Johor Sultanate

Johor Sultanate
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This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor. For the office of the sultan, see Sultan of Johor.
The Sultanate of Johor (or sometimes Johor-Riau or Johor-Riau-Lingga or more correctly Johor Empire) was
founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shah's son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.[2] Johor was part of the
Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese conquered Malacca's capital in 1511. At its height, the sultanate controlled
modern-day Johor, Riau, and territories stretching from the river Klang to the Linggi and Tanjung Tuan, Muar, Batu
Pahat, Singapore, Pulau Tinggi and other islands off the east coast of the Malay peninsula, the Karimun islands, the
islands of Bintan, Bulang, Lingga and Bungaran, and Bengkalis, Kampar and Siak in Sumatra. During the colonial
era, the mainland part was administered by the British, and the insular part by the Dutch. In 1946, the British section
became part of the Malayan Union. Two years later, it joined the Federation of Malaya and subsequently, the
Federation of Malaysia in 1963. In 1949, the Dutch section became part of Indonesia.

Johor Sultanate

Fall of Malacca and the Beginnings of the Old Johore Sultanate

In 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese and Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca. The sultan made
several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to
flee to Pahang. Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan and established a new capital there.Wikipedia:Citation needed With
a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against
the Portuguese position.
Based at Pekan Tua, Sungai Telur, Johor, the Johor Sultanate was founded by Raja Ali Ibni Sultan Mahmud Melaka,
known as Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (15281564), with his Queen Tun Fatimah in 1528.Wikipedia:Citation
needed Although Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah and his successor had to contend with attacks by the Portuguese in
MalaccaWikipedia:Citation needed and by the Acehnese in Sumatra, they managed to maintain their hold on the
Johor Sultanate.
Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship and it helped to convince the Portuguese to destroy
the exiled sultan's forces. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay but it was not until 1526 that the
Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra and died two years
later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Muzaffar Shah continued on to establish Perak while Alauddin Riayat Shah became the first sultan of
Johor.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Triangular war
The new sultan established a new capital by the Johor River and, from there, continued to harass the Portuguese in
the north. He consistently worked together with his brother in Perak and the Sultan of Pahang to retake Malacca,
which by this time was protected by the fort A Famosa.
On the northern part of Sumatra around the same period, Aceh Sultanate was beginning to gain substantial influence
over the Straits of Malacca. With the fall of Malacca to Christian hands, Muslim traders often skipped Malacca in
favor of Aceh or also of Johor's capital Batu Sawar. Therefore, Malacca and Aceh became direct competitors.
With the Portuguese and Johor frequently locking horns, Aceh launched multiple raids against both sides in order to
tighten its grip over the straits. The rise and expansion of Aceh encouraged the Portuguese and Johor to sign a truce
and divert their attention to Aceh. The truce, however, was short-lived and with Aceh severely weakened, Johor and
the Portuguese had each other in their sights again. During the rule of Sultan Iskandar Muda, Aceh attacked Johor in
1613 and again in 1615.[3]

Dutch Malacca
In the early 17th century, the Dutch reached Southeast Asia. At that time the Dutch were at war with the Portuguese
and allied themselves to Johor. Two treaties were signed by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge on behalf of the
Dutch Estates General and Raja Bongsu (Raja Seberang) of Johor in May and September 1606.[4] Finally in 1641,
the Dutch and Johor forces headed by Bendahara Skudai, defeated the Portuguese. As per the agreement with Johor
struck in May 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with Johor.
Finally in January 1641, the Dutch (attacking by land and the sea) and Johor forces (attacking by land and under the
leadership of Bendahara Skudai), defeated the Portuguese at Malacca. By the time the fortress at Malacca
surrendered, the town's population had already been greatly decimated by famine and disease (the plague).[5] As per
article 1 of the agreement with Johor ratified in May 1606, the Dutch assumed control of the town of Malacca and
also of some surrounding settlements. Malacca then became a territory under the control of the Dutch East India
Company (VOC) and formally remained a Dutch possession until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed.

