Ceragon-IP10E CLH ANSI Product Description PDF

Copyright 2011 by Ceragon Networks Ltd. All rights reserved.
FibeAir
IP-10 E-Series
Compact Long Haul
Product Description

Standard Version: ANSI
Software Version: I6.7
Hardware Versions: R2 & R3
Document Revision: 1.0
March 2011

FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul ANSI Version Product Description
Ceragon Proprietary and Confidential Page 2 of 108
Notice
This document contains information that is proprietary to Ceragon Networks Ltd. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed without prior written authorization of
Ceragon Networks Ltd. This document is provided as is, without warranty of any kind.
Registered TradeMarks
Ceragon Networks is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. FibeAir is a registered
trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. CeraView is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks
Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.
TradeMarks
CeraMap, PolyView, EncryptAir, ConfigAir, MicroWave Fiber, and CeraBuild are
trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by
their respective holders.
Statement of Conditions
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Ceragon
Networks Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential
damage in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this document or equipment
supplied with it.
Open Source Statement
The Product may use open source software, among them O/S software released under the GPL or
GPL alike license ("GPL License"). Inasmuch that such software is being used, it is released under
the GPL License, accordingly. Some software might have changed. The complete list of the
software being used in this product including their respective license and the aforementioned
public available changes is accessible on http://ne-open-source.licensesystem.com/.
Information to User
Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could
void the users authority to operate the equipment and the warranty for such equipment.
Revision History
Rev Date Author Description Approved by
1.0 March 2011 Reuven Ginat Describes the FibeAir IP-10E CLH Compact
Long Haul System and its Components
Product Management

Table of Contents
1. About This Guide .............................................................................................. 7
2. What You Should Know ................................................................................... 7
3. Target Audience ............................................................................................... 7
4. Related Documents .......................................................................................... 7
5. Section Summary ............................................................................................. 8
6. Product Overview ............................................................................................. 9
6.1 IP-10E CLH Applications.............................................................................................. 11
6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul ........................................................................................................... 11
6.1.2 Private Networks .......................................................................................................... 11
6.1.3 Converged/Fixed Networks .......................................................................................... 11
6.2 IP-10E CLH Highlights ................................................................................................. 12
6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets ............................................................................. 12
6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency ........................................................................................................ 12
6.2.3 Radio Link .................................................................................................................... 12
6.2.4 Wireless Network ......................................................................................................... 13
6.2.5 Scalability ..................................................................................................................... 13
6.2.6 Availability .................................................................................................................... 13
6.2.7 Network Level Optimization ......................................................................................... 14
6.2.8 Network Management .................................................................................................. 14
6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio ....................................................................... 14
6.3 Hardware Description ................................................................................................... 15
6.3.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating ................................................................................... 15
6.3.2 Front Panel Interfaces .................................................................................................. 16
6.3.3 Available Assembly Options ........................................................................................ 17
6.3.4 RFU .............................................................................................................................. 17
6.4 IP-10E CLH Benefits .................................................................................................... 18
6.5 Licensing ...................................................................................................................... 19
6.6 Radio Configuration Options ........................................................................................ 21
6.7 Feature Overview ......................................................................................................... 22
6.7.1 General Features ......................................................................................................... 22
6.7.2 Capacity-Related Features .......................................................................................... 22
6.7.3 Ethernet Features ........................................................................................................ 23
6.7.4 Synchronization Features ............................................................................................ 23
6.7.5 Security Features ......................................................................................................... 24
6.7.6 Management Features ................................................................................................. 24
7. Functional Description ................................................................................... 26
7.1 Functional Overview ..................................................................................................... 27
7.2 IDU Interfaces .............................................................................................................. 28
7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 28
7.2.2 Additional Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 29
7.2.3 Power Options .............................................................................................................. 29
7.3 Nodal Configuration ..................................................................................................... 30
7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits ....................................................................................... 30
7.3.2 IP-10E CLH Nodal Design ........................................................................................... 30
7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design............................................................................................... 31
7.3.4 Nodal Management ...................................................................................................... 32
7.3.5 Centralized System Features ....................................................................................... 33
7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations ............................................................ 33
7.4 Protection Options ........................................................................................................ 34
8. Main Features ................................................................................................. 35
8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) ...................................................................... 36
8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments ......................................................... 36
8.1.2 ACM Benefits ............................................................................................................... 37
8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service ............................................................................. 38
8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power ............................................................................ 38
8.1.5 Multi-Radio with ACM Support ..................................................................................... 39
8.2 XPIC Support ............................................................................................................... 40
8.2.1 XPIC Benefits ............................................................................................................... 40
8.2.2 XPIC Implementation ................................................................................................... 41
8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio ................................................................................................... 42
8.3 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 43
8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS) .......................................................................................... 44
8.4 LTE-Ready Latency ..................................................................................................... 45
8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10E CLHs Top-of-the-Line Low Latency .............................................. 45
8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet................................................................................................. 46
8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types .................................................................................... 47
8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) ....................................................................................... 48
8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH ........................................................ 49
8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure ................................ 49
8.6 Ethernet Switching ....................................................................................................... 51
8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode ......................................................................................................... 51
8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode................................................................................................. 52
8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode ...................................................................................................... 52
8.7 Integrated QoS Support ............................................................................................... 53
8.7.1 QoS Overview .............................................................................................................. 53
8.7.2 IP-10E CLH Standard QoS .......................................................................................... 54
8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode .......................................................................... 54
8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode .................................... 55
8.7.5 Enhanced QoS ............................................................................................................. 55
8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection .............................................................................. 56
8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison.................................................................. 58
8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits ............................................................................................... 58
8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support ....................................................................... 59
8.8.1 RSTP ............................................................................................................................ 59
8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP ........................................................ 59
8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations ............................................................................... 60
8.8.4 Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples ..................... 61
8.8.4.1 IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing .............................. 61
8.9 Synchronization Support .............................................................................................. 62
8.9.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges ..................................................................... 62
8.9.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP) .................................................................................. 62
8.9.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) .................................................................................... 63
8.9.4 IP-10E CLH Synchronization Solution ......................................................................... 63
8.9.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport ........... 64
8.9.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode ..................................................................................... 65
8.9.7 SyncE Regenerator Mode ......................................................................................... 66
9. RFU-A Description .......................................................................................... 67
9.1 RFU-A References & Standards .................................................................................. 67
9.2 RFU-A Overview .......................................................................................................... 68
9.2.1 The Complete Solution................................................................................................. 68
9.2.2 Main Features .............................................................................................................. 69
9.3 Frequency Bands ......................................................................................................... 71
9.4 RFU-A System Components ........................................................................................ 73
9.5 System Configurations ................................................................................................. 76
9.5.1 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 76
9.5.2 System Configuration Table ......................................................................................... 77
9.5.3 Basic Configuration Electrical Charts ........................................................................... 80
9.6 RFU-A Upgrading ......................................................................................................... 81
9.7 RFU-A Extension/Expansion ....................................................................................... 81
9.8 RFU-A Mounting .......................................................................................................... 82
9.9 RFU-A Specifications ................................................................................................... 84
9.9.1 Branching Losses ......................................................................................................... 84
9.9.2 Waveguide Flange ....................................................................................................... 84
9.9.3 Physical Dimensions .................................................................................................... 84
10. Typical Configurations ................................................................................... 85
10.1 Configuration Options Table ........................................................................................ 85
10.2 Illustrated Configuration Options .................................................................................. 86
11. Management Overview ................................................................................... 90
11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System ................................................ 91
11.1.1 PolyView Advantages .................................................................................................. 92
11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features ..................................................................................... 92
11.1.2.1 General Features ........................................................................................................................... 92
11.1.2.2 Faults .................................................................................................................................................. 92
11.1.2.3 Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 92
11.1.2.4 Security .............................................................................................................................................. 93
11.1.2.5 Database ............................................................................................................................................ 93
11.1.2.6 Performance .................................................................................................................................... 93
11.1.3 PolyView Functionality ................................................................................................. 93
11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) ............................................. 95
11.3 CeraBuild ..................................................................................................................... 95
11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM ....................................................................................... 96
11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) ....................................................................... 96
11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON) .......................................................................................... 97
11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics ................................................................................................ 97
11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics .......................................................................................... 97
11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics ............................................................................................... 98
11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics............................................................................................... 98
12. Specifications ................................................................................................. 99
12.1 General Specifications ................................................................................................. 99
12.2 RFU Support ................................................................................................................ 99
12.3 Radio Capacity ........................................................................................................... 100
12.3.1 10 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 100
12.3.2 30 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 100
12.3.3 40 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 101
12.3.4 Transmit Power

