !$%299=1! to one of t+e

"I"s A"IN Cin Nort+ AmericaD:
A"IN +as t+e rig+ts to assign any IPv6 addresses t+at )egin wit+ t+e
first 1! )its of +e/ !$%2 C)inary value 2212 2211 2122D:
!116 addressesQ
234'::@12
41
NA&I*P1 asks A"IN for a prefi/ assignment:
A"IN ensures t+at NA&I*P1 meets some reBuirements:
A"IN assigns site prefi! !$%29111199=$! to NA&I*P1:
!
06
addresses
#+is one address )lock may well )e enoug+ pu)lic IPv6 addresses
for even t+e largest I*Ps5 wit+out t+at I*P ever needing anot+er
IPv6 prefi/:
234':1111::@32
42
Company1 asks t+eir I*P5 NA&I*P15 for t+e

assignment of an IPv6 prefi/:
NA&I*P1 assigns Company1 t+e site prefi/

!$%2911119AAAA99=%8
!
82
addressesQ
"outers outside Nort+ America can +ave a

single route prefi/ !$%299=1! in t+eir
routing ta)le for all t+ese IPv6 addresses
w+ic+ are assigned in Nort+ America:
234':1111:1111::@48
43
"outers outside Nort+ America can +ave a single route prefi/

!$%299=1! in t+eir routing ta)le for all t+ese IPv6 addresses w+ic+ are
assigned in Nort+ America:
1 @48 r"&i5
assi*n"# to a
sin*l" comany is
call"# "ith"r a
global routing
prefix or a site
prefix.
234':1111:1111::@48
1 Rout" &or
234'::@12
1 Rout" &or
234'::@12
44
*u)netting >lo)al nicast IPv6 Addresses Inside
an Enterprise
#+e Enterprise engineer e/tended t+e lengt+ of t+e prefi/ as assigned )y t+e
I*P C=%8D to =6%:
#+is creates a 16 )it su)net part of t+e address structure:
#+e 16 )it su)net field allows for !

16
5 or 6353$65 su)netsQ
#+ere are no concerns a)out needing an all 2<s or all 1<s su)net in IPv6Q
6% )it +ost field allows for !

6%
+osts per su)net:
4ore t+an 1522252225222522252225222 addresses per subnet:
Allows of t+e automatic IPv6 address assignment features to work well

ClaterD:
234':1111:1111::@48
234':1111:1111::@$4
45
% specific su)nets to )e used inside Company19

!$%2911119AAAA9222199=6%
!$%2911119AAAA9222!99=6%
!$%2911119AAAA9222$99=6%
!$%2911119AAAA9222%99=6%
Note9 A valid a))reviation is to remove t+e $ leading 2<s from t+e last
s+own Buartet:
!$%2911119AAAA9199=6%
234':1111:1111::@$4
4$
Any num)er of su)net )its could )e c+osen for su)netting including t+e
interface )its as long as t+e +ost field retained enoug+ )its to num)er all +osts
in a su)net:
A =11! prefi/ lengt+ could )e used5 e/tending t+e original =%8 prefi/ )y 6% )its
C% +e/ BuartetsD & =11!:
#+en we could +ave t+ese % su)nets and more9

!$%2911119AAAA99222192222=11!
!$%2911119AAAA99222!92222=11!
!$%2911119AAAA99222$92222=11!
!$%2911119AAAA99222%92222=11!
234':1111:1111::@$4
Int"r&ac" I0
4(
Prefi/
#erminology
"egistry prefi/
Assigned )y ICANN to an "I"
!$%299=1! Cto =!$D
I*P prefi/
Assigned )y an "I" to an I*P1
!$%291111=$!
*ite prefi/ or glo)al routing prefi/
Assigned )y an I*P or registry to

a customer CsiteD
!$%2911119AAAA=%8
*u)net prefi/
Assigned )y an Enterprise
engineer for eac+ individual link
!$%2911119AAAA92221=6%
48
IPv6 Addresses
nicast
>lo)al nicast
(ink (ocal
*ite (ocal
4ulticast
Anycast
49
(ink (ocal Addresses
*cope is confined to a single link:
niBueness is assured only on one link:
*olves Gc+icken or t+e eggH pro)lem C+ow do I get a network address if I don<t +ave one to
communicate t+at wit+D:
-evice can determine its own link local IPv6 address wit+out needing to communicate wit+
any ot+er device
Et+ernet link&local address uses 4AC&address CEI&6%D for Interface I-
Considered )est practice to statically configure link local address CInterface I-D on serial
interfaces ClaterD
(ink (ocal addresses come from t+e 'E8299=12 range C'E82=12&'E62=12D5
'irst 12 )its must )e 1111 1112 12//

' E 8&6
Creates t+e range 'E85 'E05 'EA5 'E6

1111 1112 129 1222 1221 1212 1211
R"mainin* 54 !its
5'
)in*-local unicast address5
An identical address mig+t e/ist on anot+er link:
Not routa)le off its link:
#+e first 12 )its are always 1111111212 C'E8299=12D:
-evices t+at do not or +ave not yet )een assigned glo)al prefi/es5 can
communicate wit+ ot+er devices:
ses EI&6% for Et+ernet and serial interface to make it uniBue
+ore coming with ,etwor* %iscovery Protocol-

