1.

White Revolution: Milk and Dairy products

2. Blue Revolution: Fishing and marine products

3. Yellow revolution: Oil seeds/edible oil especially mustard, sunflower etc.

4. Pink Revolution: Prawns, onion

5. Rainbow Revolution: Fruits/breeding of ornamental fish

6. Brown Revolution: Cocoa/Leather

7. Black Revolution: Petroleum

8. Grey Revolution: Fertilizer

9. Red Revolution: Meat, tomato

10. Round Revolution: Potato

11. Golden Revolution: Honey, Horticulture

12. Golden fiber: Jute

13. Silver fiber: Cotton

14. Silver: Eggs (Poultry)
Name the renowned playback singer, who refused to accept the prestigious Padma Bhushan?
a. Shankar Mahadevan
b. Sonu Nigam
c. Udit Narayanan
d. Sreeramamurthy Janaki
Who has been appointed Chief of the CII for 2014-15?
A) Rajendra Panwar
B) Senapathy Gopalkrishnan
C) Adi Godrej
D) Pawan Munjal
Name the Chennai-born Scientist of Indian Origin and President of Micronutrient Initiative, Canada who
was awarded with Canadas Highest Civilian Award the Order of Canada?
a. Venkatesh Mannar
b. Richa Shrivastava
c. Divya Sharma
d. Ranjan Singh
Who was the first woman to walk in
space?
A. Valentina Tereshkova
B. Sali Raid
C. Svetlana Savitskaya
D. No woman has walked
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar award, 2012 confer to -

1 Smt. Pranita Talukdar
2 Smt. Omana T.K
3 Smt. Olga Dmello
4 Smt. Guramma H. Sankina
the percentage of un-organized labour force in our country is??

1. 11 %
2. 45 %
3. 77 %
4. 93 %
1. Which sport is Sushil Kumar related to? Wrestling
2. Which sport is Vijay Kumar related to? Shooting
3. Venezuelas President who passed away recently? Hugo Chavez
4. Carlos Slim is from which country? Mexico
5.Name the first man to land on the moon. Neil Armstrong
6. When is the International Womens Day celebrated? 8th March
7. Which year was declared to be the International Biodiversity Year? 2010
8. Miss World 2012? Yu Wenxia (China)
9. Last British Emperor to rule India? George VI
10. Bluetooth was named after? Harald Bluetooth Scandinavian King of Denmark
11. What does P stand for in P. Chidambaram? Palaniappan
12. In which area of Hyderabad did the bomb blasts take place recently? Dilsukhnagar
13. Chandrayaan 1 was launched on which vehicle? PSLV C11
14.Where are the next Summer Olympics and FIFA World Cup being organized? Brazil
15. Where was the Non Alignment Movement meeting held? Tehran
16. Oscar Pistorius allegedly murdered his girlfriend. Whats her name? Reeva Steenkamp
17. Chairman of the Fundamental Rights Sub Committee? J B Kriplani
18. New pope is from which country? Argentina
19. What is current deficit rate of India? 5%
20. What is the formula of potential energy? U=mgh
21. Vishwanathan Anand defeated Borus Gelfand . Which country is he from? Israel
22. Which year was Padma Shri first given? 1954
23. Where were the relics of Buddha transferred to? Sri Lanka
24. What five year plan covered 2007-12? 11th
25. Environment Act was passed in which year? 1986
26. When is World Literacy Day? 8th September
27. Which American State was previously known as New Amsterdam? New York
28. Who wrote Paradise Lost? John Milton
29. Who was the founder of the Red Cross Society? Henry Dunant
30. Light Year is a measure of? Distance
31. Where are the Administrative Headquarters of the EU? Brussels, Belgium
32. How many High Courts does India have? 24
33. The Boundries of which states do not touch? Meghalaya and Manipur
34. How many medals did India win at the Olympics? Six
35. In which year was Indias capital shifted to Delhi? 1911
36. When di Kumbh Mela start this year? 14th January
37.Which river is the Baghlihar Dam on? Chenab
38. Which is the wealthiest Temple in India? Padmanabswamy Temple
39. Kuchipudi is the native dance form of which state? Andhra Pradesh
40. Which state is the POSCO steel plant in? Odisha
41. Which actor was caught in controversy with his movie Vishwaroopam? Kamal Hassan
42. What does the 117th Amendment to the Constitution deal with? Reservation in promotions for
SC/STs
43. In which country did Norman Borlaung develop his ideas to improve food production ? Mexico
44. Paleolithic Age is commonly known as? Old stone age
45. Name the first Shaka ruler of India. Maues
46. Recently, Supreme Court ordered the ambassador of which country not to leave India? Italy
47. The Leaning Tower of Pisa doesnt fall because? Because its center of gravity is not outside the
center of support.
48. Under which ruler, were the English granted the Diwani rights in Bengal and Bihar? Shah Alam II
49. Which Indian State has the lowest sex ratio? Haryana
50. Who founded the Navjivan Trust for peaceful struggle for Swaraj? Mahatma Gandhipo

R Chandrasekhar- NASSCOM
Naina Lal Kidwai- FICCI
Rajkumar Dhoot- Ex-president of ASSOCHAM
Rana Kapoor - Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (Assocham)
Operation Black Tornado - code name of security forces commando action against terrorists
(Mumbai terror attacks)
Liberation Of Hyderabad - Operation Polo
Tamil NAdu - inaugurated largest asia coffee plantation.
DARREN LEHMAN - Cricket Australian new coach
Trip Advisor acquired GateGuru - GateGuru(The mobile resource for airport and flight
information across the globe)
Latvia - 18th member of Euro-Zone (Euro Zone or Euro Area is unit of 18 nations in european
union who have adopted common currency, The Euro)
Amazon Entered Ecommerce India Market.
Croatia - 28th member of European Union (The European Union (EU) is an economic and
political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.)

//Environment
Montreal : Ozone Protocol
Nagoya: Access and Benefit sharing of generic resources
Kyoto : Co2
National green tribunal(NGT) imposed ban on disposing waste in River BEAS.
Ramsar Convention - Conservation of Wetlands.

