CHAPTER 5

The American Revolution

APTHEMES

American Diversity: Divisions between those who supported independence produced a

major division in the population during the Revolution. Also, ethnic groups often
divided along these lines. Bythe end of the war many Loyalists left for other parts of the
British Empire.
Globalization: This period marks the first in which America engaged with the outside
world as an independent political entity. From its appeal to the world in the Declaration
of Independence to its alliances with European nations for financial and military aid, this
era was asharp break with its colonial past.
Politics and Citizenship: Politics in America was revolutionized on both the state and
national level by the end of British government in America. State governments with
written constitutions emerged, and America's first national government as an
independent nation, the Articles of Confederation, helped pave the way for amore
permanent political system.
Reform: The American Revolution produced dramatic social as well as political changes .
The departure of many of the former elite, the Loyalists, opened up the political and
social structures to new people. The relative positions of religious denominations shifted,
and slave emancipation gained strength in northern states. Women joined in
Revolutionary activity and assumed the role of "republican mothers." Native American
loyalty was divided between the British and the patriots, and in general, Native
Americans found themselves inaweaker position.
War and Diplomacy: The Revolutionary War mobilized the entire population as no
previous war had. George Washington played the prominent role inkeeping an army in
the field to resist British forces. Fighting adefensive war, the American forces finally
outlasted the English political will to fight. America's alliance with France proved critical
to the success of the Revolution.
EXAM TIP
Focus on the political, social, and cultural changes resulting from the war inthis chapter.
There are rarely multiple-choice questions on the military aspects of the war. The essay
questions tend to ask you to analyze the changes brought about by the Revolution.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The States United
In 1775the colonies were neither prepared for nor united to fight awar with England. In fact,
the Revolution encompassed two struggles: amilitary conflict with Great Britain and a
domestic political struggle. Once fighting began, Americans' opinions ranged from wanting
complete independence to wanting no change inthe imperial relationship. Within amonth
of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress attempted reconciliation with
Great Britain with the Olive Branch Petition. The king's response was to try to stop the
rebellion by force. The English tried to recruit slaves, Indians, and mercenaries as soldiers
and eventually blockaded American ports. Both the congress and the public became more
radical over the course of the first year. Sentiment for independence strengthened, especially
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inJ anuary 1776with the publication of Thomas Paine's widely read pamphlet Common
Sense.
As imperial governments crumbled, the colonies established governments apart from British
authority. On J uly 4,1776, the congress adopted aDeclaration of Independence. Written
mainly by Thomas J efferson, it borrowed heavily fromthe political theories of J ohn Locke
and the protest rhetoric of the past decade. The Declaration made America asovereign
nation but resistance to independence continued. Loyalists, called Tories by Patriots,
remained loyal to the king. The former colonies, now states, began to write constitutions and
were sovereign inthe new national government. The Articles of Confederation were ratified
in 1781near the end of the war. This new government was purposely designed to create a
weak central government with stronger state governments.
America's greatest challenge was keeping awell-equipped army in the field, and paying for
it. Foreign nations, particularly France, provided much of the financing for the war. The
government could not force states to provide money or troops and had difficulty selling
bonds. They thus resorted to printing paper money. The result was inflation. The
continental army depended heavily on what weapons they were able to capture fromthe
British. As the war continued, patriotism faded, and the nation had difficulty raising troops.
George Washington, the commander in chief of the Continental Army, was mainly
responsible for keeping the army and the new nation together.
TheWar for Independence
Although Britain appeared to have the advantage of alarge army and navy, abundant
resources, and centralized command, Americans were fighting at home and were committed
to their cause. They were able to get substantial foreign aid. English commanders also made
major errors. From 1775to 1776, British opinion held that the conflict was alocal rebellion
around Boston. General Thomas Gage's army in Boston was besieged by the American
forces that lost the Battle of Bunker Hill but not before they inflicted heavy casualties on the
English. This helped change British perceptions about the conflict. Inearly 1776, when it
became apparent that the war was alarger conflict than the British initially realized, the
British evacuated Boston. Elsewhere, the Americans invaded Canada without success, and
the British met resistance in the South.