(ocal nicast
Addresses
)C8'::@1'
)C2'::@1'
,+en communicating wit+ a link&local address5 t+e outgoing interface must

)e specified )ecause every interface is connected to 'E8299=12
If you want to ping from one router to its neig+)or using t+e neig+)or<s link&
local address5 you will )e asked to input t+e interface on w+ic+ you want to
ping
#+e router cannot determine t+e outgoing interface from a link&local

destination address:
51
52
IPv6 Addresses
nicast
>lo)al nicast
(ink (ocal
*ite (ocal
4ulticast
Anycast
53
*ite (ocal IPv6 Addresses
*ite (ocal unicast IPv6 addresses +ave t+e same function as IPv% "'C&1018
private addresses:
Not )e advertised into t+e Internet
Now deprecated C"'C $8105 !22%D
*ite local & fec299=12
Not necessary wit+ t+e large num)er of >lo)al nicast addresses )ut t+is
is an option:
54
IPv6 Addresses
nicast
>lo)al nicast
(ink (ocal
niBue (ocal
4ulticast
Anycast
55
4ulticast Addresses
4ulticast address identifies a set of devices L a multicast group:
A packet )eing sent to a multicast group is originated )y a single deviceI
*ource address9 unicast address
-estination address9 multicast address
No reserved )roadcast address like IPv%5 )ut it does +ave a reserved all&nodes
multicast group: C''2!991D
)C8'::@1'
)C2'::@1'
5$
4ulticast Addresses
4ulticasting
6asic operation of IPv6
"outer discovery
Address autoconfiguration
#+ese functions are a part of t+e Neig+)or -iscovery Protocol5 discussed

later:
#+e second octet of t+e address contains t+e prefi/ and transient ClifetimeD flags5 and t+e
scope of t+e multicast address9
#ransient C#D flag9
2 for a permanent5 or well&known5 multicast address:
1 for a temporary multicast address
Prefi/ CPD flag9
Indicates a prefi/:
#+is flag allows part of t+e multicast group address to include t+e unicast prefi/ of
t+e source network:
*cope parameter9
1 for t+e node scope Cfor loop)ack transmissionD
! for t+e link scope Csimilar to unicast link&local scopeD
3 for t+e site&local scope
8 for t+e organiFational scope Cfor multiple sitesD
E for t+e glo)al scope

5(
4ulticast Addresses
C'JID
E/ample5 a multicast address starting wit+ ''2!99=16 is9

1111 1111 0000 0010
Permanent multicast address
(ink&local scope
#+ere is no ##( field in IPv6 multicast packets )ecause t+e scoping is defined
inside t+e address:
#+e multicast group I- consists of t+e lower 11! )its of t+e multicast address:
58
4ulticast Addresses C'JID
59
4ulticast Addresses
''2!9919''OO9OOOO & *olicited&node multicast on a link
OO9OOOO is t+e rig+tmost !% )its of t+e corresponding unicast or anycast address

of t+e node:
*ent on a local link w+en a node wants to determine t+e link&layer address of
anot+er node on t+e same local link5 similar A"P in IPv%
Ne/t
''2399121 & GAll Network #ime Protocol CN#PD serversH
*ite&local scope
Administratively assigned radius

$'
*olicited&node 4ulticast Addresses
''2!9919''OO9OOOO & *olicited&node multicast on a link
OO9OOOO & "ig+tmost !% )its of t+e unicast or anycast address of t+e

node
*ent on a local link w+en a node wants to determine t+e link&layer

address of anot+er node on t+e same local link5 similar A"P in IPv%
sed in IPv6 for address resolution of an IPv6 address to a 4AC address on a

(AN segment:
In very rare cases5 t+e rig+tmost !% )its of t+e unicast address of t+e target
will not )e uniBue on a link5 )ut t+is will not cause a pro)lem:::
$1
1
IPv$: 2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'':1234:5$(8
.olicit"#;no#" multicast a##r"ss
))'2::1:))34:5$(8
A
2
IPv$: 2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'':1111:AAAA
.olicit"#;no#" multicast a##r"ss:

))'2:':':':':1:))11:AAAA
IPv$: 2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'1:1111:AAAA
))'2::1:))11:AAAA
Node A desires to e/c+ange packets wit+ Node 6
Node A sends a neig+)or discovery CsolicitationD packet to t+e solicited&node multicast address
of 65 ''2!9919''AA96666:
#+e packet contains Cwit+ ot+er dataD t+e full IPv6 address t+at Node A is looking for9
!2219-689!229$229%2293229AAAA96666 Ctarget addressD
6ot+ 6 and C are listening to t+e same solicited&node multicast address C''AA96666D5 so
t+ey )ot+ receive and process t+e packet:
6 sees t+at t+e target address matc+es its own IP Address and responds wit+ a neig+)or
advertisement t+at includes its 4AC address:
C sees t+at t+e target address does not matc+ its own IP address so does not respond:
Nodes can +ave t+e same solicited&node multicast address on&link5 )ut not cause issues wit+
neig+)or discovery or solicitation process
$2
1
IPv$: 2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'':1234:5$(8
))'2::1:))34:5$(8
A
2
IPv$: 2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'':1111:AAAA
.olicit"#;no#" multicast a##r"ss:

))'2:':':':':1:))11:AAAA
IPv$: 2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'1:1111:AAAA
))'2::1:))11:AAAA
4"i*h!or .olicitation: I know your IPv$
a##r"ss ,ar*"t IP D
2''1:0A8:2'':3'':4'':5'':1111:AAAA
Ehat is your =12 a##r"ssF
4. 84"i*h!or .olicitation9
01 D ))'2::1:)):'@1'4 7 11:AAAA
,hat ,ar*"t IP 1##r"ss is m"G
=y =12 1##r"ss is ''13:1911:AAAA
8H4"i*h!or 1#v"rtis"m"ntI s"nt as a unicast.9
,h" ,ar*"t IP 1##r"ss is 4+, m".
4o 41 r"turn"#.
$3
IPv6 Addresses
nicast
>lo)al nicast
(ink (ocal
niBue (ocal
4ulticast
Anycast
$4
Anycast Addresses
An anycast address represents a service rat+er t+an a device
#+e same address can reside on one or more devices providing t+e same
service:
Proposed in 100$I +owever5 t+ere is little e/perience wit+ widespread anycast

usage to date:
En a Cisco router an IPv6 address )ecomes an anycast address w+en t+e

keyword is added:
$5
Pr"&"rr"#
rout"
1 s"rvic" is o&&"r"# !y thr"" s"rv"rs
1ll thr"" ar" a#v"rtisin* th" s"rvic" at th" IPv$ a##r"ss

3&&":2'5:11''::15
,h" rout"r #o"s not know 8or car"9 that it is !"in* a#v"rtis"# !y thr""
#i&&"r"nt #"vic"s.
1ssum"s that it has thr"" rout"s to th" sam" #"stination
2hoos"s th" low"st;cost rout".
In this is th" rout" to s"rv"r 2 with a cost o& 2'.
1#vanta*" o& anycast a##r"ss"s is that a rout"r always rout"s to th"

Jclos"stJ or Jlow"st;costJ s"rv"r.
Provi#"s:
R"#un#ancy
A"st Path
Comparing IPv6 Addresses wit+ IPv% Addresses
4any differences )etween IPv% and IPv6 )ut also many similarities:
Consider t+e following IPv% addresses9
11!:16:1!:2=!%
11!:16:1$:2=!%
11!:16:1%:2=!%
11!:16:13:2=!%
#+e summary of t+ese % routes is 11!:16:1!:2=!!
6inary9 1010 1100(0001 0000(0000 1100(0000 0000

7e/9 A C 1 0 : 0 C 0 0
Converting t+ese individual networks to +e/adecimal9
AC1292C2299=!% R 11!:16:1!:2=!%
AC1292-2299=!% R 11!:16:1$:2=!%
AC1292E2299=!% R 11!:16:1%:2=!%
AC1292'2299=!% R 11!:16:13:2=!%
#+e summary of t+ese % routes is AC1292C2299=!!

$$
R2
1r"a '
1r"a 1'
-o 12
-o 13
-o 14
-o 15
R1
sing t+ese four networks we configure IPv% and IPv6 =$! loop)ack interfaces addresses on
"1
Notice t+at t+e IPv6 loop)ack addresses +ave t+e interface I- field set to 1 on eac+ of t+e
networks:
Eac+ IPv6 loop)ack interface also +as an automatically created link&local address:
$(
-ink local a##r"ss
-ink local a##r"ss
-ink local a##r"ss
-ink local a##r"ss
Int"r&ac" a##r"ss
Int"r&ac" a##r"ss
Int"r&ac" a##r"ss
Int"r&ac" a##r"ss
=12
-ast !it
-ast !it
#+e routers are running9
E*P'v! Cfor IPv%D
E*P'v$ Cfor IPv6D

$8
#o e/amine w+at +appens w+en IPv% summariFation is configured use de)ug

ip routing
#+e area 12 range 11!:16:1!:2 !33:!33:!3!:2 command is t+en configured on

"15 to summariFe t+e % IPv% routes into 11!:16:1!:2=!!:
$9
ar"a 1' ran*" 1(2.1$.12.' 255.255.252.'
1(2.1$.12.'@22
#o e/amine w+at +appens w+en IPv6 summariFation is configured5 t+e de)ug

ipv6 routing
area 12 range AC129C2299=!! command is configured on "15 to summariFe

t+e % routes into AC1292C2299=!!:
('
ar"a 1' ran*" 121':2''::@22
121':2''::@22
Configuring and Verifying IPv6
nicast Addresses
(1
(2
Neig+)or -iscovery Protocol
N-P is defined in "'C !%61:
It uses IC4Pv6 to e/c+ange t+e messages necessary for its functionsI

specifically5 five new IC4Pv6 messages are specified in "'C !%619
"outer Advertisement C"AD messages
Eriginated )y routers to advertise t+eir presence and link&

specific parameters suc+ as link prefi/es5 link 4#5 and +op
limits:
#+ese messages are sent periodically5 and also in response to