ROSHINI - providing employment to tribal youth.
Vodafone has recently tied up with Twitter.
Akshay Gaikwad won 3 gold medals in Asian weight lighting games.
Georgia has deepest cave in the world.
Canada has longest coastline.
Largest River Island located in India - Assam
Chennai - busiest bus terminal in the Asia.
VijayWada - second busy terminus after chennai
Libya - Highest GDP growth in 2012
Tourism Minister - Konidala Siva Sankara Vara Prasad
Minister Of Power - Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia
Minister of Atomic Energy - Manmohan Singh.
Minister of Space - Manmohan Singh.
Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions - Manmohan Singh.
Ministry of Planning - Manmohan Singh.
Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment Manikrao gavit



K. Santhanam CVC was set up by the Government of India in February, 1964 on the
recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam
Nittoor Srinivasa Rau, was selected as the first Chief Vigilance Commissioner of India.
The current Central Vigilance Commissioner is Pradeep Kumar, and the Vigilance
Commissioners are R Sri Kumar and J M Garg.
Mosaic - First Internet Browser
Cathedral city of india - Bhubaneswar (Orissa)
Hong kong - Worlds fastest internet
Motorola mobility belongs to Google.
Strait of Magellan - Connects pacific ocean to atlantic ocean
Strait of Malacca - connecting the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea .

Lotology - collection of lottery tickets.
Philately - collection of postal stamps .
Philography - collection of autographs.
Numismatics - Study or collection of coins.

Hygrometer - measuring moisture
Galvanometer - measuring electric current
Spectrometer - measuring properties of light
Anemomenter - Measuring speed of wind.

Nike is the Greek goddess of victory. Potrayed on the olympic medals.
Ten degree channel - Separates Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

sodium = softest medal
diamond = hardest medal
Osmium = heaviest medal
Lithium = Lightest medal
Kerala - state has recently won United Nation's Public Service award. (Ommen Chanddy)
TOYOTA - Worlds's largest automaker
2013 Wimbledon Women's singles - Marion Bartoli
2013 Wimbledon Men's singles Andy Murry
Chief Justice of India - P. Sathasivam (40
th
CJI)
Vidya Balan won Best Actress award at 14th IIFA (International Indian Film Academy) awards
2013 held in Macau
Ranbir Kapoor won Best Actor award at 14th IIFA (International Indian Film Academy) awards
2013 held in Macau
IRNSS-1A - first dedicated navigation satellite launched by India
Himachal Pradesh - the first Smoke-free state of the country
Present Dalai Lama is 14
th
Dalai Lama.
Telecom Sector FDI Increased from 74% to 100%
Statistics Day 29
th
June
Edward Snowden asylum Venezulea
Maharaja Krishna Kaushik Indian Hockey team Coach
Us city DETROIT Filled Bankruptcy




Mahaveer Golechha : awards for alzheirmers disease medicine
Italian Marines(names): Massimilano Latorre and Salvatore Girone.
Kahaani director: Sujoy ghosh
Satellite Hall of Fame, Washington : U R Rao
Chief guest at republic day: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Bhutans King
BJP chief: Rajnath singh X-Nitin Gadkari
Justice Verma report: Sexual crimes
Party president of shiv sena: Udhav thackery
National girl child day: 24
th
Jan
International Man booker prize for fiction: UR Ananthamurthy
Total High courts in india: 24 (new 3 at Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura)
Australian Open 2013
Women: Victoria Azerenka/ Li Na
Men: Novak Djokovic /Federer
e-Biz portal launched by govt made by infi for govt-Business model
playback singer, Sreeramamurthy Janaki refused to accept padma bhushan
Action of Human Movement (AHM) works for Tamil nadu poor living conditions
Czech Republic President: Milos Zeman
Advisory to PM: Sam Pitroda (He reviewed work of Prasar bharti)
Ranji trophy 2013: Mumbai
World Anti-Leprosy day: 30
th
jan
UN Representative: Asoke Kumar Mukerji X- Hardeep Singh Puri
London Paralympics silver medal winner: Girisha Hosanagara Nagarajegowda (brand ambassador of
nutrition company Herbalife.)
Mahatma Gandhi statue: Bihar patna
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development Award : Ela Ramesh Bhat (women social
worker.founder of 1million SWEA Self-Employed womens association
Maenam wildlife sanctuary: Sikkim
Sahitya Bharati Samman-2012: Janaki Ballav Patnaik
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)
SARAL (Satellite for Argos-3 and Altika)
Oscar
Beat Picture: Argo
Beat Actress: Jennifer Lawrence
Best Actor: Daniel Day
Facebook bought Atlas Advertiser Suite, from the Microsoft Corp

Chinas ambassador to India: Wei Wei
Cag: Shashikant Sharma
Chairman and MD of Nestle ltd: Etienne Benet
Aashirvad Child Health Guarantee Scheme has been implemented under the National Rural
Health Mission, for over six crore children in the age group of two to 18 years living in the rural
areas who are considered to be the most vulnerable sections of society from the point of view
of health care. Name the state in which it has been implemented. : Uttar Pradesh
The BCG Vaccine Laboratory had been shut down nearly four years ago, as the license for the
lab had been withdrawn and an order for its closure on the grounds that the unit was not
complying with current Good Manufacturing Practice had been issued by the government. The
laboratory is once again ready to start production of the vaccine to provide early life protection
against : Tuberculosis
Bangladesh President : Abdul Hamid
Japanese Mounts UNESCO heritage: Mount Fuji
World Freedom Press Day: 3
rd
May.
UnderStanding Bhagat Singh Author: Chamanlal
World Asthama Day: 7
th
May
2013 declared as: World Conservation Day
Dadasaheb phalke award 2013: Pran (Actor)
IFFCO: Indian Framers Fertilizer Cooperation
CM Of Karnataka: Siddharamiah
Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction Project: Tamil Nadu
DBTL: Direct benefit Transfer for LPG
CCEA: Cabinet Committee on economic affairs
14 Mega watt solar project at : Deoghar, Jharkhand.
Congress After India Author: Zoya Hasan
A Garland Of Memories Author: Ruskin Bond
47
th
Janpath Award: Dr. Pratibha Roy (Oriya Novelist)
Country which legalized Gay Marriags: France
Chinese Prime Minister: Li Kequiang
NRLM: national rural livelihood mission (aajveeka)



Heads of governmental departments

1. Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia
2. Chief Election Commissioner of India V. S. Sampath
3. Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission Justice K.G. Balakrishnan
4. Chief Commissioner, Central Information Commission Shri Satyananda Mishra
5. Chairman, National Commission for Minorities Wajahat Habibullah
6. Chairman, National Commission for SC P.L.Punia
7. Chairman, National Commission for ST Dr Rameshwar Oraon
8. Chairperson, National Commission for Women Ms. Mamta Sharma
9. Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission Ratan Kumar Sinha
10. Chairman, ISRO K. Radhakrishnan
11. Chairman, Union Public Service Commission D P Agrawal
12. Chairman, National Knowledge Commission Sam Pitroda
13. Chairman, University Grants Commission Prof. Ved Prakash
14. Chairman, National Commission for Backward Classes Justice M.N.Rao
15. Chairman, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights Dr. Shantha Sinha