During the second phase of the war from1776to early 1778, the British were in the best
position to win. General William Howe moved British forces to New York City. The Patriots
were successful in defeating Hessian troops at Trenton on Christmas Evein 1776, but
otherwise Washington's forces suffered aseries of defeats. In1777Howe adopted apincer's
strategy to divide the United States along the Hudson River, separating New England from
the rest of the colonies. The plan fell apart when Howe decided to occupy Philadelphia
rather than moving up the Hudson Valley to meet General J ohn Burgoyne, whose army was
moving south into New York fromCanada. InOctober 1777, British forces suffered defeats at
Oriskany and Bennington, and Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. This proved to be a
turning point because it led to an alliance between France and America. British mistakes
were monumental during this period; Burgoyne was left to fight alone and Washington was
allowed to regroup his forces after defeats. Some have questioned Howe's loyalty to the
British cause.
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When fighting first began Americasent diplomats abroad to enlist support, and France
provided covert aid. Benjamin Franklin went toFranceand, aided by thenews of theBritish
defeat at Saratoga in1778,Francerecognized theUnited States and provided loans,
munitions, and army and naval forces. Spainand theNetherlands alsoprovided aidand all
three nations went towar with England. After maintaining neutrality inpast conflicts, the
tribes of theIroquois Confederacy were divided over support for theBritishor Americans.
Someof theIroquois leaders hoped that analliancewith theBritishwould slowtheadvance
of Americans onto Indian lands. However, Patriots retaliated by destroying Iroquois villages
and forcingmany tofleeto Canada.
After thedefeat at Saratoga, Britishpublic opinion, which was never fully behind thewar,
forcedalimited commitment. Inthis final phaseof thewar, thestrategy shifted totheSouth
where theBritisherroneously believed that therewas significant Loyalist support. Although
theBritishenjoyed somemilitary successes, they found themselves fighting aguerrilla war.
Thismisguided tactic aroused segments of theAmerican population that previously had
been detached fromtheconflict. Thepoliticization of the populous made thewar
"revolutionary" and deepened support for thePatriot cause. Accepting failureof this
strategy, Lord Cornwallis, commander of thesouthern forces, retreated to Yorktown,
Virginia, torendezvous with afleet toevacuate histroops. Trapped thereby acombined
Franco-American army and theFrenchnavy, hesurrendered inOctober 1781.This marked
theend of major fighting, and public opinion inEngland shifted infavor of anegotiated
peace. TheTreaty of Paris in1783recognized anindependent United States stretching from
Canada toFloridaand west to theMississippi River.
War and Society
TheRevolution was both asocial and political revolution. Many Americans remained loyal
to Britainand many wereforcedto fleethecountry, someleaving behind largeestates and
positions of authority intheformer colonies. Although this Loyalist property was
confiscated, theoverall distribution of wealth did not change dramatically. TheAnglican
Church was disestablished, and many Anglican clergy left theUnited States. Quaker
pacifismalsoweakened that sect's influence intheUnited States. Theposition of theCatholic
Church improved asCatholic Patriots such as Charles Carroll and thealliancewith Catholic
Francegave Catholicismnew validity inAmerica. Maryland's J ohn Carroll becamethefirst
American bishop in1789.
Tensionexisted between theideal of liberty and thereality of slavery. Many southern blacks
were exposed totheRevolutionary ideals of liberty. Britishpolicy and presence intheSouth
freedsome slaves, but many moreremained inbondage. SomewhiteSoutherners were
ambivalent toward theRevolution because of slavery. Whites opposed Britishefforts at
emancipation but alsofeared that Patriot ideology might prompt slaverevolts. IntheNorth,
revolutionary ideals combined with evangelical Christianity to spread antislavery
sentiments. IntheSouth, churches developed arationale that painted slavery asessential to
theliberty of whites. Indian groups mostly tried to remain neutral intheconflict although
sometribes sided with theBritish. They sawtheAmericans as morehostile and theBritishas
protectors fromAmerican westward settlement. Somesimply took advantage of thesituation
toattack American settlements onthefrontier. Mostly, thewar weakened theNative
American tribes. TheAmerican victory spurred western settlement and many resented
Indian alliances with theBritish. Deep divisions developed among tribes, and many found it
difficult tounify to resist further American encroachment ontheir lands.