"outer *olicitation messages:
"outer *olicitation C"*D messages
Eriginated )y +osts to reBuest t+at a router send an "A:
Neig+)or *olicitation CN*D messages
Eriginated )y nodes to reBuest anot+er nodeMs link layer

address and also for functions suc+ as duplicate address
detection and neig+)or unreac+a)ility detection:
Neig+)or Advertisement CNAD messages
*ent in response to N* messages: If a node c+anges its link&

layer address5 it can send an unsolicited NA to advertise t+e
new address:
(3
Neig+)or -iscovery Protocol
R1 8Rout"r 1#v"rtis"m"nt9
; 1##r"ssK r"&i5K link =,>
R. 8Rout"r .olicitation9
; 4""# R1 &rom Rout"r
"outer Advertisement C"AD
Eriginated )y routers to advertise t+eir presence and link&specific

parameters suc+ as link prefi/es5 link 4#5 and +op limits:
#+ese messages are sent periodically5 and also in response to "outer

*olicitation messages:
"outer must )e configured wit+ ipv6 unicast&routing
"outer will generate "A )ut NE# generate "* messages
"outer *olicitation C"*D messages are originated )y +osts to reBuest t+at a

router send an "A:
i"*& unicast+routing
(4
N-P & "outer -iscovery
"outer *olicitation C"*D
,+en a +ost first )ecomes active on a link5 it can send an "* to solicit t+e
immediate transmission of an "A:
#+e source of t+e "* can eit+er )e t+e unspecified address C99D or t+e +ostMs link&
local IPv6 address:
#+e destination is always t+e all&routers multicast C''2!99!D:
,+en a router receives an "*5 it sends Cafter a delay of :3 secondsD an "A in

response:
Ehat is th" IPv$ r"&i58s9 on this
su!n"t an# what is th" a##r"ss
o& th" IPv$ #"&ault rout"r8s9F
.ourc" 1##: 8::9 or link;local lay"r
0"st. 1##: 1ll;rout"rs multicast
,##02::2-
; 1##r"ssK r"&i5K link =,>
(5
N-P & "outer -iscovery
; 0"stination: 1ll;no#"s multicast a##r"ss ,##02::1-
; ."nt !"tw""n 4 ; 1K8'' s"con#sK #"&ault "v"ry 2'' s"con#s
; Pr"&i5K 0"&ault Rout"rK link =,>
"outer Advertisement
#+e destination address is t+e all&nodes multicast address C''2!991D:
All +osts will receive t+is "A:
Cisco routers automatically send "As on Et+ernet and '--I interfaces w+enever
IPv6 is ena)led on t+e router wit+ t+e command9
Router,config-. i"*& unicast+routing
#+e default interval is !22 seconds5 and can )e c+anged wit+ t+e command9
Router,config-. i"*& nd ra-interval
Pr"&i5 D 234':1111:1111:1::@$4
234':1111:1111:1:213:19)):
)C(A:5''4@$4
0"&ault Rout"r D 234':1111:1111:1:213:19)):)C(A:5''4@$4
Ehat is th" IPv$ r"&i58s9 on this
su!n"t an# what is th" a##r"ss
o& th" IPv$ #"&ault rout"r8s9F
($
Neig+)or *olicitation and Neig+)or Advertisement
(ike IPv%5 IPv6 devices need to determine t+e data link layer address used )y
devices on t+e same link:
IPv% uses Address "esolution Protocol CA"PD on (ANs
N-P CNetwork -iscovery ProtocolD5 using IC4Pv6
Neig+)or *olicitation CN*D
Neig+)or Advertisement CNAD
4ore laterK
; R"Lu"st anoth"r no#"Ms link lay"r a##r"ss
41 84"i*h!or 1#v"rtis"m"nt9
; ."nt in r"sons" to 4.
((
-uplicate Address -etection C-A-D
#+e -estination5 solicited-node multicast address is formed )y prepending t+e prefi/

''2!92929292919 ''2299=12% to t+e last !% )its of t+e target address:
''2!9919''2A9!-31:
This is a sort of broadcast for any device with these ./ bits in their Interface I%.
-uplicate Address -etection is performed on unicast addresses prior to assigning t+em to

an interface
-uplicate Address -etection 4*# take place on all unicast addresses5 regardless of
w+et+er t+ey are o)tained t+roug+ stateful5 stateless or manual configuration
#+e procedure for detecting duplicate addresses uses Neig+)or *olicitation and Neig+)or
Advertisement messages
If a Neig+)or Advertisement is not sent in response to t+is N* t+en t+e address is uniBue
=y Blo!al 1##r"ss is
234':1111:1111:1:213:19)):)C(A:5''4
H,"ntativ"I: 4""# to #o 0ulicat" 1##r"ss 0"t"ction
; ,ar*"t 1##r"ss D
234':1111:1111:1:213:19)):)C(A:5''4
; 0"stination: .olicit"#;4o#" =ulticast 1##r"ss D
##02::1::##%':5004
I n""# to mak" sur"
no!o#y "ls" has this
Blo!al >nicast
1##r"ssN
(ink&local unicast address and glo)al aggregata)le unicast addresses can )e

assigned statically or dynamically:
(8
IPv6 nicast Address Configuration and
Verification Commands
se t+e ipv6 unicast&routing glo)al configuration command to ena)le t+e

forwarding of IPv6 unicast datagrams
"outer will generate "outer Advertisements )ut NE# generate "outer

*olicitation messages
(9
/ost Rout"r
no i"*& unicast+routing
Configuring Addresses
*tatic glo)al unicast address
*tatic multiple glo)a)le unicast addresses
IPv6 unnum)ered
*tatic link&local address
*tateless autoconfiguration
*tateful -7CPv6 autoconfiguration