Johor Sultanate

Johor-Jambi war
During the triangular war, within the Johor empire, Jambi emerged as a regional economic and political power. Soon
in 1666, it tried to break free from Johor and between 1666 and 1673, a civil war erupted between Johor and the
Sumatran state. The war was disastrous for Johor as Johor's capital, Batu Sawar, was sacked by Jambi. After the
sacking, the capital of Johor was frequently moved to avoid the threat of attack from Jambi.
In their efforts to keep the sultanate together, the rulers shifted their centre of power many times from Pekan Tua to
Johor Lama (Kota Batu), Seluyut, Tanah Puteh, Batu Sawar and Makam Tauhid during the reign of Sultan Abdul
Jalil Shah III (16231677). Johor emerged as the most powerful authority along the Straits of Malacca during the
reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III. Soon afterward, Jambi declined.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Golden Age
In the 17th century with Malacca ceasing to be an important port, Johor became the dominant regional power. The
policy of the Dutch in Malacca drove traders to Riau, a port in Johor. The trade there far surpassed that of Malacca.
The VOC was unhappy with that but continued to maintain the alliance because the stability of Johor was important
to trade in the region.
The Sultan provided all the facility required by the traders. Under the patronage of the Johor elites, traders are
protected and prospered.[6] With wide range of goods available and favorable prices, Riau boomed. Ships from
various places such as Cambodia, Siam, Vietnam and all over the Malay Archipelago came to trade. The Bugis ships
made Riau the centre for spices. Items found in China or example, cloth and opium were traded with locally sourced
ocean and forest products, tin, pepper and locally grown gambier. Duties were low, and cargoes could be discharged
or stored easily. Traders found they do not need to extend credit, for the business was good.[7]
Like Malacca before it, Riau was also the centre of Islamic studies and teaching. Many orthodox scholars from the
Muslim heartlands like the Indian Subconitnent and Arabia were housed in special religious hostels, while devotees
of Sufism could seek initiation into one of the many Tariqah (Sufi Brotherhood) which flourished in Riau.[8] In many
ways, Riau managed to recapture some of the old Malacca glory. Both became prosperous due to trade but there was
a major difference; Malacca was also great due to its territorial conquest.

Bugis and Minangkabau influence in the kingdom

The last sultan from the Malaccan dynasty, Sultan Mahmud Shah II, was a person of unstable disposition. When
Bendahara Habib was the Bendahara, he effectively shielded the people from the Sultan 's idiosyncrasies. After the
demise of Bendehara Habib, he was replaced by Bendahara Abdul Jalil. As the Bendahara was only a cousin, he
could not rein in the Sultan 's eccentric behaviour.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The Sultan ordered the pregnant wife of a noble, Orang Kaya Megat Sri Rama killed, as she had taken a slice of the
royal jack fruit. Subsequently, the Sultan was killed by Megat Sri Rama in revenge. Sultan Mahmud Shah II of Johor
had died in 1699 without an heir. The Orang Kayas, who were normally tasked with advising the Sultan, were in a
fix. They went to Muar to meet Sa Akar DiRaja, Raja Temenggung of Muar, the Sultan's uncle and asked for his
counsel.Wikipedia:Citation needed He pointed out that Bendahara Abdul Jalil should inherit the throne.[9] The
problem was resolved when the viceroy Bendahara Abdul Jalil was declared the new sultan and proclaimed Sultan
Abdul Jalil IV. Many, particularly the Orang Laut (islanders from Johor maritime territories), however felt that the
declaration was improper.
The Bugis, who played an important role in defeating Jambi two decades earlier, had a huge influence in Johor.
Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time were the Minangkabau. Both the Bugis and
the Minangkabau realized how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in
Johor. The Minangkabau introduced a Minangkabau prince, Raja Kecil from Siak who claimed he was the
posthumous son of Sultan Mahmud II. The prince met with the Bugis and promised the Bugis wealth and political

Johor Sultanate

power if they helped the prince to win the throne. However, Raja Kecil broke his promise and installed himself as
the new Sultan of Johor (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah) without the knowledge of the Bugis. Sultan Abdul Jalil IV
fled to Pahang where he was later killed by an assassin hired by Raja Kecil.
Dissatisfied with Raja Kecil's accession, the son of Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, Raja Sulaiman, asked Daeng Parani of the
Bugis to aid him in his quest to reclaim the throne. In 1722, Raja Kecil was dethroned by Raja Sulaiman's supporters
with the assistance of the Bugis. Raja Sulaiman became the new Sultan of Johore, but he was a weak ruler and
became a puppet of the Bugis. Daeng Parani's brother, Daeng Merewah, who was made Yam Tuan Muda (crown
prince) was the man who actually controlled Johor.[10]

