Study and Analysis of Voltage Sags in High Voltage

Substations by Wavelet Transform and Discrete

Fourier Transform
Authors Name/s per st Affiliation (Author)
Dept! name of organi"ation (Line 1 of Affiliation - optional)
Name of organi"ation # acronyms acceptable (line 2)
$ity% $ountry (line 3)
name&'y"!com ( optional (line 4)
Authors Name/s per )nd Affiliation (Author)
Dept! name of organi"ation (Line 1 of Affiliation - optional)
Name of organi"ation # acronyms acceptable (line 2)
$ity% $ountry (line 3)
name&'y"!com ( optional (line 4)
Abstract Power quality has become very important in the
distribution networks for both the network operator and the final
user. Bogot D.C. is the most important city in Colombia with a
quick growth of its DP of almost !" in #$$% and appro&imately
seven million people in the same year' making it a ma(or
industrial' commercial and business center of Colombia. )n this
sense the power quality is essential for its industrial development.
Currently' one of the main problems facing by the city is the
voltage sags in the industrial sectors. *his article analy+es voltage
sags in three substations of study through the integration of two
techniques' the wavelet transform to calculate the duration' the
magnitude and the discrete ,ourier transform to identify the type
and other characteristic parameters of it.
Index Terms power distribution' wavelet transform' discrete
fourier transform' power quality.
*! *NT+,D-$T*,N
Voltage sags% called .dips/ in 0urope and .sags/ in
America% are defined as short duration transitory to nominal
fre1uency% 2here the effective value of the voltage decreases
belo2 345 of the nominal value 67!
Several studies have been found in the technical literature
related to voltage sags that consider basic characteristics as the
residual voltage and the duration of the voltage sags! 8elo2 it
is a brief summary of these studies9
i!N:; Study9 in this study 2ere monitored and analy"ed )<
provider companies of electric service in -SA in =44
measurement points during < years >years 334 ( 33<?! As
general results 2ere obtained average magnitude of the
voltage sags9 4!@A p!u!B average time of the voltage sags9 )C4
milliseconds 6)7!
ii! Voltage Sag *nde' Study9 in this proDect 2ere identified
the indicators for the voltage sags measured in different states
of the -nited States9 The average results are9 duration of the
voltage sags9 =E4 millisecondsB magnitude of the sags9 4!@E
p!u! These values 2ere determined bet2een the years 333 (
)444 6=7!
iii! $anadian 0lectrical Association Study >$0A?9 it 2as
made in 33! *n this 2orF measurements 2ere made in ))
provider companies of the electric service in $anada 6<7!
iv! Study made in )44E by the group :AAS >National
-niversity of $olombia? for 8ogota% in 2hich 2ere obtained
the follo2ing results from an important number of 1uality
measurements of lo2 voltage9 an average duration of the
voltage sags of CA3 milliseconds and the average magnitude of
the sags of 4!@A p!u! 6E7!
v! Voltage Guality Study from measurements in Nor2ay%
bet2een 33) and 33C! Study of the 0F*! *n this 2orF 2ere
measured the voltage sags in lo2 voltage sites and 2ere
constructed the accumulated duration tables of the voltage
sags from the measurements 6C7% 6@7!
This article presents the analysis of the signals through the
2avelet transform and the discrete Fourier transform for a
measurement of one year in three substations in the city of
8ogota D!$!
To do this study 2as necessary the performance of several
activities before analysis9
The e'traction of information from the measurements
database!
The characteri"ation of industrial electrical feeders of
medium and high voltage >=<%EFV/EFV? 6A7!
The application of signal analysis techni1ues% in this case a
classical techni1ue as the discrete Fourier transform and a
recent application techni1ue as the 2avelet transform!
**! H0TH,D,;,IJ
For the performance of this study it tooF into consideration
the methodology proposed by the research group
$A;:,SA;;0 637% 2hich is a se1uence of steps from
ac1uired data for the measuring devices >net2orF analy"ers
class A?% installed in the headboards of feeders of medium
voltage% in the three studied substations!
The Fig! % sho2s the flo2chart of this implemented
methodology for the characteri"ation of the voltage sags! This
methodology includes the follo2ing stages9 the e'traction of
the information from the database of the net2orF analy"ersB
the characteri"ation of users and feeders% the characteri"ation
through the developed method by 8ollen and Wavelet
transform to 1uantify the magnitude% the duration and identify
the type of voltage sag and other characteristic parameters!