8'
*tatic >lo)al nicast Assignment
81
R1,config-. inter fa0)0
R1,config+if-. i"*& address 2001:1::1)&4
"1
no i"*& unicast+routing sed on "1 to disa)le t+e routing

capa)ilitiesI t+e router will act as an end&station for IPv6:
debug i"*& nd & IC4P network discovery de)ugging is ena)led
As soon as t+e de)ugging is ena)led5 router advertisements C"AsD start )eing

seen from "! on 'astEt+ernet 2=2 from its link&local address:
82
; 1ll no#"s multicast
/ost Rout"r
no i"*& unicast+routing i"*& unicast+routing
Ne/t an IPv6 address5 !22191991=6%5 is configured on "1<s 'astEt+ernet 2=2:
Note9 #+e entire address is configured:
#+e EI&6% format for t+e interface I- was not used:
#+e de)ug output s+ows9
Prefi/ !22191991=6% is added to t+e interface
"1 sends a neig+)or solicitation CN*D for t+at address C-A-D:
"1 confirms t+at t+is address is uniBue on t+e link:
Neig+)or Advertisement wit+ #arget IPv6 address not received:

83
; R"Lu"st anoth"r no#"Ms link lay"r a##r"ss
/ost Rout"r
#o continue t+e de)ug output s+ows9
"1 t+en sends a neig+)or advertisement CNAD5 w+ic+ includes its address:
NAs are sent w+en t+ere is an address is configured or c+anged on

an interface
#+e de)ug confirms t+at t+e address is up on t+e interface:
"1 received anot+er periodic "A from "!:

84
; ,his is my a##r"ss.
/ost Rout"r
i"*& unicast+routing + IPv6 routing is ena)led on "1 Cnow a routerD
,as no i"*& unicast routing
"1 sends "outer Advertisements w+ic+ includes9
4# of t+e interface C1322 )ytesD
Prefi/ configured on t+e interface C!2219199=6%D

85
Rout"r Rout"r
i"*& unicast+routing i"*& unicast+routing
Verify t+e interface parameters:
Interface 'astEt+ernet 2=2 +as9
(ink&local address
>lo)al unicast address
7as Soined several multicast groups5 including9
''2!991 Call +ostsD
''2!99! Call routersD
N- information5 including
7ow often "As are sent
7ow long t+ey live

8$
IPv6 unnum)ered

8(
Assigning 4ultiple >lo)al Aggregata)le Addresses
IPv6 interfaces can +ave multiple addresses Con different

networksD w+ic+ can )e used simultaneously:
#o illustrate t+e difference )etween IPv% and IPv65

e/amine t+e 'astEt+erenet 2=2 interface on "1K
88
R1
)a'@'
"1 +as an IPv% and an IPv6 address:
Notice w+at +appens w+en anot+er IPv%

IP address is assigned and t+e
configuration is viewed again:
,+en t+e IPv% address !2:!2:!2:1 is

configured t+e original address is gone:
#+e original IPv% address of 12:12:12:1=!%

is restored and anot+er IPv6 glo)al
aggregata)le unicast address is
configured:
#+e new IPv6 address is added to t+e

interface and did not overwrite t+e
original IPv6 address:
IPv6 does not +ave t+e concept of

secondary addresses
,it+ IPv6 as an interface can +ave

multiple addresses:
89
1'.1'.1'.1'.1@24 2''1:1::1@$4
2'.2'.2'.1@24 2''2:1::1@$4
IPv6 unnum)ered

9'
IPv6 nnum)ered Interfaces
IPv6 supports unnum)ered interfaces
A loop)ack interface is created and configured wit+ an IPv6 address:
#+e *erial 2=2=2 interface is t+en configured to use t+e IPv6 address of t+e loop)ack
interface5 wit+ t+e ipv6 unnum)ered loop)ack 12 command:
s+ow ipv6 interface s2=2=2 s+ows t+at *erial 2=2=2 interface uses t+e IPv6 address from
interface loop)ack 12:
'or t+e ne/t topic5 remem)er t+at a device<s link&local address is assigned dynamically
)y default5 using a prefi/ 'E8299=12 and t+e EI&6% format interface I-:
91
R1
."r'@'@'
-o1'
IPv6 unnum)ered

92
93
*tatic (ink&(ocal Address Assignment
(ink&local addresses can also )e statically assigned using9
EI&6% format
4anually configured interface I-
sing t+e ipv6 address 'E82991 link&local commandI t+e interface I- is set to 1:
s+ow ipv6 interface fa2=2 s+ows t+at t+e link&local address +as )een overwritten Cnot
using the 0'I by defaultD
nlike t+e glo)al unicast address5 an interface can only +ave one link&local address:
R1
)a'@'
-ink;local )C8':
IPv6 unnum)ered

