Professional Grammar Course For IELTS

Professional Grammar Course MEAS SELECTION SERIES
Parts of Speech Common Nouns Name ________________________

Definition: A common noun is an idea, person, place, or thin! It can "e acted upon and is capitali#ed onl$ at
the start of a sentence! A common noun can "e a sinle %ord, a roup of %ords, or a h$phenated %ord!
E&amples' It ta(es self-control idea
for a teenager person
to dri)e to school place
in a sports car thin
Practice
Sort the follo%in common nouns as an idea, person, place, or thin in the correct columns'
mountain, friendship, teacher, neih"orhood, food, self*imae, freedom, to$, fire*fihter, cousin, roc(, countr$,
lamp stand, foot"all stadium, police officer, self*confidence, randfather cloc(, famil$ room, "rother*in*la%,
%orld peace
IDEA PERSON PLACE THING
+++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose four sentences, usin a common noun from each cateor$! ,se none of the common nouns listed on
this %or(sheet! -e as specific as possi"le!
idea ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
person ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
place +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
thin +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 00
Parts of Speech Proper Nouns Name ________________________
Definition: A proper noun is the name of a person, place, or thin! It can "e acted upon and is capitali#ed! A
proper noun ma$ "e a sinle %ord, a roup of %ords 1%ith or %ithout a""re)iations2, or a h$phenated %ord!
E&amples' Josh %as honored person
at U.S. Memorial Auditorium place
%ith the Smith-Lee Award! thin
!ritin" Hints
Capitali#e all %ords that ma(e up proper nouns, e&cept articles 1a, an, and the2, prepositions, such as of, to, and
from, and con3unctions, such as and, or, and but!
Practice
Circe the proper nouns in the foo#in" stor$% &a'e sure to circe a #or(s )eon"in" to each proper
noun%
4ohn 5rancis left his home in -eatrice, Ne"ras(a in 6786, shortl$ "efore the start of .orld .ar II!
Tra)elin first "$ "us to Chicao, he then "oarded the Southwestern Chief to ride to Los Aneles! At Grand
Central Station, 4ohn met his sister, 4ane, and immediatel$ "ean loo(in for part*time %or( and an apartment!
9e found emplo$ment at -li& 9ard%are on .estern A)enue and a room to rent in near"$ South 9oll$%ood!
.hen %ar %as declared, 4ohn enlisted in the arm$ and %as stationed at 5ort Ord! 9e pla$ed trumpet in
the Arm$ -and and %as promoted to the ran( of Staff Sereant! The ,nited States %as fortunate to ha)e so
man$ $oun men, li(e 4ohn, ser)in their countr$!
After the %ar in 678:, 4ohn enrolled in the ,ni)ersit$ of Southern California, pa$in his tuition %ith
mone$ from the G!I! -ill! Graduatin Cum Laude %ith derees in -usiness and Social Science, he continued to
pla$ trumpet in clu"s all o)er Southern California! ,pon marr$in 4anice 4ones, he too( a 3o" at California
5ederal Sa)ins and Loan and %as promoted to Senior ;ice*President! 9e and his %ife raised t%o children,
%ho "oth raduated from the ,ni)ersit$ of California at Los Aneles! 4ohn retired in 67<= to tra)el and pla$ his
trumpet!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith person, place, and thin proper nouns!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 0>
Parts of Speech Pronouns Name ________________________
Definition: A pronoun is a %ord used in place of a proper noun or common noun!
E&amples' 9ello! This is she!
Is it her "as(et?
!ritin" Hints
Pronouns are used in the first person, second person, or third person point of )ie%! The first person pronoun
stands for the one spea(in@ the second person pronoun stands for the one spo(en to, and the third person
pronoun stands for the one spo(en a"out! A)oid first and second person pronouns in essa$s desined to inform
or con)ince $our reader!
The follo%in chart sho%s ho% pronouns are rammaticall$ orani#ed'
Num)er*
Point of +ie#
Su),ect O),ect Possessi-e
1"efore a noun2
Possessi-e
1%ith no noun2
Refe.i-e an(
Intensi-e
SING/LAR
5irst Person
Second Person
Third Person
I
$ou
he, she, it
me
$ou
him, her, it
m$
$our
his, her, its
mine
$ours
his, hers
m$self
$ourself
himself,
herself, itself
PL/RAL
5irst Person
Second Person
Third Person
%e
$ou
the$
us
$ou
them
our
$our
their
ours
$ours
theirs
oursel)es
$oursel)es
themsel)es
Practice: Circe the pronouns in the foo#in" spoo'$ stor$%
I %o(e up in the middle of the niht to find $ou standin "$ m$ "ed, shinin $our flashliht! It shone
do%n on me, illuminatin faces full of fear, "oth mine and $ours! .e clearl$ heard their )oices do%nstairs!
The$ had come for us and %hat %as rihtfull$ ours!
4ohn, himself, had seen them $esterda$, do%n "$ the ri)er! She %as creepin alon %ith him, %earin
that "lac( hat of hers to hide her strin$, lon hair, %hile he hid his hideous face %ith a scarf! 4ohn sa% a
campsite of theirs, its campfire still smolderin! Suddenl$A
Appication
5inish the rest of this spoo($ stor$, usin as man$ pronouns as possi"le!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Parts of Speech A(,ecti-es Name ________________________
Definition' An a(,ecti-e descri"es a proper noun, a common noun, or a pronoun %ith how many, which one, or
what kind!
E&amples' The fie teammates 9o% Man$?
too( that "us .hich One?
to the old arena across to%n! .hat Bind?
!ritin" Hints
Ad3ecti)es usuall$ are placed "efore nouns and pronouns! ConDt use descripti)e ad3ecti)es instead of %ell*
chosen nouns and )er"s! Especiall$ a)oid usin ad3ecti)es that do not add meanin to a sentence! 5or e&ample,
ad3ecti)es such as interesting, beautiful, nice, and e!citing do not help $our reader understand the nouns or
pronouns an$ "etter! -e specific as possi"le %ith $our ad3ecti)es! The sympathetic man is "etter than the nice
man!
Practice
Sort the foo#in" italicized a(,ecti-es into the correct coumns:
twenty-story "uildin, most sports, "uicier ham"urers, these ames, that "riht color, a do#en flo%ers, the
muddy Missouri Ri)er, few announcements, this idea, those desserts, nael orane, thousands of islands, spicy
pi##a, certain roups, loud rap music
Ho# &an$0 !hich One0 !hat 1in(0
++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose three sentences, usin an ad3ecti)e from each cateor$! ,se none of the ad3ecti)es listed on this
%or(sheet! -e as specific as possi"le!
9o% Man$? +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.hich One? +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.hat Bind? +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 0:
Parts of Speech +er)s Name ________________________
Definition: A -er) sho%s a ph$sical or mental action or it descri"es a state of "ein!
E&amples' She works lon hours, ph$sical action
"ut knows that mental action
there is more to life than %or(! state of "ein
Lin(in )er"s connect a su"3ect %ith a noun 19e looks li(e the man$, pronoun 1She is the one2, or predicate
ad3ecti)e 1The$ are nice2! Those that sho% either ph$sical or mental actions include the follo%in' appear%
become, feel, grow% keep% look, remain% seem% smell, sound, seem% stay% and taste! Other lin(in )er"s that
descri"e a state of "ein include the Eto "eF )er"s' is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been!
9elpin )er"s help a )er" and are placed in front of the )er" &' had heard it$! 9elpin )er"s include the Eto "eF
)er"s, the Eto doF )er"s' do% does% did% the Eto ha)eF )er"s' has, hae, had, as %ell as can, could, may, might,
must, shall, should, will, and would!
!ritin" Hints
The four )er" forms are the base form, the present participle, the past, and the past participle! Reular )er"s
form a present participle "$ placin a Eto "eF helpin )er" "efore the "ase form, then addin on an (ing endin
for the present participle! Reular )er"s form a past participle "$ placin a Eto ha)eF helpin )er" "efore the
"ase form, then addin on a ++d, ++ed, or ((en endin! The past tense simpl$ adds on a ++d or ++ed endin to
the "ase form!
2ASE
PRESENT
PARTICIPLE PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
help1s2 helpin helped helped
%ant1s2 %antin %anted %anted
An irreular )er" does not form its past and past participle "$ addin on a ++d, ++ed% or ((en endin! Instead,
"oth the past and past participle chane the "ase form )o%el andGor consonant spellins or else the$ use the
"ase form! The appendi& lists the irreular )er" forms!
Practice
Match the four )er" forms to the e&amples "$ placin the capital letters in the spaces pro)ided!
A! "ase +++ need +++ %as needin +++needed +++ had helped
-! present participle
A! past +++ had eaten +++ %atches +++am loo(in +++ touched
C! past participle
+++ lo)ed +++ %ere tal(in +++had as(ed +++ "elie)e
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith at least t%o )er" forms!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 0H
Parts of Speech A(-er)s Name ________________________
Directions: An adverb descri"es a )er", an ad3ecti)e, or an ad)er" %ith how, when, where, or what degree! The
ad)er" ma$ "e found "efore or after the %ord that it descri"es!
