Copyright Alvarion Ltd.

Alvarion Training Services

Wireless LAN
Technologies
Presented by:
Yoram Orzach, CTO
NDI Communications
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Chapter Objectives
By the end of this lesson you will be able to
Understand the concepts of W-LAN networks
Understand the technologies of W-LAN networks
Understand network topologies and architectures in W-LAN networks
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Agenda
Introduction
Radio Technologies
Antennas design
The MAC layer and the protocol
Network architecture and topologies
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Extremely
Low
Very
Low
Low Medium High
Very
High
Infrared
Visible
Light
Ultra-
violet
X Ray
Audio
AM Broadcast
Shortwave Radio FM Broadcast
Television
Infrared Wireless LAN
Cellular (840 MHz)
NPCS (1.9 GHz)
Ultra
High
Super
High
Unlicensed Frequency Bands
Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz
Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz
Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz
Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz
High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz
Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz
Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz
Ultra
Low
2.4 2.4835GHz
802.11b
and 802.11g
5 GHz
802.11a
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The Laws of Radio
High Low
Frequency
Higher data rates
Shorter ranges
Lower data rates
Longer ranges
Data Rate
Sorter
Transmission Path
Longer
Transmission Path
Transmission
Power
Higher ranges Lower ranges
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The Common Wireless Technologies
802.11 Original standard
Published in 1997 as Legacy W-LAN
1/2 (Typical/Max) Mbps in 2.4GHz Band
Uses DSSS/FHSS Modulation
802.11a extension for the 802.11
Published in 1999. Designed for 54Gbps
in 5GHz Band. 23/54Mbps
Uses OFDM modulation
802.11b extension for 802.11
Published in 1999. Designed for 11.0Mbps
In 2.4GHz Band. 5.4/11.0 Mbps
Uses DSSS modulation
802.11g extension for 802.11
Published in 2003.
Designed for 54.0Mbps in 2.4GHz Band.
Uses OFDM modulation
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IEEE 802.11 Standard
802.11 Became a standard in July 1997
Two radio frequency (RF) technologies were first defined:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
1 and 2 Mbps bandwidth over 2.4GHz frequency
Defines Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) as the medium access method
Later changed to 802.11b, that adopted the modulation technique in
order to get higher bit-rates
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The 802.11a amendment to the original 802.11 standard was ratified in 1999.
Operates in 5 GHz band
Uses a 52-subcarrier Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s
12/13 non-overlapping channels
52 OFDM subcarriers
48 are for data
4 are pilot subcarriers
Carrier separation of 0.3125 MHz (20 MHz/64).
Each of these subcarriers can be a BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM.
802.11a
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802.11b
11 Mbps 2.4 GHz direct sequence
Ratified as standard in September 1999
Number of channels:
11 U.S. channels
13 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) channels
14 Japanese channels
Virtually approved for worldwide use
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Provides data rates up to 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz
Same speeds as 802.11a
Backward compatible with 802.11b
Same modulation as 802.11a (OFDM)
Uses OFDM for 802.11g data rates, DSSS for 802.11b data rates
Employs various modulation schemes for a variety of data rates
54, 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, and, 6 Mbps via OFDM
11, 5.5, 2, and, 1 Mbps via DSSS
802.11g
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Agenda
Introduction
Radio Technologies
Antennas design
The MAC layer and the protocol
Network architecture and topologies
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The 802.11 Architecture
Mobile

