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Electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is illuminated with suitable electromagnetic
radiation.
For
Examiners
Use
ha
ky
a
(b) The variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic energy Ek of the emitted electrons
is shown in Fig. 7.1.
an
dr
19
Ek / 10
aS
Ch
aj
it
db
yS
ar
ra
ng
e
12
16
20
14
f / 10 Hz
Fig. 7.1
da
nd
(i)
re
Co
m
pi
le
(ii)
9702/4 M/J/02
(c) On Fig. 7.1, draw a line to show the variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic
energy Ek of the emitted electrons for a second metal which has a lower work function
than that in (b).
[2]
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
(d) The kinetic energy of the electrons is described as the maximum. Suggest why emitted
electrons are likely to have a range of values of kinetic energy for any one frequency of
the electromagnetic radiation.
..........................................................................................................................................
ha
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
aS
......................................................................................................................................[2]
9702/4 M/J/02
(a) State the de Broglie relation, explaining any symbols you use.
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
aS
h
.
2mE
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
ha
(b) An electron of mass m has kinetic energy E. Show that the de Broglie wavelength of
this electron is given by
[2]
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
(c) Calculate the potential difference through which an electron, initially at rest, must be
accelerated so that its de Broglie wavelength is equal to 0.40 nm (the diameter of an
atom).
UCLES 2004
9702/04/M/J/04
(a) (i)
For
Examiners
Use
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
Show that the photon energy of light of wavelength 350 nm is 5.68 1019 J.
(iii)
[1]
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
aS
ha
ky
a
(ii)
db
yS
ar
ra
ng
e
(b) Two beams of monochromatic light have similar intensities. The light in one beam has
wavelength 350 nm and the light in the other beam has wavelength 700 nm.
The two beams are incident separately on three different metal surfaces. The work
function of each of these surfaces is shown in Fig. 5.1.
work function / eV
4.49
3.68
2.26
tungsten
magnesium
potassium
Fig. 5.1
pi
le
da
nd
re
metal
Co
m
(i)
UCLES 2007
9702/04/M/J/07
(ii)
State which combination, if any, of monochromatic light and metal surface could
give rise to photo-electric emission. Give a quantitative explanation of your answer.
For
Examiners
Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..................................................................................................................................
ha
..................................................................................................................................
aS
..................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
............................................................................................................................. [3]
UCLES 2007
9702/04/M/J/07
(a) Explain why, for the photoelectric effect, the existence of a threshold frequency and a
very short emission time provide evidence for the particulate nature of electromagnetic
radiation, as opposed to a wave theory.
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ha
..........................................................................................................................................
aS
..........................................................................................................................................
an
dr
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
Ch
(b) State and explain two relations in which the Planck constant h is the constant of
proportionality.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
db
yS
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ar
ra
ng
e
2. .....................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
..........................................................................................................................................
[6]
UCLES 2009
9702/04/M/J/09
For
Examiners
Use
photon energy = work function energy + maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
(a) Explain
what is meant by a photon,
ky
a
(i)
...................................................................................................................................
ha
...................................................................................................................................
why most electrons are emitted with kinetic energy less than the maximum.
an
dr
(ii)
aS
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
...................................................................................................................................
Ch
...................................................................................................................................
aj
it
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
db
yS
ar
ra
ng
e
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
UCLES 2006
9702/04/O/N/06
(a) State three pieces of evidence provided by the photoelectric effect for a particulate
nature of electromagnetic radiation.
For
Examiners
Use
1. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
2. ......................................................................................................................................
ha
..........................................................................................................................................
aS
3. ......................................................................................................................................
(b) (i)
an
dr
..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
Briefly describe the concept of a photon.
Ch
..................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
db
yS
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
Explain how lines in the emission spectrum of gases at low pressure provide
evidence for discrete electron energy levels in atoms.
ar
ra
ng
e
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
UCLES 2008
9702/04/O/N/08
(c) Three electron energy levels in atomic hydrogen are represented in Fig. 7.1.
aS
ha
ky
a
increasing
energy
For
Examiners
Use
an
dr
Fig. 7.1
Ch
The wavelengths of the spectral lines produced by electron transitions between these
three energy levels are 486 nm, 656 nm and 1880 nm.
On Fig. 7.1, draw arrows to show the electron transitions between the energy levels
that would give rise to these wavelengths.