E&amples' Tre$ %al(ed slowly 9o%?
"ecause he had arri)ed early .hen?
to the place where .here?
he (ne% ery %ell his entire future could "e decided! .hat Ceree?
!ritin" Hints
As a matter of ood %ritin st$le, place shorter ad)er"ial phrases in front of loner ones!
E&ample' The famil$ %al(s around the block after eery )hanksgiing *inner!
E&planation' The shorter ad)er"ial phrase around the block is properl$ placed "efore the loner after
eery )hanksgiing *inner!
As a matter of ood %ritin st$le, place specific ad)er"s "efore eneral ones!
E&ample' It should "e e!actly where I descri"ed, ne!t to the des(, or somewhere oer there!
E&planation' The more specific ad)er"s e!actly where and ne!t are properl$ placed "efore the more
eneral somewhere oer there!
Often ad)er"s ha)e an ly suffi&, "ut not al%a$s! A)oid o)erusin the ad)er", ery@ it usuall$ does not add much
meanin to a sentence!
Practice
Sort the ad)er"s listed "elo% into these cateories'
Ho# !hen !here !hat De"ree
+++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++
often, e)er$%here, slo%l$, one oDcloc(, mostl$, carefull$, near"$, later, here, less, easil$, mainl$
Appication
Compose four sentences, usin an ad)er" from each cateor$! ,se none of the ad)er"s listed on this %or(sheet!
9o% +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.hen ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.here ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.hat Ceree ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 0I
Parts of Speech Prepositions Name ________________________
Definition: A preposition is a %ord that sho%s some relationship or position "et%een a common noun, a
proper noun, or a pronoun and its o"3ect! The preposition is al%a$s part of a phrase and comes "efore its o"3ect!
The preposition as(s E.hat?F and the o"3ect pro)ides the ans%er!
E&amples' The politician )oted against the la%! against %hat? Athe la%
through the secret "allot! through %hat? Athe secret "allot
!ritin" Hints
Prepositional phrases ma(e up at least one*third of our %ritin, so the$ are important to master! /ou
ma$ place a prepositional phrase at the "einnin, middle, or end of a sentence, "ut ma(e sure to place it close
to the %ord it descri"es!
E&amples' ClearJThe lad$ in a blue dress found m$ do! ,nclearJThe lad$ found m$ do in a blue dress!
.e often end spo(en sentences %ith a preposition, "ut a)oid this usae in $our %ritin! E&ample'
Spo(en sentenceJE.ho %ill $ou o to?F .ritten sentenceJE)o whom %ill $ou o?F
9ere is a list of commonl$*used prepositions! Memori#in this list %ill help $ou reconi#e prepositions
and use them in $our %ritin! Remem"er that these %ords can "e used as other parts of speech, if the$ are not
follo%ed "$ their o"3ects!
aboard, about, aboe, according to, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, as to, aside from, at,
because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during, e!cept, for,
from, in, inside, instead of, into, in addition to, in place of, in spite of, like, near, ne!t to, of, off, on, on account
of, onto, outside, out of, oer, regardless of, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until,
up, upon, with, within, without, but 1meanin e!cept2, past 1meanin by2!
Practice
,nderline the prepositions, and K"rac(etL their o"3ects! Then dra% an arro% from each preposition to its o"3ect!
EI plede alleiance to the fla of the ,nited States of America and to the repu"lic for %hich it stands'
one nation under God, indi)isi"le, %ith li"ert$ and 3ustice for all!F These %ords are spo(en in schools
throuhout America each da$! The riht hand is placed o)er the heart and e$es are focused on the fla! Children
stand to recite the plede and i)e respect to our countr$!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith three different prepositions!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 0<
Parts of Speech Con,unctions Name ________________________
Definition: A con,unction 3oins %ords, phrases, or clauses toether!
!ritin" Hints
A coor(inatin" con,unction connects %ords, phrases, or clauses %ith related meanins!
The acron$m, 5AN-O/S 15or*And*Nor*-ut*Or*/et*So2, ma$ help $ou remem"er the common t%o or three*
letter coor(inatin" con,unctions!
E&ample' T%o desserts are fine, but three are "etter!
A)oid o)eruse of the con3unction so. Also, do not use the %ords then and now as coordinatin con3unctions! A
comma is placed "efore the con3unction if it 3oins t%o or more independent clauses!
Correati-e con,unctions are pairs of con3unctions used in the same sentence that indicate a certain
relationship! Common correlati)e con3unctions include the follo%in'
"othAand not onl$A"ut also eitherAor %hetherAor neitherAnor
E&ample' +ither %e %or( toether, or %e %ill fail toether!
A comma is placed "efore the second of the paired con3unctions, if the sentence ends in an independent clause!
A su)or(inatin" con,unction al%a$s introduces an ad)er"ial clause! The su"ordinatin con3unction
sinals the relationship "et%een the ad)er"ial clause and the independent clause 1a su"3ect and )er" standin
alone as a complete thouht2! -ecause the ad)er"ial clause is al%a$s a dependent clause, it is less important
than the independent clause!
Su"ordinatin con3unctions include the follo%in'
after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because, before, een if, een though,
how, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, wheneer, where, whereer,
whether, while
E&ample' Althouh m$ friends had alread$ seen it, the$ sa% the sho% a second time!
Addin a su"ordinatin con3unction to one of the clauses can re)ise a run*on sentence! A comma is placed after
the ad)er"ial clause, if it "eins a sentence!
Practice
La"el the follo%in con3unctions A! coordinatin con3unction, -! correlati)e con3unction, or
C! su"ordinatin con3unction in the space pro)ided after each con3unction!
,heneer +++ he %al(s or +++ runs, Mi(e either +++"rins %ater, or +++ he "rins a sports drin(! 'f +++ he %ill
"e one a lon time, Mi(e carries both +++a nutritious snac( and +++ an ener$ "ar! 9e en3o$s the e&ercise and
+++ nature, so +++ he tries to o three times each %ee(!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence or t%o %ith a coordinatin con3unction, a pair of correlati)e con3unctions, and a
su"ordinatin con3unction!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Grammar !or'sheet 34 Simpe Su),ect Name ________________________
Definition: The simple su"3ect is the common noun, proper noun, or pronoun that the )er" acts upon! The
su"3ect is the Edo*erF of the sentence! It tells %hom or %hat the sentence is a"out!
E&amples' A nurse assisted the patient! Simple Su"3ect
)he police officer helped pre)ent the accident! Complete Su"3ect
.hen additional %ords help name or descri"e the simple su"3ect, this is (no%n as a complete su"3ect!
!ritin" Hints
The simple su"3ect is usuall$ found at the start of a declarati)e sentence! To find the simple su"3ect of the
sentence, first identif$ an$ prepositional phrases and eliminate the nouns and pronouns found in these phrases
from consideration! The simple su"3ect of the sentence is not part of a prepositional phrase! 5reMuentl$, in
imperati)e sentences, the simple su"3ect you is implied 1suested, not stated2!
Practice
Circle the simple su"3ects found in the stor$ "elo%! Add in an$ implied su"3ects!
;acationin in Me&ico, an e&perienced tra)eler %ill )isit three famous cities! Tasco, (no%n as the
ESil)er Cit$F "ecause of its rich sil)er mines, %elcomes thousands of tourists each summer to see its timeless
architecture! The cathedral impresses )isitors from around the %orld! A second cit$, Guadala3ara, sho%s off its
rich colonial heritae! 9a)in one of the most "eautiful to%n sMuares, this cit$ i)es an$ tra)eler a complete
histor$ of Me&ico! If i)en the opportunit$, do not hesitate to )isit the capital! Me&ico Cit$ has man$ sites of
archeoloical importance, includin p$ramids of the A#tec Empire! A trip to Me&ico connects the tra)eler %ith
his or her historical roots, as a North American!
.hat is the complete su"3ect in the first sentence of the a"o)e stor$?
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose t%o sentences! In the first, circle the simple su"3ect@ in the second, circle the complete su"3ect!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli >=
Grammar !or'sheet 35 Compoun( Su),ect Name ________________________
Definition: The compound su"3ect has t%o or more connected common nouns, proper nouns, or pronouns that
one )er" acts upon! The %ords Eand,F Eor,F or EnorF connect them! The compound su"3ect is the Edo*erF of the
sentence! It tells %hom or %hat the sentence is a"out!
E&amples' The girl and her mother %al(ed to the store!
Runnin Muic(l$ do%n the slope %ere Su#anne, -ecky, and Carson!
.hen additional %ords help name or descri"e the compound su"3ect, this is (no%n as a complete su"3ect!
!ritin" Hints
The compound su"3ect is usuall$ found at the start of a declarati)e sentence! To find the compound su"3ect of
the sentence, first identif$ an$ prepositional phrases and eliminate the nouns and pronouns found in these
phrases from consideration! The compound su"3ect of the sentence is not part of a prepositional phrase!