(dBm)................................................................................................ 101
12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications ................................................................................. 102
12.4.1 Latency - 10 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 102
12.5 Interface Specifications .............................................................................................. 104
12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications ............................................................................... 104
12.6 Carrier Ethernet Functionality .................................................................................... 104
12.7 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms ........................................... 106
12.8 Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 107
12.9 Standard compliance ................................................................................................. 107
12.10 Environmental ............................................................................................................ 107
12.11 Power Input Specifications ......................................................................................... 108
12.12 Power Consumption Specifications ........................................................................... 108
1. About This Guide
This document describes the main features, components, and specifications of
the FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul (IP-10E CLH ) high capacity IP
network solution. This document also describes a number of typical IP-10E
CLH configuration options. This document applies to hardware version R3 and
software version I6.7.
2. What You Should Know
This document is written for users in North America, and describes applicable
standards (ANSI, FCC) for North American users. An ETSI version of this
document is also available.
3. Target Audience
This manual is intended for use by Ceragon customers, potential customers,
and business partners. The purpose of this manual is to provide basic
information about the IP-10E CLH for use in system planning, and determining
which IP-10E CLH configuration is best suited for a specific network.
4. Related Documents
FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183 Rev a.03
FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Web Based Management User Guide,
DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17
FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02
FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ANSI
FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ETSI
FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ETSI
FibeAir Compact Long Haul Installation Guide, DOC-00028775 Rev. a.00
5. Section Summary
This Product Description includes the following sections:
Section Summary
Section Summary of Contents
Product Overview Provides an overview of the FibeAir IP-10E CLH, including basic information about IP-
10E CLH and its features, a description of some common applications in which IP-10E
CLH is used, a description of the hardware and interfaces, and an explanation of the
licensing process for certain features.
Functional Description Includes a functional block diagram of IP-10E CLH, and describes the main
components and interfaces, including detailed descriptions of the nodal configuration
option, and protected configuration options.
Main Features Provides detailed descriptions of the IP-10E CLH main features.
RFU-A Description Describes the Radio Frequency Unit (RFU) used in the system.
Typical Configurations Provides diagrams of several typical IP-10E CLH configurations.
Management Overview Provides an overview of the Ceragon applications used to manage the system,
including the PolyView Network Management System (NMS), the Web-Based
Element Management System (Web EMS), and the CeraBuild maintenance and
provisioning application, and describes the end to end multi-layer OAM functionality.
Specifications Lists the IP-10E CLH specifications, including general specifications, radio capacity,
interface, power, mechanical, and other specifications.

6. Product Overview
FibeAir IP-10E CLH (Compact Long Haul) is a reliable and cost-effective all-
indoor wireless Ethernet backhaul product designed for high capacity, long
distance applications. IP-10E CLH has a compact design and ultra-low power
consumption that makes it an ideal fit for network deployments that require a
small footprint.
Designed uniquely for the North American market, IP-10E CLH enables
operators to deploy high capacity, long haul microwave systems in locations
where rack space and shelter real-estate are limited. With its compact design,
a 1+1 Hot Standby (HSB) radio configuration requires only three rack units
(RUs), while offering exceptionally high transmit power. IP-10E CLH supports
configurations of 1+0, 1+1, 2+0, and 2+2.
Lowering costs further, the systems ultra-high power transmitter transmits
the highest power in the industry, and can reach longer distances using
smaller antennas. To ensure that power is not wasted, IP-10E CLH employs an
innovative built-in Power Consumption Saving (Green Mode) mechanism,
which results in power savings of up to 30%. Green Mode enables the
deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations.
In addition, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced,
achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.
IP-10E CLH covers the entire licensed frequency spectrum with the addition of
the unlicensed 5.8 GHz band, and offers capacity of up to 370 Mbps over a
single radio carrier (40 MHz channel, with MAC header compression, up to
740 Mbps with XPIC enabled), using a single Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). By
enabling more capacity, at lower latencies, to any location, with proper traffic
management mechanisms and an optional downstream boost, IP-10E CLH is
built to enhance end user Quality of Experience.
Support for the 5.8 GHz unlicensed band is a special feature of IP-10E CLH.
Usage of the unlicensed band enables rapid deployment of radios that can be
migrated to the licensed 6 GHz band in the future. The unlicensed band also
ensures economically efficient system usage, since common hardware
platforms can be shared between the unlicensed and licensed systems. The
same antennas can be used after migration from 5.8 GHz to 6.2 GHz.
IP-10E CLH offers advanced Ethernet networking functionality, best-in-class
microwave radio performance, and risk-free cost-effective IP/Ethernet
network building.
FibeAir IP-10E CLH includes a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for
advanced networking functionality. With advanced service management and
Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E CLH simplifies
network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX and improves overall network
availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

IP-10E CLH is an exceptionally modular, expandable, and flexible system
designed for a wide range of capacity, protection, and diversity scenarios. The
system easily scales from 1+0 or 1+1 to 2+0, and 2+2 configurations.
Additional functionality and capacity can be enabled via license keys while
using the same hardware.
Highlights of IP-10E CLH include:
Risk-Free Solution
Energy Efficient
Uniquely small footprint of 2-3 rack increments for 1+0/1+1
configurations
Highest Possible Capacity and Efficiency at any Channel Bandwidth
Can operate in the unlicensed frequency of 5.8 GHz
Robust Redundant Design
Advanced Radio Features
Simplified Network Design and Maintenance, Reducing Capex and Opex
Optimized for Todays Deployments without Compromising
Upgradeability

6.1 IP-10E CLH Applications
This section describes some of the most common applications for which the
IP-10E CLH is used.
6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul
For Cellular Networks, IP-10E CLH supports native Ethernet for cellular
backhaul networks. IP-10E CLH provides maximum performance and resource
utilization via spectrum efficiency, and carrier grade reliability and resiliency
through advanced protection schemes.
6.1.2 Private Networks
IP-10E CLH enables government agencies, enterprises and utilities of all kinds
to rapidly deploy a cost effective, self-owned private network. Meeting the
utmost service availability requirements, IP-10E CLH delivers high capacity
wherever it is needed. IP-10E CLH is available in easy split-mount or all-
indoor installations.
6.1.3 Converged/Fixed Networks
IP-10E CLH delivers integrated high speed data, video and voice traffic in the
most optimum and cost-effective manner. Operators can build an ultra-high
capacity converged network to support multiple types of services utilizing IP-
10E CLH scalable capacity.
6.2 IP-10E CLH Highlights
The following are just some of the highlights of IP-10E CLH .
6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets
IP-10E CLH provides efficiencies at three levels - spectral efficiency, radio link,
and wireless network. By combing superior radio performance, advanced
compression, and an end-to-end holistic approach for capacity, operators may
effectively provides up to five times more traffic to their users. In other words,
IP-10E CLH enables more revenue generating subscribers in a given RAN.

6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency
IP-10E CLH provides unrivaled spectral efficiency in a given spectrum channel
by optimizing capacity of a link using adaptive coding and modulation
techniques. In addition, IP-10E CLHs intelligent Ethernet and payload
compression mechanisms improves effective Ethernet throughput by up to 5
fold without affecting user traffic.
6.2.3 Radio Link
Latency IP-10E CLH boasts ultra-low latency features that are essential
for 3G and LTE deployments. With low latency, IP-10E CLH enables links
to cascade further away from the fiber PoP, allowing wider coverage in a
given network cluster. Ultra-low latency also translates into longer radio
chains, broader radio rings, and shorter recovery times. Moreover,
maintaining low packet delay variation ensures proper synchronization
propagation across the network.
System Gain IP-10E CLHs unrivalled system gain provides higher link
availability, smaller antennas, and longer link spans. IP-10E CLH provides
higher overall capacity while maintaining critical and real-time traffic
saving both on operational and capital expenditures by using smaller
antennas for given link budget.
Power Adaptive ACM IP-10E CLH sets the industry standard for
Advanced Adaptive Code and Modulation (ACM), increasing network
capacity over an existing infrastructure while reducing sensitivity to
environmental interferences. In addition, IP-10E CLH provides a unique
technological combination of ACM with Adaptive Power to ensure high
availability and unmatched link utilization.
6.2.4 Wireless Network
Enhanced QoS IP-10E CLH enables operators to deploy differentiated
services with stringent service level agreements while maximizing the
utilization of network resources. IP-10E CLH enables granular CoS
classification and traffic management, network utilization monitoring, and
enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic. Enhanced QoS
enables traffic shaping per queue and port in order to limit and control
packet bursts, and improves the utilization of TCP flows using WRED
protocols.
OA&M With advanced service management and Operation
Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E CLH simplifies
network design, reduces operational and capital expenditures, and
improves overall network availability and reliability to support services
with stringent SLA.
6.2.5 Scalability
IP-10E CLH is a scalable solution that is based on a common hardware that
supports any channel size, modulation scheme, capacity, network topology,
and configuration. Scalability and hardware efficiency simplify logistics and
allow for commonality of spare parts. A common hardware platform enables
customers to upgrade the feature set as the need arises - Pay As You Grow -
without requiring hardware replacement.
6.2.6 Availability
MTBF. IP-10E CLH provides an unrivaled reliability benchmark, with
radio MTBF exceeding 112 years, and average annual return rate around
1%. Our radios are designed in-house and employ cutting-edge technology
with unmatched production yield, and a mature installed-base exceeding
100,000 radios. In addition, advanced radio features such as multi-radio
and cross polarization achieves 100% utilization of radio resources by
load balancing based on instantaneous capacity per carrier. Important
resulting advantages are reduction in capital expenditures due to less
spare parts required for roll-out, and reduction in operating expenditures,
as maintenance and troubleshooting occurrence is infrequent.
ACM Adaptive Modulation has a remarkable synergy with IP-10E CLHs
built-in Layer 2 Quality of Service mechanism. Since QoS provides priority
support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of
criteria, it is possible to configure the system to discard only low priority
packets as conditions deteriorate. Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding &
Modulation provides maximum availability and spectral efficiency in any
deployment scenario.
6.2.7 Network Level Optimization
IP-10E CLH optimizes overall network performance, scalability, resilience, and
survivability by using hot-standby configuration with no single point of
failure. In addition, ring and mesh deployments increase resiliency with
standard xSTP as well as with a proprietary enhancement to the industry
standard RSTP, resulting in faster recovery time. IP-10E CLH helps create a
more robust network, with minimum downtime and maximum service grade,
ensuring better user experience, better immunity to failures, lower churn, and
reduced expenditures.
6.2.8 Network Management
IP-10E CLH provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP.
Ceragons network management system offers best-in-class end-to-end
Ethernet service management, network monitoring, and NMS survivability by
using advanced OAM. PolyView, Ceragons network management solution,
provides simplified network provisioning, configuration error prevention,
monitoring, and troubleshooting tools that ensure better user experience,
minimal network downtime and reduced expenditures on network level
maintenance.
6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio
IP-10E CLH offers an optional ultra-high power radio solution that transmits
the highest power in the industry, while employing an innovative "Power
Saving Mode" that saves up to 30% power consumption. "Power Saving
Mode" enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for
repeater stations. Moreover, installation labor cost and electricity
consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.
6.3 Hardware Description
FibeAir IP-10E CLH features a compact all-indoor architecture consisting of an
Indoor Unit (IDU) and a Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). For more information
about the RFU, see RFU-A Description on page 67.
6.3.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating
This section sets forth basic system specifications. For a more extensive
description of IP-10E CLHs specifications, refer to Mechanical Specifications
on page 107 and
Power Input Specifications on page 108.
Dimensions
Height: 1.68" (1RU)
Width: 19"
Depth: 7.4"
DC input voltage nominal rating: -48V
6.3.2 Front Panel Interfaces
This section describes the IP-10E CLHs main interfaces. For a fuller
description of the IP-10E CLHs interfaces, refer to IDU Interfaces on page 28.
IP-10E CLH Front Panel and Interfaces