Heads and Organization

Chairman, IRDA T. S. Vijayan
Chairman, LIC S.K. Roy
President, FICCI Naina Lal Kidwai
Chairman, TRAI - Rahul Khullar
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)-Pradeep Kumar
Director, CBI Ranjit Sinha
Chariman, CCI Ashok Chawla
President, ASSOCHAM Rajkumar Dhoot
President, NASSCOM - R.Chandrashekhar
Chairman, NASSCOM -Krishna kumarNatarajan
Director, BARC -Dr. Shekhar Basu
Director, DRDO - Avinash Chander
Secretary, Department of Atomic
Energy (DAE) - R K Sinha
Chief Information Commissioner(CIC) -Satyanand Mishra
Chairman, National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) -Ramesh Sippy
Chairman, ISRO - Dr. K Radhakrishnan
Chairperson, CBDT Sudha Sharma
Chairman, SEBI - U K Sinha
Chairman, NABARD -Dr. Prakash Bakshi
Chief, Intelligence Bureau Saiyad Asif Ibrahim
Director, NCERT - Prof. P Sinclair
Governor, RBI Dr. Raghuram Rajan.
MD, NSE Chitra Ramakrishna
President, ADB - Takehiko Nakao
MD, BSE Ashish Chauhan
Chariman, University Grant
Commission Ved Prakash
Chief, Indian Airforce Norman Anil Kumar Browne
CEO, IFC Jim Yong Cai
Chief, Indian Navy Devendra Kumar Joshi
MD, IMF Christine Lagarde
Director General, WHO Margarate Chan
Chairman, NABARD Prakash Bakshi
Chief, Indian Army Bikram Singh
President, World Bank Jim Yong Kim
Chairman, UPSC D. P. Agarwal
Chief, RAW Alok Joshi

People and heads

Dr. Manmohan Singh - Chairman, Planning Commission.
Ms. Meira Kumar - Speaker, Lok Sabha.
Mohammad Hamid Ansari - Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Mr. P. J. Kurien - Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Mr. Karia Munda - Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha.
Mrs. Sushma Swaraj - Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha).
Mr. Arun Jaitley - Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha).
Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia - Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission.
Mr. V. S. Sampath - Chief Election Commissioner
Mr. Harishankar Brahma - Election Commissioner.
Syed Nasim Zaidi - Election Commissioner.
Mr. Shashi Kant Sharma - Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
Mr. Justice K. G. Balakrishnan - Chairperson, National Human Right Commission (NHRC)
Mr. K. M. Chandrasekhar - Cabinet Secretary.
Mr. T. K. A. Nair - Principal Secretary to Prime Minister .
Mr. Justice M. N. Rao - Chairman, National Commission for Backward Classes.
Ms. Shanta Sinha - Chairperson, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
Dr. Buta Singh - Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Castes
Ms. Urmila Singh - Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
Prof. D. P. Agrawal - Chairman, UPSC.
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan - Chairman, National Commission on Farmers (NCF).
Mr. Shiv Shankar Menon - National Security Adviser and Special Adviser to PM (Internal Security).
Mr. S. C. Sinha - Director-General, National Investigation Agency (NIA).
Mr. Vinay Mittal - Chairman, Railway Board.

Important Committees in India

Malhotra Committee - Insurance Reforms
Janaki Raman Committee - Security Scam
Ajay Vikram Singh Committee - Faster promotions in Army
Rajinder Sachar Committee 1 - Companies and MRPT Act
Rajindar Sachar Committee 2 - Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of
India.
Jyoti Basu Committee - Report on Octroi abolition.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee - Recommendations on decentralization system
Sawant Committee - Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare
Chelliah Committee - Eradicating black money
Wanchoo Committee - Tax enquiry
Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee Agriculture
Agarwal Committee - Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections
Rangarajan Committee - Reforms in private sector
Naresh Chandra Committee - Corporate governance
Chakravarti Committee - Banking sector reforms
Rekhi Committee - Structure of indirect taxation
G.V.Ramakrishna Committee - Disinvestment in PSU shares
Kelkar Committee 1 - First committee on backward castes
P.C.Hotha Committee - Restructuring of civil services
Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee - 1st chairman National Forest Commission
Godbole Committee - Enron Power Project
J.C.Kumarappa Committee - Congress agrarian Reforms Committee
Swaminathan Committee - Population policy
Rangaraju Committee Statistics
Wardha Committee - Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines
Vohra Committee - Criminalization of politics
Kelkar Committee 2 - Direct-Indirect Taxes
Alagh Committee - Civil Service Examinations
Abid Hussain Committee - Recommendations on Small scale industries
Narasimham Committee - Banking sector reforms
Chelliah Committee - Tax reforms
Mashelkar Committee - National Auto Fuel Policy
Boothalingam Committee - Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.
Omkar Goswami Committee Industrial sickness
Yashpal Committee - Review of School Education system
Ram Nandan Prasad Committee - Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.
Kelkar Committee 3 - Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.
Saharya Committee - Tehelka tapes




Who is the author of the newly published novel NY?
(A) Kavin Maurer
(B) Martin Dugard
(C) Pete Townshend
(D) Zadie Smith
(E) None of these

Financial Inclusion Scheme has been launched by the government on the basis of recommendations of
which of the following committees?
(A) C Rangarajan
(B) KC Chankraborty
(C) Kelkar Committee
(D) MC Joshi
(E) None of these

Which of the following auto companies launched premium hatchback Sail U-VA recently?
(A) Ford India
(B) Skoda Auto
(C) General Motors India
(D) Volkswagen
(E) None of these

T Samuel, who died recently, was a veteran
(A) Guitarist
(B) Cartoonist
(C) Singer
(D) Novelist
(E) None of these

Name the writer of the book India: A Wounded Civilisation who has recently been given the lifetime
achievement award at Mumbai Lit Fest.
(A) Girish Karnad
(B) Ashoke Chatterjee
(C) VS Naipaul
(D) William Dalrymple
(E) None of these

IEX wants SAARC members to consider a SAARC based Power Market which will maximize the power
transfer among the member countries. IEX stands for
(A) Indian Electricity Exchange
(B) Indian Efficiency Exchange
(C) Indian Energy Exchange
(D) Indian Export Exchange
(E) None of these

Parthasarthy Shom Committee is associated with
(A) Subsidy on oil products
(B) GAAR
(C) 2-G Spectrum Allotment
(D) Direct Tax Code
(E) None of these