Johor administration
The Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practised in Malacca. The highest authority
lay in the hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the Sultan. The Sultan was assisted by a body known as
the Majlis Orang Kaya (Council of Rich Men) which was tasked with advising the Sultan. Among them were the
Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja. During the 18th century, the Bendahara
lived in Pahang and the Temenggong Johor in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed the administration of
their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor.
The Johor Empire is decentralized. It is made of four main fiefs and the Sultan's territory. The fiefs are Muar and its
territories under the Raja Temenggung of Muar;[11] Pahang under the stewardship of the Bendehara;[12] Riau under
the control of Yam Tuan Muda and mainland Johor and Singapore under the Temenggung. The rest of the Empire
belongs to the Sultan. The Sultan resides in Lingga. All the Orang Kayas except Raja Temenggung Muar reports
directly to the Sultan ; Raja Temenggung Muar is a sovereign and is recognised by the Sultan.
Sultans of Johor

Reign

Malacca-Johor Dynasty
Alauddin Riayat Shah II

15281564

Muzaffar Shah II

15641570

Abdul Jalil Shah I

15701571

Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II

15711597

Alauddin Riayat Shah III

15971615

Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah

16151623

Abdul Jalil Shah III

16231677

Ibrahim Shah

16771685

Mahmud Shah II

16851699

Bendahara Dynasty
Abdul Jalil IV (Bendahara Abdul Jalil) 16991720
Malacca-Johor Dynasty (descent)
Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (Raja Kecil)

17181722

Bendahara Dynasty
Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah

17221760

Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah

17601761

Ahmad Riayat Shah

1761 - 1761

Mahmud Shah III

17611812

Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah

18121819

Johor Sultanate

6
Hussein Shah (Tengku Long)

18191835

Ali

18351877
Temenggong Dynasty

Raja Temenggung Tun Ibrahim

18551862

Abu Bakar

18621895

Ibrahim

18951959

Ismail

19591981

Mahmud Iskandar Al-Haj

19812010

Ibrahim Ismail

2010 - current

Extent of the Empire

As the Sultanate replaced the Malacca Sultanate, it followed that the extent of its territorial area covered the southern
Malay peninsular, parts of south-eastern Sumatra and the Riau Islands and its dependencies. This territory included
the vassal states of Pahang, Muar, Johor mainland and Riau Islands. The administrative centre of the empire was at
various times at Sayong Pinang, Kota Kara, Seluyut, Johor Lama, Batu Sawar and Kota Tinggi; all on mainland
Johor and later at Riau and Lingga. It then shifted with the birth of Modern Johore Sultanate to Tanjung Puteri,
known today as Johor Bahru.

The fall of the Old Johor Sultanate

Singapore and the British
In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the governor of Bencoolen on western Sumatra. However, he was
convinced that the British needed to establish a new base in Southeast Asia in order to compete with the Dutch.
Though many in the British East India Company opposed such an idea, Raffles managed to convince Lord Hastings
of the Company, then Governor General of British India, to side with him. With the governor general's consent, he
and his expedition set out to search for a new base.
When Raffles' expedition arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819 he discovered a small Malay settlement at the
mouth of Singapore River headed by a Temenggung (governor) of Johor. Though the island was nominally ruled by
the sultanate, the political situation there was extremely murky. The current sultan, Tengku Abdul Rahman, was
under the influence of the Dutch and the Bugis. Hence, he would never agree to a British base in Singapore.
However, Tengku Abdul Rahman was ruler only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein or Tengku Long, had
been away in Pahang getting married when their father died in 1812. He was appointed by the Yam Tuan Muda of
Riau, Raja Jaafar because according to him, in a Malay tradition, a person has to be by the dying sultan's side in
order to be considered as the new ruler. However the matter has to be decided by the Bendehara as the "keeper of
adat (tradition)".[13][14] Predictably, the older brother was not happy with the development.
Raja Jaafar's sister, the queen of the late Sultan, protested vehemently at her brother's actions with these prophetic
words, "...Which adat of succession is being followed? Unfair deeds like this will cause the Johor Sultanate be
destroyed!". And she held on the royal regalia refusing to surrender it.[15]
Bendehara Ali was made aware of the affairs of the succession and decided to act. He prepared his fleet of boats to
Riau to "restore the adat". The British upon knowing this despatched a fleet and set up a blockade to stop the forces
of Bendehara Ali from advancing.
With the Temenggung's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Hussein, then living in exile on one of the Riau Islands,
back into Singapore. According to a correspondence between Tengku Hussain and his brother, he left for Singapore