IP-10 E-Series Front Panel with Dual Feed Power

Main Interfaces:
5 x 10/100Base-T
2 x GbE combo ports: 10/100/1000Base-T or SFP 1000Base-X
RFU interface: N-type connector
Additional Interfaces:
Terminal console
External alarms (4 inputs & 1 output)
PROT: Ethernet protection control interface (for 1+1 HSB mode support)
In addition, each of the FE interfaces can be configured to support an alternate
mode of operation:
MGT: Ethernet out-of-band management (up to 3 interfaces)
WS: Ethernet wayside
6.3.3 Available Assembly Options
With or without XPIC support
With or without dual-feed power option
6.3.4 RFU
IP-10E CLH is based on the latest Ceragon technology, and is installed together
with Ceragons RFU-A.
The RFU supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and
configurations for various network requirements. It operates in the frequency
range of 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) and 6-11 GHz, and supports capacities of from
10 Mbps to 500 Mbps.
For more detailed information about the RFU, refer to RFU-A Description on
page 67.
6.4 IP-10E CLH Benefits
IP-10E CLH has many advantages that cover the many aspects of flexible and
reliable network building.
Incomparable Economic Value The IP-10E CLH pay-as-you-grow
concept reduces network costs. Each network node is optimized
individually, with future capacity growth in mind. Whenever needed,
additional functionality is enabled via an upgrade license, using the same
hardware. Using this flexible economic approach, a full duplex throughput
of more than 400 Mbps over a single channel can be achieved.
Experience Counts IP-10E CLH was designed with continuity in mind. It
is based on Ceragons well-established and field-proven IP-MAX Ethernet
microwave technology. With Ceragon's large customer base, years of
experience in high-capacity IP radios, and seamless integration with all
standard IP equipment vendors, IP-10E CLH is poised to be an IP
networking standard-bearer.
User-Management Traffic Integration In-Band Management
significantly simplifies backhaul network design and maintenance,
reducing both CapEx and OpEx. It also dramatically improves overall
network availability and reliability, enabling support for services with
stringent SLA.
Unique Full Range Adaptive Modulation Provides the widest
modulation range on the market from QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level
real-time hitless and errorless modulation shifting changing dynamically
according to environmental conditions - while ensuring zero-downtime
connectivity.
Guaranteed Ultra Low Latency (< 0.15 ms @ 400Mbps) Suitable for
delay-sensitive applications, such as VoIP and Video over IP.
Extended Quality of Service (QoS) Support Enables smart packet
queuing and prioritization.
Fully Integrated L2 Ethernet Switching Functionality Includes VLAN-
based switching, MAC address learning, QinQ and Ring-RSTP support.
Multiple Network Topology Support Mesh, Ring, Chain, Point-to-Point.
Longer Transmission Distances, Smaller Antennas Reduces network
costs and enables a farther reach to the other end.
6.5 Licensing
This section describes IP-10E CLHs licensing structure. For more detailed
information, refer to FibeAir IP-10 License Management System,
DOC-00019183 Rev a.03.
IP-10E CLH offers a pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs. Future
capacity growth and additional functionality is enabled with license keys and
an innovative stackable nodal solution using the same hardware. License keys
are generated per IDU serial number.
Licenses are divided into two categories:
Per Radio Each IDU (both sides of the link) require a license.
Per Configuration Only one license is required for the system.
A 1+1 configuration requires the same set of licenses for both the active and
the protected IDU.
In nodal configuration for licenses that are not per radio, licenses should be
assigned to the main (bottom) IDU in the enclosure.
As your network expands and additional functionality is desired, license keys
can be purchased for the following features:
Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Enables the Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) feature. An
ACM license is required per radio. If additional IDUs are
required for non-radio functionality, no license is required for
these units. Refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on
page 36.
L2 Switch

Enables Managed Switch and Metro Switch. A license is
required for any IDU that requires the use of two or more
Ethernet ports. Refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.
Capacity Upgrade

Enables you to increase your systems radio capacity in gradual
steps by upgrading your capacity license.
Network Resiliency

Enables Ring RSTP for improving network resiliency. Only one
Network Resiliency license is required for an east-west
configuration. An L2 Switch license must also be purchased to
enable this feature. Refer to Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-
Optimized RSTP on page 59.
Ethernet Synchronization

Enables configuration of an external source as a clock source
for synchronous Ethernet output (if the IDUs hardware
supports synchronization). Without this license, only a local
(internal) clock can be used for Ethernet synchronization.
Every node that is part of the sync path requires one license for
1+0 configurations or two licenses for 1+1 configurations.
Enhanced QoS