Practice
Circle the complete compound su"3ects and connect each pair %ith an arro% in the stor$ "elo%!
In terms of difficult$, runnin 0< miles is Muite an accomplishment, and the marathon al%a$s fills the
stadium or arena %ith an eaer audience! Trac( fans and casual spectators en3o$ the competition of this oldest
Ol$mpic e)ent! -as(et"all and ice*hoc(e$ also et hih tele)ision ratins! The ECream Team,F composed of the
"est National -as(et"all Association pla$ers, or the ,nited States hoc(e$ team, composed of professional
hoc(e$ all*stars, al%a$s entertains the Ol$mpic audience! These t%o popular e)ents, as %ell as the trac(*and*
field contests, hihliht the .inter or Summer Ol$mpics for most sports fans!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a compound su"3ect!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
In the sentence a"o)e, identif$ the complete compound su"3ect!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli >6
Grammar !or'sheet 36 Simpe Pre(icate Name ________________________
Definition: The simple predicate is the )er" that acts upon the su"3ect of the sentence! It does the %or( of the
Edo*erF of the sentence! The simple predicate sho%s a ph$sical or mental action or it descri"es a state of "ein!
.hen additional %ords help descri"e the simple predicate, this is (no%n as a complete predicate! The complete
predicate consists of the rest of the sentence other than the su"3ect!
E&amples' Michael hurt his hand! Simple Predicates
She had become a $oun lad$!
The$ should hae listened to me!
An anr$ man tried to run me off the road! Complete Predicate
!ritin" Hints
To find the simple predicate, first identif$ the su"3ect and as( E.hat?F The ans%er to this Muestion should "e
the predicate! The simple predicate usuall$ follo%s the su"3ect in a sentence! 9o%e)er, it can "e placed "efore
the su"3ect in a Muestion &,as it your mother.s purse/$, in an implied 1suested, not stated2 sentence &Look
out0$, or in a phrase or clause at the "einnin of a sentence to add special emphasis &+en more interesting was
the fact that she knew it would probably rain$!
Practice
,nderline the simple su"3ects and K"rac(etL the simple predicates found in the stor$ "elo%!
Ice*cream al%a$s has pleased $oun and old ali(e as a fa)orite summertime dessert! One ice*cream that
pleases man$ is neapolitan! This treat has chocolate, stra%"err$, and )anilla all in one! Roc($ Road delihts
children of all aes %ith small "its of marshmallo%s and nuts in a rich chocolate ice*cream! 5or some, the nuts
or marshmallo%s ma$ cause an alleric reaction! A cream$ dou"le*scoop on a suar or %affle cone tastes reat!
.atch outN Eatin too much ice*cream can "e an addicti)e "eha)ior!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a simple predicate! ,nderline the su"3ect and "rac(et the simple predicate!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a complete predicate! ,nderline the su"3ect and "rac(et the simple predicate!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Grammar !or'sheet 37 Compoun( Pre(icate Name ________________________
Definition: The compound predicate consists of t%o or more connected )er"s that act upon the same su"3ect of
the sentence! These )er"s do the %or( of the Edo*erF of the sentence! The compound predicate sho%s a ph$sical
or mental action or it descri"es a state of "ein!
E&amples' Michael fell and hurt his hand!
She had become and still remained a $oun lad$!
The$ should hae asked "ut then listened to me!
!ritin" Hints
To find the compound predicate, first identif$ the su"3ect and as( E.hat?F The ans%er to this Muestion should
"e the predicate! A connectin %ord such as Eand,F Eor,F or E"utF is usuall$ placed "et%een the )er"s!
,sin compound predicates can help $our %ritin "ecome more concise 1"rief2, clear, and reada"le!
E&ample' Instead of the follo%in' 1ob studied the te!tbook for the e!am. )hen% he practiced the
ocabulary for the e!am. After practicing the ocabulary% he memori#ed the poem2all to prepare for
the e!am. Tr$ a compound predicate such as this' 1ob studied the te!tbook% practiced the ocabulary%
and memori#ed the poem to prepare for the e!am.
Practice
,nderline the simple su"3ects and K"rac(etL the compound predicates in the stor$ "elo%!
Of all the "oo(s "$ Mar( T%ain, t%o %or(s stand out and are remem"ered as his "est! T%ainDs
description of life as a ri)er"oat captain in Life on the Mississippi "oth entertains and informs! After readin this
"oo(, one %ill learn and %ill understand %hat the phrase EMar( T%ainF means! A second no)el, 3uckleberry
4inn, teaches and preaches a"out ho% "adl$ people can treat each other! .ritten after the Ci)il .ar, the "oo(Ds
hero, 9uc( 5inn, %restles %ith and e)entuall$ triumphs o)er the e)ils of sla)er$!
Re)ise the follo%in sentences into one sentence %ith a compound predicate!
Ce""ie %al(ed into the room! Ne&t, she sat do%n in the chair! Then, she hea)ed a sih of relief!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a compound predicate!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli >>
Grammar !or'sheet 38 Simpe Sentences Name ________________________
Definition: A simple sentence has one independent clause and no dependent clause! An independent clause
simpl$ means that there is a su"3ect and a predicate that e&presses a complete thouht! A dependent clause
means that there is a su"3ect and a )er" that does not e&press a complete thouht! See ho% the dependent clause
is crossed*out in the e&ample "elo%!
E&ample' 4anie and Geore left class, "efore cop$in do%n their home%or(!
!ritin" Hints
Complete sentences can "e identified "$ their purposes!
A (ecarati-e sentence ma(es a statement and has a period as endin punctuation!
E&ample' 4oanna %ent shoppin at the mall!
An interro"ati-e sentence as(s a Muestion and has a Muestion mar( as endin punctuation!
E&ample' .ould $ou mind coo(in $our o%n dinner toniht?
An imperati-e sentence i)es a command or ma(es a reMuest and has a period as endin punctuation!
5reMuentl$, the you is implied 1suested, "ut not stated2!
E&amples' ConDt tell me %hat to do! Command
Mother, sin a son for us! ReMuest
An e.camator$ sentence e&presses surprise or stron emotions and has an e&clamation point as endin
punctuation!
E&ample' I canDt "elie)e $ou said thatN
Remem)er: A compete sentence9
4% tells a complete thouht!
5% has "oth a su"3ect and a predicate!
6% has the )oice drop do%n at the end of a statement and the )oice o up at the end of a Muestion!
Practice
Identif$ the follo%in simple sentences as declarati)e, interroati)e, imperati)e, or e&clamator$ in the space
pro)ided! The endin punctuation has "een omitted!
Loo( at me %hen I tal( to $ou ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
That ans%er reall$ shoc(ed me ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.h$ should I ha)e to %ait ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Tom as(ed me a Muestion ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose an interroati)e sentence! Then ans%er %ith a simple declarati)e sentence!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Grammar !or'sheet 3: Compoun( Sentences Name ________________________
Definition: A compound sentence has t%o or more independent clauses "ut no dependent clauses! An
independent clause simpl$ means that there is a su"3ect and a predicate that e&presses a complete thouht! A
dependent clause means that there is a su"3ect and a )er" that does not e&press a complete thouht!
E&ample' Ben as(ed his teacher for his home%or(, "ut he didnDt follo% her ad)ice!
!ritin" Hints
The independent clauses are 3oined "$ either a semi*colon or a comma, then a coordinatin con3unction
15AN-O/S' for% and% nor% but% or% yet% so2!
9a)in a )ariet$ of sentence lenths is a mar( of ood %ritin! Compound sentences help clarif$ the
relationship "et%een independent clauses!
Practice
,se the coordinatin con3unctions 15AN-O/S2 to 3oin toether the follo%in independent clauses in the
spaces pro)ided "elo% each pair! The endin punctuation has "een omitted!
I en3o$ %atchin old tele)ision sho%s the ne% ones are "etter
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Co $ou %ant )anilla do $ou %ant stra%"err$
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
,se a semi*colon to 3oin toether the follo%in independent clauses in the spaces pro)ided "elo% each
pair! The endin punctuation has "een omitted!
No one reall$ %ants to o the$ 3ust feel li(e the$ must attend
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
This route ta(es too lon there must "e another %a$
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose $our o%n compound sentence!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli >:
Grammar !or'sheet 3; Compe. Sentences Name ________________________
Definition: A comple& sentence has an independent clause and at least one dependent clause! An independent
clause means that there is a su"3ect and a predicate that e&presses a complete thouht! A dependent
1su"ordinate2 clause means that there is a su"3ect and a )er" that does not e&press a complete thouht!
E&ample' T$ completed all his chores 1independent clause2 O after eatin his lunch
1dependent clause2 P T$ completed all his chores after eatin his lunch!