Johor Sultanate
out of his concern of his son's safety. Unfortunately he was captured by Raffles and forced to make a deal.[16] Their
agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the "legitimate ruler" of "Johor", and thus
Tengku Hussein and the Temenggung would receive a yearly stipend from the British. In return, Tengku Hussein
would allow Raffles to establish a trading post in Singapore. This treaty was ratified on 6 February 1819.
Bendehara Ali was requested by the British to recognize Tengku Hussein as a ruler. However, Bendehara Ali has
stated that he has no connection with the events in Singapore, as it is the Temenggung's fief and stated that his
loyalty lies with the Sultan of Johor in Lingga.[17]

Anglo-Dutch Treaty
The Dutch were extremely displeased with Raffles' action. Tensions between the Dutch and British over Singapore
persisted until 1824, when they signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. Under the terms of that treaty, the Dutch officially
withdrew their opposition to the British presence in Singapore. Many historians contend that the treaty divided the
spheres of influence between the Dutch and the English; Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the state of
Riau-Lingga which exists de jure after the ouster of the last Sultan of Johor. However this treaty is signed secretly
without the knowledge of the local nobility including the Sultan and thus its legitimacy is called into question. It is
akin to the World War 2 conference in Yalta in which Stalin, Roosevelt and the other allies agreed to divide the
known world into eastern and western power blocs whilst Germany and Japan are still sovereign.
The British successfully sidelined Dutch political influence by proclaiming Sultan Hussein as the Sultan of Johor and
Singapore to acquire legal recognition in their sphere of influence in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. The
legitimacy of Sultan Hussein's proclamation as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore, was by all accounts not
recognised by the Malay rulers and his title only served as a nominal title. Temenggong Abdul Rahman's position, on
the other hand, was strengthened as the signing of the treaties detached him the influence of Raja Ja'afar.[18]
Meanwhile, Sultan Abdul Rahman was installed as the Sultan of Lingga in November 1822, complete with the royal
regalia.[19] Sultan Abdul Rahman, who had devoted himself to religion, became contented with his political sphere
of influence in Lingga, where his family continued to maintain his household under the administrative direction of
Raja Ja'afar who ruled under the auspices of the Dutch.

The Interested Parties

The actors on this stage are three parties; the Colonial powers of British and the Dutch; the nobles who made
agreement with the Dutch namely Raja Jaafar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and Temenggung Abdul Rahman, of Johore
and Singapore ; the palace namely the Sultan and Bendahara who is not aware of any treaty signed without their
knowledge.[20] Because the treaties are not ratified by the Sultan or the Bendahara, the Malays do not pay heed to
any action of the Colonial powers.
The Yam Tuan Muda has committed treachery by "selling" the sovereignty of Johore,[21] however it does not hold as
the Sultan or the Bendahara is not a party to the treaty. It is wrong to pass judgements on the Sultan as not obeying
the 1830 treaty. The treaty was signed in secret[22] and details were only known in 1855. In actuality, the Sultan is
excersizing his sovereign right in demanding loyalty from fiefdoms in the Johore Empire. As for the Temenggung,
he is strengthening his position and in preparation of any changes to fate of the Sultanate, preparing to have
friendship with Great Britain and sharing the spoils with Britain at the demise of the Sultanate. This is especially true
for the son of Temenggung Ibrahim, the ambitious Temenggung (and later Sultan) Abu Bakar who plans to be
Sultan.