Fig! ! Flo2chart of the methodology of analysis and characteri"ation of
voltage sags 637
A. Extraction of information from the database of networ
anal!"ers
The net2orF analy"ers have soft2are that stores the
ac1uired data in a database in the format K!dm! Through the
tests made at the 0lectrical 0ngineering ;aboratory at ;a Salle
-niversity 2ere verified the measurement and storage
characteristics of data of mentioned e1uipment!
Within these characteristics it 2as determined that the
e1uipment 1ualifies and stores voltage sags in the criterion
.Voltage - Din/ 2hen the voltage e'ceeds the established
limits >respect to the nominal voltage? in the preconfiguration
of measurement and recording of the e1uipment!
The construction and si"e of the database depends on the
1uantity of registered events and their correspondence 2ith the
number of days in 2hich events occur! The form and structure
of the database depends on the initial configuration% 2hich is
made before the connection of the e1uipment and therefore the
storage of the information! *n the analysis process 2ere
identified storage parameters as9 number of samples per cycle%
type of stored signal >current signal or voltage signal?!
The e'traction of the information consisted of t2o Fey
processes9 the e'traction of events in an accurate 2ay >date%
affected phase and duration? and the decryption of the voltage
and/or current 2aveforms! The database stores events in t2o
2ays9 the first% in an accurate 2ay 2here events are registered
>time of occurrenceB the residual voltage value for the case of
voltage sags% duration of the event% etc!? and the second 2here
2aveforms are registered >current and voltage% point to point%
according to the number of samples?!
#. $haracteri"ation of electrical feeders in a medium and
hi%h &olta%e (34'( )*11( ))
,nce the e'traction of the information 2as made% the ne't
step 2as to characteri"e the industries and the electrical
feeders of studied substations! *t 2as done to verify that the
supplied data by the po2er authority company corresponded to
real information! *n the Tables * and ** industrial enterprises
and feeders are presented% for the three studied substations and
itLs identified the energy demand and the number of industries
by sector 647!
TA8;0 *! $HA+A$T0+*MAT*,N ,F *ND-ST+*A; :+,$0SS0S A$$,+D*NI T,
TH0 0NT0+:+*S0 !
:rocesses
0nergy demand
HWh
Guantity of
industries
Food *ndustry @4)%) 4
:lastics *ndustry 4)<E%C 4
8re2ery *ndustry C@=%C )
:aper *ndustry )AE4%) )
$eramic *ndustry @E4)%A E
:etrochemical *ndustry =E)=%3 <
Te'tile *ndustry 4)=%3 C
Wood *ndustry ))E%@
Hetallurgic *ndustry ))=%< E
$ardboard *ndustry EE4%< =
Steel *ndustry @A<%E )
,ther =4E%) E
$,HH0+$*A; <4%C )
TA8;0 **! +0;AT*,N ,F F00D0+S ,F S-8STAT*,N
Feeders 0nergy demand
6HWh7
;enght 6Fm7
Feeder
Substation
Feeder EA4!3 4!)A
Feeder ) @A4!< E!3@
Feeder = )@=C!3 )4!E)
Feeder < =A34!< A!E=
Substation )
Feeder E4@A! <!==
Feeder ) @4@C!< C!<
Feeder = <=3!A A!))
Substation =
Feeder ==4!= C!3=
Feeder ) =A@4!C =!3A
Feeder = )<3<!< E!=)
Feeder < <=4E!C 4!C<
Feeder E E43@!@ A!EE
Feeder C <A@!E 3!4
Total E)3E4 =A!<)
$. #asic $haracteri"ation trou%hs the wa&elet transform
The Wavelet Transform >WT? has been introduced as a
po2erful tool for the analysis of po2er 1uality by detecting
disturbances and harmonics of a voltage signal 67!
8et2een late 33A and early )444% Joon and Devaney 6)7%
analy"ed the benefits of po2er definitions under non#
sinusoidal conditions in the domain of fre1uency and time!
From there the domain time#fre1uency arises through the
application of the Wavelet Transform!
The mentioned authors 6)7% sho2ed the basic theory to
define the po2er and its components using the Discrete
Wavelet Transform .DWT/% e'tending the traditional
definition of .effective value or r!m!s!/ of the voltage v>t? and
current i>t? in the Wavelet domain! *n their 2orF% sho2 ho2
this method of multi#resolution analysis can be used to
calculate r!m!s! values and the basic values of energy% such as
the active and reactive po2er!