!ritin" Hints
,sin different sentence structures ma(es $our %ritin more interestin to read! Comple& sentences can help
define the relationship "et%een complicated ideas! If startin a sentence %ith a dependent clause, follo% the
clause %ith a comma!
Practice reconi#in these dependent clauses in readin and add them to $our %ritin'
A(,ecti-e Causes descri"e nouns or pronouns! Sinal %ords "einnin ad3ecti)e clauses include who% whose%
on &for% of$ whom to refer to people, that to refer to people or thins, and which to refer onl$ to thins!
E&ample' A%hose %or( is %ell*(no%n
A(-er) Causes descri"e an ad3ecti)e, ad)er", or )er"! Sinal %ords "einnin ad)er" clauses include after%
as% as if% as long as% as much as% as soon as% because% before% een if% how% if% in order that% once% since% so that%
than% unless% until% when% wheneer% where% whereer% and while!
E&ample' Aas lon as she can %ait
Noun Causes are used as a su"3ect, a complement 1the rest of the sentence "esides the su"3ect and predicate2,
or as the o"3ect of a preposition! Sinal %ords "einnin noun clauses include that% what% whateer% which%
whicheer% who% whoeer% whom% and whomeer!
E&ample' A%hate)er he demands
Practice
Re)ise the follo%in simple sentences into comple& sentences in the spaces "elo%! ,se the sinal %ords found
in the a"o)e lists of dependent clauses!
Benn$ %ill "e a"le to o outside to pla$ he practices his trom"one
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Toniht %e cele"rate a special $oun lad$, achie)ement is, indeed, remar(a"le!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose $our o%n comple& sentence!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli >H
!or'sheet 3< Name ________________________
Compoun(=Compe. Sentences
Definition: A compound*comple& sentence has t%o or more independent clauses and at least one dependent
1su"ordinate2 clause! An independent clause means that there is a su"3ect and a predicate that e&presses a
complete thouht! A dependent 1su"ordinate2 clause means that there is a su"3ect and a )er" that does not
e&press a complete thouht!
E&ample' After eatin his lunch 1dependent clause2 O T$ completed all his chores 1independent clause2
O and he read the ne%spaper 1independent clause2 P After eatin his lunch, T$ completed all
his chores and he read the ne%spaper!
!ritin" Hints
Cependent clauses can "e placed at the start, in the middle, or at the end of sentences!
Practice
Rearrane the follo%in independent clauses and dependent clauses into compound*comple& sentences in the
spaces "elo%! /ou ma$ need to s%itch around the order, add, or delete %ords!
4ohn told a campfire stor$ the campers roasted marshmallo%s after the sun set
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
the captain (ne% the sailor the sailor did not reconi#e him since the captain had a "eard
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
althouh he (ne% "etter she 3ust %ould not listen he could not teach her
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
%here)er he %ent he had to carr$ it in his hands The pac(Ds strap %as "ro(en
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Compose $our o%n compound*comple& sentence!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli >I
Grammar !or'sheet 3> Name ________________________
I(entif$in" ?ra"ments
Definition: A sentence frament is onl$ part of a complete sentence! It does not e&press a complete thouht!
The frament ma$ "e a dependent 1su"ordinate2 clause 1a su"3ect and a )er" that does not e&press a complete
thouht2, a phrase 1a roup of related %ords %ith no su"3ect and )er"2, or a list of related %ords!
!ritin" Hints
Learn to reconi#e sentence framents as $ou proofread $our o%n %ritin! Often, sentence framents are found
in three rammatical forms'
Connected prepositional phrases
E&ample' In Me&ico, durin the rein of the A#tecs and "efore Corte#!
Ad)er"ial phrases
E&ample' Loo(in for someone to share her life!
Cependent 1su"ordinate2 clauses
E&ample' E)en thouh their friends had %itnessed the entire accident!
Practice
Mar( ECSF if the sentence is complete or E5F if the sentence is a frament!
+++++ 6! -ecause he left school earl$!
+++++ 0! She %ent to the store after finishin her home%or(!
+++++ >! After losin his home%or( on the "us and arri)in to school late!
+++++ 8! .hene)er the$ need to (no% the reason for somethin!
+++++ :! Ta(in tests al%a$s ma(es some students uncomforta"le!
Appication
Re)ise the framents from the Practice section a"o)e into complete sentences!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli ><
Grammar !or'sheet 34@ Name ________________________
Re-isin" ?ra"ments
Definition: A sentence frament is onl$ part of a complete sentence! It does not e&press a complete thouht!
The frament ma$ "e a dependent 1su"ordinate2 clause 1a su"3ect and a )er" that does not e&press a complete
thouht2, or a phrase 1a roup of related %ords %ith no su"3ect and )er"2!
!ritin" Hints
To chane sentence framents into complete sentences, tr$ the follo%in'
Connect the frament to the sentence "efore or after the frament!
E&ample' -ecause of the ice! The roads %ere a slipper$ ha#ard! 5rament
The roads %ere a slipper$ ha#ard "ecause of the ice! Complete
Chane the frament into a complete thouht!
E&ample' Mainl$, the passae of time! 5rament
Mainl$, she felt the passae of time! Complete
Remo)e su"ordinatin con3unctions!
E&ample' Althouh she found out %here the "o$s %ere! 5rament
She found out %here the "o$s %ere! Complete
Practice
Chane the follo%in sentence framents into complete sentences in the space pro)ided "elo%!
Runnin do%n the hill to m$ friend! I sa% her!
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5inall$, the reason he left!
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-ecause the pla$round seems %et %ith ice!
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Add to this dependent clause to form a complete sentence' .hene)er I need help on a math pro"lem
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Grammar !or'sheet 344 Name ________________________
I(entif$in" Run=Ons
Definition: A sentence run*on has t%o independent clauses connected toether as if the$ %ere one sentence! An
independent clause means that there is a su"3ect and a predicate that e&presses a complete thouht!
!ritin" Hints
Learn to reconi#e sentence run*ons to "e a"le to effecti)el$ proofread $our o%n %ritin!
A comma com"inin t%o sentences is called a comma splice!
Practice
In the pararaph "elo%, underline the sentence run*ons!
Mohandis B! Gandhi has "een called the most important Indian leader of this centur$, his
ideas a"out non*)iolent protestin helped unite the entire nation of India aainst
the -ritish Empire! -ecause millions of Indians refused to cooperate %ith the -ritish
o)ernment! Gandhi demanded independence from forein rule! GandhiDs ideas also influenced
the Re)erend Martin Luther Bin, 4r! in the ,nited States "oth men %ere murdered for their
)ie%s! Non*)iolent protests and "o$cotts 1to refuse to participate2 aainst "usinesses and
o)ernment aencies that practiced sereation 1to separate the races2 in the 67:=Ds and 67H=Ds!
Bin learned much from Mohandis B! Gandhi so did man$ Americans!
Appication
No%, re)ise an$ of the a"o)e sentence run*ons as complete sentences in the spaces "elo%!
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 8=
Grammar !or'sheet 345 Re-isin" Run=ons Name ________________________
Definition: A sentence run*on has t%o independent clauses connected toether as if the$ %ere one sentence! An
independent clause means that there is a su"3ect and a predicate that e&presses a complete thouht!
!ritin" Hints
To chane sentence run*ons into complete sentences, tr$ the follo%in'
Separate the run*on into t%o or more sentences!
E&ample' Luis told his "rother he told his sister, too! Run*On
Luis told his "rother! 9e told his sister, too! Complete
Add a semi*colon "et%een the clauses!
E&ample' Mar$ let him ha)e it, she (ne% %hat she %as doin! Run*On
Mar$ let him ha)e it@ she (ne% %hat she %as doin! Complete
Add a comma, then a con3unction after the first sentence!
E&ample' I li(e her, she doesnDt li(e me! Run*On
I li(e her, "ut she doesnDt li(e me! Complete
Add a su"ordinatin con3unction to one of the clauses!
E&ample' Ma& %as in3ured, he %as still the "est! Run*On
E)en thouh Ma& %as in3ured, he %as still the "est! Complete
Chane the second clause to a phrase startin %ith an +ing %ord!
E&ample' The$ %ent to school, the$ loo(ed for him! Run*On
The$ %ent to school, loo(in for him! Complete
Practice
Chane the follo%in sentence run*ons into complete sentences!
/se a comma an( then a coor(inatin" con,unction A?AN2OBSC9
Ms! Clements al%a$s prepared %ell for her lesson plans the results paid off!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
/se a semi=coon9
4onathan seemed )er$ selfish he ne)er shared %ith the other children!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Chan"e the secon( cause to a phrase startin" #ith an _ing #or(9
Nicco en3o$ed )ideo ames, he pla$ed onl$ after completin his chores!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Appication
Re)ise the first Practice sentence, usin the su"ordinatin con3unction because!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Pronouns=Su),ect ANominati-eC Case
Definition: Pronouns are in the su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case %hen the$ are used as the su"3ect of a )er" or %hen
the$ identif$ or refer to the su"3ect! These are the su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case pronouns'
SinularJ'% you% he% she% it PluralJwe% you% they
!ritin" Hints
Pronouns ta(e the su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case in three rammatical forms'
if the pronoun is the sentence su"3ect! The sentence su"3ect is the Edo*erF of the sentence!