In its continuing effort to check tax evasion and proliferation of black money, India has signed a protocol
with the UK to amend the convention between the two countries. Name the existing convention.
(A) Double Taxation Avoidance Treaty (DTAT)
(B) Double Taxation Avoidance Convention (DTAC)
(C) Double Taxation Avoidance Protocol (DTAP)
(D) Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
(E) None of these

12th Plan document (2012-17) targets agriculture growth rate at
(A) 2.5% p.a.
(B) 3.0% p.a.
(C) 3.5% p.a.
(D) 4.0% p.a.
(E) None of these

Indias rank in Global Hunger Index 2012 stands at-
(A) 65th
(B) 66th
(C) 67th
(D) 68th
The campaign named One Billion Rising will be observed in India, coinciding with global observance. It
is a campaign against
(A) Violence perpetrated against woman and girls.
(B) Discrimination on caste basis.
(C) Negligence towards farmers issues.
(D) Use of genetically modified seeds.
(E) None of these
Which of the following Indian IT majors recently demerged its non-IT businesses into a separate entity to
focus on IT services?
(A) Infosys Limited
(B) Wipro Limited
(C) HCL Limited
(D) Zenith Computers (India)
(E) None of these

China has invited former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam to teach at which of the following prestigious
Universities?
(A) Renmin University of China
(B) Peking University
(C) Beihang University
(D) Beijing Institute of Technology
(E) None of these
1. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY):
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched on 25
th
December 2000.
It is a nationwide plan in India to provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages of
more than 500 persons in the rural areas (250 persons in the hilly and desert areas).
It is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
Allocations under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) increased by 59 per to Rs.12,000 crore
in the Union Budget 2009-10.
2. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY):
It was launched on 4
th
April 2005 for attaining the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) goal
of providing access to electricity to all households in the country in five years by merging Accelerated
Electrification of one lakh Villages and one crore Households and the Minimum Needs Programme
(MNP).
Under the programme, 90% grant is provided by Govt. of India and 10% as loan by Rural Electrification
Corporation (REC) to the State Governments.
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) is the nodal agency for the programme.
The scheme aims at electrification of over 1 lakh un-electrified villages and providing electricity
connections to 2.34 crore rural households. The estimated cost of the scheme is approximately Rs.
51,000 crore.
All the BPL families are eligible for free connections under the scheme.
Allocation under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) increased by 27% to Rs.7000cr in
the Union Budget 2009-10.
3. Indira Awaas Yojana(IAY):
Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was launched during 1985-86 as a sub-scheme of Rural Landless Employment
Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) and continued as a sub-scheme of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) since its
launching from April, 1989.
It has been delinked from the JRY and has been made an independent scheme with effect from January
1, 1996.
The objective of IAY is primarily to provide grant for construction of houses to members of Scheduled
Castes/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers and also to non-SC/ST rural people living below
poverty line.
Funding of IAY is shared between the Centre & State in the ratio of 75:25.
The financial assistance provided for new construction under IAY is Rs.35,000/- per unit for the plain
areas & Rs.38,500/- for the hilly/difficult areas.
Allocation under Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) increased by 63% to 8,800 cr in the Union Budget 2009-10.
4. Bharat Nirman:
Bharat Nirman, a programme to build rural infrastructure, was launched by the Government of India in
2005.
Phase I of the programme was implemented in the period 2005-06 to 2008-09. Phase II is being
implemented from 2009-10 to 2011-12.
Bharat Nirman comprises of six components:
i)Irrigation
ii)Rural Roads
iii)Rural Housing
iv)Rural Drinking Water Supply
v)Rural Electrification
vi)Telephone Connectivity.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY) for Rural Roads , Rajiv Gandhi Vidyutikaran Yojana(RGVY)
for Rural Electrification & Indira Awas Yojana(IWY) for Rural Housing come under Bharat Nirman.
Bharat Nirman programme of six schemes for the development of rural infrastructure is being stepped
up by 45% in Union Budget 2009-10.
5. Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana(PMAGY):
It is a new scheme launched in the Union Budget 2009-10 by the Union Government on a pilot basis
for integrated development 0f 1,000 villages, each having more than 50% SC population.
There are about 44,000 villages in which the population of scheduled castes is above 50 per cent.
If the pilot scheme is successful the scheme will be expanded to remaining villages.
An amount of Rs.100 crore has been allocated for this Scheme in the Union Budget 2009-10.
6. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM):
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), launched in 2006 as the central government flagship project
that would dramatically change the healthcare system in rural India.
The objective of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) is to provide accessible, affordable, accountable,
effective and reliable health care, especially to the poor and the vulnerable sections of the population in
rural areas.
The NRHM covers the entire country, with special focus on 18 States where the challenge of
strengthening poor public health systems and thereby improving key health indicators is the greatest.
Allocation under National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) increased by Rs.2,057 crore amounting
to 14,064 crore in the Union Budget 2009-10.
7. Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA):
One of the key components of the National Rural Health Mission is to provide every village in the
country with a trained female community health activist ASHA or Accredited Social Health Activist
for every village with a population of 1000.
ASHA will take steps to create awareness and she will counsel women on birth preparedness,
importance of safe delivery, breastfeeding and complementary feeding, immunization, contraception
and prevention of common infections including Reproductive Tract infection/Sexually Transmitted
Infection (RTIs/STIs) and care of the young child.
The ASHA will be trained to work as an interface between the community and the public health system.
ASHA must primarily be a woman resident of the village married/ widowed/ divorced, preferably in
the age group of 25 to 45 years.
8. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(NREGA):
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or NREGA is an Indian job guarantee scheme, enacted
by legislation on August 25, 2005.
This act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily
semi or un-skilled work to people living in rural India, whether or not they are below the poverty line.
The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to
adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the
statutory minimum wage of Rs.100 per day.
The NREGA achieves twin objectives of rural development and employment.
Around one-third of the stipulated work force must be women.
The scheme started from February 2, 2006 in 200 districts, was expanded to cover another 130 districts
in 2007-2008 and eventually covered all 593 districts in India in 2008.
It has been renamed as Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act on 2nd October, 2009.
Allocation under NREGS increased by 144% to 39,100 cr in the Union Budget 2009-10.
9. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(SSA):
The scheme of SSA was launched in 2001.
It is a flagship programme of the Government of India pioneered by Atal Bihari Vajpayee for
achievement of universalization of elementary education in a time bound manner.
The Abhiyan is to provide useful and relevant elementary education for children in the 6-14 age group
by 2010.
The assistance under the programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was on a 85:15 sharing arrangement
during the Ninth Plan, 75:25 sharing arrangement during the Tenth Plan, and 50:50 sharing thereafter
between the Central Government and the State Government except for 8 NE states.
The programme covers the entire country with special focus on educational needs of girls, SCs/STs and
other children in difficult circumstances.
The programme seeks to open new schools in those places which do not have schooling facilities and
strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking
water, maintenance grant and school improvement grant.
10. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan(RMSA):
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) which is the most recent initiative of Government of
India to achieve the goal of universalisation of secondary education (USE) - classes VIII to X.
The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan program set up by the government to bring elementary education to
millions of children has been successful to a large extent, and has thus created a need for
strengthening secondary education infrastructure across the country.
In Jan 2009 CCEA (Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs) approved the implementation.
It is announced in 2007 and it is proposed to implement during 11
th
Five Year plan
Rs.20,120 crore has been allocated for the Scheme during the 11th Five Year Plan.