Enables the Enhanced QoS feature, including:
WRED
Eight queues
Shaping per queue
A license is required per radio. Refer to Enhanced QoS on
page 55.
FibeAirIP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul ANSI Version Product Description
6.6 Radio Configuration Options
ThefollowingaresomeofthetypicalconfigurationssupportedbytheFibeAir
IP10ECLH.
1+0
1+1HSB
1+1SD
1+1RingCongfigurationE/W
1+1SDRingCongfigurationE/W
2+0SP
2+2DP
2+2SD
4+0SP
4+0DP
Where:
HSBHotStandby
SDSpaceDiversity
E/WEast/West
SPSinglePolarization
DPDualPolarization
Formoredetailsabouttheseconfigurationoptions,refertoTypical
Configurationsonpage85.
6.7 Feature Overview
This section provides an overview of IP-10E CLHs features. The main features
are described in more detail in Main Features on page 35.
6.7.1 General Features
Protection IP-10E CLH offers a number of protection options in both
nodal and standalone configurations. For more information, refer to
Protection Options on page 34.
Latency IP-10E CLH provides best-in-class latency for all channels. For
more information, refer to LTE-Ready Latency on page 45.
Dual-Feed Power Connection assembly options include dual-feed
power for increased protection against outages. For more information,
refer to Power Options on page 29.
6.7.2 Capacity-Related Features
High Spectral Efficiency:
Modulations QPSK to 256 QAM
Radio capacity (FCC) Up to 70/140/240/320/450 Mbps over
10/20/30/40 MHz channels
All licensed bands L6, U6, 7, 8, 11 GHz
Highest scalability From 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, using the same
hardware, including the same RFU.
Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) IP-10E CLH employs the most
advanced ACM technique for maximization of spectrum utilization and
capacity over any given bandwidth and changing environmental
conditions. For more information, refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation
(ACM) on page 36.
Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) IP-10E CLHs
implementation of XPIC enables two radio carriers to use the same
frequency with a polarity separation between them by adaptively
subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier at the proper
phase and level, with the ability to detect both streams even under the
worst levels of cross polar discrimination interference such as 10 dB. For
more information, refer to XPIC Support on page 40.
Space Diversity IP-10E CLH supports Space Diversity through Baseband
Switching (BBS). Space Diversity provides an added level of protection to
negate the effects of multipath phenomenon by providing for signal
diversity such that if one signal is impaired, the other signal can replace or
compensate for the impaired signal. For more information, refer to Space
Diversity on page 43.
Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending)
Improves effective throughput by up to 45% without affecting user traffic.
Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression
Ethernet Packet Size (Bytes) Capacity Increase by Compression
64 45%
96 29%
128 22%
256 11%
512 5%
6.7.3 Ethernet Features
MEF-Certified Carry Grade Ethernet IP-10E CLH is fully MEF-9 and
MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN). For
more information, refer to Carrier Grade Ethernet on page 46.
Enhanced Ethernet Switching IP-10E CLH supports three modes for
Ethernet switching:
Smart Pipe Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a
single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively
operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.
Managed Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based
on VLANs.
Metro Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on
an S-VLAN-aware bridge.
For more information about Ethernet switching in IP-10E CLH , refer to Ethernet
Switching on page 51.
Integrated QoS Support IP-10E CLH offers integrated QoS functionality
in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E
CLH offers an enhanced QoS feature that includes eight queues instead of
four, enhanced classification criteria, and WRED for congestion
management. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on
page 53.
Spanning Tree Protocol IP-10E CLH supports Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP) to ensure a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. IP-
10E CLH also includes a proprietary implementation of RSTP that is
optimized for ring topologies. For more information, refer to Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP) Support on page 59.
6.7.4 Synchronization Features
Combinations of the following techniques can be used:
PTP optimized transport
Native sync distribution for nodal configurations
SyncE regenerator" mode for pipe configurations
For more information about IP-10E CLH synchronization, refer to
Synchronization Support on page 62.
6.7.5 Security Features
Timeout IP-10E CLH includes a configurable inactivity time-out for
closing management channels.
Password Security IP-10E CLH enforces password strength and aging
rules.
User Suspension and Expiration Users can be suspended after a
configurable number of unsuccessful login attempts and to expire at a
certain, configurable date.
SSH Support IP-10E CLH supports SHHv1 and SSHv2.
HTTPS Support IP-10E CLH can be managed using HTTPS protocol.
Secure FTP (SFTP) IP-10E CLH supports SFTP for certain management
operations, such as uploading and downloading configuration files and
downloading software updates.
6.7.6 Management Features
Network Management System (NMS) PolyView provides management
functions for IP-10E CLH at the network level, as well as at the individual
network element level. Using PolyView, you can perform the following for
Ceragon elements in the network:
Performance Reporting
Inventory Reporting
Software Download
Configuration Management
Trail Management
View Current Alarms (with alarm synchronization)
View an Alarm Log
Create Alarm Triggers
For more information about PolyView, refer to PolyView End-To-End Network
Management System on page 91.
Web-Based Element Management IP-10E CLH web-based element
management is used to perform configuration operations and obtain
statistical and performance information related to the system. For more
information, refer to Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS)
on page 95.
Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics:
Statistics are collected at 15-minute and 24-hour intervals.
Historical statistics are stored and made available when needed.
Capacity/ACM statistics include:
Maximum modulation in interval
Minimum modulation in interval
Number of seconds in an interval, during which active modulation was
below the user-configured threshold
Utilization statistics include:
Maximal radio link utilization in an interval
Average radio link utilization in an interval
-Number of seconds in an interval, during which radio link utilization
was above the user-configured threshold
SNMP Support IP-10E CLH supports SNMPv1 and SNMPv3.
RMON Support for Ethernet Statistics IP-10E CLH supports RMON
Ethernet statistic counters. For more information, refer to Ethernet
Statistics (RMON) on page 97.
In-Band Management IP-10E CLH can optionally be managed in-band,
via its radio and Ethernet interfaces. This method of management
eliminates the need for a dedicated interface and network. In-band
management uses a dedicated management VLAN, which is user-
configurable.
Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) IP-10E CLH
supports complete OAM functionality at multiple layers, including:
Alarms and events
Maintenance signaling, including LOS and AIS
Performance monitoring
Maintenance commands, such as Loopbacks and APS commands
For more information about OAM in IP-10, refer to End to End Multi-Layer OAM on
page 96.
Ethernet Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) IP-10E CLH utilizes
IEEE 802.1ag CFM protocols to maintain smooth system operation and
non-stop data flow. For more information, refer to Connectivity Fault
Management (CFM) on page 96.
7. Functional Description
Featuring an advanced architecture, IP-10E CLH uniquely integrates the latest
radio technology with Ethernet networking. The IP-10E CLH radio core engine
is designed to support native Ethernet over the air interface enhanced with
Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM) for maximum
spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario. The modular design is easily
scalable with the addition of units or license keys.
IP-10E CLH supports the following modes for Ethernet switching:
Smart Pipe Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit
effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.
Managed Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on
VLANs.
Metro Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on an S-
VLAN-aware bridge.
For more information on IP-10E CLHs switching options, refer to Ethernet
Switching on page 51.
Functional Block Diagram

7.1 Functional Overview
IP-10E CLH can be installed in a standalone or a nodal configuration. The
nodal configuration adds a backplane, which is required for certain
functionality such as the XPIC, and which enables unified management of the
system as a single network element with multiple radio links. For more
information on the nodal configuration option and its benefits, refer to Nodal
Configuration on page 30.
FibeAir IP-10E CLH Block Diagram

The CPU acts as the IDUs central controller, and all management frames
received from or sent to external management applications must pass through
the CPU. In a nodal configuration, the main units CPU serves as the central
controller for the entire node.
The Mux assembles the radio frames, and holds the logic for protection and
Space Diversity.
The modem represents the physical layer, modulating, transmitting, and
receiving the data stream.
7.2 IDU Interfaces
This section describes in detail the IP-10E CLHs interfaces, including optional
interface options.
7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces
FibeAir IP-10E CLH contains two GbE Ethernet interfaces and six FE interfaces
on the front panel. For the GbE interfaces, you can choose between two optical
and two electrical physical interfaces. Both pairs of GbE interfaces are labeled
Eth1 and Eth2. The optical interfaces are located to the left of the electrical
interfaces.
The remaining Ethernet interfaces (Eth3 through Eth7) are FE ports. All
except Eth3 are dual function interfaces. They can be configured as traffic
ports or functional ports for wayside or management, as shown in the
following table.
Ethernet Interface Functionality
Interface
Name
Interface Rate Functionality
Smart Pipe Carrier Ethernet Switching
Protection FE 10/100 External protection/disabled External protection/disabled
Eth1 Electrical GbE
10/100/1000 OR
Optical GbE 1000
Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic
Eth2 Electrical GbE
10/100/1000 OR
Optical GbE 1000
Disabled Disabled/Traffic
Eth3 FE 10/100 Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic
Eth4 FE 10/100 Disabled/Wayside Disabled/Traffic/Wayside
Eth5 FE 10/100 Disabled/Management Disabled/Traffic/Management
Eth8 According to Radio
script
Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic
IP-10E CLH also includes an FE protection interface (RJ-45) for external
protection. The protection interface is located towards the left side of the front
panel, and is for use in standalone configurations.
In Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface can be used. Options are:
Eth1: Electrical GbE or Optical TGbE
Eth 3: Electrical FE
7.2.2 Additional Interfaces
Terminal Console A local craft terminal can be connected to the
terminal console for local CLI management of the individual IDU. If the IDU
is the main unit, access to other units in the configuration is also available
through the Terminal Console.
External Alarms IP-10E CLH supports five external alarms, located
towards the left of the front panel. There are five inputs, with configurable
triggers, alarm texts, and alarm severity, and one output.
Backplane Connector IP-10E CLH has an extra connector on the back
panel for connection to the backplane used in nodal configurations. Refer
to Nodal Configuration on page 30.
7.2.3 Power Options
IP-10E CLH has a DC input voltage nominal rating of -48V.
Some hardware versions include a dual-feed power connection for increased
protection. In dual power units, the system will indicate whether received
voltage in each connection is above or below the threshold power of
approximately 40.5V, as follows:
The LED (and its WEB representation) will only be on if the voltage is
above the threshold.
An alarm is raised if voltage is below the threshold.
7.3 Nodal Configuration
IP-10E CLH can be used in two distinct modes of operation:
Standalone configuration Each IP-10E CLH IDU is managed
individually.
Nodal configuration Up to six IP-10E CLH IDUs are stacked in a
dedicated modular shelf, and act as a single network element with multiple
radio links.
The following features are centralized in a nodal configuration:
Management
Ethernet Switching
A nodal setup supports any combination of 1+0, 1+1, and 2+0/XPIC
configurations.
7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits
The stackable nodal configuration offers many advantages. For new systems,
the nodal configuration offers:
Low initial investment without compromising future growth potential
Risk-free deployment in light of unknown future growth patterns:
Additional capacity
Additional sites
Additional redundancy
For migration and replacement scenarios, the nodal configuration offers:
Optimized tail-site solution
Low initial footprint that can be increased gradually as legacy equipment
is swapped
7.3.2 IP-10E CLH Nodal Design
Each IP-10E CLH IDU in a nodal configuration operates as either the main unit
or an extension unit. The IDUs role is determined by its position in the nodal
enclosure, with the lowest unit in the enclosure (Unit Number 1) always
serving as the main unit.
The main unit performs the following functions:
Provides a central controller for management
Provides radio and line interfaces
Extension units provide radio and line interfaces, and are accessed through
the main unit.
7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design
Two types of shelves are available for a nodal configuration:
Main Nodal Enclosure Each node must have a main nodal enclosure,
which can hold two IP-10E CLH IDUs.
Extension Nodal Enclosure Up to two extension nodal enclosures can be
stacked on top of the main nodal enclosure. Each extension nodal
enclosure can contain two IP-10E CLH IDUs.
Main Nodal Enclosure