E&ample' She and ' attended the concert!
if the pronoun is a predicate nominati)e! A predicate nominati)e follo%s a Eto "eF )er" 1is% am% are% was%
were% be% being% been$ and identifies or refers to the su"3ect!
E&ample' The students %ho ot into trou"le are they!
if the pronoun is part of an appositi)e, such as after than or as! An appositi)e is a noun or pronoun placed
ne&t to another noun or pronoun to identif$ or e&plain it!
E&ample' Mart$ is smarter than '!
To test %hether the pronoun is in the nominati)e case, tr$ these tric(s'
Rephrase to chec( if the pronoun sounds riht!
E&ample' The last one to arri)e %as he! RephraseJ3e %as the last one to arri)e!
Crop other nouns or pronouns %hen there is a compound su"3ect and chec( if the remainin pronoun
sounds riht! Remem"er that Enlish is a polite lanuae@ the first person pronouns &'% me% ours% mine$ are
al%a$s placed last %hen com"ined %ith other nouns or pronouns!
E&ample' 4ohn and ' pla$ )ideo ames! Crop and chec(J' pla$ )ideo ames!
Practice
Identif$ %hich rammatical form the su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case pronouns ta(e in the follo%in sentences! 5ill in
the "lan(s %ith an S for a sentence su"3ect, PN for a predicate nominati)e, or an A for an appositi)e!
The %omen in the clo%n costumes must "e she +++ and her mother! .e +++ didnDt reconi#e them at first, "ut
at least I +++ as(ed, E.ho %ere the$ +++?F Sue and he +++ arri)ed at the part$ earlier than I +++, "ut no one
came as earl$ as she +++!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentences, usin a pronoun as a sentence su"3ect, a pronoun as a predicate nominati)e, and
a pronoun as an appositi)e!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Pronouns=O),ect Case
Definition: Pronouns are in the o"3ect case %hen the$ are used as direct o"3ects, indirect o"3ects of )er"s, and
as o"3ects of prepositions! These are the o"3ect case pronouns'
SinularJme% you% him% her% it PluralJus% you% them
!ritin" Hints
Pronouns ta(e the o"3ect case in four rammatical forms'
if the pronoun is the direct o"3ect! The direct o"3ect recei)es the action of the )er"!
E&ample' The challene e&cited him!
if the direct o"3ect is descri"ed "$ an appositi)e phrase 1a phrase that identifies or e&plains another noun or
pronoun placed ne&t to it2!
E&ample' The teacher $elled at t%o students, Rachel and me.
if the pronoun is an indirect o"3ect of a )er"! The indirect o"3ect is placed "et%een a )er" and its direct
o"3ect! It tells to %hat, to %hom, for %hat, or for %hom!
E&ample' Ro"ert a)e him a (in*si#e cand$ "ar!
if the pronoun is an o"3ect of a preposition! A preposition sho%s some relationship or position "et%een a
proper noun, a common noun, or a pronoun and its o"3ect! The preposition as(s E.hat?F and the o"3ect
pro)ides the ans%er!
E&ample' The fl$ "u##ed around her and past them "$ me!
if the pronoun is connected to an infiniti)e! An infiniti)e has a to O the "ase form of a )er"!
E&ample' I %ant him to i)e the speech!
To test %hether the pronoun is in the o"3ect case, tr$ these tric(s'
Rephrase to chec( if the pronoun sounds riht!
E&ample' 4oe smiled at all of them! RephraseJAt all of them 4oe smiled!
Crop other nouns or pronouns %hen there is a compound su"3ect and chec( if the remainin pronoun
sounds riht! Remem"er that Enlish is a polite lanuae@ the first person pronouns &'% me% ours% mine$ are
al%a$s placed last %hen com"ined %ith other nouns or pronouns!
E&ample' She a)e Bath$ and me a ift! Crop and chec(JShe a)e me a ift!
Practice
Identif$ %hich rammatical form the o"3ecti)e case pronouns ta(e in the follo%in sentences! 5ill in the "lan(s
%ith a CO for a direct o"3ect, an IO for an indirect o"3ect, an OP for an o"3ect of the preposition, or an I for a
pronoun connected to an infiniti)e!
9e told them +++ after him +++! 9e had %anted to tell us +++ first, "ut %hen came to see me +++, I said, E/ou
should tell him +++ the ne%s "efore me +++! 9e had not i)en it +++ much thouht!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith o"3ect case pronouns ser)in as direct and indirect o"3ects!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 8>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Pronoun=Antece(ents
Definition: A pronoun that refers to or replaces a pre)ious common noun, proper noun, or pronoun is called an
antecedent!
!ritin" Hints
Ma(e sure antecedents are specific! Other%ise, the pronoun reference ma$ "e confusin!
E&ample' .hen -o""$ as(ed for help, the$ as(ed %h$!
Pro"lemJ.ho is they? Get more specificJ.hen -o""$ as(ed for help from his teachers, the$ as(ed
%h$!
ConDt ha)e a pronoun refer to the o"3ect in a prepositional phrase!
E&ample' In T%ainDs )he Celebrated 4rog of Calaeras County, he uses political humor!
Pro"lemJ.ho, or %hat, is he?
Ma(e sure that the sinular pronouns this and that and the plural pronouns these and those specificall$
refer to %hat is intended! Beep these pronouns close to their references!
E&ample' 9e made an e, put the do food in its "o%l, and put this on his toast to eat!
Pro"lemJ.hat is this?
ConDt ha)e a pronoun refer to a possessi)e antecedent! A possessi)e is a common noun, proper noun, or
pronoun that sho%s o%nership!
E&ample' In San CieoDs famous #oo, they treat their #oo*(eepers %ell!
Pro"lemJ.ho are the they and their?
Practice
.rite the capital letter in the space pro)ided that "est descri"es these pronoun*antecedent errors'
+++6! She ate a coo(ie and too( an apple, and I %ant it "ac(! A! pronoun reference is not
specific
+++0! .hen %e lea)e BarenDs, she %ill follo% us! -! pronoun refers to the
o"3ect of the preposition
+++>! Around /olanda and her, she al%a$s acts stranel$! C! unclear this, that, these,
those references
+++8! There are lots of ri""ons and "o%s! Co %e need all of those? C! pronoun refers to a
possessi)e
+++:! If Matt lea)es sooner than Con, he should phone his parents!
+++H! .hen Ma& ta(es Mi(eDs car, he %ill et anr$!
+++I! The irls as(ed the "o$s if $ou li(ed their shoes!
Appication
Re)ise one of the sentences in the Practice section %ith clear pronoun antecedents!
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Grammar !or'sheet 34: Name ________________________
Pronoun Pests
!ritin" Hints
Is it who or whom?
The pronoun who is in the su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case! The who ta(es the role of the su"3ect!
E&ample' ,ho is the "est teacher?
Tric(JTr$ su"stitutin he for who and rephrase, if necessar$! If it sounds riht, use the who!
The pronoun whom is in the o"3ecti)e case! In other %ords, it is ta(es the place of the direct o"3ect, the indirect
o"3ect of the )er", or the o"3ect of the preposition!
E&amples' ,hom did 4oan lo)e?
I li(e whom $ou a)e the a%ard!
To whom does this letter concern?
Tric(JTr$ su"stitutin him for whom and rephrase, if necessar$! If it sounds riht, use whom!
Is it that or which? The pronoun that can refer to people or thins@ the pronoun which can onl$ refer to
thins!
,se the pronoun that %hen the clause is needed to understand the rest of the sentence!
E&ample' The mo)ie that %e %atched %as entertainin!
,se the pronoun which in clauses that pro)ide additional, "ut not necessar$ information!
E&ample' That do, %hich is friendl$, %as eas$ to train!
Practice
5ill in the "lan(s %ith the follo%in pronouns' who% whom% that% and which
6! ++++++++++ purchased that race car?
0! 4oni Eric(son Tata, ++++++++++ is "oth an artist and siner, has no use of her hands nor les!
>! 4osh sho%ed her the pants ++++++++++ she purchased at the store!
8! .ith ++++++++++ do $ou %or( on this pro3ect?
:! I (no% ++++++++++ $ou lo)e!
H! E-lo%inD in the .ind,F ++++++++++ is a protest son, has "een recorded freMuentl$!
I! ++++++++++ did his sister meet at the part$?
<! E)er$thin ++++++++++ needed to "e completed, has "een completed!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a who or whom and a that or a which.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 8:
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Grammar !or'sheet 34; Name ________________________
Pronoun=2ase ?orm +er) A"reement
Definition: The "ase form of a )er" is used in the present tense 1somethin happenin or "ein no%2, addin an
s for the third person sinular! The "ase form is used after the EdoF )er"s' do% does% did% and after the modal
)er"s' can% could% shall% should% may% might% must% will% and would! The "ase form is also used as an infiniti)e in
the Eto O "ase formF construction!