Terminal
access point
Fixed

Terminals
Application
TCP
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
IP
802.3 MAC
802.3 PHY
Application
TCP
802.3 PHY
802.3 MAC
IP
802.11 MAC
802.11 PHY
LLC
Wired network
LLC LLC
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What is WLAN RF Technology?
Data sent over air waves
Same radio frequency for sending and receiving (transceiver)
No licensing required for wireless products (in most countries)
In radio systems, the rules are:
More frequencies for more data
Advanced modulation techniques for more data
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Frequency Bands
3KHz
9KHz
200KHz
4500KHz
Telephone Radio
Signal
AM Radio Signal
FM Radio Signal
TV Signal
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The ISM Frequency Bands
The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands (900
MHz & 2.4 GHz) are un-licensed in most of the world
These rules varies depending on the country:
In the US, the FCC allocates both the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz band with 1W
maximum power
In Europe, the ETSI allocates only the 2.4 GHz band with 100 mW maximum
power
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Spread Spectrum Technologies
Started early 1940s in the US, as a proposal for secure
communications technique for military purpose
Typical applications for Spread Spectrum:
3G mobile telecommunications
W-LAN (IEEE802.11a, IEEE802.11b, IEE802.11g),
Bluetooth
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Spread Spectrum Techniques
Spread spectrum signals are distributed over a wide range of frequencies
and then collected back at the receiver
These wideband signals are noise-like and hence difficult to detect or
interfere with
Initially adopted in military applications, for its resistance to jamming and
difficulty of interception. In the last years, adopted in commercial wireless
communications
In the 2.4 GHz band, the regulation specifies that systems have to use one
of the two main spread spectrum technique:
Direct Sequence or
Frequency Hopping.
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DSSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
MOD
Spreading code (PRN)
10110100
Spreaded Signal
10110100 01001011 10110100 10110100
Data Signal
1011
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FHSS
Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
Time
F
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q
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c
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Modulation Techniques
The main job of the radio modem is to transform bits into modulations of
the radio waves, and there are many ways to do that.
In order to get better performance, most modern systems modulate either
the frequency of the signal or the phase of the signal (frequency offset).
The modulation techniques that are in used in Wireless LAN are:
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
PSK Phase Shift Keying BPSK (Binary-PSK) and QPSK (Quadrature-PSK)
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
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Modulation Techniques - FSK
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is
a frequency modulation
scheme in which digital
information is transmitted
through discrete frequency
changes of a carrier wave
2-FSK (or Binary-FSK) is when
two frequencies are used:
One frequency (Mark Frequency)
for binary 1
One frequency (Space Frequency)
for Binary 0
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Modulation Techniques - PSK
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data
by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier
wave).
In Wireless-LAN, PSK is used in two forms:
B-PSK (Binary PSK) when two phases are used
Q-PSK (Quadrature PSK) when four phases are used
0
90
180
270
0 1
B-PSK:
0
90
180
270
00 10
01
11
Q-PSK:
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Modulation Techniques - PSK
f
1
0
90
180
270
0 1 0
90
180
270
00 10
01
11
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01 00 10 11
f
1
D
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0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
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0 180
0 0
180
0 180 180
M
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90 0 180
270
B-PSK: Q-PSK:
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Modulation Techniques - QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), is a relatively simply technique.
It is simply a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying.
In QAM, the QAM order (QAM-16, QAM-64 etc) defines how many signals
exists in the scheme.
QAM-4 indicates 4 signals 00/01/10/11
QAM-8 indicates 8 signals 000/001/010/011/100/101/110/111
Etc .
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Example QAM-8
Phase Shift Amplitude Bit Value
0 1 000
0 2 001
90 1 010
90 2 011
180 1 100
180 2 101
270 1 110
270 2 111
f
1
D
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010 010 111
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1/90 1/90 2/270
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Modulation Techniques - OFDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a technology that
transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a single
transmission path
Orthogonal FDM (OFDM) spread spectrum technique distributes the
data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise
frequencies.
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Agenda
Introduction
Radio Technologies
Antennas design
The MAC layer and the protocol
Network architecture
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What are Antennas ?
The antenna converts radio frequency
electrical energy fed to it to electromagnetic
wave propagated into space.
The physical size of the radiating
element is proportional to the
wavelength. The higher the
frequency, the smaller the
antenna size.
Assuming that the operating frequency in
both cases is the same, the antenna will
perform identically in Transmit or Receive
mode
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Antenna Basics - Definitions
Decibel (dB) - Ratio of one value to another
dBm - compared to 1 mW (0dBm = 1mW)
dBw = compared to 1W (0dBw = 1watt)
dBi = compared to isotropic antenna
dBd = compared to dipole antenna
W -