Extension Nodal Enclosure

Each nodal enclosure includes a backplane. The rear panel of an IP-10E CLH
IDU includes an extra connector for connection to the backplane. The
following interfaces are implemented through the backplane:
Multi-Radio
Protection
XPIC
IP-10E CLH IDUs are hot-swappable, and additional extension nodal
enclosures and IDUs can be added in the field as required, without affecting
traffic.
Scalable Nodal Enclosure

Using the stacking method, units in the bottom nodal enclosure act as main
units, whereby a mandatory active main unit can be located in either of the
two slots, and an optional standby main unit can be installed in the other slot.
The switchover time is <50 msecs for all traffic-affecting functions. Units
located in nodal enclosures other than the one on the bottom act as expansion
units.
Radios in each pair of units can be configured as either dual independent 1+0
links, or single fully-redundant 1+1 HSB links.
7.3.4 Nodal Management
In a nodal configuration, all management is performed through the main unit.
The main unit communicates with the extension units through the nodal
backplane.
The main units CPU operates as the nodes central controller, and all
management frames received from or sent to external management
applications must pass through the CPU.
A nodal configuration has a single IP management address, which is the
address of the main unit. In a protected 1+1 configuration, the node has two IP
addresses, those of each of the main units. The IP address of the active main
unit is used to manage the node.
Several methods can be used for IP-10E CLH node management:
Local terminal CLI
CLI via telnet
Web-based management
SNMP
The PolyView NMS represents the node as a single unit.
The Web-Based EMS enables access to all IDUs in the node from its main
window.
In addition, the management system provides access to other network
equipment through in-band or out-of-band network management.
To ease the reading and analysis of several IDU alarms and logs, the system
time should be synchronized to the main units time.
7.3.5 Centralized System Features
The following IP-10E CLH functions are configured centrally through the main
unit in a nodal configuration:
IP Communications All communication channels are opened through
the main units IP address.
User Management Login, adding users, and deleting users are
performed centrally.
Nodal Time Synchronization System time is automatically
synchronized for all IDUs in the node.
Nodal Software Version Management Software can be upgraded or
downgraded in all IDUs in the node from the main unit.
Nodal Configuration Backup Configuration files can be created,
downloaded, and uploaded from the main unit.
Nodal Reset Extension units can be reset individually or collectively
both from the main unit and locally.
All other functions are performed for each IDU individually.
7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations
Ethernet traffic in a nodal configuration is supported by interconnecting IDU
switches with external cables. Traffic flow (dropping to local ports, sending to
radio) is performed by the switches, in accordance with learning tables.
Each IDU in the stack can be configured individually for Smart Pipe or Carrier
Ethernet Switching modes. For more information about Ethernet switching,
refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.
7.4 Protection Options
Equipment protection is possible in both standalone and nodal configurations.
In a 1+1 configuration, the protection options are as follows:
Standalone The IDUs must be connected by a dedicated Ethernet
protection cable. Each IDU has a unique IP address.
Nodal The IDUs are connected by the backplane of the nodal enclosure.
There is one IP address for each of the main units.
A 2+2 protection scheme must be implemented by means of a nodal
configuration. A 2+2 configuration consists of two pairs of IP-10E CLH IDUs,
each inserted in its own main nodal enclosure, with a protection cable to
connect the main IDUs in each node. Protection is performed between the
pairs. At any given time, one pair is active and the other is standby.
A 2+2 scheme is only possible between units in the main nodal enclosure.
Extension nodal enclosures cannot be used in a 2+2 configuration.
8. Main Features
This section describes some of the most important IP-10E CLH features,
including:
Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)
XPIC Support
Space Diversity
LTE-Ready Latency
Carrier Grade Ethernet
Ethernet Switching
Integrated QoS Support
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support
Synchronization Support
8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)
Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) refers to the automatic adjustment
that a wireless system can make in order to optimize over-the-air
transmission and prevent weather-related fading from causing
communication on the link to be disrupted. When extreme weather
conditions, such as a storm, affect the transmission and receipt of data and
voice over the wireless network, an ACM-enabled radio system automatically
changes modulation allowing real-time applications to continue to run
uninterrupted. Varying the modulation also varies the number of bits that are
transferred per signal, thereby enabling higher throughputs and better
spectral efficiencies. For example, a 256 QAM modulation can deliver
approximately four times the throughput of 4 QAM (QPSK).
IP-10E CLH employs full-range dynamic ACM. IP-10E CLHs ACM mechanism
copes with 90 dB per second fading in order to ensure high transmission
quality. IP-10E CLHs ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E CLHs
QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never
dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent service level agreements
(SLAs).
The hitless and errorless functionality of IP-10E CLHs ACM has another major
advantage in that it ensures that TCP/IP sessions do not time-out. Without
ACM, even interruptions as short as 50 milliseconds can lead to timeout of
TCP/IP sessions, which are followed by a drastic throughout decrease while
these sessions recover.
8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments
ACM works as follows. Assuming a system configured for 128 QAM with ~170
Mbps capacity over a 28 MHz channel, when the receive signal Bit Error Ratio
(BER) level reaches a predetermined threshold, the system preemptively
switches to 64 QAM and the throughput is stepped down to ~140 Mbps. This
is an errorless, virtually instantaneous switch. The system continues to
operate at 64 QAM until the fading condition either intensifies or disappears.
If the fade intensifies, another switch takes the system down to 32 QAM. If, on
the other hand, the weather condition improves, the modulation is switched
back to the next higher step (e.g., 128 QAM) and so on, step by step .The
switching continues automatically and as quickly as needed, and can reach all
the way down to QPSK during extreme conditions.
Adaptive Coding and Modulation

8.1.2 ACM Benefits
The advantages of IP-10E CLHs dynamic ACM include:
Maximized spectrum usage
Increased capacity over a given bandwidth
Eight modulation/coding work points (~3 db system gain for each point
change)
Hitless and errorless modulation/coding changes, based on signal quality
Adaptive Radio Tx Power per modulation for maximal system gain per
working point
An integrated QoS mechanism enables intelligent congestion management
to ensure that high priority traffic is not affected during link fading
Adaptive Coding and Modulation with Eight Working Points

16 QAM
QPSK
99.995 %
200
Unavailability
Rx
level
Capacity
(@ 28 MHz channel)
32 QAM
64 QAM
128 QAM
256 QAM
99.999 %
99.99 %
99.95 %
99.9 %
Mbps 170 200 140 100 200 120 200
8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service
IP-10E CLHs ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E CLHs QoS
mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never
dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent SLAs. Since QoS provides
priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of
criteria, you can configure IP-10E CLH to discard only low priority packets as
conditions deteriorate. For more information on IP-10E CLHs QoS and
Enhanced QoS functionality, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 52.
If you want to rely on an external switchs QoS, ACM can work with them via
the flow control mechanism supported in the radio.
8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power
When planning ACM-based radio links, the radio planner attempts to apply the
lowest transmit power that will perform satisfactorily at the highest level of
modulation. During fade conditions requiring a modulation drop, most radio
systems cannot increase transmit power to compensate for the signal
degradation, resulting in a deeper reduction in capacity. IP-10E CLH is capable
of adjusting power on the fly, and optimizing the available capacity at every
modulation point, as illustrated in the figure below. This figure shows how
operators that want to use ACM to benefit from high levels of modulation (e.g.,
256 QAM) must settle for low system gain, in this case, 18 dB, for all the other
modulations as well. With IP-10E CLH , operators can automatically adjust
power levels, achieving the extra 4 dB system gain that is required to maintain
optimal throughput levels under all conditions.
IP-10E CLH ACM with Adaptive Power Contrasted to Other ACM Implementations

8.1.5 Multi-Radio with ACM Support
When operating in a dual-carrier configuration, an IP-10E CLH system can be
optionally configured to work in multi-radio mode. In this mode, traffic is
divided among the two carriers optimally at the radio frame level without
requiring Ethernet Link Aggregation, and is not dependent on the number of
MAC addresses, the number of traffic flows, or momentary traffic capacity.
During fading events which cause ACM modulation changes, each carrier
fluctuates independently with hitless switchovers between modulations,
increasing capacity over a given bandwidth and maximizing spectrum
utilization.
The result is 100% utilization of radio resources in which traffic load is
balanced based on instantaneous radio capacity per carrier and is
independent of data/application characteristics, such as the number of flows
or capacity per flow.
Typical 2+2 Multi-Radio Terminal Configuration with HSB Protection

Typical 2+0 Multi-Radio Link Configuration

8.2 XPIC Support
Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) is one of the best ways to
break the barriers of spectral efficiency. Using dual-polarization radio over a
single-frequency channel, a dual polarization radio transmits two separate
carrier waves over the same frequency, but using alternating polarities.
Despite the obvious advantages of dual-polarization, one must also keep in
mind that typical antennas cannot completely isolate the two polarizations. In
addition, propagation effects such as rain can cause polarization rotation,
making cross-polarization interference unavoidable.
Dual Polarization