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The Revolution had asignificant effect on women, who often ran farms and businesses in
their husbands' absence. The war created an unstable population of poor women. As the
war progressed, increasing numbers of women known as camp followers joined the camps
of the Patriot army. Although discouraged by many officers, the women provided household
services to the army and increased morale. The Revolution raised issues about women's
rights and role insociety. British author Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights
of Women in 1792articulated these ideas. There was little change in the legal restrictions of
married women. The participation of women in the Revolution led to anew role for them as
Republican mothers who were responsible for teaching the virtues of republicanism to their
children.
Freedom fromthe British Navigation System strengthened the American economy. New
trading venues opened up in the Caribbean, South America, and later in China. During the
war, privateering was profitable for ship-owners and trade between American states also
increased. Entrepreneurial energy was funneled into commerce but not industry.
The Creation of State Governments
State governments were the first political creations of the Revolution. They revolved
around the idea of arepublican government with power emanating fromvirtuous
landowning citizens. Despite this, men without property, blacks, Native Americans, and
women were denied rights of citizens. The Revolutionary struggle inspired written
constitutions with limited executive power and bicameral legislatures. The upper chamber
was to represent the elite, which demonstrates that democracy was not completely accepted.
Inthe midst of the war, the state governments were having trouble governing, which many
attributed to too much democracy. Massachusetts revised its constitution and significantly
strengthened the power of the executive. This provided amodel for the other states. Many
states moved in the direction of complete religious freedom. Virginia adopted Thomas
J efferson's Statute of Religious Liberty in 1786, which completely separated church and
state. Slavery, already weak in New England and Pennsylvania, was abolished in some
northern states, but it continued inthe southern states. Racist assumptions about blacks and
the significant financial investment in slaves left many Americans without aviable option to
end slavery, even if they had moral reprehension for the institution.
The Search for a National Government
As the war raged with England many sought aweak national government with sovereignty
resting inthe states. The result was the Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777and
ratified in 1781. This government had little authority over the states and no executive or
courts. It could not regulate trade or tax or raise armies. Each state had asingle vote, and a
majority of nine was necessary for approval of bills. Its record was mixed during its existence
from1781to 1789. The Confederation commanded little respect in the world. After the war
Britain continued to violate aspects of the Treaty of Paris, and full access to English markets
was never achieved. An important accomplishment was resolution of western land issues.
The Land Ordinance of 1785created asystem of surveying and selling lands in rectangular
sections. In 1787the Northwest Ordinance provided for settlement and government of the
Northwest Territory, guaranteeing freedom of religion and prohibiting slavery there. A
postwar depression from1784to 1787exposed the economic weakness of the new nation.
Without the ability to tax, the Confederation could not pay its debts and states increased
taxes to pay their debts. Massachusetts' farmers pressed by higher taxes joined Daniel
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Shays, awestern Massachusetts farmer and veteran who closed courts to prevent farmers
fromlosingtheir property. Withthenational government unable to act therevolt was
extinguished by alocal militiafinanced by wealthy merchants. Shays' Rebellionexposed
fundamental weaknesses inthegovernment and strengthened themovement torevise the
Articles.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. After thebattles at Lexingtonand Concord, theContinental Congress sent theOlive
BranchPetitionto thekingto I
a. acknowledge thecolonies' independence and laythegroundwork for theDeclaration
ofIndependence to follow.
b. seek areconciliation with theCrown by stating colonial grievances.
c. declarecompletesubmission tothekingand theintent torebel no longer.
d. declarethecolonial intent toresist Englishruleby forceuntil thekingwithdrew his
forcesfromAmerica.
e. informhimof thecolonial association's boycott of Britishgoods until theBritish
troops left Boston.
2. Thesentiment expressed inthis phrase fromtheDeclaration of Independence, "[T]hat
whenever any formof government becomes destructive of theseends [securinglife,
liberty and property], it istheright of thepeople to alter or abolish it," best expresses
thepolitical philosophy of
a. BarondeMontesquieu.
b. Thomas Hobbs.
c. J ohn Locke.
d. Voltaire.
e. WilliamPitt.
3. TheBattleof Bunker Hill was significant because
a. thisearly American defeat lowered Patriot morale and made recruiting troops much
harder.
b. theBritishsuffered significant casualties that made efforts to suppress therebellion
much moredifficult.
c. this Britishvictory made Bostonsafefor theBritisharmy tokeep itsheadquarters
there.
d. it showed theBritishthat theAmerican resistancewas organized and determined,
and morethan alocal conflict.
e. losing thisbattle made theBritishtroops evacuate Boston.