Bharat Nirman is an Indian business plan for creating and augmenting basic rural infrastructure.
[1]
It
comprises projects on irrigation, roads (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), housing (Indira Awaas
Yojana), water supply (National Rural Drinking Water Programme), electrification (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana) and telecommunication connectivity.


1. Local supply of coal is not available to: [1996]
(a) TISCO, Jamshedpur
(b) VSL, Bhadravati
(c) HSL, Durgappur
(d) HSL, Bhilai
2. The number of industries for which industrial licensing is required has now been reduced to: [1997]
(a) 15 (b) 6
(c) 35 (d) 20
3. Scheme of (i) Urban Micro-Enterprises, (ii) Urban Wage Employment and (iii) Housing and Shelter
Upgradation are parts of: [1997]
(a) Integrated Rural Development Programme
(b) Nehru Rojgar Yojana
(c) Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
(d) Prime Minister's Rojgar Yojana
4. The contribution of India's small scale sector to the gross turnover in the manufacturing sector since
1992 has been of the order of: [1997]
(a) 40% (b) 34%
(c) 30% (d) 45%
5. Which of the following places are known for paper manufacturing industry ? [1997]
1. Yamunanagar 2. Guwahati
3. Shahabad 4. Ballarpur
Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1,2 and 3 (b) 1,2 and 4
(c) 1,3 and 4 (d) 2,3 and 4
6. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer: [1997]
List I (Hazardous industries is using leading to the Filing of a public interest petition in the Supreme
Court)
A. Glass Industry
B. Brassware Industry
C. Slate Industry
D. Handmade Carpet Industry
List II (Located at)
1. Moradabad
2. Marakpur
3. Ferozabad
4. Mirzapur
Codes:
(a) A-3; B-1; C-2; D-4
(b) A-1; B-3; C-4; D-2
(c) A-3; B-1; C-4; D-2
(d) A-1; B-3; C-2; D-4
7. Some time back, the Government of India, decided to delicense 'white goods' industry. 'White goods'
include: [1998]
(a) stainless steel and aluminium utensils
(b) milk and milk products
(c) items purchased for conspicuous consumption
(d) soaps, detergents and other mass consumption goods
9. Consider the following statements: [1999]
Small-scale industries are, in most cases, not as efficient and competitive as the large-scale ones. Yet the
Government provides preferential treatment and reservations in a range of products to the small firms
because small-scale industries:
1. provide higher employment on a per unit capital deployment basis
2. promote a regional dispersion of industries and economical activities
3. have performed better in export of manufactured products than the large scale ones
4. provide jobs to low-skill workers, who otherwise may not find employment avenues elsewhere
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
10. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given the lists: [1999]
List I (Industries)
A. Pearl fishing
B. Automobiles
C. Shipbuilding
D. Engineering goods
List II (Industrial Centres)
1. Pune
2. Tuticorin
3. Pinjore
4. Marmagao
Codes:
(a) A-2; B-1;C-4; D-3
(b) A-2; B-1;C-3; D-4
(c) A-1; B-2;C-4; D-3
(d) A-1; B-2: C-3; D-4
11. Consider the following statements: [1999]
Industrial development in India, to an extent, is constrained by:
1. lack of adequate entrepreneurship and leadership in business
2. lack of savings to invest
3. lack of technology, skills and infrastructure
4. limited purchasing power among the larger masses
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1,2 and 3 (b) 1,3 and 4
(c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 1,2 and 4
12. Tourism industry in India is quite small compared to many other countries in terms of India's
potential size. Which one of the following statements is correct in this regard? [1999]
(a) Distances in India are too far apart is luxury hotels are too expensive for western tourists
(b) For most of months India is too hot for western tourists to feel comfortable
(c) Most of the picture square resorts in India such as in the North East and Kashmir are, for all practical
purposes, out of bounds
(d) In India, the infrastructure required for attracting tourists is inadequate
13. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: [1999]
List I (Industrial Unit)
A. Atlas Cycle Company Ltd.
B. Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.
C. Indian Fanners Fertilizers Co-operative Ltd.
D. National Aluminium Company Ltd.
List II (Centre)
1. Bangalore
2. Bhubaneswar
3. Kalol
4. Sonepat
Codes:
(a) A-1; B - 4; C-2; D-3
(b) A - 1; B - 4; C-3, D-2
(c) A -4; B - 1; C -2; D - 3
(d) A - 4; B -1; C-3, D-2
14. Assertion (A): Information technology is fast becoming a very important field of activity in India.
Reason (R) : Software is one of the major exports of the country and India has a very strong base in
hardware. [1999]
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
15. Consider the following factors regarding an industry [2001]
Capital investment Business turnover Labour force Power consumption Which of these determine the
nature and size of the industry?
(a) 1,3 and 4 (b) 1,2 and 4
(c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 2 and 3
16. Assertion (A): India's software exports increased at an average growth rate of 50% since 1995-96.
Reason (R): Indian software companies were cost-effective and maintained international quality. [2001]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
17. Consider the following states: [2001]
1. Gujarat 2. Karnataka
3. Maharashtra 4. Tamil Nadu
The descending order of these states with reference to their level of Per Capita Net State Domestic
Product is:
(a) 1,3,4,2 (b) 3,1,2,4
(c) 1,3,2,4 (d) 3,1,4,2
18. With reference to the Public Sector Undertakings in India, consider the following statements: [2002]
1. Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India Limited is the largest non-oil importer of the
country
2. Project and Equipment Corporation of India Limited is under the Ministry of Industry
3. One of the objectives of Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited is to enforce quality
control and compulsory pre-shipment inspection of various exportable commodities
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
19. HINDALCO, an aluminium factory located at Renukut owes its site basically to: [2002]
(a) proximity of raw materials
(b) abundant supply of power
(c) efficient transport network
(d) proximity to the market
20. Which one of the following committees recommended the abolition of reservation of items for the
small scale sector in industry? [2003]
(a) Abid Hussian Committee
(b) Narasimham Committee
(c) Nayak Committee
(d) Rakesh Mohan Committee
21. With reference to India, which one of the following statements is NOT correct? [2003]
(a) IPCL is India's largest petrochemical company
(b) RIL is the largest private sector company in India
(c) MTNL is listed on NYSE
(d) BSNL is the first telecom service organization in India to launch a nationwide cellular service at one
time
22. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? [2003]
(a) India is the second largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the world
(b) India is the ninth largest steel producing country in the world
(c) India is the second largest producer of silk in the world
(d) India ranks third in the world in coal production
23. During the year 2000-01 which one of the following Industries the recorded the highest growth rate
in India? [2003]
(a) Cement (b) Coal
(c) Electricity (d) Steel
24. Which one of the following statements is correct? [2003]
(a) Alliance Air is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Indian Airlines
(b) The Airports Authority of India manages seven of the country's international airports
(c) The Airports Authority of India is the regulatory organisation for enforcing civil air regulations in India
(d) It is the function of Directorate General of Civil Aviation to plan and construct runways and terminal
buildings and to provide air safety services
25. Which one of the following statements is not correct? [2005]
(a) Rourkela Steel Plant, the first integrated steel plant in the Public Sector of India was set up with the
Soviet Union collaboration.
(b) Salem Steel Plant is a premier producer of stainless steel in India.
(c) Maharashtra Elektrosmelt Ltd. is a subsidiary of the Steel Authority of India Ltd.
(d) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is a unit of the Rashtriya IspatNigam Ltd.
26. Which one of the following is not a feature of Limited Liability Partnership firm? [2010]
(a) Partners should be less than 20
(b) Partnership and management need not be separate
(c) Internal governance may be decided by mutual agreement among partners
(d) It is corporate body with perpetual succession
Answers:
1. (b) VSL Bhadravati is the only iron and state plant situated outside the coal producing area. The plant
switched over to electric furnaces after the completion of Mahatma Gandhi Hydel Power Stations.
2. (b) Those are distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks, Cigar cigarette, hazardous chemicals, drugs
and pharmaceuticals, industrial explosives, and electric, aerospace and all defence equipments.
3. (b) The Nehru Rozgar Yojana( 1989) has been designed to provide employment to the urban
unemployed and under-employed poor.
4. (a) It is approximately 40% in the manufacturing sector and 34% in the exports.
5. (b) Yamuna Nagar, Guwahati and Ballarpur industry is famous for paper manufacturing industry.
Yamuna Nagar is present in Haryana, Guwahati is present in Assam and Ballarpur is in Maharashtra.
6. (a) Hazardous industries Location
A. Glass Industry - Firozabad
B. Brassware Industry - Moradabad
C. Slate Industry - Marakpur
D. Handmade carpet - Mirzapur Industry
All these industries is tilling of a public interest petition in the Supreme Court due to using child labour.
7. (c) White goods are heavy consumer durables such as air conditioners, refrigerators, stoves, etc.,
which used to be painted only in white enamel finish. Despite their availability in varied colors now, they
are still called white goods.
9. (c) SSI contribution to Indian exports is 35% and in the total manufacturing turnover contribute
approximately 40%.
10. (a) Industries Industrial Centres
A. Pearl fishing - Tuticorin
B. Automobile industry - Pune
C. Ship building - Marmagao
D. Engineering goods - Pinjore
11. (c)
12. (d)
13. (d) Atlas cycle company is situated in Sonepat of Haryana. Bharat Earth Movers Limited is situated in
Banglore of Karnataka State, Indian Farmers Fertilizers Co-operative Ltd is present in Kalol of Gujarat and
National Aluminium Company Limited is located in Bhubaneswar.
14. (c) India does not have a strong base in hardware.
15. (a)
16. (a)
17. (b)
18. (a) Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation Limited (MMTC) is one of the two highest foreign
exchange earner for India. It is a leading international trading company with a turnover of over US$ 3
billion. It is the largest international trading company of India and the first Public Sector Enterprise to be
accorded the status of FIVE STAR EXPORT HOUSE by Govt. Of India for long standing contribution to
exports. MMTC is the largest non-oil importer in India.
19. (b) HINDALCO, an aluminium factory located at Renukut owes its site basically to the abundant
supply of power from National Thermal Power Station Rihand.
20. (a) Abid Hussain Committee (1997) recommended total dereservation and replacing policy of
reservation with a policy of promotion and strengthening of these units.
21. 4a) ONGC is India's largest petrochemical company. IPCL is the second largest petrochemical
company.
22. (a) India is the 3rd largest producer of and exporter of nitrogenous fertilizer. India has taken 9th rank
in the production of steel in the world. The coal production India ranks 3rd after China and U.S.A and
India are the 2nd only to China in silk production.
23. (d) The steel industry records highest growth rate of 7%, electricity growth rate is 4%, coal industry
growth is 3.3%.
24. (a) Alliance Air was formed on 1 April 1996 and it was completely owned by Indian Airline.
25. (a) Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) is the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, was set
up with German collaboration with an installed capacity of 1 million tonnes.
26. (a) A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on
the jurisdiction) have limited liability. LLP shall be a body corporate and a legal entity separate from its
partners. It will have perpetual succession. Indian Partnership Act, 1932 shall not be applicable to LLPs
and there shall not be any upper limit on the number of partners in an LLP unlike an ordinary
partnership firm where the maximum number of partners can not exceed 20, LLP Act makes a
mandatory statement where one of the partners to the LLP should be an Indian.

