History analysis

(slides courtesy of Tudor Girba - Uni. Bern www.tudorgirba.com)

Herodotus
Herodotus displays his enquiry, so that human
achievements may not become forgotten and great and
marvelous deeds may not be without their glory
especially to show why the two peoples fought with each
other.
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actual development
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History holds useful information
History holds useful information
When did it change?
Lehman etal, 2001
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
Lanza, Ducasse, 2002
Evolution Matrix shows changes in classes
Idle class
Pulsar class
Supernova class
White dwarf class
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
What changed?
2 4 3 5 7
2 2 3 4 9
2 2 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
1 5 3 4 4
1 5 3 4 4
4 2 1 0 + + + = 7 =
LENOM(C) = ! |NOMi(C)-NOMi-1(C)| 2
i-n
Evolution of
Number of Methods
LENOM(C)
1 5 3 4 4
LENOM(C) = ! |NOMi(C)-NOMi-1(C)| 2
i-n
LENOM(C) 4 2
-3
2 2
-2
1 2
-1
0 2
0
+ + + = 1.5 =
EENOM(C) = ! |NOMi(C)-NOMi-1(C)| 2
2-i
Latest Evolution of
Number of Methods
Earliest Evolution of
Number of Methods
EENOM(C) 4 2
0
2 2
-1
1 2
-2
0 2
-3
+ + + = 5.25 =
ENOM LENOM EENOM
7 3.5 3.25
7 5.75 1.37
3 1 2
0 0 0
7 1.5 5.25
2 4 3 5 7
2 2 3 4 9
2 2 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
1 5 3 4 4
ENOM LENOM EENOM
7 3.5 3.25
7 5.75 1.37
3 1 2
0 0 0
7 1.25 5.25
balanced changer
late changer
dead stable
early changer
Evolution
Stability
Historical Max
Growth Trend
...
Number of Methods
Number of Lines of Code
Cyclomatic Complexity
Number of Modules
...
of
History can be measured in many ways Detection Strategies are metric-based queries to
detect design aws
METRIC 1 > Threshold 1
Rule 1
METRIC 2 < Threshold 2
Rule 2
AND Quality problem
e.g., a God Class centralizes too much intelligence
ATFD > FEW
Class uses directly more than a
few attributes of other classes
WMC ! VERY HIGH
Functional complexity of the
class is very high
TCC < ONE THIRD
Class cohesion is low
AND GodClass
B
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, w
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if it
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?
Ratiu etal, 2004
AND
isGodClass(last)
God Class
in the last version
Stability > 90%
Stable throughout
the history
Harmless God Class
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
What changed?
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
What changed?
What will change?
Common wisdom
The recently changed parts are likely to change in the near
future
A
re they really?
30% 90%
present
past future
prediction hit
present
past future
YesterdayWeatherHit(present):
prediction hit
past:=histories.topLENOM(start, present)
future:=histories.topEENOM(present, end)
past.intersectWith(future) .notEmpty()
Girba etal, 2004
Yesterdays Weather shows the locality of changes
hit hit hit
YW = 3 / 8 = 37%
hit hit hit hit hit hit hit
YW = 7 / 8 = 87%
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
What changed?
What will change?
History holds useful information
When did it change?
How did it change?
What changed?
What will change?
Who did what?
CVS shows activity
Who is responsible for this? Who is responsible for this?
Alphabetical order is no order Ownership Map reveals development patterns
Girba etal, 2006
JEdit Ant
(john 23.06.03) public boolean stillValid (ToDoItem I, Designer dsgr) {
(bill 09.01.05) if (!isActive()) {
(bill 09.01.05) return false
(bill 09.01.05) }
(steve 16.02.05) List offs = i.getOffenders();
(john 23.06.03) Object dm = offs.firstElement();
(steve 16.02.05) ListSet newOffs = computeOffenders(dm);
(john 23.06.03) boolean res = offs.equals(newOffs);
(john 23.06.03) return res;
(george 13.02.05) public boolean stillValid (ToDoItem I, Designer dsgr) {
(bill 11.13.05) if (!isActive()) {
(bill 11.13.05) return false
(bill 11.13.05) }
(steve 16.02.05) List offs = i.getOffenders();
(george 13.02.05) Object dm = offs.firstElement();
(steve 16.02.05) ListSet newOffs = computeOffenders(dm);
(george 13.02.05) boolean res = offs.equals(newOffs);
(george 13.02.05) return res;
Who copied from whom?
(john 23.06.03) public boolean stillValid (ToDoItem I, Designer dsgr) {
(bill 09.01.05) if (!isActive()) {
(bill 09.01.05) return false
(bill 09.01.05) }
(steve 16.02.05) List offs = i.getOffenders();
(john 23.06.03) Object dm = offs.firstElement();
(steve 16.02.05) ListSet newOffs = computeOffenders(dm);
(john 23.06.03) boolean res = offs.equals(newOffs);
(john 23.06.03) return res;
(george 13.02.05) public boolean stillValid (ToDoItem I, Designer dsgr) {
(bill 11.13.05) if (!isActive()) {
(bill 11.13.05) return false
(bill 11.13.05) }
(steve 16.02.05) List offs = i.getOffenders();
(george 13.02.05) Object dm = offs.firstElement();
(steve 16.02.05) ListSet newOffs = computeOffenders(dm);
(george 13.02.05) boolean res = offs.equals(newOffs);
(george 13.02.05) return res;
Who copied from whom?
13.02.05 public boolean stillValid (ToDoItem I, Designer dsgr) {
11.13.05 if (!isActive()) {
11.13.05 return false
11.13.05 }
16.02.05 List offs = i.getOffenders();
13.02.05 Object dm = offs.firstElement();
16.02.05 ListSet newOffs = computeOffenders(dm);
13.02.05 boolean res = offs.equals(newOffs);
13.02.05 return res;
23.06.03 public boolean stillValid (ToDoItem I, Designer dsgr) {
09.01.05 if (!isActive()) {
09.01.05 return false
09.01.05 }
16.02.05 List offs = i.getOffenders();
23.06.03 Object dm = offs.firstElement();
16.02.05 ListSet newOffs = computeOffenders(dm);
23.06.03 boolean res = offs.equals(newOffs);
23.06.03 return res;
When did changes happen? Clone Evolution shows how developers copy
Balint etal, 2006