Faster Division by 10

n
1 or Monodigit Number
Vitthal Jadhav
Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Jadhavvitthal1989@gmail.com
Abstract : This paper Derives quick method to divide any number by 10
n
1 or Monodigit number.
1. Basic Term
1) Monodigit Number
Number made up of single digit is called as monodigit number.
E.g. i) 1111
ii) 222222
iii) 33
iv) 999999999
v) 8888888 etc.

Let decimal digit D occur n times in monodigit number, then general algebraic
representation of monodigit number can be derived as below
Monodigit Number = DDDDDDD
n times
= D * 111111111
n times
=
D
9
*9 * 1111111111 =
D
9
* 9999999999
n times n times
=
D
9
*(10
n
1) ( 999999.9999 = 10
n
1 )
n times
n digit Monodigit Number = DDDDD,DDD =
D
9
*(10
n
1)
n times

2) Numbers Polynomial Representation

Let .................. .........
n m
n n n m
P D D D D D D D D D D D D

+
=
1 2 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 1

be number,
which has n+1 digit before decimal and m digit after decimal , represented in number
system with base b . Then polynomial representation of number P is derived as below.


.................. .........
* * * ......... * * * * *
* ....... * *
n m
n n n m
n n n
n
n n
m m
m
m
P D D D D D D D D D D D D
D D D D D D D D
D D D
b b b b b b b b
b b b

+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +

+


+

+
=
=
1 2 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 1
1 2 2 1 0 1 2
1 2 2 1 0 1 2
3 1
3 1
P
m
k
k
k n
D *b =

(1)
Above equation is called as polynomial representation of number P in base b.
Similarly if number P contains number digits after decimal places and n+1 digit before
decimal places, then its polynomial representation in base b becomes as below.

P
k
k
k n
D *b =

(2)


2. Method Formulation
Let y be dividend to which we want to divide by 10
n
1 or 999999999.
n times
i.e.


n n
n n
n
n
r
r
)
( )
y y
(assuming x=10
( ) (x )
y
x ( x )
y w
assuming =w and x z
x
( z )
w*( z z z z .....)
w* z

=
=

=

= =

= + + + + +
=

1
1 2 3 4
0
10 1 1
1
1
1

r r r
r r
r m r m
r
m m m
m m m
m m m
r
(substituting polynomial representation of w in base 'z' i.e. ) ( a *z )* z w = a *z
= (a )z (a + a )z (a +a + a )z ..... -----------------(3)
b

= =
=


=

+ + +
=
0
1 2
1 2 1
* -----------------------------
m m
m m
m m m
m
m m m m m
k k k
r
(
r m
4)
Comparing equation (3) & (4) we get
b a
b a a a b
b a a a a b
.
.
.
b a b -----------------(5)
z


+

=
=
= + = +
= + + = +
= +

1 1 1
2 2 1 2 1
1

Above equation gives required recurrance relation using which division by 999999 or
Monodigit number can be computed with magical speed.

3. Examples
1) 1234757777=?

a) Conventional Method

7777= (7/9)(10
4
-1)
Therefore , 123475 [(7/9)* (10
4
-1) = 158753.5714285714(10
4
-1)
Comparing y(x
n
-1) where x=10
Y=158753.5714285714 , n=4
Z= x
n
=

10
4
W= y/z =15.87535714285714
=15*z
0
+ 8753*z
-1
+5714*z
-2
+2857*z
-3
+1428*z
-4
+ -------------(I)

Comparing equation (I) with w=
r
r
r m
( a *z )

we get
m=0 ,a0=15, a-1=8753, a-2=5714, a-3=2857, a-4=1428 etc.


b0= a0=15 (using equation (5) )
b-1= a-1 + b0 =8753+15=8768
b-2= a-2 + b-1 =5714+8768=14482
b-3= a-3 + b-2 =2857+14482= 17339
b-4= a-4 + b-3 =1428+17339=18767
..
..
..
So on.

Then According to equation (4) resulting division is given as below
i.e. y(x
n
-1) =
r
r m
( b *z )
r

=b0*z
0
+ b-1*z
-1
+ b-2*z
-2
+ b-3*z
-3
+
=15*z
0
+ 8768 *z
-1
+14482 *z
-2
+17339*z
-3
+18767z
-4
+
=15.8769 4483 7340 8767 (Since Z=

10
4
)
1234757777 =15.8769 4483 7340 8767

b) Shortcut Method


*( )
*
*
( )
15.8753 5714285714
=

=
=

4
4 4
4
10 1
7777 7
9
12345 9 1
123475 7777
7
10 1 10
1 10


15. 8753 5714 2857 1428
+ 15 8768 14482 17339
15 . 8768 14482 17339 18767 .
Carry 1 1 1

15. 8769 4483 7340 8767.
OR
15. 8753 5714 2857 1428
+ 15 8768 (1+4482) 7340
15 . 8768 14482 7340 8768 .
+1 +1
15. 8769 4483 7340 8768
1234757777 =15.8769 4483 7340 8768..

2) 2367428142857= ?

We know that .

= =
1 142857
0 142857
7 999999




*

.
=
*( ) ( )
.
( )

=
=
=
=

=

6 6 6
6
2367428
142857
2367428
142857
999999
142857
7
2367428 7
999999
16571996
999999
16571996 16 571996
10 1 10 1 10
16 571996
1 10

.
( )

6
16 571996
1 10
can be computed by using above shortcut method as below.
16. 571996 000000 000000
+ 000016 572 012 572 012 ..
16 . 572 012 572 012 572 012 s

16 . 572 012 572 012 572 012 ..
2367428142857= 16 . 572 012 572 012 572 012 = .

16 572012