The relative level of interference is referred to as cross-polarization
discrimination (XPD). While lower spectral efficiency systems (with low SNR
requirements such as QPSK) can easily tolerate such interference, higher
modulation schemes cannot and require XPIC. IP-10E CLHs XPIC algorithm
enables detection of both streams even under the worst levels of XPD such as
10 dB. IP-10E CLH accomplishes this by adaptively subtracting from each
carrier the interfering cross carrier, at the right phase and level. For high-
modulation schemes such as 256 QAM, an improvement factor of more than
20 dB is required so that cross-interference does not adversely affect
performance.
8.2.1 XPIC Benefits
The advantages of IP-10E CLHs XPIC option include:
BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB
Multi-Radio Support
8.2.2 XPIC Implementation
In a single channel application, when an interfering channel is transmitted on
the same bandwidth as the desired channel, the interference that results may
lead to BER in the desired channel.
IP-10E CLH supports a co-channel sensitivity of 33 dB at a BER of 10e-6. When
applying XPIC, IP-10E CLH transmits data using two polarizations: horizontal
and vertical. These polarizations, in theory, are orthogonal to each other, as
shown in the figure below
XPIC - Orthogonal Polarizations

In a link installation, there is a separation of 30 dB of the antenna between the
polarizations, and due to misalignments and/or channel degradation, the
polarizations are no longer orthogonal. This is shown in the figure below.
XPIC Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

Note that on the right side of the figure you can see that CarrierR receives the
H+v signal, which is the combination of the desired signal H (horizontal) and
the interfering signal V (in lower case, to denote that it is the interfering
signal). The same happens in CarrierL = V+h. The XPIC mechanism takes the
data from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a cost function, produces the
desired data.
XPIC Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

IP-10E CLHs XPIC reaches a BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB!
The improvement factor in an XPIC system is defined as the SNR@threshold of
10e-6, with or without the XPIC mechanism.
8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio
XPIC radio may be used to deliver two separate data streams, such as 2xFE.
But it can also deliver a single stream of information such as Gigabit Ethernet,
or STM-4. The latter requires a de-multiplexer to split the stream into two
transmitters, as well as a multiplexer to join it again in the right timing
because the different channels may experience a different delay. This feature
is called Multi-Radio.
8.3 Space Diversity
In long distance wireless links, multipath phenomena are common. Both direct
and reflected signals are received, which can cause distortion of the signal
resulting in signal fade. The impact of this distortion can vary over time, space,
and frequency. This fading phenomenon depends mainly on the link geometry
and is more severe at long distance links and over flat surfaces or water. It is
also affected by air turbulence and water vapor, and can vary quickly during
temperature changes due to rapid changes in the reflections phase.
Fading can be flat or dispersive. In flat fading, all frequency components of the
signal experience the same magnitude of fading. In dispersive, or frequency-
selective fading, different frequency components of the signal experience
decorrelated fading.
Direct and Reflected Signals

Space Diversity is a common way to negate the effects of fading caused by
multipath phenomena. By placing two separate antennas at a sufficient
distance from one another, it is statistically likely that if one antenna suffers
from fading caused by signal reflection, the other antenna will continue to
receive a viable signal.
IP-10E CLH offers the Base Band Switching (BBS) method of Space Diversity.
With this method, each IDU receives a separate signal from a separate
antenna. Each IDU compares each of the received signals, and enables the
bitstream coming from the receiver with the best signal. Switchover is
errorless (hitless switching).
BBS Space Diversity

8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS)
BBS Space Diversity requires two antennas and RFUs. The antennas must be
separated by approximately 15 to 20 meters. Any RFU type supported by IP-
10E CLH can be used in a BBS Space Diversity configuration.
One RFU sends its signal to the active IDU, while the other RFU sends its signal
to the standby IDU. The IDUs share these signals through the nodal backplane,
such that each IDU receives data from both RFUs. The diversity mechanism,
which is located within the IDU Mux, is active in both IDUs, and selects the
better signal based on:
Faulty signal indication An indication from the Modem to the Mux,
signaling that there are more errors in the traffic stream than it can
correct. The purpose of this indication is to alert the Mux to the fact that
those errors are on their way, requiring a hitless switchover in order to
prevent them from entering the data stream from the Mux onward.
OOF (Out-of-Frame) When the Mux identifies an OOF event, it will
initiate a switchover.
BBS Space Diversity requires a 1+1 configuration in which there are two IDUs
and two RFUs protecting each other at both ends of the link. In the event of
IDU failure, Space Diversity is lost until recovery, but the system remains
protected through the ordinary switchover mechanism.
8.4 LTE-Ready Latency
IP-10E CLH provides best-in-class latency (RFC-2544) for all channels, making
it LTE (Long-Term Evolution) ready:
<0.21msec for 28 MHz channels (1518 byte frames)
<0.4 msec for 14MHz channels (1518 byte frames)
<0.9 msec for 7MHz channels (1518 byte frames)
For detailed latency specifications, refer to Ethernet Latency Specifications on
page 102.
8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10E CLHs Top-of-the-Line Low Latency
IP-10E CLHs ability to meet the stringent latency requirements for LTE
systems provides the key to expanded broadband wireless services:
Ensures low latency to meet backbone and enterprise/businesses
requirements
Longer radio chains
Larger radio rings
Shorter recovery times
More capacity
Easing of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) limitations
8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet
IP-10E CLH is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet
services (E-Line and E-LAN).
Carrier Ethernet is a high speed medium for Metropolitan Area Networks
(MANs). It defines native Ethernet packet access to the Internet and is being
deployed more and more in wireless networks.
The first native Ethernet services to emerge were point to point-based,
followed by emulated LAN (multipoint to multipoint-based). Services were
first defined and limited to MANs. They have now been extended across Wide
Area Networks (WANs) and are available worldwide from many service
providers.
The term Carrier Ethernet implies that Ethernet services are Carrier Grade.
The benchmark for Carrier Grade was set by legacy TDM telephony networks
to describe services that achieve 99.999% (five nines) uptime. Although it is
debatable whether Carrier Ethernet will reach that level of reliability, the goal
of one particular standards organization is to accelerate the development and
deployment of services that live up to the name.
Carrier Ethernet is poised to become the major component of next-generation
MANs, which serve as the aggregation layer between customers and core
carrier networks. A metro Ethernet network, which uses IP Layer 3 MPLS
forwarding, is currently the primary focus of Carrier Ethernet activity.
Carrier Grade Ethernet Feature Summary

Note: IP-10E CLHs support for advanced Ethernet statistics
reporting is described in Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on
page 97.
8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types
The standard service types for Carrier Ethernet include:
E-Line Service This service is employed for Ethernet private lines,
virtual private lines, and Ethernet Internet access.
E-Line Service Type

E-LAN Service This service is employed for multipoint Layer 2 VPNs,
transparent LAN service, foundation for IPTV, and multicast networks.
E-LAN Service Type

8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)
IP-10E CLH meets all MEF Carrier Ethernet service specifications .The Metro
Ethernet Forum (MEF) is a global industry alliance started in 2001. In 2005,
the MEF committed to the new Carrier Ethernet standard, and launched a
Carrier Ethernet Certification Program to facilitate delivery of services to end
users.
The MEF 6 specification defines carrier Ethernet as "a ubiquitous,
standardized, carrier-class Service and Network defined by five attributes that
distinguish it from familiar LAN based Ethernet." These five attributes include:
Standardized Services
Quality of Service (QoS)
Service Management
Scalability
Reliability
For service providers, the technology convergence of Carrier Ethernet ensures
a decrease in CAPEX and OPEX.
Access networks employ Ethernet to provide backhaul for IP DSLAMs, PON,
WiMAX, and direct Ethernet over fiber/copper. Flexible Layer 2 VPN services,
such as private line, virtual private line, or emulated LAN, offer new revenue
streams.
For enterprises, a reduction in cost is achieved through converged networks
for VoIP, data, video conferencing, and other services.
In addition, Ethernet standardization reduces network complexity.
The MEF certification program covers the following areas:
MEF-9 Service certification
MEF-14 Traffic management and service performance
8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH
In the following figure, end-to-end connectivity per service is verified using
periodic 802.1ag CCm messages between service end points.
Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH

8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure
Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure (continued)

8.6 Ethernet Switching
IP-10E CLH supports three modes for Ethernet switching:
Smart Pipe Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single
Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates
as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.
Managed Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on
VLANs.
Metro Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on an S-
VLAN-aware bridge.
Ethernet Switching