The multiresolution analysis is based on the algorithm
developed by Hallat 6=7% in 2hich the same signal is passed
by several lo2 pass and high pass filters 6<7% breaFing do2n
in appro'imate versions >softened? and in detail >that contains
the transitions% peaFs and leaps?! Different cut off fre1uency
filters are used to analy"e the signal at different scales 6E7%
6C7! The signal is passed by a series of high pass filters >H?%
to analy"e the components of high fre1uency and lo2 pass
filters >;? to analy"e the components of lo2 fre1uency!
The signal resolution is changed by filtering operations and
the scale is changed reducing the sampling speed or
eliminating certain signal samples >subsampling?!
Selecting a4N)% the scaling is % /)% /<% /AB and the
traslation is 4% F% )F% <FO 2hich gives to the DWT a
logarithmic coverage of the fre1uency! 0ach dilatation divides
the band2idth into t2o! *n this 2ay the multiresolution in
continuous time analysis is interrelated 2ith discrete time
filters!
The Fig! )% sho2s a Wavelet decomposition tree of three
levels! The input signal is denoted by c4 6n7% the lo2 pass filter
is ;4% the high pass filter H4! At each level the high pass filter
produces detail information d6n7 and the lo2 pass filter
associated 2ith the scaling function produces appro'imation
information c 6n7!
Fig! )! Tree of decomposition of three levels!
*n the calculation of r!m!s! voltage using the Wavelet
analysis >$oefficient Hethod?% Joon and Devaney 6)7
provide the theoretical basis and demonstrate the practical
application of the measure of the r!m!s! value and the
po2er/energy of an electrical signal directly from the
coefficients of the Wavelet decomposition of that signal! The
energy of a signal in the Wavelet domain is calculated
applying the :arseval theorem% 2hich establishes that if the
scale functions and Wavelet are an orthonormal system% then
the energy of the signal f>t? can be calculated by the e1uation
!
>?
8eing D the number of decomposition levels!
The voltage Vr!m!s for the continuous case is defined by9
>)?
For the discrete case and if there are D levels of resolution%
the r!m!s voltage of a voltage signal v>t? analy"ed during a
time T >2ith N samples? is9
>=?
+. $haracteri"ation of t!pes of &olta%e sa%s usin% the #ollen
methodolo%!.
8ollen classified the voltage sags in types A% 8% $ and D%
through a methodology% this methodology 2as e'tended after
to other types of voltage sags9 0% F and I! The Fig! =% sho2s
the phasor changes of the voltages of each type of defined
voltage sag!
Fig! =! Types of proposed voltage sag in the 8ollen methodology 67!
This methodology analy"es three#phase electrical systems%
using symmetrical components and the magnitudes of the
voltages per unit! According to the references 6@7 # 6))7% it
2as applied the method developed by 8ollen% based in the
discrete Fourier transform to the supplied data by the net2orF
analy"er! Through a se1uence of steps it can develop the
proposed methodology9
Step 9 the event information is processed% it means% to the
set of samples is applied an algorithm of discrete Fourier
transform >DFT? to obtain the fre1uency components in
magnitude and phase!
Step )9 2ith the fundamental fre1uency components
>magnitude and phase? are determined the se1uence
components >positive% negative and cero?! *t is done to apply
the e'isting standard formulation% such as it is done in the
analysis of traditional po2er system for the determination of
fault currents in analytical 2ay!
Step =9 it is determined if the voltage sag is balanced >type
A? or unbalanced >any of the other types?! This is
accomplished by comparing the magnitudes of positive and
negative se1uence!
Step <9 if the voltage sag is balanced% itLs certain that it is
type A and is completely identified by its characteristic
voltage% 2hich is e1ual to the magnitude of the voltage of
positive se1uence!
Step E9 if the voltage sag is unbalanced% it is determined a
value for P% from the follo2ing e1uation9
P N >>angle bet2een >V)% #V?/C4?? ><?
With the calculated value for P% through the follo2ing
comparisons it is defined the type of sag9
*f PN4% then the sag is type $a >in the phase a?
*f PN% then the sag is type Dc >in the phase c?
*f PN)% then the sag is $b >in the phase b?
*f PN=% then the sag is Da >in the phase a?
*f PN<% then the sag is $c >in the phase c?
*f PNE% then the sag is Db >in the phase b?