Watt
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Antenna Characteristics
Directionality
Omnidirectional

(360

coverage)
Directional (limited range of coverage)
Directionality
Omnidirectional

(360

coverage)
Directional (limited range of coverage)
Gain
Measured in dBi

or dBd

(0 dBd

= 2.14 dBi)
More gain means more coverage, in certain directions
Gain
Measured in dBi

or dBd

(0 dBd

= 2.14 dBi)
More gain means more coverage, in certain directions
Polarization
Antennas used in the vertical polarization
Polarization
Antennas used in the vertical polarization
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The Theoretical (Isotropic) Antenna
A theoretical isotropic antenna
has a perfect 360 vertical
and horizontal beamwidth.
The Isotropic antenna will be
the reference for all antennas.
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Antenna Basic Mathematics
In the diagram, we have a transmitter (xmit) with
Transmit Final Output power (TFO) line losses and
antenna gain.
The math is relatively simple - Gains are added to the
TFO, and losses are subtracted to give us an
Estimated Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).
Transmitter
TFO
Line Loss
Antenna
Gain
TFO

+ Antenna Gain

-

Line Loss

= EIRP
EIRP
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Radiation Pattern
Antennas come in all shapes and
styles:
Omni-directional:
Vertical Whip
Ceiling mount
Directional:
Yagi ( Pringles can )
Wall mounted panel
Parabolic dish
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Agenda
Introduction
Radio Technologies
Antennas design
The MAC layer and the protocol
Network architecture
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The 802.11 Architecture
Mobile

Terminal
access point
Fixed

Terminals
Application
TCP
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
IP
802.3 MAC
802.3 PHY
Application
TCP
802.3 PHY
802.3 MAC
IP
802.11 MAC
802.11 PHY
LLC
Wired network
LLC LLC
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Introduction Traffic Services
Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (Mandatory)
Exchange of data packets based on best-effort
Support of broadcast and multicast
Time-Bounded Service (Optional)
Implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
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Introduction Access Methods
Access methods
DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
Collision avoidance via exponential backoff
Minimum distance (IFS) between consecutive packets
ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
DCF with RTS/CTS (optional)
Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
Avoids hidden terminal problem
PCF (optional)
Access point polls terminals according to a list
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t
Medium Busy
DIFS DIFS
Next Frame
Contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
CSMA/CA Access Method
Station ready to send starts sensing the medium
If the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space (IFS), the station can start
sending
If the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the station must
additionally wait a random back-off time
If another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of the station, the back-
off timer stops
Time Slot
Direct access if medium is
free for more then DIFS
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802.11 - MAC Layer Priorities
Priorities in Wireless LAN are defined through different
inter frame spaces:
SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing)
Highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response
PIFS (PCF IFS)
Medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
Lowest priority, for asynchronous data service
t
Medium Busy
SIFS
PIFS
DIFS DIFS
Next Frame Contention
direct access if
medium is free

DIFS
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802.11 Access Scheme Details
Sending Unicast packets
Station has to wait for DIFS before sending data
Receivers acknowledge at once (after waiting for SIFS) if the packet
was received correctly (CRC)
Automatic retransmission of data packets in case of transmission
errors
T
SIFS
DIFS
Ack
Waiting time
Other
Stations
Receiver
Sender
Data
DIFS
Data
Contention
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Joining the WLAN Network
When a station is entering a WLAN
coverage area, the following procedure
takes place:
Scanning: The station searches for a suitable
channel over which subsequent communication
takes place
Association: The station associates with an
Access Point
IP Address Allocation: The station gets an IP
address from a DHCP server (can be the Access
Point itself)
Authentication: If security options are configured,
then authentication takes place
Mobile
Terminal
Access
Point
Wired network
1.