Each switching mode supports QoS. For more information, refer to Integrated
QoS Support on page 53.
Smart Pipe is the default mode. Managed Switch and Metro Switch require a
license. For more information, refer to Licensing on page 19.
8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode
Using Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user
traffic and IP-10E CLH acts as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio. In
Smart Pipe mode, any of the following ports can be used for Ethernet traffic:
Eth1: GbE interface (Optical GbE-SFP or Electrical GbE 10/100/1000)
Eth3: Fast Ethernet interface
All traffic entering the IDU is sent directly to the radio, and all traffic from the
radio is sent directly to the Ethernet interface.
In Smart Pipe mode, the other Fast Ethernet interfaces can either be
configured as management interfaces or they are shut down. In protection
mode, only the Optical GbE-SFP port acts as a trigger for switchover.
8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode
Managed Switch mode is an 802.1Q VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2
switching based on VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured as an Access
port or a Trunk port.
Managed Switch Mode
Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress
Frames
Access Specific VLAN should be attached
to an Access port.
Untagged frames only (or
frames tagged with VID=0
Priority Tagged)
Untagged frames.
Trunk A range of VLANs, or all VLANs
should be attached to a Trunk port.
Only tagged frames. Tagged frames.
All Ethernet ports are enabled for traffic in Managed Switch mode.
8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode
Metro Switch mode is an 802.1AD S-VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2
switching based on S-VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured to be a
Customer Network port or a Provider network port.
Metro Switch Mode
Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress
Frames
Customer
Network
Specific S-VLAN should be
attached to a Customer Network
port.
Untagged frames (or frames
tagged with VID=0 Priority
Tagged) or C-VLAN-tagged
frames.
Untagged frames (or
frames tagged with
VID=0 Priority
Tagged) or C-VLAN-
tagged frames.
Provider
Network
A range of S-VLANs, or all S-
VLANs should be attached to a
Provider Network port.
S-VLAN- tagged frames. S-VLAN-tagged
frames.
8.7 Integrated QoS Support
IP-10E CLH offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In
addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E CLH offers an enhanced QoS
feature. Enhanced QoS is license-activated.
IP-10E CLHs standard QoS provides for four queues and six classification
criteria. Ingress traffic is limited per port, Class of Service (CoS), and traffic
type. Scheduling is performed according to either Strict Priority (SP),
Weighted Round Robin (WRR), or Hybrid WRR/SP scheduling.
IP-10E CLHs enhanced QoS adds four additional queues for a total of eight.
Enhanced QoS also adds an additional two classification criteria. Ingress traffic
is limited by DrTCM per VLAN/VLAN+CoS. Enhanced QoS provides
hierarchical scheduling, with four scheduling priorities and Weighted Fair
Queuing (WFK) between queues in the same priority. Enhanced QoS also
offers Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) for congestion management,
in addition to tail-drop, as provided by standard QoS.
For a full comparison between IP-10E CLHs standard and enhanced QoS
features, refer to Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison on page 58.
8.7.1 QoS Overview
QoS is a method of classification and scheduling employed to ensure that
Ethernet packets are forwarded and discarded according to their priority. QoS
works by slowing unimportant packets down, or, in cases of extreme network
traffic, discarding them entirely. This enables more important packets to reach
their destination as quickly as possible. Once the router knows how much data
it can queue on the modem at any given time, it can shape traffic by delaying
unimportant packets and filling the pipe with important packets first, then
using any leftover space to fill the pipe in descending order of importance.
Since QoS cannot speed up packets, it takes the total available upstream
bandwidth, calculates the amount of high priority data, places the high priority
data in the buffer, and repeats the process with each lower priority class in
turn until the buffer is full or there is no further data. Any excess data is held
back or "re-queued" at the front of the line, where it will be evaluated in the
next pass.
Priority is determined by packet. The number of levels depends on the router.
As the names imply, Low/Bulk priority packets are given the lowest priority,
while High/Premium packets are given the highest priority.
QoS packets may be prioritized by a number of criteria, including criteria
generated by applications themselves. The most common QoS classification
techniques are MAC Address, Ethernet Port, and TCP/IP Port.
8.7.2 IP-10E CLH Standard QoS
Using IP-10E CLHs standard QoS functionality, the system examines the
incoming traffic and assigns the desired priority according to the marking of
the packets (based on the user port/L2/L3 marking in the packet). In case of
congestion in the ingress port, low priority packets are discarded first.
The user has the following classification options:
Source Port
VLAN 802.1p
VLAN ID
MAC SA/DA
IPv4 TOS/DSCP
IPv6 Traffic Class
After classification, traffic policing/rate-limiting can optionally be applied per
port/CoS.
IP-10E CLH system has four priority queues that are served according to three
types of scheduling, as follows:
Strict Priority All top priority frames egress towards the radio until the
top priority queue is empty. Then, the next lowest priority queues frames
egress, and so on. This approach ensures that high priority frames are
always transmitted as soon as possible.
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) Each queue can be assigned a user-
configurable weight from 1 to 32.
Hybrid One or two highest priority queues use Strict Priority and the
others use WRR.
Shaping is supported per interface on egress.
8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode
The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10E CLH operating in
Smart Pipe mode.
Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow

8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode
The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10E CLH operating in
Managed Switch or Metro Switch mode.
Managed Switch and Metro Switch QoS Traffic Flow

8.7.5 Enhanced QoS
Enhanced QoS provides additional QoS functionality on the egress path
towards the radio interface. Enhanced QoS requires an upgrade license. Refer
to Licensing on page 19.
The following are the main features of enhanced QoS:
Eight queues instead of four
Enhanced classification:
Classifier assigns each frame a queue and a CIR/EIR designation
Criteria Same as standard QoS with addition of:
- MPLS EXP bits
- UDP port
Re-marking of 802.1p bit in the frame VLAN header (optional)
Configurable frame buffer size per queue
Congestion management
Tail-drop or WRED
Color awareness (EIR/CIR support)
Transmitted and dropped traffic counters per queue
Hierarchical scheduling scheme
4 scheduling priorities (each queue can be independently configured to
any of the 4 priorities)
WFQ between queues in same priority with configurable weights
Shaping per port and per queue
Enhanced QoS enables differentiated services with strict SLA while
maximizing network resource utilization.
IP-10E CLH Enhanced QoS

8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection
One of the key features of IP-10E CLHs enhanced QoS is the use of Weighted
Random Early Detection (WRED) to manage congestion scenarios. WRED
provides several advantages over the standard tail-drop congestion
management method.
WRED enables differentiation between higher and lower priority traffic based
on CoS.
Moreover, WRED can increase capacity utilization by eliminating the
phenomenon of global synchronization, which can occur when TCP flows
sharing bottleneck conditions receive loss indications at around the same
time. This can result in periods during which link bandwidth utilization can
drop to as low as 75%.
Synchronized Packet Loss

In contrast, WRED begins dropping packets randomly when the queue begins
to fill up, with increased probability. This increases capacity utilization to
almost 100%.
Random Packet Loss with Increased Capacity Utilization Using WRED

8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison
The following table summarizes the basic features of IP-10E CLHs standard
and enhanced QoS functionality.
IP-10E CLH Standard and Enhanced QoS Features
Feature Standard QoS Enhanced QoS
Number of CoS Queues
Per Port
4 8
CoS Classification Criteria Source Port
VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID
MAC SA/DA
IPv4 DSCP/TOS
IPv6 TC
Source Port
VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID
MAC SA/DA
IPv4 DSCP/TOS
IPv6 TC
UDP Port
MPLS EXP bits
Scheduling Method SP, WRR, or Hybrid Hierarchical Scheduling: Four scheduling
priorities with WFQ between queues in the
same priority
Ethernet Statistics RMON RMON, with statistics per CoS queue
Shaping Per port Per port and per queue
Congestion Management Tail-drop Tail-drop, and Weighted Random Early
Discard (WRED)
CIR/EIR Support (Color-
Awareness)
CIR only Cir and EIR
8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits
The main benefits of enhanced QoS are:
The addition of UDP ports and MPLS EXP bits as classification criteria
provides for more granular CoS classification (i.e., for 1588v2 control
frames and MPLS PWE3 services).
The use of eight CoS queues with enhanced scheduling schemes support
enables highly granular traffic management for differentiated services.
Statistics per CoS queue, including transmitted and dropped frames,
enables monitoring network utilization and the detection of pinch points.
Shaping per queue as well as per port limits and controls packet bursts,
resulting in improved utilization and end-to-end latency.
Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) improves utilization and
behavior of TCP flows.
CIR/EIR-based congestion management support (color-awareness)
enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic.
8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support
IP-10E CLH supports the following spanning tree Ethernet resiliency
protocols:
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) (802.1w)
Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-optimized RSTP
8.8.1 RSTP
RSTP ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. Spanning tree enables
a network design to include spare (redundant) links for automatic backup
paths, with no danger of bridge loops, and without the need for manual
enabling and disabling of the backup links. Bridge loops must be avoided since
they result in network flooding.
In a general topology, there can be more than one loop, and therefore more
than one bridge with ports in a blocking state. For this reason, RSTP defines a
negotiation protocol between each two bridges, and processing of the BPDU
(Bridge Protocol Data Units), before each bridge propagates the information.
This serial processing increases the convergence time.
8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP
IP-10E CLHs proprietary RSTP implementation is optimized for Carrier
Ethernet wireless rings. Ring-optimized RSTP enhances the RSTP algorithm
for ring topologies, accelerating the failure propagation relative to ordinary
RSTP.
In a ring topology, after the convergence of RSTP, only one port is in a blocking
state. RSTP is enhanced for ring topologies by broadcasting the BPDU in order
to transmit the notification of the failure to all bridges in the ring.
With IP-10E CLHs ring-optimized RSTP, failure propagation is much faster
than with regular RSTP. Instead of link-by-link serial propagation, the failure
is propagated in parallel to all bridges. In this way, the bridges that have ports
in alternate states immediately place them in the forwarding state.
The figure below shows an example of a ring topology using ring-optimized
RSTP. In this figure, Switch A is the Root bridge. After the protocol converges,
a port in Switch C becomes the Alternate Port, and blocks all transmitted and
received traffic.
Ring-Optimized RSTP Solution

