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------------------------ (1)
Momentum Equation:
j
j
ij
j i
j
i
j
g
x x
P
x
U
U
t
U
o
ot
o
o
o
o
o
o
+ = +
--------- (2)
I II III IV V
Where,
k
k
ij j
i
i
j
ij
x
U
x
U
x
U
o
o
o o
o
o
o
t
3
2
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
I. Local change with time
II. Momentum convection
III. Surface force
IV. Molecular - dependent momentum exchange
V. Mass- force
Energy Equation
i
j
ij
i j
i
i
i
x
U
x
T
x
U
p
x
T
U c
t
T
c
o
o
t
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
+ = +
2
2
---- (3)
Where,
I. Local energy change with time
II. Convective term
III. Pressure work
IV. Heat flux (diffusion)
V. Irreversible transfer of mechanical energy into heat
These above governing equations are applied over the
control volume and then solved by proper selection of
input conditions: flow system, solver selection,
boundary conditions, grid size, edge division etc
(Labworth, 2002).
4. METHODOLOGY
Since the nozzle has a circular cross-section, it is
reasonable to assume that the flow is axi-symmetric
and the geometry created to be two-dimensional
(Moinier et al., 2002; Cusdin and Muller, 2005).
Now
2
r A t =
; Where, ( ) x r is the radius of the
cross-section at a distance x
39
And
2
1 . 0 x A + = is assumed for generating the
nozzle geometry, then for the given nozzle geometry,
we get
( )
( )
5 . 0 5 . 0 ;
1 . 0
5 . 0
2
s s
(
+
= x
x
x r
t
---------- (4)
This is the equation of the curved wall. GAMBIT is
used for generating the geometry. The points of the
curve are connected by NURBS arc (Gambit, 2004).
The Nozzle geometry is drawn by using the following
data shown in Table 1. Meshed edges, control volume
and curved edges of nozzle are shown in Figures 3, 4
and 5.
Table 1 Data for Nozzle geometry
x
-0.5 0.3337
-0.4 0.2876
-0.3 0.2458
-0.2 0.2111
-0.1 0.1870
0 0.1787
0.1 0.1870
0.2 0.2111
0.3 0.2458
0.4 0.2876
0.5 0.3337
Fig. 3 Curved edge of the nozzle.
Fig. 4 Meshed edges
Fig. 5 Mesh control volume
Boundary types for each of the edges are specified in
the Table 2. The input conditions have to be defined
one by one as: defining solver, defining the viscosity
effect, defining Energy Equation, defining Fluid
Properties, (let ideal gas), defining Operating
Conditions, defining Boundary conditions, defining
Equation Type, Initializing inlet properties (Pressure =
99298.5 Pa; Axial velocity = 58.90128; Temperature =
298.2764), defining convergence criteria(let the
solution will be conversed at 10e
-6
), defining number
of iteration( let iteration number is 500) etc. is to be
done.
Table 2 Boundary types of edges
The residuals of the iteration are printed out as well as
plotted in the graphics window as they are calculated.
Since the iteration converges within 10
-6
value shown
in Fig. 6. So our criteria for solving the problem are
correct.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Centerline Velocity
The variation of the axial velocity is plotted along the
centerline as shown in the Fig. 7. Fig. 7 shows that the
velocity of the centerline is increasing gradually and it
is maximum at the exit of the nozzle i.e. the velocity
turning from subsonic to supersonic gradually.
Edge
Position
Name Type
Left inlet PRESSURE_INLET
Right outlet PRESSURE_OUTLET
Top wall WALL
Bottom centerline AXIS
40
5.2 Centerline Pressure
The variation of the axial pressure is plotted along the
centerline and presented in the Fig. 8. The figure
shows that the pressure of the centerline is decreasing
gradually and it is the minimum at the exit of the
Fig. 6 Convergence diagram with iterations
Fig. 7 Centerline velocity change with respect to position.
41
Fig. 8 Static pressure changes with respect to position.
5.3 Vector Display
Fig. 9 shows the change of velocity along the flow
direction and red color represents the supersonic flow.
The scale on the left of the Fig. 9 represents the value
of temperature, pressure, velocity in the respective
figure along left to right of the nozzle.
Fig. 9 Velocity vectors vs. position colored by velocity.
6. CONCLUSIONS
CFD reduces time as well as cost of production of fluid
dynamics related products. It abates our experimental
cost. Any fluid flow and can be analyzed very easily.
All the aircrafts (whose velocity is more than the
velocity of sound) requires this type of simulation else
the cost of production of supersonic aircrafts will be
high and very much complicated.
Based on the simulation of supersonic flow through
nozzle the following conclusion may be drawn:
1. The range of horizontal axis is taken from -
0.5 to +0.5 because of simplifying the
drawing as well as simulation.
42
2. Solution is conversed at around 140 iteration,
residuals is ignored after 10
-6
value.
3. The velocity profile for the flow is sketched
in X-Y plane. The profile gives us
information about the increment of the
velocity in the right side of the nozzle.
4. The pressure profile shows that it reduces
along the right side and the back pressure is
around 1500 Pascal. Which means that the
pressure at exit of the nozzle must be 1500
else it will not act as a nozzle i.e. the flow will
not be supersonic.
5. If Mach number exceeds the value of 5, it
creates high temperature which causes the
chemical change of the fluid.
The flow through a converging-diverging nozzle is the
important problems used for modeling the
compressible flow for computational fluid dynamics.
Occurrence of shock in the flow field shows one of the
most prominent effects of compressibility over fluid
flow
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