4. Themajor consequence of theAmerican Revolution for theIroquois Confederacy was
a. division among thevarious tribes of theConfederacy assomeabandoned its
traditional policy of neutrality and supported theBritishagainst theAmericans.
b. unity among thetribes insupport of theBritish, which ultimately leftthe
Confederacy weaker at theend of thewar with American victory.
c. strong support for theAmericans inhopes that it would help Indians resist white
settlement of their lands after thewar.
d. total disaster asboth American and Britishtroops attacked villagesthat would not
givethemmilitary support.
e. insignificant, astheIroquois remained neutral and were largely unaffected bythe
warfare between theBritishand American colonists.
Chaoter 5 47
5. Thefollowing map illustrates theBritishstrategy of
a. moving itslargearmies inriver valleystoeasetransportation burdens.
b. centering thebattles inNewYork, where thereweremoreLoyalists than inother
colonies.
c. anticipating thecollapseof therebellion after dividing New England fromtherest of
thecolonies.
d. moving away frommajor urban areas and trying to attract rural Americans tothe
Loyalist side.
e. using Indian alliesasamajor sourceof troops intheir tribal areas to defeat the
continental armies.
TJl.OOI' MOVIMEN
..- a. ohl'Orno
,.-- _ fM<:
tArnu
~ amhh~ y
" * A'-ft; >""Ift
(a)
6. TheBattleof Yorktown most clearly demonstrated which of thefollowing?
a. theoverwhelming superiority of American troops toward theend of the
Revolutionary War
b. theinability of Britainto support itsarmies across theAtlantic Ocean
c. thewaning support of theBritishpublic tocontinue support of awar to retain its
coloniesinBritishNorth America
d. themisplaced emphasis Britishgenerals put on support fromLoyalistsinitssouthern
strategy
e. thesignificanceof FrenchaidtothePatriot cause
7. TheTreaty of Paris at theend of theRevolutionary War contained provisions for
a. anend tothefighting and provisions for America and Franceto divide Britain's
North American possessions.
b. recognition of theUnited States' independence and Britain's withdrawal fromthe
North American continent.
c. treaties of trade and alliancebetween Franceand theUnited States.
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Chapter 5
J
d. theUnited States western boundary tobethe Mississippi River and British
recognition of itsindependence.
e. anend tofighting and areturn tothestatus quo antebellum.
8. A consequence for religion inAmerica as aresult of theRevolutionary War was
a. theAnglican Church became more established inareas where Loyalist sympathies
remained strong.
b. Quaker sects increased membership because their pacifismattracted Americans tired
of fighting alongand drawn-out war.
c. Catholicismwas afforded anew respect because of the American alliancewith
France.
d. anew wave of evangelical Christianity swept through thestates intheunsettled
times of war and social upheaval.
e. morestates adopted established churches to support.
9. TheRevolution had asignificant effectonwomen's status due to
a. lifting of restrictions onproperty ownership for married women.
b. their gaining theright tovoteinlocal, but not national, elections.
c. acceptance of women injobs previously reserved for men only.
d. their new roleasteachers of republican virtue totheir children.
e. their elevated roleinpolitics because of their organization of boycotts.
10. Therepublican ideology of equal rights and liberty that was fundamental to
theRevolution
a. caused agreat antislavery outcry throughout the nation when thewar ended.
b. pushed somestates todistribute confiscated Loyalist property to thepoor to
promote equality.
c. influenced theBritishto promise freedomto slaves inareas that they controlled.
d. led tomassive slaverevolts intheSouth after the war was over.
e. helped push New England states toabolish slavery intheir new constitutions.
11. Thefirst stateconstitutions after theRevolution began were replaced because
a. their executivebranches were weak and they had difficulty governing.
b. they were not democratic enough for people fighting and sacrificing for their rights.
c. they contained no provisions for aseparation of powers.
d. Loyalists were gaining political power under thelessrestrictive governing structures.
e. aspressures lessened at theend of thewar, stategovernments with less central
authority were possible.
12. Thenational government under theArticles of Confederation was particularly
successful in
a. repaying thenation's domestic and foreign war debt.
b. quelling opposition movements such asShays' RebellioninMassachusetts.
c. theresolution of western land issues inthe Northwest Territory.
d. forcing Britaintoadhere to all theprovisions of theTreaty of Paris.
e. -opening trade toareas closedto American merchants because of thewar.