Label each arrow with the wavelength of the emitted photon.
[3]
(ii)
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
(i)
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9702/04/O/N/08
10
(a) Explain how a line emission spectrum leads to an understanding of the existence of
discrete electron energy levels in atoms.
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
ha
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
486
656
Ch
410 434
an
dr
aS
(b) Some of the lines of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen are shown in Fig. 7.1.
db
yS
Fig. 7.1
aj
it
wavelength / nm
The photon energies associated with some of these lines are shown in Fig. 7.2.
wavelength / nm
ar
ra
ng
e
410
486
656
3.03
Fig. 7.2
Complete Fig. 7.2 by calculating the photon energy for a wavelength of 486 nm.
Co
m
pi
le
da
(i)
nd
re
434
[2]
UCLES 2009
9702/42/O/N/09
11
(ii)
Energy levels of a single electron in a hydrogen atom are shown in Fig. 7.3.
For
Examiners
Use
0.60
0.87
1.36
ha
ky
a
2.42
aS
5.45
db
yS
21.80
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
energy / 1019 J
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
Use data from (i) to show, on Fig. 7.3, the transitions associated with each of the
four spectral lines shown in Fig. 7.1. Show each transition with an arrow.
[2]
UCLES 2009
9702/42/O/N/09
12
(a) State an effect, one in each case, that provides evidence for
(i)
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
(ii)
(b) Four electron energy levels in an atom are shown in Fig. 7.1.
an
dr
aS
0.87 1019 J
ha
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
1.36 1019 J
electron
energy
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
2.42 1019 J
5.44 1019 J
(i)
ar
ra
ng
e
An emission spectrum is associated with the electron transitions between these energy
levels.
For this spectrum,
state the number of lines,
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
(ii)
re
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
UCLES 2010
9702/41/O/N/10
13
(a) By reference to the photoelectric effect, state what is meant by the threshold frequency.
..........................................................................................................................................
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
aS
ha
(b) The surface of a zinc plate has a work function of 5.8 1019 J.
In a particular laboratory experiment, ultraviolet light of wavelength 120 nm is incident
on the zinc plate. A photoelectric current I is detected.
In order to view the apparatus more clearly, a second lamp emitting light of wavelength
450 nm is switched on. No change is made to the ultraviolet lamp.
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
Using appropriate calculations, state and explain the effect on the photoelectric current
of switching on this second lamp.
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
UCLES 2010
9702/43/O/N/10
14
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
(ii)
[2]
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
aS
(i)
ha
(b) An electron is accelerated in a vacuum from rest through a potential difference of 850 V.
UCLES 2011
9702/42/M/J/11
15
aS
ha
ky
a
For
Examiners
Use
an
dr
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Ch
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
.................................................................................................................................... [5]
UCLES 2011
9702/42/M/J/11
[Turn over
16
For
Examiners
Use
Suggest why this observation does not support a wave theory of light.
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
ha
..........................................................................................................................................
aS
..........................................................................................................................................
an
dr
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
Ch
(b) Data for the wavelength of the radiation incident on the metal surface and the maximum
kinetic energy EK of the emitted electrons are shown in Fig. 7.1.
/ nm
aj
it
EK / 1019 J
4.44
db
yS
650
240
Fig. 7.1
Without any calculation, suggest why no value is given for EK for radiation of
wavelength 650 nm.
ar
ra
ng
e
(i)
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
re
Use data from Fig. 7.1 to determine the work function energy of the surface.
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
(ii)
UCLES 2011
9702/41/M/J/11
17
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
(i)
..................................................................................................................................
ha
..................................................................................................................................
an
dr
(ii)
aS
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
..................................................................................................................................
Ch
..................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
UCLES 2011
9702/41/M/J/11
[Turn over
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An explanation of the photoelectric effect includes the terms photon energy and work function
energy.
For
Examiners
Use
a photon,
ky
a
..................................................................................................................................
ha
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
aS
............................................................................................................................. [2]
work function energy.
an
dr
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
aj
it
Ch
db
yS
1 106 m1
/
ar
ra
ng
e
pi
le
Co
m
da
nd
re
(i)
0
1
4
19
Emax / 10
Fig. 7.1
The work function energy of the metal surface is .
State an equation, in terms of , and Emax, to represent conservation of energy
for the photoelectric effect. Explain any other symbols you use.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
UCLES 2011
9702/43/O/N/11
19
(ii)
aS
ha
ky
a
1.