Step C9 the characteristic magnitude is obtained as the
absolute value of the characteristic voltage!
As a result of the method are also obtained the follo2ing
parameters9
The angle Dump of characteristic phase9 this parameter
1uantifies the Dump >or displacement? of associated phase 2ith
the voltage sag at the time it is presented!
The factor :#N9 a factor 2hich 1uantifies the inherent
asymmetry that can be the source or set of phasors of
distribution system! This is accomplished by comparing the
magnitudes of the impedances of positive and negative
se1uence!
The voltage of "ero se1uence9 a parameter that 1uantifies
the symmetry/asymmetry of the voltage sag that occurs!
The characteristic magnitude 2hich is liFened to the vie2ed
residual voltage in the basic characteri"ation!
***! ANA;JS*S ,F +0S-;TS
The obtained results through the application of the Wavelet
transform and the 8ollen method >discrete Fourier transform?
are9
A. $haracteri"ation (ma%nitude and duration) usin% ,a&elet
transform
Through the tests made in the laboratory and according to
the developed algorithm 2as determined the best
configuration for the Wavelet transform >multiresolution
analysis of E levels? 2ith the mother Wavelet called
Daubechies C!
An e'ample of the mentioned above% it can be observed in
the Fig! <% 2here a signal is analy"ed and the follo2ing results
are obtained9 = voltage sags 2ith magnitudes of @A5% <C5 and
AA5 respectively! The beginning and the end of sag are
detected at all levels% although precisely on the first level% d%
so that level 2ill be used only in detecting events
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-2
-1
0
1
2
Ua
Ub
Uc
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Fig! <! Analysis of po2er signal using the Wavelet transform >Daubechies
C?% 2ith five levels decomposition! a? Signals of = phases 2ith sags% b?
$alculation of r!m!s! value by the method of coefficients% c? Signal of detail at
level !
Through the method of Wavelet coefficients is calculated
the r!m!s! value of the magnitude% then calculate the duration!
The basic statistical results of durations and magnitudes in the
substations are presented in the table ***!
TA8;0 ***! N-H80+ ,F SAIS *N F00D0+S ,N $*+$-*TS ,F S-8STAT*,NS
>-S*NI WAV0;0T T+ANSF,+H?!
Substation
>Feeder?
Number of sags
Substation C<
Substation ) )A
Substation = >Iroup ? A
Substation = >Iroup )? 4
T,TA; 4
The table *V presents the statistics descriptive analysis from
processing through the Wavelet transform using the mother
Wavelet Daubechies C!
TA8;0 *V! 8AS*$ STAT*ST*$S ,F HAIN*T-D0 AND D-+AT*,N F,+
SAIS *N F00D0+ AND S-8STAT*,NS >VA;-0S W*TH WAV0;0T
T+ANSF,+H?!
HAIN*T-D0 Sub! Sub! )
Sub! =
Iroup

Sub! =
Iroup )
Hean
>p!u!?
4!<A)) 4!A=)@ 4!EA3 4!C==)
Hinimum
>p!u!?
4!4)AE 4!E<A 4!)=A 4!)3A
Ha'imum
>p!u!?
-..//3 -../(( -../01 -../(2
Standard
Deviation
>p!u!?
4!=A) 4!4A<) 4!)<@C 4!)=@4
D-+AT*,N
Hean
>ms?
)3!A4 @!CA< 3A!@C )34!CEE
Hinimum
>ms?
)!E3A )<!C@@@ )4!)C@ A!@4=
a
b
c
Ha'imum
>ms?
34 )43!A< 34 34
Standard
Deviation
>ms?
===!=C <C!AC= ))3!C@= =)E!<=A
From the analysis 2e can affirm that the Wavelet transform
is the fastest method that detects the beginning and end of the
event! *n addition 2ith ideal signals the method provides very
good results in the calculation of the magnitude and duration
of the event!
The results of the Wavelet transform depend on the selected
mother Wavelet% 2hich is 2hy several Wavelet mothers 2ere
analy"ed to select one that represents better the results 2hen
evaluating the events into electrical signals! The Wavelet that
2as selected 2as Daubechies C 6)=7% 2ith < and E levels of
decomposition! Also a strategy 2as implemented to establish
the thresholds used in the detection of the event!
To improve the analysis an algorithm 2as implemented
based in the Wavelet transform to discriminate by itself the
beginning of the event% its final% the steps up and do2n% the
present noise and the high fre1uency transients!
#. $haracteri"ation of t!pes and characteristic parameters of
&olta%e sa%s usin% the method de&eloped b! #ollen
For information processing an algorithm 2as developed that
allo2ed to determine the characteristic parameters9
characteristic voltage% component of voltage of "ero se1uence
and factor :#N of the voltage sags! The tables V and V* sho2
the basic characteri"ation of the information captured by the
net2orF analy"ers installed in industrial feeders of medium
and high voltage >=<%E FV/E FV? of the three studied
substations!
The detailed characteri"ation 2as performed to the voltage
sags 2ith an only present type in its temporal evolution >4=?
and also to the voltage sags that sho2ed several present types
as time passed by! This detailed characteri"ation is based on
the determination of the voltage sag >A% 8% $% D% 0% F o I? and
the observation of three parameters9 The characteristic voltage%
the component of the voltage of "ero se1uence and the factor
:#N! *t 2as considered of interest to observe the evolution of
these parameters as time passed by >in this case the cycles of
voltage sags?! First it 2as observed the behavior of each one of
the parameters for the voltage sags 2hich presented an only
type and then for the voltage sags 2hich have several types
present during its temporal evolution! *t is in order to observe
differences and/or peculiarities of one respect to the other!
For all substations 2ere taFen the voltage sags that
presented an only type in its temporal evolution! The Table V
sho2s the types present in each one of them!
TA8;0 V! $;ASS*F*$AT*,N AND TJ:0S ,F SAIS *N S-8STAT*,NS
Substation
A 8 $ D 0 F I

4 <E A 4 4 4
)
4 ) C 4 4 4
= >Iroup ?
4 @ 4 4 4 4
= >Iroup )?
4 A ) 4 4 4 4
i! 0volution of the characteristic voltage of the voltage sags
in substations9 the Fig! E% sho2s the evolution of the
characteristic voltage of the voltage sags in one of the
substations 6)<7!
*n the Fig! E% the '#a'is has fi'ed the number of the cycle
and in the a'is of the ordinates has fi'ed the value of the
characteristic voltage in p!u! *tLs important to note that for
shorter duration cycles correspond voltage sags type 8% 2hich
are related 2ith atmospheric discharges! ,ther events such as
type $ are related to faults in the distribution system!
Fig! E! 0volution of the characteristic voltage in the substation !
The same analysis 2as performed for the t2o remaining
substations!
ii! 0volution of the component of "ero se1uence of the sags of
the substations9 in a similar 2ay as 2as done for the
observation of the characteristic voltage sho2s the evolution
of the voltage of "ero se1uence for one of the studied
substations% as seen in the Fig! C!
*n the Fig! C% the '#a'is has fi'ed the number of the cycle
and in the a'is of the ordinates has fi'ed the value of the
voltage of "ero se1uence in p!u! The importance of analy"ing
the se1uence of "ero voltage is that 2e can determine the sags
that are directly defective in the po2er system% particularly
events type 8 and type $ 6)E7!
Fig! C! 0volution of the "ero se1uence voltage in the substation
iii! 0volution of the :#N factor of the sags of the substations9
the final stage in the detailed characteri"ation of the voltage
sags in one of the substations is the observation of the
evolution of the :#N factor! *n the Fig! @% in the a'is the '#a'is
has fi'ed the number of the cycle and in the a'is of the
ordinates has fi'ed the value of the :#N factor in p!u!
Fig! @! 0volution of the :#N factor >sag of only one type? in the substation !
*n total C3 voltage sags 2ere found! These voltage sags
and its characteri"ation are sho2n in the Table V*!
TA8;0 V*! $HA+A$T0+*MAT*,N ,F SAIS!
Description
Sub! Sub! ) Sub! =
Ir!
Sub! =
Ir! )
Total of sags 2ith all the
information in each substation!
A <4 )) )C
SagQs 2ith duration lo2er than
cycle >C!CCC ms?
= < 4
SagQs 2ith one type during
temporal evolution
C< )A A 4
SagQs 2ith various types
during temporal evolution
A E A 4
SagQs 2ith unidentify type in
some cycles
C = E C
*n the consolidated of data of the Table V* are sho2n three
aspects of interest9 :resence of voltage sags 2ith duration less
than one cycleB a not insignificant amount >= from C3? of
voltage sags 2ith several present types during its temporal
evolution and presence of voltage sags that donLt have defined
type according to the method developed by 8ollen!
Host of the studied voltage sags >4 from C3? sho2ed a
single type present in its temporal evolution >see Table V*?!
The remainder >appro'imately )A5 of voltage sags? presented
different types in its evolution% from type A to type F!
*n the case of voltage sags 2ith a single present type% most
>@=5? are type 8% follo2ed by type $ >)E5? and the
remainder )5 are to type 0!
About 345 of voltage sags >including those 2ith various
types? have a characteristic voltage 2hich is bet2een 4 A p!u!
and p!u! This same trend is observed in the :#N factor!
Host of voltage sags >more than 345? have a component of
"ero se1uence 2hich is less than 4!4A p!u!
*V! $,N$;-S*,N
For the complete characteri"ation of voltage sags 2ere
developed and applied t2o methodologies% Wavelet and DFT!
The combination of these t2o methods allo2ed obtaining a
more complete Fno2ledge of the events that occurred in the
three studied subststations!
*n the basic characteri"ation 2as obtained a minimum
magnitude of 4!)) p!u! and a ma'imum value of 4!A3 p!u!
generali"ed in the three studied substationsB regarding to
duration% the minimum obtained 2as )!C ms >less than one
cycle? and the ma'imum 2as 34 ms in three studied
substations!
*n the detailed characteri"ation 2as identified that most of
voltage sags are type 8 and $! This is in concordance 2ith
2hat 2as reported by the 2orld2ide technical literature and
2ith the events of faults that have the net2orF operator in its
database!
The observation of behavior trends of characteristic voltage%
the :#N factor and the component of "ero se1uence donLt sho2
significant differences bet2een voltage sags that sho2 a single
type and the voltage sags that have several types in its
temporal evolution!
8ecause of the comple'ity of the nature and the
characteristics of studied events% itLs advisable approaching the
characteri"ation 2ith additional techni1ues! This could
provide a further analysis in this type of events!
!
+0F0+0N$0S
67 *000 Std E3# 33E% .+ecommended :ractice for Honitoring 0lectric
:o2er Guality% *nstitute of 0lectrical and 0lectronics 0ngineers/% Ne2
JorF% 33EH! Joung% The Techincal Writers HandbooF. Hill Valley%
$A9 -niversity Science% 3A3% @4 pp!
6)7 +! 8ingham% .Sags and s2ells/% Document available online
222%epri%comcom/targethigh%aspR
programN))<344SvalueN4T4C%)SobDidN)@)EEA% Tun% )4!
6=7 H! 8ollen% D! Sabin%! +! Thallam% .Voltage#sag indices#recent
developments in *000 :*EC< tasF force/% Guality and Security of
0lectric :o2er Delivery Systems% )44=% $*I+0/:0S )44=%
$*I+0/*000 :0S% *nternational Symposium% A#4 ,ct% )44=% pp! =<#<!
6<7 D! Poval% 8! Hughes% .$anadian national po2er 1uality survey9
fre1uency of industrial and commercial voltage sags/% *000
Transactions on industry applications% Vol ==% No% = Hay ( Tun!
6E7 I! $aDamarca% H! Torres% A! :avas% D! -rrutia% ;! Iallego% A!
Delgadillo% /*mpact Assessment of :o2er Guality ;imits in $olombia9 a
+egulatory Approach/% Transmission S Distribution $onference and
0'position9 ;atin America% )44C% TD$ Q4C% *000/:0S% Aug% )44C!
6C7 H! SelDeseth% A! :leym% .SpenningsFvalitetsmUlinger 33) # 33C/
>voltage 1uality measurements% 33) to 33C% in Nor2egian?% report 0F*
T+ A <<C4 published by 0F*% @4=< Trondheim% Nor2ay% 33@!
6@7 H! Gader% .Stochastic assessment of voltage sags due to short circuits in
electrical net2orFs/% :hD thesis% -H*ST% Hanchester% -%P% 33@!
6A7 H!N! HoschaFis% N!D! Hat"iargyriou% .Analytical calculation and
stochastic assessment ogf voltage sags/% *000 Transactions on po2er
delivery% vol )% No! =% Tul% )44C% pp! @)@#@=<!
637 T! :Vre"% ;! $orrea% T! TumialWn% F! Hoya! +! Horeno% .Development
and implementation of a methodology for the study of voltaDe dips in
8ogotW D!$./% )
ST
*nternational $onference on 0lectricity Distribution%
$*+0D )4% FranFfurt% C#3 Tun% )4
647 T! Tardini% H!V! Tahan% H!+! Iouvea% S! Ahn% H! Figueiredo% .Daily
;oad :rofiles for +esidential% $ommercial and *ndustrial ;o2 Voltage
$onsumers/% *000 Transactions on :o2er Delivery% vol% E% no% % Tan%
)444!
67 F! Turado% N! Acero% 8! ,gayar% /Application of signal processing tools
for po2er 1uality analysis/% in :roc% $an%$onf% 0lect% $omput% 0ng% %
vol% % pp% A)#A@% Hay )44)!
6)7 W! Joon% H!T! Devaney% .:o2er Heasurement -sing the Wavelet
Transform/% *000 Trans% on *nstrumentation and Heasurement% Vol% <@%
No% E% ,ct 33A% pp! )4E#)4!
6=7 S! Hallat% .A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition9 the
2avelet representation/% *000 Transactions on :attern Analysis and
Hachine *ntelligence% Vol%% No% @% Tul% 3A3% pp! C@<#C3=!
6<7 $!A! NiXo% $!A! Duarte% D!A! Sierra% .*mplementaciYn de una toolbo'
bWsica para tratamiento de seXales con 2avelets en un procesador digital
de seXal/% +evista *ngenierZa y $omputaciYn% Facultad de *ngenierZa%
-niversidad del Valle% Vol! =% No! % )44E!
6E7 [! $hen% .A Wavelet#8ased Hethod to Detect% ;ocate% Guantify and
*dentify Slight Deviations of Amplitude and :hase in :o2er Systems/%
*000 )44= :o2er 0ngineering Society Ieneral Heeting% =#@ Tul%
)44=% Vol! )% 8eiDing% $hina!
6C7 F! Turado% A! $ano% .Discrimination bet2een transient voltaDe stability
and voltaDe sags/% 4th *nternational $onference on Harmonics and
Guality of :o2er% ,ct! C#3% )44)% pp! C@4#C@!
6@7 H! 8ollen% .$haracteri"ation of three# phase unbalance dips > as easy as
one#t2o#threeR?/% :o2er 0ngineering Society Summer Heeting% )444%
*000% vol%)% Tul% )444% pp! A33#34<!
6A7 ;! Mhang% H! 8ollen% .A Hethod for $haracterisation of Three#phase
-nbalanced Dips >Sags? from +ecorded Voltage Waveshapes/%
Telecommunication 0nergy $onference% 333% *NT0;0$ Q33% The )st
*nternational% 333!
637 ;! Mhang% H! 8ollen% .$haracteristic of Voltage Dips >Sags? in :o2er
Systems/% *000 Transactions on :o2er Delivery% Apr% )444% pp! A)@#
A=)!
6)47 0! IarcZa% V! Fuster% .HetodologZa para la evaluaciYn de huecos de
tensiYn/% +evista% Facultad de *ngenierZa -niversidad de Antio1uia% no%
E=% Tunio )44<% pp! 3C#)4<!
6)7 H! 8ollen% .Algorithms for $haracteri"ing Heasured three#:hase
-nbalanced Voltage Dips/% *000 Transactions on :o2er Delivery% vol%
A% no% =% Tul )44=!
6))7 H! Hadrigal% 8!H! +ocha% .Hethod for characteri"ing Heasured Three#
:hase -nbalanced Sags/% 3th *nternational $onference on 0lectrical
:o2er Guality and -tilisation% 8arcelona% 3# ,ct% )44@!
6)=7 [! $hen% .A Wavelet#8ased Hethod to Detect% ;ocate% Guantify and
*dentify Slight Deviations of Amplitude and :hase in :o2er Systems/%
*000 )44= :o2er 0ngineering Society Ieneral Heeting% =#@ Tul%
)44=% Vol! )% 8eiDing% $hina!
6)<7 ;! $orrea% A! TumialWn% T! :Vre"% +! Horeno% .$omparison of rms value
techni1ues and Wavelet transform for detection and basic
characteri"ation of voltage sags/% V* Simposion *nternacional sobre
calidad de la energZa elVctrica S*$0; )4% AsunciYn% :araguay% #<
Nov% )4!
6)E7 $! $asarotto% T! IYme"% .$laculation of voltage sags originated in
transmission systems using symmetric components/% *nternational
conference on electricity distribution $ired )4th! Tun A #% :rague% )443