Johor Sultanate

Sultan tries to repair the damage

Sultan Abdul Rahman died in 1832 and was replaced by his son, Sultan Muhammad Shah (reigning from
18321841). Raja Jaffar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau died and the Sultan is in no hurry to appoint a successor. The
Sultan saw the damage that was done to the Palace in his father's reign and decided to reemphasis and restore adat[23]
as a rule governing personal behavior and the politics. He summoned Bendahara Ali (Raja Bendahara Pahang) to
Lingga. At Lingga, an adat-steeped function[24] was held. The Bendahara conducted ceremonies (as per adat) aimed
at reeducating the nobility and the Sultan about their respective duties and responsibilities. Islam and politics were
discussed. It was attended by all the nobles from across the Empire hence, proving that 'Sultan' of Singapore is not
recognized by the Malays. The ceremonies also include istallation of Tengku Mahmud (later ruling as Sultan
Mahmud Muzaffar) as a Crown Prince and Tun Mutahir as Bendehara-in-waiting.
In 1841, Bendahara Ali appoint Temenggung Ibrahim[25] to replace his father who died in 1825. The long interval is
due to displeasure of the Bendahara over the affairs of Singapore. Conditions were imposed during the appointment
includes paying a visit of fealty to the ruling Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga which brings pleasure to his
majesty. 'Sultan Hussein' of Singapore has died in 1835 and his prince Tengku Ali wished for the legitimacy granted
to Temenggung Ibrahim. The British forwarded the request in 1841 to the Bendahara. Bendahara Ali refused to take
part in this treachery.
After waiting since 1835 for the 'appointment' as a Sultan, in 1852 Tengku Ali decided to 'return Johor'[26] to the
Johor Empire by paying homage to Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. For three years Johor Empire was one again
except Singapore. Worried by the current state of affairs, the British called Tengku Ali back to Singapore on the
threat of cancelling his pension. In Singapore, he is frequently visited by Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and their
relations are cordial.

End of the Empire

The worried British then forced the 1855 treaty between Temenggung Ibrahim and Tengku Ali. In exchange for
recognition as a 'Sultan', Tengku Ali agrees to 'give up all of Johor'. The treaty merely 'confirms' the Temenggung's
hold on his fief. This treaty was intended to solidify the position of Temenggung Ibrahim, their key ally.
Bendahara Ali was asked by the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar about the 1855 treaty.[27][28] In his reply, the Bendahara
reiterated about the Temenggung was supposed to swear fealty to his majesty and on the behavior of Tengku Ali, the
Bendehara claimed ignorace. He also reiterated that he was not a party to any discussion with the British or the
Dutch.
The Dutch were also very worried. It seemed that the Sultan is acting on his own and would not listen to any of the
Dutch-influenced Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and the Bugis nobility. It erupted into an open dispute between Sultan
Mahmud Muzaffar and the Bugis nobility over the appointment of new Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. The Bugis
preferred candidate was also the Dutch choice.[29] The Sultan resented having another foreign-backed Yam Tuan
Muda of Riau. It resulted in a deadlock that the Sultan set sail to Singapore to cool off. It was during the Singapore
trip that the last Sultan of the mighty Johore Empire was deposed by the Bugis nobility in 1857.[30]
The Breakup
After the ouster of the former Sultan of Johor, the Bugis nobles elected the new Sultan, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul
Shah,[31] the Sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom built on the ashes of the Johore Empire. The Sultan signed
an agreement with the Dutch.[32] In the agreement he agreed to acknowledge the overlordship of the Dutch
government among others. With a stroke of a pen, he broke up the Johor Empire into 2 big parts and has given up the
sovereignty of his part of territory to the Dutch. This also marked the end of the Malacca and later Johor sultanate.
This division remains until today as the Malaysia-Indonesia border.

Johor Sultanate

Johor and Pahang

As the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar was ousted and the new Sultan declared territory separate from the former Johor
Empire, it was akin to a sheep slaughtered with Sultan and Riau-Lingga represented by the head. The Bendahara is
now the virtual head of remnants of the Empire as per the prevailing adat.[33] Temenggung Ibrahim of Johore
understood this situation and quickly signed a treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861.[34] The treaty
recognizes the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggung and his descendent's right to rule it, mutual
protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the Empire
became 2 independent states, Johor and Pahang.