Chapter 5 49
Free-Response Questions
1. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of either the British or the Americans that
affected the outcome in the Revolutionary War.
2. Evaluate the economic and social changes that were aresult of the Revolutionary War.
Document-Based Question-Exam Tip
Thinking About the American Revolution as a Civil War
Historian Carl Becker saw the American Revolution as more than afight for independence
Becker saw atwo-sided political problem that raised two questions: "The first was the
question of home rule; the second was the question of who should rule at home."
Sophisticated analyses often must deal with the Revolution as acivil war since the
population was divided between Patriots, Loyalists, and avariety of positions in between.
The following documents help with this issue.
Documents A and Brefer to treatment of Loyalists by state governments and by local
Patriots. New Hampshire named seventy-eight people "enemies" and proceeded to
confiscate their property that lay within the state in 1778. Revenues from the sales of these
estates helped the war effort, but the estates were sometimes sold below market value to
privileged Patriots. This broke up large landed properties and equalized the distribution of
wealth to some extent. The woodcut of aLoyalist editor being hung ineffigy points to
another persecution of Loyalists by local committees that appropriated political power.
Loyalists viewed this behavior as anarchy and the natural outcome of the lawless overthrow
of the Crown's government of the colonies. Many fled to England, and asked for
compensation fromthe Crown for their losses for remaining loyal. Most were disappointed.
Patriots however, regarded Loyalists as traitors, and that alone justified their actions. They
attempted to convert them to the Patriot cause, but if that was not possible, any action up to
execution was used to silence opposition. The passion for the cause in Document C is
evident, and fighting for the cause even crossed gender lines, with women ready to fight to
defend their country.
Many questions ask to what extent an event had specified results. These documents point to
the idea of looking at both sides of issues. Many Loyalists were wealthy and politically
powerful under imperial rule. The Revolution gave those out of political and economic
power the opportunity to appropriate that in the former colonies. You can use these types of
documents to illustrate and analyze that issue inan essay on the Revolution.
Document A
Source: Laws of New Hampshire, November 28,1778. [Original Acts, Vii, 99.]
"Whereas J ohn Wentworth, Esq.... [inserted here is a list of loyalists] ... & J ames Rogers
Esq have since the commencement of Hostilities between Great brittain and the united states
of America left this and the other united states and gone over to and joined the enemys
thereof and have to the utmost of their power aided abetted and assisted the said enemys in
their cruel designs of wresting from the good people of said states their said Liberties civil
and religious .... Beit Therefore Enacted ... that the whole estate real and personal ... of
each of them lying and being within this state be &hereby is declared to be forfeited to this
state and that the same be for the use thereof."
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Document B
Source: LibraryofCongress
Mr. Rivington, Loyalist editor, hanged in
effigy, 1775
Document C
Source: Pennsylvania Packet, August5, 1779.[inFrankMoore,Diary of the American Revolution,
1859,II, 166-68, viaKennedy,The American Spirit, 165]
"Awake, Americans, toasenseof your danger. No timeistobelost. Instantly banish
every Toryfromamong you. LetAmericabesacredalonetofreemen.
Drive far fromyou every baneful wretch who wishes to see you fettered with the
chains of tyranny. Sendthemwhere they may enjoy their beloved slavery to perfection-send
them to the island of Britain; there let them drink the cup of slavery and eat the bread of
bitterness all the days of their existence-there let them drag out apainful life; despised and
accursed by thosevery men whosecausethey havehad thewickedness toespouse. Never let
themreturn to this happy land-never let them taste the sweets of that independence which
they strivetoprevent."
Chapter5 51
Document D
Source: Collectionof theNewYorkHistoricalSocietyinHM,''TheHistoryCompanion"CD.
Woodcut fromNew Touch on the Times by
a Daughter of Liberty Living in Marblehead.
1779
Multiple-Choice Answers
1. b. It took the colonies more than ayear after Lexington and Concord to declare
Independence. Most colonists still acknowledged the king but wanted himto accept
colonial republican ideals concerning representation and taxation.
2. c. Inhis treatise concerning England's Glorious Revolution, J ohn Lockestated that a
people have the right to overthrow agovernment that does not protect natural rights of
life, liberty, and property.