The Centre has set up a 13-member special task force to look at safety issues of women in the city and
review the functioning of the Delhi Police on a regular basis. The special task force is headed by
1) Ashish Bahaguna 2) R K Singh 3) Pulok Chatterji 4) Omita Paul 5) KM Chandrasekhar
Who has been presented Pt Hridaynath Lifetime Achievement Award' 2013?
1)Lata Mangeshkar 2)Asha Bhosle 3)Amitabh Bachchan 4)Dilip Kumar
Which state has announced to provide e-notepads for the students studying in fifth and ninth standard
from the first week of June 2013?
Goa Kerala Karnataka Gujarat
Which of the following state government has announced to launch Kanyadan scheme under which an
incentive of Rs 11,000 will be given to brides during mass marriage ceremony organised by Red Cross
Societies or any
registered NGO?
1) Uttar Pradesh 2) Punjab 3) Bihar 4) Haryana
The termination of an insurance policy due to non-payment of premium is technically called
1) Lapse 2) Death 3) Forfeiture 4) Seize
Who is present Director General of World Trade Organization?
1)Mike Moore 2)Supachai Panitchpakdi 3)Pascal Lamy 4)Renato Ruggiero
Who is present Chairman of Nasscom?
1)N Chandrasekaran 2)Krishnakumar Natarajan 3)Pramod Bhasin 4)Harsh Manglik
Who is newly elected President of Kenya?
1)Raila Odinga 2)Jomo Kenyatta 3)Mwai Kibaki 4)Uhuru Kenyatta
Who has been elected unanimously as the chairman of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on
Population and Development (AFPPD) in Bangkok?
1)P.J. Kurien 2)Yasuo Fukuda 3)Najma Heptulla 4)Abhisit Vejjajiva
Which state government has decided to exempt the tickets of two IPL season-6 matches from
entertainment tax?
Gujarat Haryana Chhattisgarh West Bengal
Which among the following American country has not legalized gay marriage?
Uruguay Canada Argentina Brazil
Which among the following volcanoes is only active volcano of India?
1)Baratang Island 2)Barren Island 3)Narcondam 4)Deccan Traps
Saxo Bank has recently announced its entry into the Indian market. Saxo Bank is based in
Italy Denmark France Russia.s