Modern Johore Sultanate

Johor Protectorate

Negeri Johor
Protectorate of the United Kingdom

1885/19141942
19451946

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto
Malay: Kepada Allah Berserah
(To Allah We Surrender)

Johor in present-day Malaysia

Capital

Johor Bahru1

Languages

Malay2
English

Religion

Islam

Political structure

Protectorate

Monarch
- 1837-1901

Victoria

- 1936-1952

George VI

Johor Sultanate

10
Advisor
- 1914unknown

D.G. Campbell

Historical era

British Empire

- Recognised by United Kingdom

1885

- British adviser accepted

1914

- Japanese troops take Johor Bahru 31 January 1942

- Japanese surrender

14 August 1945

- Added into Malayan Union

31 March 1946

Currency

Straits dollar until 1939

Malayan dollar until 1953

Today part of
1
2

Malaysia

Formerly Tanjung Puteri, remains as capital until today

Malay using Jawi (Arabic) script

Temenggung Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri in southern Johor as a major city. Bandar Tanjung Puteri
would later be known as Johor Bahru. Temenggung Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Temenggung Abu Bakar,
who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor.
Muar was another vassal of Old Johor Empire and was ruled by its own Raja Temenggung. At gunpoint, the Raja
Temenggung and the chieftains of Muar handed over the control of Muar to Temenggung Abu Bakar in 1877; this
later contributed to the Jementah Civil War. Temenggung Abu Bakar, aided by the British won decisively. Abu
Bakar went to Istanbul to seek recognition as the Sultan of Johor, to allay fears of his religious credibility.
In 1885, he went to London seeking the recognition from the British Queen, Queen Victoria on his sultanate and the
Johor's independence. He is warmly accepted by the Queen and a friendship treaty was signed. After that he was
formally crowned the Sultan of Johor. This sultanate has no relationship to the Old Johore Sultanate as the Johore
Empire was broken up into its constituents; Pahang, Singapore, Lingga and Riau was separated.
Sultan Abu Bakar introduced a constitution known as Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor and developed an
efficient administration system. He founded the Modern Sultanate of Johor. He also moved the official capital city of
Johor to Johor Bahru and ordered the construction of Istana Besar, the official residence of the sultan in the city. Due
to these achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title "Father of Modern Johor".
Johor also enjoyed economic prosperity. An increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth
century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, creating Johor's initial economic
base. The Kangchu system was put in place.
In 1914, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, was forced to accept a British Adviser and effectively
became a crown protectorate of the Britain. D.G. Campbell was dispatched as the first British advisor to Johor.
Sultan Ibrahim died in London in 1959 and replaced by Sultan Ismail. Sultan ruled until 1981 and was replaced by
Sultan Iskandar.
On 22 Jan 2010, Sultan Iskandar died and was succeeded by his son Tunku Ibrahim as the 5th Sultan of modern day
Johor.

Johor Sultanate

World War II and Malaysia

The Second World War broke out in 1939 and Japan invaded British Malaya in December 1941. The British, who
were responsible for Johor's defense, were swiftly defeated by the Japanese and retreated to Singapore to make a
stand. Japan occupied Johor from 1942 to 1945. Singapore fell to the Japanese on 15 February 1942.
With the end of the war, the British came back and in 1946, Johor became part of the Malayan Union. Opposition to
the Union by Malay nationalists, led by Dato' Onn Jaafar, however forced its dissolution and in 1948, the state joined
a new federation called Malaya. It achieved independence in 1957 along with the rest of the Malay Peninsula, and
later in 1963, it was one of the fourteen states that formed Malaysia.

Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_Malaysia& action=edit

Christopher Buyers The Ruling House of Malacca-Johor (http:/ / www. royalark. net/ Malaysia/ malacca4. htm)
Peter Borschberg, The Singapore and Melaka Straits.
Peter Borschberg, Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade, ISBN 9789067193673 , pages 215223
Peter Borschberg, "Ethnicity, Language and Culture in Melaka", pages 97100.
E. M. Jacobs, Merchant in Asia, ISBN 90-5789-109-3, 2006, page 207
Barbara Watson Andaya, A History of Malaysia, ISBN 9780824824259, page 101
Ibid, page 102