E&amples' run is the "ase form I smile often! 5irst person sinular
She smiles often! Third person sinular 1adds s2
She should smile more often! After EdoF and modals
)o smile often is preferred! Infiniti)e
!ritin" Hints
The "ase forms of )er"s can "e found in the dictionar$! .hen %ritin a"out literature, al%a$s %rite in present
tense! Ma(e sure to (eep the )er" tense consistent throuhout the %ritin!
The decision to drop or (eep the s %hen matchin an indefinite pronoun to a )er" can "e tric($! An indefinite
pronoun does not specificall$ reference a common noun or proper noun and so can act as a sinular or plural to
match the )er"! These pronouns include' anybody% anyone% anything% each% either% eerybody% eeryone% neither%
nobody% no one% nothing% one% someone% somebody% and something! Loo( at surroundin %ords for sinular and
plural clues!
Practice
5ill in the "lan(s in the follo%in sentences %ith the correct "ase form of the )er" taste!
Tom li(es +++++++++++++++++ %hat his mom is coo(in! 9er food al%a$s +++++++++++++++++
terrific, "ut his mom +++++++++++++++++ her o%n coo(in more often! In fact, %hen she and
Tom "oth +++++++++++++++++ the coo(in, the$ usuall$ aree a"out the fla)or!
Cross out the )er" errors and %rite the correct forms in the space a"o)e!
6! Each student can %atches his or her o%n tele)ision proram!
0! E)er$one e&cept 4ames did %atched his or her o%n mo)ie
>! Someone said to %atches %hat he or she %anted!
8! I thin( he %atch e)er$ episode of that series!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith an indefinite sinular pronoun, usin a present tense )er"!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 8H
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Grammar !or'sheet 34< Name ________________________
Pronoun=Present Participe +er) A"reement
Definition: The present participle adds a Eto "eF )er" is% am% are% was% were% be% being% been O ++ing! The
present participle ta(es the present proressi)e form to sho% continuous action!
E&ample' is D ++ing is hi(in Matt is hi(in the Appalachian Trail!
!ritin" Hints
A)oid o)er*usin the Eto "eF )er"s D ++ing in e&positor$ %ritin! ,suall$ use the "ase forms of )er"s to %rite
in present tense! Instead of )he author is illustrating the character.s anger, use )he author illustrates the
character.s anger!
Matchin the areement of present participles or an$ other )er" forms to pronouns that e&press amount or
measurement can "e sinular or plural dependin upon the %ords that follo% them!
SING/LAR PL/RAL SING/LAR OR PL/RAL
A reat deal, a lare
amount, a lot, cents,
dollars, feet, inches,
little, less, miles,
much, pounds, $ards
a lare num"er, "oth, fe%, fe%er,
man$, se)eral
Sin"uar Pura
all the food all irls
an$ of this an$ of these
half of it half of those
more of that more "o$s
most of it most friends
none of that none of those
other one other friends
some child some of them
Practice
Cross out the pronoun or )er" errors and %rite the correct forms in the space a"o)e!
6! 5e% of the actors remem"erin his lines!
0! A reat deal are (no%n a"out tele)ision actors!
>! 5e%er )eeta"les is "etter than man$!
8! Some of candies tastin li(e it is stale!
:! None of those %as loo(in as ood as this one!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence usin a present participle )er" form and a pronoun e&pressin an amount or
measurement that could "e either sinular or plural!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 8I
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Grammar !or'sheet 34> Name ________________________
Pronoun=Past Tense +er) A"reement
Definition: 5or the past tense )er" form, add a ++d or ++ed to the "ase form for reular )er"s! The past tense is
used for an action that too( place at a specific time or times!
E&ample' Ismelda wasted a lot of m$ time $esterda$!
!ritin" Hints
Irreular )er"s donDt use ++d or ++ed to form past tense and past participle )er"s! Sometimes modifiers %ill et
"et%een a su"3ect and its )er", "ut these modifiers must not confuse the areement "et%een the su"3ect and its
)er"!
,suall$ %rite in past tense for historicall$*"ased essa$s@ ho%e)er, use the e&act tense found in Muotations, e)en
if this seems to ma(e the )er" tense inconsistent!
Practice
Chane each )er" to past tense and ma(e each aree %ith the pronouns!
I hi(e in the mountains %ith .anda and 4err$! ,s %ill en3o$ the fresh air and "eaut$ of nature! .e %ade
in clear and cold streams! 4err$ "run a harmonica and entertains %e! .anda and I are less ad)enturous than he!
.e ta(e naps under tall pine trees and pic( %ildflo%ers for he! .hen %e %ill lea)e, 4err$ sa$s, EThe mountains
are a second home for me!F
Ma(e the )er" tenses consistent in this historical passae'
Colum"us sailed his three ships and finds %hat he thin(s is India in 6870! This e&plorer
%ill return on three more )o$aes! E)entuall$, Colum"us had "elie)ed that %hat he disco)ered is a ne% land!
9e %ill not ha)e found the old for %hich he searches, "ut he did claim hue amounts of land for the (in and
Mueen of Spain!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case and an o"3ect case pronoun, usin a past tense
)er"!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli 8<
Grammar !or'sheet 35@ Name ________________________
Pronoun=Past Participe +er) A"reement
Definition: The past participle uses a helpin )er" 1"eJ is% am% are% was% were% be% being% been2, or 1ha)eJ
has% hae% had2 O a ++d, ++ed, or ((en added to the "ase form for reular )er"s to indicate that somethin
happened in the past prior to another action!
E&amples' I was defeated "$ a stroner opponent! I had eaten the food!
I had defeated m$ opponent! The food was eaten "$ me!
!ritin" Hints
,suall$ a)oid usin the past participle in place of the past tense! ,sin the past participle forces a passi)e )oice
form! In the past participle )er" form, irreular )er"s donDt use the a ++d, ++ed, or ((en endin!
E&ample' The cat had caught a mouse 1not catched or caughten2!
A)oid puttin too man$ %ords and phrases "et%een the su"3ect and its past participle! These additional %ords
can ma(e identif$in the su"3ect difficult for $our readers!
E&ample' ConfusinJ4ohn had freMuentl$, especiall$ on holida$s, started to %indo%
shop on his lunch hours!
ClearJ4ohn had started %indo% shoppin on his lunch hours, especiall$
durin the holida$s!
Practice
Re)ise the follo%in past participle sentences, remo)in %ords that can ma(e identif$in the su"3ect a difficult
tas(!
I %as plannin on, "ut then $ou (no% %hat the$ sa$ a"out the E"est laid plans,F eatin %hen the phone call
interrupted %hat I %as, at that point in time, oin to do!
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Martha had, "efore she as(ed me a"out it, called the auto mechanic!
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Our stateDs ideas %ere usuall$, "ut not al%a$s, copied "$ other states!
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Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a su"3ect 1nominati)e2 case and an o"3ect case pronoun, usin a past
participle )er"!
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Short Comparati-e &o(ifiers
Definition: A modifier ma(es the meanin of another %ord or %ords more specific!
E&ample' I ate the big piece! The %ord big is a modifier, ma(in piece more specific!
,se er for a one*s$lla"le modifier to compare t%o thins!
E&ample' "iJ"ier
,se er or more &less$ for a t%o*s$lla"le modifier to compare t%o thins!
E&amples' eas$Jeasier or raciousJmore racious
!ritin" Hints
Some t%o*s$lla"le comparati)e modifiers use er and some use more &less$! If addin er sounds strane,
use more &less$ instead!
,se the %ords else or other to compare a mem"er of a roup %ith the rest of the roup!
E&amples' Pro"lemJ-arr$ -onds hit more homers than an$ "ase"all pla$er!
SolutionJ-arr$ -onds hit more homers than an$ other "ase"all pla$er!
These comparati)e modifiers are irreular!
E&amples'
Sin"e &o(ifier Comparati-e
oodG%ell "etter
"adG"adl$ %orse 1not worser2
muchGman$ more
Practice
Cross out an$ misused comparati)e modifiers, and %rite the correct %ords a"o)e the errors!
6! Earth is close to the sun than is Mars!
0! Samm$ %or(s more hard than an$ clu" mem"er!
>! 9e dresses in his uniform most often than the mem"ers of his troop!
8! Of m$ "rother and m$ sister, m$ "rother acts %orser!
:! She is sadder than me, "ut she is happier than m$ "rother!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a one*s$lla"le er comparati)e modifier! ,se no modifiers found on this
%or(sheet!
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Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a t%o*s$lla"le comparati)e modifier usin the %ord more! ,se no modifiers
found on this %or(sheet!
.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli :=
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Short Superati-e &o(ifiers
E&ample' I ate the big piece! The %ord big is a modifier, ma(in piece more specific!
,se est for a one*s$lla"le modifier to compare three or more thins!