INTERPOL

INTERPOL is the worlds largest international police organisation, with 190
member countries. Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police co-operation,
and supports and assists all organisations, authorities and services whose mission
is to prevent or combat international crime.

INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where
diplomatic relations do not exist between particular countries. Action is taken
within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. INTERPOLs constitution prohibits any
intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.

INTERPOLs Leadership

The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in providing strong
leadership and direction to the Organization.

INTERPOLs Structure

As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The International
Criminal Police Organization INTERPOL) comprises the following:
o General Assembly
o Executive Committee
o General Secretariat
o National Central Bureaus
o Advisers
The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organizations Governance.

General Assembly INTERPOLs supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates
appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy,
resources, working methods, finances, activities and programmes.

Executive Committee this 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly, and comprises
the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.

General Secretariat located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days
a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in
any of the organizations four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has
six regional offices; in Argentina, Cte dIvoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, and a liaison
office at the United Nations in New York.

National Central Bureaus (NCB) Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau
staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.






India, China
& Different Faces of Labour
The two populous countries are the worlds biggest talent factory. But their workforces are very
different demographically & attitudinally
:: Malini Goyal


On virtually every count, China and India belong to two very different worlds.
China is a communist country. India is the worlds largest democracy. At $8 trillion, China is the worlds
second-largest economy (nominal GDP) and an economic giant. India, at close to $1.9 trillion, is much
lower occupying the 10th slot. China is the worlds largest factory and the biggest exporter at $2 trillion.
India is a relative minnow at $300 billion.
However, there is one count on which the two countries are very close and comparable their
people. India and China are the worlds two most populous nations with 1.2 billion and 1.35 billion
people, respectively. At 438 million and 761 million labour force (people in the 15-64 years age bracket)
respectively, India and China are also the worlds two biggest suppliers of talent for companies of all
hues.
But dig deeper, the dichotomy between the two workforces is stark. The only thing similar about
India and China is their population number, says Clint Laurent, MD, Global Demographics. At virtually
every level demographically, economically, culturally, attitudinally and behaviourally the two
workforces are and behave very differently.
Sharp Differences
Chinas workforce is older and better utilised with a substantially higher percentage of its population
working. What is striking is its women workers China leads the world with 71% of its women working.
Indias workforce is relatively younger and under-utilised. It fairs poorly in getting its women to join the
workforce with just 39% of its women working.
Chinese workforce is operating at full capacity. Its working age population is declining. In India it is
growing, says Laurent. Consider this almost half of the Indian workforce in 2032 will have entered
the job market after today. In comparison, China is ageing rapidly today half its population is over 40
years.
The economic trajectories of the two nations also impact the way their workforce is employed. India
started its economic reforms much later than China; it lags behind in urbanisation and still has half its
workforce deployed in the less productive agri sector. China does a lot better. It has been able to
migrate millions of its farm hands into more productive manufacturing and services sectors and hence
has just 33% of its workforce in agriculture.
Services sector dominates the Indian economy contributing 65% to GDP but clearly it isnt creating as
many jobs and absorbs just 27% of its workforce. It is a different story in China. Services there contribute
44.6% to its GDP but are able to absorb 38% of the workforce.
These hard macro numbers reveal the picture only partly. Talk to executives in the two markets and
you realise that the workers in the two countries are also wired very differently behaviourally and
attitudinally. We outline five important ways in which the two workforces are different: Optimism: Two
Faces
What happens when an economy grows at an average of 10% for more than three decades? You have
an entire generation of workers which has only seen good times and does not know what a downturn is
or what layoffs are.
China has been on a growth marathon for the last three decades. Over the past two decades, Chinese
economy has grown about 20 times from $409 billion in 1991 to $8 trillion in 2012. India in contrast
has grown rather slowly from under $250-billion economy in 1991 to now almost nudging $2 trillion
mark. During the period Chinese GDP grew at an average of 10%. In contrast Indian economy barely
averaged a 7% growth with at least three waves of economic slowdown that triggered layoffs and job
market squeeze.
This plays out in the way the two workforces behave. Pratik Kumar, executive V-P of Wipro, has
experienced it firsthand. The Wipro group employs over 2,000 people in China across businesses. It is
as if an entire generation in China is waking up from their slumber and wants to make the most of it, he
says. So people are willing to change for even marginally more lucrative jobs. Loyalty and careerbuilding
are alien words. What you saw in India in the early days of IT boom is quite common in virtually every
sector in China, even today. In contrast, in India there is a slight sobering impact because of so many
waves of growth and slowdowns, he says.
Prakash Menon, president, NIIT China, who has been in the country for close to two decades, offers
another perspective. China has a highly incentivised *monetary+ work culture to push productivity.
Money is worship. That is one of the biggest tools that companies use to push productivity, he says. In
every job negotiation, the most important thing is the money on the table.
Expat CEOs in China
This is the view from the top but it nevertheless reveals an interesting difference between India and
China. Egon Zehnder International, a leading global search firm for senior management, conducted a top
executive talent study for which they analysed corporate executives by country of origin. Of the top
1,000 executives in China, just 44% were of Chinese origin. In India, the picture is very different 92%
of the top 1,000 executives in India are ethnic Indians.
It is rare for MNCs in China to be headed by a Chinese CEO. Almost always, the top management is
skewed towards expats. There are two important reasons for this. Until the 1980s, China had no
corporate tradition and hence executives groomed in the corporate culture were almost absent.
Two, with Mandarin being the dominant language, communication in China is a big problem. So you
find ranks of senior expat executives in MNCs in China [who can relate to the headquarters]
supplemented by a large number of local people who have talent and know English to manage
operations, says Hong Kong-based Bill Henderson, a senior partner at Egon Zehnder International.
There is another reason that few executives will admit on record: MNCs in China worry about
copyright and patent issues. This has some influence on how they staff their operations there.