94
*tateless Autoconfiguration of IPv6 Addresses
#+e stateless approac+ is used w+en a site is not particularly concerned wit+
t+e e/act addresses +osts use5 so long as t+ey are uniBue and properly
routa)le:
7ost can autoconfigure t+emselves )y appending t+eir IPv6 interface

identifier Cin EI&6% formatD to t+e 6% )it prefi/ received in t+e "A:
#+e stateful approac+ is used w+en a site reBuires tig+ter control over e/act
address assignments: C-7CPv6 serverD
95
I n""#:
IP 1##r"ss
IP su!n"t mask 8r"&i5 l"n*th9
0"&ault rout"r IP a##r"ss
04. IP a##r"ss8"s9
'irst 4ake sure t+e (ink&local Address is uniBue
Nodes )egin t+e autoconfiguration process )y generating a link&local address for t+e interface:
(ink&local prefi/ T interfaceMs identifier
4ust verify t+at t+is NtentativeN link&local address is not already in use on t+e link
*ends a Neig+)or *olicitation message containing t+e tentative link&local address as t+e target:
If anot+er node is already using t+at address5 it will return a Neig+)or Advertisement saying so:
If a node determines t+at its tentative link&local address is not uniBue5 autoconfiguration stops and
manual configuration of t+e interface is reBuired:
9$
1
I2=Pv$ ty" 135
I2=Pv$ ty" 13$
-ink;local 1##r"ss D
-ink;local Pr"&i5 7 Int"r&ac" I#"nti&i"r 8C>I;$4 &ormat9
)C8' O$4 !itsP 7 O48 !it =12 u@l &li"# 7 1$ !it )))CP
0"stination: .olicit"#;4o#" =ulticast 1##r"ss D
##02::1:##:0)104 / AA:'''' ,last 24 bits-
,ar*"t a##r"ss D -ink;local a##r"ss
*econd Now t+at t+e device +as its link&local address it will look for t+e rest
Now t+at t+e device can communicate on t+e link5 it looks for autoconfiguration information
A node can send out "outer *oliciation messages
"outer Advertisements are also sent periodically:
All routers on t+e network reply to t+e "* immediately
"outer Advertisement to all&nodes multicast address
#+e prefi/ included in t+e route advertisement is used as t+e =6% prefi/ for t+e +ost address:
#+e Interface I- used is EI&6% format:

9(
IP 1##r"ss
04. IP a##r"ss8"s9
I2=Pv$ ty"133
.ourc" D :: or link;local a##r"ss
0"stin D ))'2::2 1ll rout"rs multicast a##r"ss
Qu"ry D ."n# m" your R1
I2=Pv$ ty"134
.ourc" D -ink;local a##r"ss
0"stin D ))'2::1 1ll no#"s multicast a##r"ss
Qu"ry D Pr"&i5K 0"&ault Rout"rK =,>K otions
IPv$ 1##r"ss D
Pr"&i5 7 Int"r&ac" I0 8C>I;$4 &ormat9
O$4 !itsP 7 O48 !it =12 u@l &li"# 7 1$ !it )))CP
#+ird 7ost does -A- process
7ost sends Neig+)or *olicitation wit+ its IPv6 address as t+e #arget Address
If t+ere is not a NA returned t+en t+e address is uniBue:

98
IP 1##r"ss
04. IP a##r"ss8"s9
010 84o 41 r"turn"#9
0"stination: .olicit"#;4o#" =ulticast 1##r"ss D
##02::1:##:0)104 / AA:'''' ,last 24 bits-
,ar*"t a##r"ss D IPv$ 1##r"ss
I2=Pv$ ty" 13$
Neig+)or -iscovery Clike A"PD Neig+)or *olicitation and Neig+)or Advertisement
Neig+)or discovery or solicitation process works on any IPv6 device
An IC4P message type 1$35 N*5 is sent on t+e link:
#+e destination node wit+ t+e #arget IPv6 address responds wit+ an IC4P message type 1$65
Neig+)or Advertisement:
#+e two devices are now a)le to communicate on t+e link )ecause t+ey know eac+ ot+er<s link&
layer addresses:
99
.ourc" D IPv$ 1##r"ss o& 1
0"stin D .olicit"#;no#" multicast o& A
0ata D -ink;lay"r 8=129 1##r"ss o& 1
Qu"ry D ,ar*"t IPv$ a##r"ssK what is your link;lay"r 8=129 a##r"ssF
1 A
.ourc" D IPv$ 1##r"ss o& A
0"stin D IPv$ 1##r"ss o& 1
0ata D /"r" is my link;lay"r 8=129 1##r"ss
I2=Pv$ ty" 135
I2=Pv$ ty" 13$
1 can s"n# IPv$
ack"ts to A
A can s"n# IPv$
ack"ts to 1
1''
=ak" sur" -ink;local a##r"ss is uniLu"
010: +kay i& no 41 r"turn"#
0"stination: .olicit"#;4o#" =ulticast 1##r"ss
1
B"t Pr"&i5 an# oth"r in&ormation
IPv$ 1##r"ss D
=ak" sur" IPv$ 1##r"ss is uniLu"
,ar*"t 1##r"ss D IPv$ 1##r"ss
2r"at" -ink;local a##r"ss
B"t 4"twork Pr"&i5 to cr"at" Blo!al unicast a##r"ss
010
de)ug ipv6 nd
'astEt+ernet2=2 is configured wit+ t+e ipv6 address autoconfig command:
Note9 If a router is configured wit+ ipv6 address auto&config and no ipv6 unicast&
routing5 it will only generate "* messages and NE# "A messages:
#+e interface creates a link&local address
Verifies it wit+ t+e -A- process
"1 t+en starts to send out "* messages5 looking for autoconfiguration information:
"! is not yet configured5 so t+e "* messages are not answered:
1'1
R1,config+if-. i"*& address+autoconfig
010 84o 41 r"turn"#9
/ost Rout"r
E/ample9 "eview on
your own
#+e output of t+e s+ow ipv6 interface command confirms t+at "1 +as a link&
local address5 )ut not a glo)al unicast address:
#+e s+ow ipv6 routers command confirms t+at t+ere are no routers availa)le
to provide "1 wit+ stateless autoconfiguration:
1'2
R1,config+if-. i"*& address+autoconfig
010 84o 41 r"turn"#9
/ost Rout"r
E/ample9 "eview on your own
ipv6 unicast&routing command is configured on "!
"eBuired for "! to provide stateless autoconfiguration to "1:
Immediately5 "! )egins to send updates to t+e all nodes multicast address
''2!991 on t+e 'astEt+ernet 2=2 interface
Includes t+e network prefi/ C!221919122199=6%D to )e used )y nodes to