E&ample' "iJ"iest
,se est or most for a t%o*s$lla"le modifier to compare three or more thins!
E&amples' eas$Jeasiest or raciousJmost racious
!ritin" Hints
Some t%o*s$lla"le superlati)e modifiers use est, %hile some t%o*s$lla"le superlati)e ad3ecti)es use most
&least$! If addin est sounds strane, use most &least$ instead!
A)oid the common mista(e of usin superlati)e ad3ecti)es to compare onl$ t%o thins!
E&ample' Pro"lemJOf the t%o "as(et"all pla$ers, 4ames is the most impro)ed!
SolutionJOf the t%o "as(et"all pla$ers, 4ames is the more impro)ed
These superlati)e modifiers are irreular!
E&amples'
Sin"e &o(ifier Comparati-e Superati-e
oodG%ell "etter "est
"adG"adl$ %orse %orst 1not worstest2
muchGman$ more most
Practice
Cross out an$ misused superlati)e modifiers, and %rite the correct form a"o)e each error!
6! The Muic(er sprinter of the three %as Carl Le%is!
0! Comparin the red and reen apples, the red ones are the most desired!
>! 9e chose the "ier piece of the %hole cherr$ pie!
8! Amon Re"a, 4im, and Antoinette, Re"a is the "etter student!
:! The$ %ant the more )alue for all of their mone$!
H! That %as the %orstest mo)ie I ha)e e)er seen!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith an est modifier! ,se no modifiers found on this %or(sheet!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli :6
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Lon" an( __ly Comparati-e &o(ifiers
E&ample' I ate the wonderful pi##a! The %ord wonderful is a modifier, ma(in pi##a more specific!
,se more &less$ for a three*s$lla"le or loner modifier to compare t%o thins!
E&ample' %onderfulJmore %onderful
Al%a$s use more or less for ad)er"s endin in ((ly!
E&ample' Muic(l$Jless Muic(ly
!ritin" Hints
Some lon comparati)e modifiers are ad3ecti)es! Ad3ecti)es descri"e a proper noun, a common noun, or
a pronoun %ith 9o% Man$? .hich One? or .hat Bind?
E&ample' intellientJThe intelligent man %as more intelligent than his father!
Some lon comparati)e modifiers are ad)er"s! Ad)er"s descri"e an ad3ecti)e, ad)er", or )er" %ith
9o%? .hen? .here? or .hat Ceree?
E&ample' anril$JShe arued angrilyJe)en more angrily than her mother!
Practice
Cross out an$ misused comparati)e modifiers, and %rite the correct form a"o)e each error!
6! Geometr$ seems difficulter than ale"ra!
0! Tina did an outstandiner 3o" than she had predicted!
>! Sa$in %hich one %as the most incredi"le of the t%o %as hard!
8! That "eha)ior is most ridiculous than e)er!
:! Of the t%o irls %ho are not here, the first one is least suspiciousl$ a"sent!
H! The detecti)e most suspected the "londe, rather than the "runette %oman!
I! She acted least ner)ousl$ than the other athlete!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a three*s$lla"le more modifier! ,se no modifiers found on this %or(sheet!
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Lon" an( __ly Superati-e &o(ifiers
E&ample' I ate the wonderful pi##a! The %ord wonderful is a modifier, ma(in pi##a more specific!
,se most &least$ for a three*s$lla"le or loner modifier to compare three or more thins!
E&ample' %onderfulJmost %onderful
Al%a$s use most or least for ad)er"s endin in ((ly!
E&ample' Muic(l$Jmost Muic(ly
!ritin" Hints
Some lon superlati)e modifiers are ad3ecti)es! Ad3ecti)es descri"e a proper noun, a common noun, or a
pronoun %ith 9o% Man$? .hich One? or .hat Bind?
E&ample' intellientJOf the man$ intelligent men in the roup, he %as the most intelligent!
Some lon superlati)e modifiers are ad)er"s! Ad)er"s descri"e an ad3ecti)e, ad)er", or )er" %ith 9o%?
.hen? .here? or .hat Ceree?
E&ample' anril$JOf the three %omen aruin angrilyJshe arued most angrily!
Practice
Cross out an$ misused superlati)e modifiers, and %rite the correct form a"o)e each error! If the sentence is
correctl$ %ritten, lea)e as is!
6! This "o$ is the more considerate one in the roup!
0! That is the less specificall$ planned stop of our %hole )acation!
>! Of all the pilots, he more carefull$ practiced his ta(e*offs!
8! /ou more understood the pro"lem than an$ student in the class!
:! Of the four possi"le "ac(pac( tre(s, this is the simpliest planned hi(e!
H! That airline is the less freMuentl$ on*time airline of all ,nited States airlines!
I! Compared to the four runners in the medle$, she passed the "aton less confidentl$!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a three*s$lla"le most modifier! ,se no modifiers found on this %or(sheet!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli :>
Grammar !or'sheet 358 Present Tense +er)s Name ________________________
Definition: The present tense )er" refers to a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein happenin or e&istin
no%!
E&amples' Matthe% walks slo%l$ around the "loc(! Sinular Su"3ect
Oralia and Rosa walk slo%l$ around the "loc(! Plural Su"3ect
!ritin" Hints
Tense sho%s the time of a )er"Qs action or state of "ein! The present )er" tense has the follo%in uses'
To enerali#e a"out a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein
E&ample' .e look for the "est candidates for this office!
To descri"e a ph$sical or mental action that happens o)er and o)er aain
E&ample' 9e plays the ame li(e it is a matter of life or death!
To refer to a future time in dependent clauses 1clauses "einnin %ith after% as soon as% before% if% until%
when2, %hen will is used in the independent clause
E&ample' After she leaes for school, %e %ill turn her "edroom into a uestroom!
To discuss literature, art, mo)ies, theater, and musicJe)en if the content is set in the past or the creator is
no loner ali)e
E&ample' Thomas 4efferson states that Eall men are created eMual!F
Another form of the present )er" tense is the present proressi)e! The present proressi)e descri"es an onoin
action happenin or e&istin no%!
E&ample' She is walking faster than her friend!
Practice
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a present tense )er" a"o)e each cross*
out!
6! .e tried to find the "est deals on the Internet!
0! 9e should ha)e listened to %hat his parents ha)e to sa$!
>! .hen the$ %ill i)e her credit, she %ill aain )olunteer her time!
8! Carl Sand"er said, E5o creeps in on little cat feet, and then slo%l$ mo)es on!F
Cross out the )er" in the follo%in sentence and su"stitute it %ith a present proressi)e form!
:! I run to the corner and "ac(!
Appication
Compose a sentence %ith "oth a present tense and a present proressi)e )er"!
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Grammar !or'sheet 35: Name ________________________
Present Perfect Tense +er)s
Definition: The present perfect )er" tense refers to a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein happenin or
e&istin "efore the present! The present perfect is formed %ith has or hae O the past participle 1a )er" endin in
d, ed, or en for reular )er"s2!
E&ample' 9e has alread$ started his science pro3ect!
!ritin" Hints
The present perfect )er" tense has the follo%in uses'
To descri"e an action that too( place at some unidentified time in the past that relates to the present
E&ample' The students hae studied hard for toda$Ds test!
To descri"e an action that "ean in the past "ut continues to the present
E&ample' The teachers hae taught these standards for fi)e $ears!
Another form of the present perfect )er" tense is the present perfect proressi)e! The present perfect
proressi)e descri"es the lenth of time an action has "een in proress up to the present time! It is formed %ith
hae been and the +ing form of the )er"!
E&ample' The students hae been writing for o)er an hour!
Practice
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a present perfect tense )er" a"o)e each
cross*out!
6! Esmerelda de)eloped a fantastic %e" site!
0! The ladies ha)e "een reunitin in the same place to continue their friendship once e)er$ $ear!
>! The storm %as threatenin to stri(e since last niht!
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a present perfect proressi)e!
8! I had "een runnin for thirt$ minutes!
:! Coach Temmer coached the )arsit$ team for three $ears!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith a present perfect tense and a present perfect proressi)e )er"!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli ::
Grammar !or'sheet 35; Past Tense +er)s Name ________________________
Definition: The past )er" tense is used for a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein that too( place at a
specific time or times! 5or the past )er" tense, add a ++d or ++ed to the "ase form for reular )er"s!
E&ample' Ismelda wasted a lot of m$ time $esterda$!
!ritin" Hints
,suall$ use the past )er" tense %hen the %ords before or after appear in a sentence!
E&ample' She attended St! 4ohnDs Academ$ after third rade!
Another form of the past )er" tense is the past proressi)e! The past proressi)e descri"es an action that too(
place o)er a period of time in the past!
E&ample' Amanda was entertaining her uests %hen her randmother arri)ed!
Practice
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a past tense )er" a"o)e each cross*out!
To descri"e a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein that too( place at a specific time or times 1past
tense2
After the Ci)il .ar, man$ former sla)es %ere found mo)in to the North!