Scanning
2.

Association
3.

Address Allocation
4.

Authentication
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Network Discovery
Wireless stations can locate 802.11 networks by using
Active or Passive mode
Active Mode:
The station selects channel 1
and sends probe request
frame
If no probe response frame is
received, the station moves t
channel 2 and so on
Passive Mode:
During passive scanning, the
station searches beacon
frames
The station moves from
channel to channel, until it will
find one
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What are Beacon Frames ?
Beacon frames are broadcasts, at regular intervals from the Access
Point.
These frames contains the following information:
Timestamps (8 Bytes), so that stations can synchronize to the network
Beacon interval (2 Bytes), in milliseconds
Capability info (2 Bytes), advertising network capabilities
SSID (0-32 Bytes), which is an alphanumeric network name
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Probe Request and Response
A Probe Request Frame is transmitted from a wireless station during active
scan
The Access Point within reach respond by sending Probe Response Frame
Mobile
Terminal
Access
Point
Wired network
Probe
Request
Frame
Probe
Response
Frame
A Probe Request Frame
contains the following
information:
SSID
Bit rates supported by the station
The Probe Response Frame
contains the same network
information as in Beacon
frames
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Association Request and Response
Before a station can join a wireless 802.11 network, it must send an
Association Request Frame
The Access Point will respond with an Association Respond Frame
Association Request Frames
contain (among other):
SSID
Capability info
Bit rates supported
Association Response Frame
contain (among other):
Capability info
Status code
Association ID
Mobile
Terminal
Access
Point
Wired network
Association
Request
Frame
Association
Response
Frame
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Agenda
Introduction
Radio Technologies
Antennas design
The MAC layer and the protocol
Network architecture
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f3
f2
f1
The 802.11 Architecture
Fixed

Terminals
AP
AP
AP
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Nomadic Access
Station (STA)
Terminal with access mechanisms to the
wireless medium and radio contact to the
access point
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Group of stations using the same radio
frequency
Access Point
Station integrated into the wireless LAN
and the distribution system
Portal
Bridge to other (wired) networks
Distribution System
Interconnection network to form one
logical network (EES: Extended Service
Set) based
on several BSS
Organization
Network
802.x Secured
LAN
802.11 LAN
BSS2
802.11 LAN
BSS1
STA1
STA2 STA1
ESS
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Ad-Hoc Networking
Direct communication
within a limited range
Station (STA):
terminal with access
mechanisms to the wireless
medium
Basic Service Set (BSS):
group of stations in range
and using the same radio
frequency
802.11 LAN
BSS2
802.11 LAN
BSS
1
STA1
STA4
STA5
STA2
STA3
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The new Standard 802.11n
Standard improvements
(MAC):
Flexible & efficient packet
aggregation
Legacy and channel width
coexistence mechanisms
Power saving mechanisms
Novel data flow techniques
Standard improvements
(PHY):
MIMO/multiple antenna
techniques
Advanced FEC, (forward error
correction)
10, 20 & 40mhz channels widths
Higher order modulation/coding
High throughput WLAN
Minimum of 100Mbps at the MAC SAP
Up to 630Mbps at the MAC SAP
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Standards and Amendments Summary
Data Rates:
802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
Data Rates:
802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
Radio and Regulatory:
802.11d, 802.11h, 802.11j
Radio and Regulatory:
802.11d, 802.11h, 802.11j
Security Extentions:
802.11i, 802.11w
Security Extentions:
802.11i, 802.11w
QoS Extensions:
802.11e, 802.11r
QoS Extensions:
802.11e, 802.11r
Mesh Extensions:
802.11s
Mesh Extensions:
802.11s
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Summary