automatically configure t+emselves
1'3
#a0)0 0 2001:1:1:1001::1)&4
4"twork r"&i5 D 2''1:1:1''1::@$4
/ost Rout"r
"1 receives an "A autoconfigures t+e address
-A-
*ends N* wit+ IPv6 address as #arget IP address
No NA received
1'4
#a0)0 0 2001:1:1:1001::1)&4
4"twork r"&i5 D 2''1:1:1''1::@$4 IPv$ 1##r"ss D
2''1:1:1''1:':219:5$)):)C22:9)$'
,ar*"t IPv$ D 2''1:1:1''1:':219:5$)):)C22:9)$'
/ost Rout"r
s+ow ipv6 interface confirms9
#+e interface +as a glo)al unicast address5 t+e prefi/ is t+e same as "!
advertised:
#+e last line of t+is command output lists t+e default router as "!:
1'5
#a0)0 0 2001:1:1:1001::1)&4
4"twork r"&i5 D 2''1:1:1''1::@$4
IPv$ 1##r"ss D
2''1:1:1''1:':219:5$)):)C22:9)$'
0"&ault Rout"r D )C8'::219:55)):)C0):1022
/ost Rout"r
"!9 no ipv6 unicast&routing "outer no longer sending "outer Advertisements
#+e default router configuration is lost
7ost still has its global unicast address using t+e network prefi/ t+at was assigned
)y stateless autoconfiguration:
7ost retains its glo)al address for 12 days C!30!5222 secondsD 5 so long as t+e
interface does not go down:
If interface goes down5 t+e prefi! assignment will be lost.

1'$
#a0)0 0 2001:1:1:1001::1)&4
4"twork r"&i5 D 2''1:1:1''1::@$4
R IPv$ 1##r"ss D
2''1:1:1''1:':219:5$)):)C22:9)$'
0"&ault Rout"r D )C8'::219:55)):)C0):1022
/ost Rout"r
,+en t+e "outer is lost
1'(
0"stination: .olicit"#;4o#" =ulticast 1##r"ss
1
B"t Pr"&i5 an# oth"r in&ormation
IPv$ 1##r"ss D
=ak" sur" IPv$ 1##r"ss is uniLu"
,ar*"t 1##r"ss D IPv$ 1##r"ss
2r"at" -ink;local a##r"ss
010
B"t 4"twork Pr"&i5 to cr"at" Blo!al unicast a##r"ss
IPv6 unnum)ered

1'8
1'9
*tateful -7CP
*imilar -7CP for IPv%
7ost sends a CmulticastD packet searc+ing for t+e -7CP server:
-7CP server replies:
-7CP client sends a message asking for a lease of an IP address
-7CP server replies5 listing an IPv6 address5 prefi/ lengt+5 default

router5 and -N* IP addresses:
-7CPv% and -7CPv6 actually differ in detail5 )ut t+e )asic process remains
t+e same:
-7CPv6 servers retain state information a)out eac+ client5 suc+ as t+e IP
address leased to t+at client :
0/2Pv$
.olicit
0/2Pv$
."rv"r
0/2Pv$
R"ly
0/2Pv$
R"Lu"st
0/2Pv$
R"ly
0"st: ))'2::1:2 8R"s"rv"# multicast
&or unknown 0/2P s"rv"r9
nicast Connectivity on 6roadcast 4ultiaccess (inks
4AC address&to&IPv% address mapping9 IPv% A"P process
4AC address&to&IPv6 address mapping9 IC4Pv6 neig+)or discovery process
#+e difference )etween t+ese two processes9
A"P messages are not sent in IP packets CA"P over Et+ernetD:
IPv6 IC4P messages are sent in IPv6 packets:
N* message is IC4P #ype 1$3
NA message is IC4P #ype 1$6
*#A(E state means t+at entry +as not )een used wit+in in t+e reac+a)le time
"EAC7 state means t+at t+e entry +as )een used in t+e reac+a)le time
11'
Please read t+e last few pages of t+is section on your own9
nicast Connectivity on 6roadcast (inks
nicast Connectivity on Point&to&Point (inks
nicast Connectivity on Point&to&4ulitpoint (inks

111
IPv6
Part 1
Introducing IPv6
IPv6 Addressing in an Enterprise Network
IPv6 Addressing
Configuring and Verifying IPv6 nicast Addresses