In the 67<=Ds, disco music %as rulin the radio station pla$lists!
Ptolem$ used to thin( that the %orld %as the center of the uni)erse!
The parents had "een understandin that children must ha)e limits to their free time!
To descri"e an action that too( place o)er a period of time in the past 1past proressi)e2
It is entertainin to %atch the famil$ home )ideos!
Rand$ san to himself in the sho%er most e)er$ da$!
The$ %atched the sho% each %ee( %ith increasin interest!
/ou tried to pro)e that $ou %ere responsi"le enouh to o%n a do!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith "oth a past tense and past proressi)e )er"!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli :H
Grammar !or'sheet 35< Name ________________________
Past Perfect Tense +er)s
Definition: The past perfect )er" tense refers to a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein that %as
completed "efore a specific time in the past! The past perfect is formed %ith had O the past participle 1a )er"
endin in d, ed, or en for reular )er"s2!
E&ample' Cecil and Rae had finished their stud$ "$ the time that the teacher passed out
the test stud$ uide!
!ritin" Hints
The past perfect )er" tense either states or implies 1suests %ithout statin2 a specific time in the past!
Another form of the present perfect )er" tense is the past perfect proressi)e! The past perfect proressi)e
descri"es a past action that %as interrupted "$ another past e)ent! It is formed %ith had been and the +ing form
of the )er"!
E&ample' M$ dad had been driing for t%o hours in the sno%storm %hen the 9ih%a$
Patrol put up the EChains ReMuiredF sin!
Practice
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a past perfect tense )er" a"o)e each
cross*out!
To descri"e a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein that %as completed "efore a specific time in the
past 1past perfect tense2
The class %as started %hen the student %al(ed in tard$!
I (ne% "$ Tuesda$ that last %ee(endDs ame %ould "e canceled!
The$ had "een sharin their feelins a"out ridin s(ate"oards %ithout helmets!
To descri"e past action that %as interrupted "$ another past e)ent 1past perfect proressi)e2
.e 3ust %al(ed outside %hen the phone ran!
It rained some %hen a cloud"urst flooded the field!
I %as listenin to the ame on the radio, "ut the "atter$ %ent dead!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith "oth a past perfect tense and a past perfect proressi)e )er"!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli :I
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Grammar !or'sheet 35> ?uture Tense +er)s Name ________________________
Definition: The future )er" tense is used for an action or state of "ein that %ill ta(e place in the future! 5or the
future )er" tense, add a helpin )er" in front of the "ase )er" form!
E&ample' Mr! Thomas will go to the meetin tomorro%!
!ritin" Hints
Enlish does not ha)e endins for the future )er" tense! Instead, use the helpin )er"s such as the modals' can,
could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would O the "ase )er" form!
E&ample' I should isit m$ sic( friend later this %ee(!
Another form of the future )er" tense is the future proressi)e! The future proressi)e descri"es an onoin
action that %ill ta(e place o)er a period of time in the future!
E&ample' Amanda will be taking reser)ations o)er the holida$s!
Practice
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a future tense )er" a"o)e each cross*out!
6! I lea)e school at t%o oDcloc( for a dentist appointment!
0! I tal(ed to m$ friends, "ut the$ 3ust %onDt listen!
>! /ou had "een as(in for the mo)ie starDs autoraph!
8! Computer ames ro% more and more important to (ids!
:! .e had "een hopin that the )acation can continue!
H! 9e loo(s for that old nuet %hene)er he has time!
I! 4eremiah (ne% a ood "oo( %hen he finds one!
Cross out the )er"s in the follo%in sentences and su"stitute each %ith a future proressi)e!
<! The li"rar$ %ill ha)e "een closed for e&tensi)e remodelin!
7! /ou listen to me this o)er the ne&t fe% da$s!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith "oth a future tense and future proressi)e )er"!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli :<
Grammar !or'sheet 36@ Name________________________
?uture Perfect Tense +er)s
Definition: The future perfect )er" tense refers to a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein that %ill "e
completed "efore a specific time in the future! The future perfect is formed %ith a helpin )er" such as the
modals' can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would O has or hae O the present participle 1a
)er" endin in d, ed, or en for reular )er"s2!
E&ample' .e will hae walked si& miles "$ three*oDcloc( this afternoon!
!ritin" Hints
The future perfect )er" tense either states or implies 1suests %ithout statin2 a specific time in the future!
Another form of the future perfect )er" tense is the future perfect proressi)e! The future perfect proressi)e
descri"es the lenth of time an action %ill "e in proress up to a specific time in the future! It is formed %ith
will hae been and the +ing form of the )er"!
E&ample' The students will hae been playing the same )ideo ame for t%o hours "$ the
time their friends arri)e!
Practice
Cross out and su"stitute the )er"s in the follo%in sentences %ith the future proressi)e tense as e&plained
"elo%!
To descri"e a ph$sical or mental action or a state of "ein that %ill "e completed "efore a specific time in
the future 1future perfect tense2
.e ride "i(es until our les "ein to ache!
The$ had seen three "usses pass their house in ten more minutes!
/ou %ill do thirt$ push*ups "$ the end of this $ear!
To descri"e the lenth of time an action %ill "e in proress up to a specific time in the future 1future
perfect proressi)e2
The$ are sleepin for ten hours "$ this noon!
Mother and father ha)e "een married for t%ent$ $ears this Octo"er 08
th
!
Not one animal %ill perform "$ the time %e et to the circus!
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith "oth a future perfect tense and future perfect proressi)e )er"!
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Grammar !or'sheet 364 &oo( Name ________________________
Definition: There are three "asic moods to e&press the %riterDs attitude' the in(icati-e states a fact 13e droe to
the beach2@ the imperati-e i)es a command 1Leae this place2@ the su),uncti-e e&presses a condition, %ish, or
reMuest 1' wish that were true2!
!ritin" Hints
The indicati)e states a fact! A fact is somethin said or done!
E&ample' 9e %rites in pen!
The imperati)e i)es a command! 5reMuentl$, the su"3ect is implied 1suested, not stated2!
E&ample' Please, thro% this trash in the ar"ae! The you is implied!
The su"3uncti)e ser)es three purposes! It e&presses the follo%in'
6! conditions of fact, prediction, or uess "einnin %ith if or unless in a dependent clause
E&amples' 5actJUnless she passes this class, she %ill not raduate!
PredictionJ'f we learn more, %e %ill earn more!
GuessJ'f he were 1noticeAnot was2 happy, he miht not ha)e left!
0! a %ish
5or a %ish a"out somethin that has not $et happened, use the past tense or were!
E&amples' I %ish I had her a"ilit$! I %ish that were true!
5or a %ish a"out somethin that happened in the past, use the past perfect )er" tense 1had O the past
participle 1the "ase )er" form endin in d or ed for reular )er"s2!
E&ample' She %ishes that the season had not started!
>! a reMuest
A reMuest can "e in the form of a fa)or, proposal, or demand! ,se the "ase form of the )er", %hether the
su"3ect is sinular or plural!
E&ample' I recommend that he gie the note "ac( to the irl!
Practice
Match the purposes of the su"3uncti)e to the follo%in e&amples'
+++6! I suest that $ou finish $our dessert no%! A! fact
+++0! I %ish that the mo)ie had ne)er ended! -! prediction
+++>! If %e tr$ our "est, our efforts %ill "e re%arded! C! uess
+++8! ,nless %e ma(e lunch, %e %onDt eat! C! %ish
+++:! If the$ %ere here on time, she could ha)e helped! E! reMuest
Appication
Compose $our o%n sentence %ith the su"3uncti)e mood!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli H=
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Grammar !or'sheet 365 +oice Name ________________________
Definition: The )oice reflects the relationship "et%een the su"3ect and the action of the sentence!
!ritin" Hints
The acti-e -oice is used %hen the su"3ect performs the action!
E&ample' 4ohnn$ uses the notes to prepare for the test!
The passi-e -oice is used %hen the su"3ect recei)es the action!
E&ample' The notes are used "$ 4ohnn$ to prepare for the test!
.rite in the acti)e )oice, not the passi)e, %hene)er possi"le! ,se the passi)e )oice onl$ %hen the Edo*erF is
un(no%n or unimportant!
Practice
Re)ise each of the passi)e )oice sentences into the acti)e )oice in the space pro)ided "elo% each sentence!
Mic(e$ %as i)en another chance "$ his friends!
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Luc$ has "een elected "$ the students to ser)e as our Student Council Treasurer!
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Those %ho )isited Mrs! McCarth$ %ere %arml$ reeted!
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Chores must al%a$s "e completed "efore %atchin tele)ision!
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I ha)e "een as(ed "$ Mr! Pic(ett to ma(e a speech in front of the student "od$!
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Appication
Compose t%o sentencesJone %ith the acti)e )oice!!!
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and one %ith the passi)e )oice!
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli H6
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.RITTEN -/ ' Mr!Moustafa El*met%alli H0

Professional Grammar Course For IELTS

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