3. d. Although the British loss of troops was considerable, the Patriot show of force
showed the British that their estimation of poor American fighting capabilities was
wrong.
4. a. The Iroquois Confederacy abandoned its policy of neutrality when confronted with
conflict among Europeans in America. Some of the tribes supported the British in hopes
of slowing American westward expansion, and the Confederacy lost unity and strength.
5. c. This British pincers strategy had agoal of dividing New England, the supposed center
of rebellion, from the other colonies. Cut off from Patriot leadership centered in Boston,
the British felt that the rebellion would then die.
6. e. The temporary superiority of the French fleet in the Chesapeake cut off any means of
retreat for Cornwallis.
52 Chapter 5
7. d. Other provisions included consideration of both Loyalist claims and paying debts
incurred by Americans before the war. Britain would continue its presence in Canada.
8. d. Pacifist Quakers and the tradition of established churches were weakened by the
Revolution. Evangelicalism merged with patriotism and strengthened.
9. d. Although women played asignificant role in the Revolution with their participation
inboycotts and assuming their husbands' duties when they were at war, their social and
political status changed little. However, as republican values proliferated women
became teachers of republican virtue in the home, arole called republican motherhood.
10. e. The principles of equal rights and liberty did influence New England states, states
with few slaves, to renounce slavery in the new state constitutions. However, in those
states where slavery was firmly established those principles only applied to white men.
11. a. Wary of astrong executive after the pre-Revolutionary experience with Britain, the
initial state constitutions limited central authority and placed power inthe legislature.
Struggling to function effectively during the war, Massachusetts was first to replace its
constitution with one with strengthened executive authority.
12. c. The government under the Articles did prosecute the war successfully and authored
the Land Ordinance of 1785and the Northwest Ordinance. These provisions set patterns
for the settlement of the Old Northwest and other western lands.
Free-Response Questions Commentary
1. This question asks you to choose one topic and assess its impact on the American
victory in the Revolution. Remember to discuss both advantages and disadvantages to
earn ascore in the higher ranges. British advantages included: an organized army and
navy, astrong economy and abundant resources, acentralized command, and aLoyalist
population in America. British disadvantages included: the logistics of fighting awar
across the Atlantic, poor military leadership, poor evaluation of the nature of the
rebellion, and equivocal support for the war in England. Although British victories
outnumbered defeats in the early years, debt mounted and German mercenaries were
used. In addition, after the loss at Saratoga France sided with the Americans. As the war
dragged on and poor military decisions led to few major victories, the British will to
fight declined and evaporated with Cornwallis's defeat at Yorktown.
Americans appeared to have few advantages but they were fighting on their home
ground, were committed to the cause of independence, had strong military leadership
with Washington at its head, had apopulation that knew how to use firearms, ultimately
had foreign aid, and had only to fight adefensive war. American disadvantages were
that there was no organized government or centralized leadership, insufficient resources,
no navy and no substantial regular army but militia forces. Although asubstantial
proportion of the population at first was Loyal or uncommitted, American support
deepened as the war progressed. Financial, military, and naval support fromthe French
was critical, and Washington's leadership kept the army in the field despite the
deprivations suffered by the troops. These combined, advantages led to an American
victory.
2. Youmust consider both economic and social changes in abalanced manner for atop
score on this question. Economically you could evaluate the development of commerce
with France, Holland, and Spain rather than the former trade centered on the British
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Empire, aswell asthemovetoward self-sufficiencywith increased horneproduction.
Also, with confiscationof Loyalistestates there was someredistribution of wealth but it
was not significant. Insocial terms religionchanged inseveral ways; theAnglican
Church was disestablished and somestates abandoned thepracticeof astate-supported
religion. Therelativeposition of other religions changed, particularly theCatholicsand
Quakers, and evangelical Christianity grewasamovement. Slaverywas abolished in
theNortheast. Thesocial hierarchy opened up with thedeparture of theLoyalists.
Women did assumejobsheld by men off at war, but this was not permanent, and old
patterns emerged after thefightingended; they did assume themantle of "republican
motherhood."
Youmight argue that changeinthis arealargely mirrored political theory but was
restricted tomen who participated inthepolitical sphere. Ideology did not expand
horizons toinclude groups leftout before.
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