For
Examiners
Use
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
2.
an
dr
= ............................................. J [2]
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
UCLES 2011
9702/43/O/N/11
[Turn over
20
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
aS
ha
an
dr
Suggest how this observation provides evidence for discrete electron energy levels in
atoms.
..........................................................................................................................................
Ch
..........................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
UCLES 2012
9702/41/M/J/12
21
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
aS
ha
(b) The variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic energy EK of photoelectrons
emitted from the surface of sodium metal is shown in Fig. 7.1.
an
dr
0.8
Ch
0.6
aj
it
EK / eV
db
yS
0.4
0
4.5
5.0
ar
ra
ng
e
0.2
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
14
f / 10 Hz
re
Fig. 7.1
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
Use the gradient of the graph of Fig. 7.1 to determine a value for the Planck constant h.
Show your working.
h = ............................................. J s [2]
UCLES 2012
9702/42/M/J/12
[Turn over
22
(c) The sodium metal in (b) has a work function energy of 2.4 eV. The sodium is replaced by
calcium which has a work function energy of 2.9 eV.
For
Examiners
Use
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
aS
ha
ky
a
On Fig. 7.1, draw a line to show the variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic
[3]
energy EK of photoelectrons emitted from the surface of calcium.
UCLES 2012
9702/42/M/J/12
23
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
aS
ha
an
dr
Suggest how this observation provides evidence for discrete electron energy levels in
atoms.
..........................................................................................................................................
Ch
..........................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
UCLES 2012
9702/43/M/J/12
24
(a) Explain how the line spectrum of hydrogen provides evidence for the existence of
discrete electron energy levels in atoms.
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
ha
..........................................................................................................................................
aS
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
an
dr
(b) Some electron energy levels in atomic hydrogen are illustrated in Fig. 7.1.
energy
db
yS
aj
it
1.50 eV
Ch
0.85 eV
ar
ra
ng
e
3.40 eV
Fig. 7.1
Two possible electron transitions A and B giving rise to an emission spectrum are
shown.
These electron transitions cause light of wavelengths 654 nm and 488 nm to be emitted.
On Fig. 7.1, draw an arrow to show a third possible transition.
(ii)
Calculate the wavelength of the emitted light for the transition in (i).
[1]
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
(i)
UCLES 2011
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[Turn over
25
incident
light
emergent
light
aS
ha
an
dr
Fig. 7.2
Using the values of wavelength in (b), state and explain the appearance of the spectrum
of the emergent light.
Ch
..........................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
db
yS
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
UCLES 2011
9702/41/O/N/11
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
(c) The light in a beam has a continuous spectrum of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm.
The light is incident on some cool hydrogen gas, as illustrated in Fig. 7.2.
26
(a) Explain how the line spectrum of hydrogen provides evidence for the existence of
discrete electron energy levels in atoms.
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
ha
..........................................................................................................................................
aS
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
an
dr
(b) Some electron energy levels in atomic hydrogen are illustrated in Fig. 7.1.
energy
db
yS
aj
it
1.50 eV
Ch
0.85 eV
ar
ra
ng
e
3.40 eV
Fig. 7.1
Two possible electron transitions A and B giving rise to an emission spectrum are
shown.
These electron transitions cause light of wavelengths 654 nm and 488 nm to be emitted.
On Fig. 7.1, draw an arrow to show a third possible transition.
(ii)
Calculate the wavelength of the emitted light for the transition in (i).
[1]
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
(i)
UCLES 2011
9702/42/O/N/11
[Turn over
27
incident
light
emergent
light
aS
ha
an
dr
Fig. 7.2
Using the values of wavelength in (b), state and explain the appearance of the spectrum
of the emergent light.
Ch
..........................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
db
yS
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
UCLES 2011
9702/42/O/N/11
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
(c) The light in a beam has a continuous spectrum of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm.
The light is incident on some cool hydrogen gas, as illustrated in Fig. 7.2.
28
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
ha
(b) It has been observed that, where photoelectric emission of electrons takes place, there
is negligible time delay between illumination of the surface and emission of an electron.
aS
State three other pieces of evidence provided by the photoelectric effect for the
particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation.
an
dr
1. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Ch
2. ......................................................................................................................................
aj
it
..........................................................................................................................................
db
yS
3. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
(c) The work function of a metal surface is 3.5 eV. Light of wavelength 450 nm is incident on
the surface.