Part !
"outing IPv6 #raffic

Part $
#ransitioning IPv% to IPv6
#unneling IPv6 #raffic
#ranslation sing NA#&P#

112
113
,h"r" ar" two solicit"#;no#" multicast a##r"ss"s
,h" on" with ))'2 an# th" last si5 #i*its 822:9)$'9 match th" last si5
#i*its o& th" link;local a##r"ss.
,his is th" solicit"#;no#" multicast a##r"ss associat"# with th"

link;local a##r"ss.
4ot": ,h" &irst solicit"#;no#" multicast a##r"ss is associat"# with th"
*lo!al unicast a##r"ss.
Solicited-node multicast addresses
#+e c+anged link&local address results in c+anging t+is solicited node

multicast address
#+e solicited&node multicast address )egins wit+ ''2! and t+e last si/ digits
C269222C5 s+ortened to 269CD matc+ t+e last si/ digits of t+e new link&local
address:
Note9 #+e first solicited&node multicast address is associated wit+ t+e glo)al
unicast address:
114
Solicited-node multicast addresses
'irst a ping is sent from "1 to "!
*+ow ipv6 neig+)ors Cneig+)or discoveryD s+ows )ot+ t+e glo)al unicast address and t+e link&
local address:
*oon after t+e s+ow command5 we o)serve t+at t+e glo)al unicast address goes to a *#A(E
state:
#+e *#A(E state occurs w+en t+e specified address t+at was formerly in t+e "EAC7 state
+as not )een +eard wit+in t+e time specified in t+e ipv6 nd reac+a)le&time milliseconds
command:
-efault R 2 w+ic+ it is up to t+e receiving devices to set and track t+e reac+a)le time value
#+e *#A(E state means t+at entry +as not )een used wit+in in t+e reac+a)le timeI
t+e "EAC7 state means t+at t+e entry +as )een used in t+e reac+a)le time:
115
Instead of relying on dynamic neig+)or discovery5 a static mapping )etween

an IPv6 unicast address and a 4AC address can )e configured using t+e ipv6
neig+)or command:
s+ow ipv6 neig+)or command to verify t+e configuration:
#+e static entry does not +ave an age value and will )e in a "EAC7 state
permanently:
11$

Ipv6 1

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Implementing IPv6 Part 1

Ram Krishna Pariyar

IPv6 Addressing in an Enterprise Network

Configuring and Verifying IPv6 nicast Addresses

"outing IPv6 #raffic

#ransitioning IPv% to IPv6

#unneling IPv6 #raffic

#ranslation sing NA#&P#

(arger address space

Elimination of )roadcast addresses

*implified +eader for improved router efficiency

*upport for mo)ility and security

Appro/imately 01$ million users in Novem)er !223

Emerging population and geopolitical and address space

p+ones5 iPads5 ta)lets 5etc

Appro/imately !2 million in !22%

Already 1 )illion mo)ile p+ones delivered )y t+e industry

Planes5 trains5 )usses5 automo)iles

6illions of +ome and industrial appliances

$! )its or % )ytes long

1!8 )its or 16 )ytes9 four times t+e )its

Aggregation of prefi/es announced in t+e glo)al

Efficient and scala)le routing

Address assignment features9 sing -7CP and *tateless

6uilt&in *upport for 4o)ility9 IPv6 supports mo)ility suc+ t+at

Aggregation9 IPv6<s +uge address space makes for muc+ easier

No need for NA#=PA#9 #+e +uge pu)lic IPv6 address space

No 6roadcasts9 IPv6 does not use layer $ )roadcast addresses5

IPv6 +as fewer fields

#+e +eader is 6%&)it aligned w+ic+ ena)les fast5 efficient5 +ardware&)ased

7ardware&)ased5 efficient processing

Improved routing efficiency and performance

'aster forwarding rate wit+ )etter scala)ility

IPv6 +eader is %2 octets

IPv6 +eader is !2 octets in t+e IPv% +eader:

,h" IPv4 h"a#"r:

12 !asic h"a#"r &i"l#s 7 +tions an# Pa##in*

0ata ortion 8usually transort lay"r s"*m"nt9

)i5"# si:" o& 2' oct"ts

IPv6 Addressing At&A&>lance

IPv6 E/tension 7eaders "eview and Considerations

IPv6 7eaders At&A&>lance

IPv6 4o)ility At&A&>lance

Internet Protocol Version 6 @AA

IPV6 Case *tudies

Cisco IPv6 *olutions

Contains 6 for IPv6 CIPv% contains t+e num)er %D

*imilar as type of service C#o*D field in IPv%:

New !2&)it field

Allows multilayer switc+es and routers to +andle traffic on a per&flow

#+is field can also )e used to provide @o*:

*ame as IPv% total lengt+ field

*imilar to t+e protocol field of IPv%:

8&)it field specifies t+e ma/imum num)er of

*imilar to t+e time to live C##(D field in IPv%

6ecause t+ere is no c+ecksum in t+e IPv6

1!8 )it source address of t+e packet

1!8 )its destination address of t+e packet

Also a mec+anism to provide support for future services wit+out redesign of

,+en fragmentation occurs5 it does not get reconstructed until it

#+is takes processing time:

'ragment Effset field identifies t+e order

In IPv% routers +andle fragmentation5 causing a variety of processing issues:

imilar as type of service C#oD field in IPv%: