EG55F2/G2 2009/10

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN SESSION 2009-10

Degree examination in EGF2!G2 "I"E#INE AND SOI# $E%&ANI%S
T'e()a* 2t+ $a* 2010 Time 2,m - ,m
NOTES: (i) Candidates are permitted to use approved calculators.
(ii) Candidates are permitted to use the Course Formulae Handout, which will
e made availale to them.
(iii) Candidates should attempt !"" F#$E %uestions.
(iv) !ll %uestions carr& '( mar)s each
"#EASE NOTE T&E FO##O.ING
(i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly permitted in the
rules appropriate to this examination !here this is permitted" su#h material must not $e
amended" annotated or modi%ied in any &ay
(ii) You must not have in your possession any material that #ould $e determined as 'ivin' you an
advanta'e in the examination
(iii) You must not attempt to #ommuni#ate &ith any #andidate durin' the examination" either
orally or $y passin' &ritten material" or $y sho&in' material to another #andidate" nor must
you attempt to vie& another #andidate(s &or)
Fai/'re to 0om,/* 1it+ t+e a2o3e 1i// 2e regar)e) a( 0+eating an) ma* /ea) to )i(0i,/inar*
a0tion a( in)i0ate) in t+e A0a)emi0 4'a/it* &an)2oo56
71118a2)n8a08'5!regi(tr*!9'a/it*!a,,en)ix:x18,);< Se0tion( =81= an) 8
*a'e 1 o% 5
EG55F2/G2 2009/10
1 (a) + desi'n en'ineer has re,uested %or a uniaxial tensile test $e #arried out on a
spe#imen ta)en alon' the hoop dire#tion o% a su$sea pipeline -he experimental data
%rom the test produ#es a true stress versus true plasti# strain #urve that #an $e %itted $y
the empiri#al relation
2 0
./5 = " &here is in 0*a 1% the true strain at the
maximum load
u
2 02" sho& that the true tensile stren'th
u
is related to the nominal
tensile stren'th S
u
a##ordin' to
u
2 122S
u

35 mar)s4
-he yield stress" Y, to nominal tensile stren'th" S
TS
" ratio %or pipeline materials is
usually re,uired to $e in the ran'e
95 0 55 0
TS
S
Y
$y pipeline desi'n #odes
6omment $rie%ly on the 7usti%i#ation %or this material sele#tion re,uirement
3/ mar)s4

($) + 128 (9: 2 /2/;mm) pipeline is to $e used at a &ater depth o% ;00 m to transport a
hi'hly %lamma$le %luid at a pressure o% 10 0*a -he pipe is made %rom a material
&ith a uniaxial yield stress o% <15 0*a and manu%a#tured to a &all thi#)ness toleran#e
o% 0< mm -he thi#)ness loss due to #orrosion over the desi'n li%e is 05 mm 1% the
sea&ater density is 1025 )'/m
/
" determine the minimum nominal &all thi#)ness o% the
pipe $ased on the $urst pressure desi'n #riterion and :=>?9@?F101
312 mar)s4
2 (a) Asin' a moment?#urvature #urve" des#ri$e" $rie%ly" the various sta'es o% the reelin' and
unreelin' o% a pipeline and the development o% strain in the pipeline throu'hout the
pro#ess o% reeled installation
3; mar)s4
($) + reel?lay installed 108 diameter (9: 2 25< mm) pipeline &ith a &all thi#)ness o%
10 mm is used to transport a medium sa%ety #lass %luid -he pipeline is made %rom a
material &ith Youn'(s modulus E 2 205 G*a" *oisson(s ratio 2 0/ and uniaxial yield
stress Y 2 <<; 0*a -he pipeline is installed at a &ater depth o% .00 m" has a residual
lay tension o% ;00 )= and a desi'n internal pressure is 5 0*a + post?installation
survey o% the sea$ed has revealed a %ree span o% the pipeline :etermine the allo&a$le
$endin' due to the %ree span $ased on :=>?9@?F101 +ssume the sea&ater density is

w
2 1020 )'/m
/
and that the pipeline is per%e#tly #ir#ular
312 mar)s4
*a'e 2 o% 5
EG55F2/G2 2009/10
/ (a) :is#uss" $rie%ly" t&o primary #onsiderations &hen desi'nin' a tie?in spool %or a su$sea
pipeline
35 mar)s4
($) +
<
/
10
8 diameter (9: 2 25/ mm) pipeline &ith a &all thi#)ness o% 125 mm is made
%rom B.5 'rade steel &ith yield stress Y 2 <50 0*a" Youn'(s modulus E 2 205 G*a"
*oisson(s ratio 2 0/" and #oe%%i#ient o% thermal expansion 2 115 C 10
?.
/
o
6 -he
pipeline" &hi#h is installed at a &ater depth o% 100 m" operates at a pressure o% 2.5
0*a and temperature o% ;0
o
6 and thus develops an axial expansion o% 12 m -he
pipeline is #onne#ted to a su$sea mani%old usin' a D?shaped tie?in spool that
in#orporates an intermediate %lan'e pair lo#ated mid &ay alon' the spool" as sho&n in
Fi'ure E/ :ue to the expansion o% the pipeline" a maximum $endin' moment o%
2/0 )=m and a true &all axial %or#e o% 1221 )= are 'enerated in the tie?in spool
(i) 6omment" $rie%ly" on the 7usti%i#ation %or usin' the intermediate %lan'e and
also on the positionin' o% the %lan'e mid &ay alon' the spool
3/ mar)s4
(ii) :etermine the e,uivalent stress utilisation ratio" $ased on F@ *:;010
1'nore shear
310 mar)s4
(iii) !hat are the desi'n impli#ations o% the utilisation ratio o$tained in part (ii)G
32 mar)s4
Fig're 4> ?4'e(tion >72<@
*a'e / o% 5
0ani%old
*ipeline
Flan'es 20m
10m
5m
EG55F2/G2 2009/10
< (a) + thin?&alled su$sea pipeline has an outer diameter D
o
and &all thi#)ness t" and it is
made %rom a material &ith Youn'(s modulus E" *oisson(s ratio and #oe%%i#ient o%
thermal expansion o% -he pipeline is laid on the sea$ed at a &ater depth h and the
axial movement o% the pipeline is %ully #onstrained 1% the internal pressure is P
i
and
the temperature #han'e is T" sho& that the e%%e#tive axial %or#e in the pipeline is 'iven
$y
( )
s i i eff
A T E A P F 2 1 =
&here A
i
is the internal #ross?se#tional area o% the pipe and A
s
is the #ross?se#tional area
o% the pipe(s &all @tate any assumptions made
3. mar)s4
($) + 10 )m lon' pipeline &ith an outer diameter o% 219 mm and a &all thi#)ness o% 95
mm is made %rom a steel 'rade B.0 -he pipeline is laid on the sea$ed un$uried alon'
a route that imposes a verti#al out?o%?strai'htness imper%e#tion o% hei'ht H 2 1 m and
len'th L 2 5 m on the pipeline -he installation and operatin' temperature are <
o
6
and ;0
o
6" respe#tively" &hile the internal pressure is 20 0*a -he pipe is %ully %illed
&ith a %luid &ith density
f
2 550 )'/m
/
-he other 'eometri# and material parameters
areH
@teel Grade B.0
s
2 5;00 )'/m
/
I E 2 205 G*aI
2 0//I 2 1210
?.
/
o
6
+xial pipe/sea$ed J%ri#tion8 #oe%%i#ient 2 055
@ea&ater density
w
2 102; )'/m
/
(i) :etermine the e%%e#tive axial %or#e
3/ mar)s4
(ii) 1% the axial movement o% the pipeline is %ully #onstrained" sho& that upheaval
$u#)lin' o% the pipeline is li)ely to o##ur
35 mar)s4
(iii) -he sea$ed is to $e tren#hed and the pipeline $uried to prevent upheaval
$u#)lin' 1% the pipeline is to $e #overed in the tren#h usin' loose soil &ith a
su$mer'ed unit &ei'ht o% 15 )=/m
/
" determine the minimum re,uired depth o%
the tren#h
3< mar)s4
*a'e < o% 5
EG55F2/G2 2009/10
5 (a) :es#ri$e" $rie%ly" &hat you understand $y the terms (i) li,uidity index and
(ii) plasti#ity index
35 mar)s4
($) :ra& a 'raph o% #onsisten#y limits %or %ine 'raded and #oarse soil types" and use the
'raph to explain the in%luen#e o% &ater and spe#i%i# volume on the $ehaviour and
stren'th o% these soils
3. mar)s4
(#) :es#ri$e" $rie%ly" &hat you understand $y the term on?$ottom sta$ility o% sea$ed
@tate the e,uili$rium e,uation that needs to $e met to ma)e a pipeline sta$le &hen it
is (i) laid on the sea$ed and (ii) em$edded" $ut not $uried" in the soil Ase s)et#hes
to indi#ate the %or#es asso#iated &ith these t&o #ases
3. mar)s4
(d) Explain" $rie%ly" pra#ti#al desi'n measures %or enhan#in' the on?$ottom sta$ility o%
su$sea pipelines
3/ mar)s4
END OF EAA$ "A"ER
*a'e 5 o% 5