Determine whether electrons will be emitted, by the photoelectric effect, from the
surface.
Co
m
pi
le
[3]
UCLES 2012
9702/42/O/N/12
29
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
aS
(i)
ha
(b) An electron is accelerated from rest in a vacuum through a potential difference of 4.7 kV.
By reference to your answer in (i), suggest why such electrons may assist with an
understanding of crystal structure.
ar
ra
ng
e
(ii)
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
re
..................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
UCLES 2012
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(a) The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen consists of a number of discrete wavelengths.
Explain how this observation leads to an understanding that there are discrete electron
energy levels in atoms.
For
Examiners
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
ky
a
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Ch
0.85 eV
an
dr
0.54 eV
aS
(b) Some electron energy levels in atomic hydrogen are illustrated in Fig. 7.1.
Fig. 7.1
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
1.5 eV
3.4 eV
UCLES 2013
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ha
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
energy
31
The longest wavelength produced as a result of electron transitions between two of the
energy levels shown in Fig. 7.1 is 4.0 106 m.
(i)
For
Examiners
Use
On Fig. 7.1,
ky
a
1. draw, and mark with the letter L, the transition giving rise to the wavelength of
[1]
4.0 106 m,
Calculate the wavelength for the transition you have shown in (i) part 2.
aj
it
Ch
an
dr
aS
(ii)
ha
2. draw, and mark with the letter S, the transition giving rise to the shortest
wavelength.
[1]
db
yS
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
Determine the energies, in eV, of photons in the visible spectrum that are produced by
transitions between the energy levels shown in Fig. 7.1.
Co
m
pi
le
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Some data for the work function energy and the threshold frequency f0 of some metal
surfaces are given in Fig. 7.1.
metal
sodium
zinc
platinum
/ 1019 J
f0 / 1014 Hz
3.8
5.8
9.0
5.8
8.8
ha
Fig. 7.1
State what is meant by the threshold frequency.
aS
(a) (i)
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
an
dr
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
(ii)
Ch
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
re
nd
..........................................................................................................................................
da
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
pi
le
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
Co
m
(c) When light of a particular intensity and frequency is incident on a metal surface,
electrons are emitted.
State and explain the effect, if any, on the rate of emission of electrons from this surface
for light of the same intensity and higher frequency.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
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14
7
Electrons, travelling at speed v in a vacuum, are incident on a very thin carbon film, as
illustrated in Fig. 7.1.
fluorescent
screen
ky
a
thin carbon
film
Fig. 7.1
Ch
an
dr
aS
ha
electron,
speed v
aj
it
(a) Suggest why the observed rings provide evidence for the wave nature of particles.
db
yS
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
ar
ra
ng
e
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The initial speed of the electrons is increased. State and explain the effect, if any, on the
radii of the rings observed on the screen.
re
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
nd
..........................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
le
da
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
UCLES 2013
For
Examiners
Use
9702/42/O/N/13
34
15
(c) A proton and an electron are each accelerated from rest through the same potential
difference.
Determine the ratio
For
Examiners
Use
an
dr
aS
ha
ky
a
Co
m
pi
le
da
nd
re
ar
ra
ng
e
db
yS
aj
it
Ch
UCLES 2013
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[Turn over
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16
7
For
Examiners
Use
ky
a
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
ha
why, even when the incident light is monochromatic, the emitted electrons have a
range of kinetic energy up to a maximum value.
aS
(ii)
an
dr
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Ch
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
aj
it
EMAX
db
yS
4
/ 10 18 J
re
ar
ra
ng
e
da
nd
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f / 1015 Hz
Fig. 7.1
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17
Use Fig. 7.1 to determine the work function energy of the metal surface.
For
Examiners
Use
ha
ky
a
(i)
[2]
Explain why the graphs in (i) and (ii) do not depend on the intensity of the incident
radiation.
Ch
(iii)
A second metal has a greater work function energy than that in (i).
On Fig. 7.1, draw a line to show the variation with f of EMAX for this metal.
an
dr
(ii)
aS
aj
it
..................................................................................................................................
db
yS
..................................................................................................................................
Co
m
pi
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da
nd
re
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ra
ng
e
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
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9702/43/O/N/13
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