But now, as overseas Chinese with better communication skills and global exposure return home
seeking jobs, this dominance of expats in top management could well reduce.
This is in sharp contrast to India as the Egon Zehnder study revealed. Most MNCs in India are headed
by ethnic Indians. In fact, some sectors and MNCs like Ford Motors in the automobile sector which
have traditionally had expat CEOs in India are now replacing them with their Indian counterparts.
Indian executives are extremely qualified and sought after not just in India but even overseas in places
like Singapore and Hong Kong. They have good communication skills and global exposure. This isnt the
same with the Chinese in mainland China, says Henderson.
Different DNA
Shanghai-based Clas Neumann, head of SAP Labs Network, spent 15 years in India before moving to
China this year. And he has an interesting observation to share. In India, you find a highly skilled, well-
educated workforce with good communication skills. Indians often use trial-and-error methods very
well and have a unique approach to finding solutions. This is something you will not find anywhere in
the world. Perhaps to survive in India you need to be flexible and find solutions like this, says Neumann.
In contrast, Chinese are more methodical and process-driven.
SAP uses its understanding of the two workforces to allocate work to the two countries. When its a
process-driven work, large or complex, China is the place to go. From setting up mega laptop factories
to scaling up production, nowhere in the world can you get that kind of scale that efficiently as in
China, says Neumann. India is good with innovation, creating new blueprints or ideating from scratch.
There is another way the two workforces are different. Kumar of Wipro says when they do allhands
meetings kind of town hall meetings with their senior management, the experience in India and
China is very different. In India we typically end up spending 1.5 hours answering questions. Colleagues
in India are pleasantly irreverent, he says. It is different in China. After the initial 10-15 minutes talk, it
is a struggle to keep things going. Nobody will ask questions, adds Kumar. This plays out in social
settings as well where only senior guys will do the talking and others are expected to just listen and
nod.
Arun Das Mahaptra, partner-incharge at Heidrick & Struggles has experienced something similar at
the executive search firms global offsites. If 10 questions are asked at our global offsites, you will find
five and intelligent ones asked by the Indians but none by the Chinese. And I am talking about
really senior-level colleagues, he says. Indian executives are a lot more individualistic and are proud
and eager to stand out, he says.
In contrast, Chinese executives are very hierarchical and command-driven where following the boss
verbatim and not questioning him is the norm. Standing out isnt something they want to do. This
also means the Chinese workforce is lot more focussed. They are far more disciplined, work with little
distraction and do not like it when somebody points out that they have done a shoddy job, says Kumar.
Neumann of SAP Labs agrees. He says typically when they say work is done in China it means it is 100%
done. But in India it often means just 95%.
Women Power
The women factor is perhaps one of the most significant ways in which the Indian and Chinese
workforces are different. A global study on Women in Senior Management released by global
consultancy firm Grant Thornton in 2013 reveals some interesting trends. China leads the world 51%
of the senior management in China is women. India is at the bottom of the heap with women
constituting just 19%.
And this isnt just at the top. China also leads the world in having 71% of its working-age women
deployed in the workforce. India fares poorly at just 39%. It is a common thing for the couple to work,
says Beijing-based Xin Guo, president and CEO of Career International, a recruitment services firm. In his
company of 1,000 staff, over 60% are women.
In a country where educated women are dropping out of the job market with alarming numbers and
where gender equality still sounds remote, it is important to ask how did China manage this. It started
with Mao Zedong *the founding father of the Peoples Republic of China+ who said women hold half the
sky, says Menon of NIIT. Chinese society considers women equal to men. From truck drivers to working
with machines in factories, in China it is presumed that there isnt any job that a man can do which a
woman cannot. In fact women in China are more aggressive than men. And often in sales jobs, many
companies prefer women, says Menon.
So how do working women in China balance their child-rearing duties alongside their career,
something that women globally have struggled? It starts with the social psyche. In China it is a given that
a woman must work. In a small way, the Chinese one-child policy too helps. You have four
grandparents hovering around one baby. They are fighting to take care of the baby, says Guo.
Menon of NIIT has seen it firsthand. All his women colleagues, with children, drop their kids at their
parents in the morning and pick them up in the evening. In fact some have also opted for just the
weekend pick-up.
Hukou vs Free Movement
In India workers can seek out jobs where ever they like without any kind of regulatory restrictions. While
language, culture and job openings may constrain their movements and at times fringe political parties
may raise a bogey against migrant workers, employees in India at all levels of the socio-economic
strata can move freely from city to city, seeking employment opportunities.
This isnt the case in China. The system of hukou, or urban work permit, restricts the workers
movement. There are only two ways a Chinese can shift cities either when he gets an admission to a
university or a job offer, says Menon.
Over the years, the rigour in implementing the hukou system has been relaxed and the Chinese
government is working towards making it more liberal. But Chinese migrant workers with no work
permits face challenges in big cities. Getting their children into school by paying hefty donation is just
one of them. As a result manyChinese workers prefer to leave behind their children in their villages with
the grandparents to seek work in the cities.
What is interesting about this is that while the Chinese labour market is geographically restricted, it is
fairly free for companies. They do not face any problem getting work permits from the city governments
to recruit or transfer their employees from one city to another.
This has its implications. Economic development and migration in China is strongly directed by the
government. Most industries so far have been located on the eastern coastal belt. This means a lot of
workers especially from central and western China have migrated eastwards for jobs. Every year,
sometime in January-February
[during the Spring Festival] some 200-million-odd migrant workers go on a holiday to their village to
meet their families. It is the largest such movement in the world, says NIITs Menon.
With such a government-directed movement, migration of labour in China is fairly concentrated. But
this also means they are both better and worse off. Their employers typically are in charge of offering
them everything, from food to lodging a kind of home away from home. But it also makes the
migrant workers that much more dependent on their employers.
In contrast, in India, the development and migration is free, and more dispersed. Worse, a large
percentage of them is employed as casual workers with little access to most statutory benefits and is
largely left on their own to take care of themselves.












Chinas workforce is operating at full capacity. India has lot of scope to improve
Clint Laurent
MD, Global Demographics


Indians are flexible and individualistic. Chinese work in team and are process driven
Clas Neumann,
Head, SAP Labs Network


Unlike India, women are considered equal to men in China and most of them work
Prakash Menon,
President , NIIT China