[9] The Family Tree of Raja Temenggung of Muar, traditional sources, Puan Wan Maimunah, 8th descendent of Sa Akar DiRaja
[10] "History", Embassy of Malaysia, Seoul (http:/ / www. malaysia. or. kr/ frame2. htm)
[11] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Ahlul-Bait (keluarga) Rasullulah SAW dan Kesultanan Melayu, Crescent Publications, 2006, ISBN
983-3020-12-7, page 239
[12] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Institusi Bendahara, Permata Melayu yang Hilang, Pustaka BSM, 2003, ISBN 983-40566-6-4, page 36
[13] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Institusi Bendahara, Permata Melayu yang Hilang, page 57
[14] Adat
[15] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Institusi Bendahara, Permata Melayu yang Hilang, page 136
[16] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Institusi Bendahara, Permata Melayu yang Hilang, page 61
[17] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Institusi Bendahara, Permata Melayu yang Hilang, page 62
[18] Ministry of Culture (Publicity Division), Singapore; Ministry of Communications and Information, Singapore., Singapore: A Ministry of
Culture Publication, pg 24
[19] Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 17841885, pg 108
[20] (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Perang Bendahara Pahang 185763, Karisma Publications, 2007, ISBN 9769831952825 , page 90
[21] Ibid, page 46
[22] Ibid, page 40
[23] Ibid, page 67
[24] Ibid, page 68
[25] Ibid, page 70
[26] Ibid, page 75
[27] Ibid, page 221
[28] Baginda Omar's private correspondences, National Archives, Kuala Lumpur
[29] Ibid, page 85
[30] Ibid, page 86
[31] Ibid, page 87
[32] Ibid, page 87
[33] Bendahara
[34] Ahmad Fawzi Basri, Johor 18551917 : Pentadbiran dan Perkembangannya, Fajar Bakti, 1988, pages 3334

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Johor Sultanate

References
Borschberg, Peter, "The Seizure of the Santa Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics
and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (c. 16021616)", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 33.1 (2002):
3162. (This article can be downloaded free of charge at www.cambride.org, doi: 10.1017/S0022463402000024
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022463402000024))
Borschberg, Peter, Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies, NUS Press, 2011, ISBN
978-9971-69-467-8. http://www.nus.edu.sg/nuspress/subjects/history/978-9971-69-467-8.html
Borschberg, Peter, The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century,
2010, ISBN 978-9971-69-464-7. http://www.nus.edu.sg/nuspress/subjects/SS/978-9971-69-464-7.html
Borschberg, Peter, "Ethnicity, Language and Culture in Melaka during the Transition from Portuguese to Dutch
Rule, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 83.2 (2010), pages 93117.
Borschberg, Peter, Jacques de Coutre as a Source for the Early 17th Century History of Singapore, the Johor
River, and the Straits, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 81.2 (2008): 71-97.
Trocki, Carl A., Prince of Pirates: the Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 17841885,
University of Hawaii Press, 1979, ISBN 978-9971-69-376-3 ISBN 9971693763
The Johor Empire (http://www.sabrizain.demon.co.uk/malaya/johor.htm) at sabrizain.demon.co
JOHOR (Sultanate) (http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/malaysia/johor.html) at uq.net.au
(Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Perang Bendahara Pahang, 185763: pensejarahan semula menelusi peranan
British, 2007, ISBN 978-983-195-282-5

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Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Johor Sultanate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607322384 Contributors: Alai, Altenmann, Andylkl, AsianGeographer, BD2412, BaronLarf, BenjaminMarine9037,
Bgwhite, Chris the speller, Colibri37, Commander Keane, Crying man, D6, Darwinek, Drbreznjev, Drrumbowe, Drutt, Earth, GLGerman, Gombang, Good Olfactory, Greenshed, Gryffindor,
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Kwamikagami, MALLUS, MK8, Malaysiana85, MelbourneStar, Mr Tan, Mukake, N00bie, NawlinWiki, Nedergard, Nick Number, Oktuck, Orhanghazi, Pawyilee, Rjwilmsi, Scoobycentric,
Seloloving, Sp33dyphil, Spruiker, Sun Creator, Taksen, Talkie tim, Tamizi ts, Tiger888, Tigeroo, Tobias Conradi, Two hundred percent, Utcursch, Vice regent, VoteITP, Wai Hong, Wee Jimmy,
Woohookitty, Zykasa, , 103 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:History of Malaysia.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:History_of_Malaysia.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Ranking Update
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: unknown Contributors: , and
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File:Flag of the Federated Malay States (1895 - 1946).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Federated_Malay_States_(1895_-_1946).svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Bukhrin, Cycn, Kaiser Torikka, Ludger1961, Mattes, 1 anonymous edits
File:Flag of Johor.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Johor.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Cycn, Denniss, Editor at Large,
Fry1989, Himasaram, Klare Kante, Lambdadra, Ludger1961, Mattes, Two hundred percent, Ultratomio, WikedKentaur, 3 anonymous edits
File:Coat of arms of Johor.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Johor.svg License: unknown Contributors: The State Government of Johor
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