8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations
IP-10E CLHs proprietary ring-optimized RSTP is not interoperable with
other ring RSTP implementations from third-party vendors.
Ring RSTP is designed to provide improved performance in ring
topologies. For other topologies, the RSTP algorithm will converge but
performance may take several seconds. For this reason, there should be
only two edge ports in every node, and only one loop.
Ring RSTP can be used in Managed Switch and Metro Switch applications,
but not in Smart Pipe applications.
Ring RSTP can be used in a 1+1 protection configuration, but in some
cases, the convergence time may be above one second.
8.8.4 Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology
Examples
The following figure provides a basic example of an IP-10E CLH wireless
Carrier Ethernet ring.
Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring

8.8.4.1 IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing
The following figure shows a redundant site connected to a fiber aggregation
network.
IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing

8.9 Synchronization Support
Synchronization is an essential part of any mobile backhaul solution and is
sometimes required by other applications as well.
Two unique synchronization issues must be addressed for mobile networks:
Frequency Lock: Applicable to GSM and UMTS-FDD networks.
Limits channel interference between carrier frequency bands.
Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 50 ppb.
Sync is the traditional technique used, with traceability to a PRS master clock
carried over PDH/SDH networks, or using GPS.
Phase Lock with Latency Correction: Applicable to CDMA, CDMA-2000,
UMTS-TDD, and WiMAX networks.
Limits coding time division overlap.
Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 20 - 50 ppb, phase
difference of < 1-3 msecs.
GPS is the traditional technique used.
8.9.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges
Wireless networks set to deploy over IP networks require a solution for
carrying high precision timing to base stations. Two new approaches are being
developed in an effort to meet this challenge:
Various Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) techniques
Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)
8.9.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP)
PTP synchronization refers to the distribution of frequency, phase, and
absolute time information across an asynchronous packet switched network.
PTP can use a variety of protocols to achieve timing distribution, including:
IEEE-1588
NTP
RTP
Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Synchronization

8.9.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)
SyncE is standardized in ITU-T G.8261 and refers to a method whereby the
clock is delivered on the physical layer.
The method is based on SDH/TDM timing, with similar performance, and does
not change the basic Ethernet standards.
The SyncE technique supports synchronized Ethernet outputs as the timing
source to an all-IP BTS/NodeB. This method offers the same synchronization
quality provided over DS1 interfaces to legacy BTS/NodeB.
Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

8.9.4 IP-10E CLH Synchronization Solution
Ceragon's synchronization solution ensures maximum flexibility by enabling
the operator to select any combination of techniques suitable for the
operators network and migration strategy.
PTP optimized transport:
Supports a variety of protocols, such as IEEE-1588 and NTP
Guaranteed ultra-low PDV (<0.05 msec per hop)
Unique support for ACM and narrow channels
Native Sync Distribution
End-to-End Native Synchronization distribution for nodal
configurations
GE input
GE/FE output
Supports any radio link configuration and network topology
SyncE Regenerator mode
PRC grade (G.811) performance for pipe (regenerator) applications
8.9.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP)
Optimized Transport
IP-10E CLH supports the PTP synchronization protocol (IEEE-1588). IP-10E
CLHs PTP Optimized Transport guarantees ultra-low PDV (<0.05 msec), and
provides unique support for ACM and narrow channels.
Ceragon's unique PTP Optimized Transport mechanism ensures that PTP
control frames (IEEE-1588, NTP, etc.) are transported with maximum
reliability and minimum delay variation, to provide the best possible timing
accuracy (frequency and phase) meeting the stringent requirement of
emerging 4G technologies.
PTP control frames are identified using the advanced integrated QoS classifier.
Frame delay variation of <0.05msec per hop for PTP control frames is
supported, even when ACM is enabled, and even when operating with narrow
radio channels.
PTP Optimized Transport

8.9.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode
In this mode, targeting nodal configurations, synchronization is distributed
natively end-to-end over the radio links in the network.
No TDM trails or DS1 interfaces at the tail sites are required!
Synchronization is typically provided by one or more clock sources (SSU/GPS)
at fiber hub sites.
Native Sync Distribution Mode

In native Sync Distribution mode, the following interfaces can be used as the
sync references:
GE (SyncE)
Additionally, the following interfaces can be used for sync output:
GE/FE (SyncE)
Native Sync Distribution mode can be used in any link configuration and any
network topology.
The figure below illustrates a Native Sync Distribution mode usage example in
which synchronization is provided to all-packet Node-Bs using SyncE.
Native Sync Distribution Mode Usage Example

The following figure illustrates the Native Sync Distribution mode.
Native Synch Distribution Mode

8.9.7 SyncE Regenerator Mode
When working in smart pipe mode it is required to have SyncE pass
bi-directionally across the radio link with minimal performance degradation
(as close as possible to the performance of a fiber link).
For this application IP-10E CLH has a dedicated mechanism which provides
PRC grade (G.811) performance.
9. RFU-A Description
RFU-A is a high transmit power RFU designed for long-haul applications. RFU-
A offers a low scale trunk with up to four radio carriers.
Among other features, the traffic capacity throughput and spectral efficiency
of RFU-A are optimized with the desired channel bandwidth. For maximum
user choice flexibility, channel bandwidths can be selected together with a
range of modulations of from QPSK to 256 QAM. RFU-A capacities can be
upgraded from 10 Mbps up to more than 2 Gbps, and from one carrier up to
four carriers connected to one antenna. Each radio carrier can carry traffic
over 5 MHz up to 40 MHz bandwidth.
With the smallest footprint in the market, RFU-A is designed to enable high
quality wireless communication in the most cost-effective way, including an
ultra-high power transmitter that can reach longer distances using smaller
antennas.
9.1 RFU-A References & Standards
FCC CFR 47, Part 101. FCC CFR 47.
FCC 101.147 [6] Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems
operating in the 11 GHz band.
EN 300 234: Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Digital Radio Relay Systems
(DRRS); High capacity DRRS carrying 1xSTM-1/OC-3 signals and operating in
frequency bands with about 30 MHz channel spacing and alternated
arrangements.
EN 300 385: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for fixed radio links and ancillary
equipment".
ETS 300 019: "Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and
environmental tests for telecommunications equipment".
ETS 300 132-2: "Equipment Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input
to telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated by direct current (dc)".
ITU-R Recommendation F.1191: "Bandwidths and unwanted emissions of digital
radio-relay systems".
ITU-R Rec. F.383-6: "Radio-frequency channel arrangements for high capacity
radio-relay systems operating in the lower 6 GHz band.
ITU-R Rec. F.384-7: Radio-frequency channel arrangements for medium and high
capacity analogue or digital radio-relay systems operating in the upper 6H GHz
band.
FCC 101.147 [7] Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems
operating in upper 6H GHz band.
ITU-R Rec. F.385-6: Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay
systems operating in the 7 GHz band.
ITU-R Rec. F.386-6: Radio-frequency channel arrangements for medium and high
capacity analogue or digital radio-relay systems operating in the 8 GHz band.
ITU-R Rec. F.387-8: Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay
systems operating in the 11 GHz band.
ITU-T Recommendation G.703 (1991): "Physical/electrical characteristics of
hierarchical digital interfaces".
ITU-T Recommendation G.707 (1996): "Network node interface for the
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH/SONET)".
CEPT/ERC 14-01E Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay
systems operating in the 6L GHz band.
Environmental Conditions Standard Compliance
The system is fully compliant with the following environmental standards:
EMC: FCC CFR 47, Part 15
Operation: EN 300 019, Class 3.1E with operating temapature range -5 to +45
Storage: EN 300 019-2-2, Class 1.2
Transportation: ETS 300 019-2-2, Class 2.3
Safety: UL 60950-1
NEBS: GR-1089-CORE, GR-63-CORE
9.2 RFU-A Overview
FibeAir RFU-A supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes
and configurations for various network requirements. The system supports up
to four (4) carriers and operates in the frequency range of 5.8 (unlicensed), 6
to 11 GHz (licensed)
FibeAir RFU-A capacities can be upgraded from 10 Mbps up to more than 2
Gbps. RFU-A is also capable of being upgraded from one (1) carrier up to four
(4) carriers connected to one (1) antenna. Each radio carrier can carry traffic
from 5 MHz up to 40 MHz bandwidth depending on regulatory restrictions for
bandwidth and frequency.
For long distance links and multipath environments, FibeAir RFU-A offers
Space Diversity functionality.
9.2.1 The Complete Solution
RFU-A units work together with FibeAir IDUs to provide a powerful, reliable
and comprehensive solution for a variety of wireless network scenarios and
requirements.
The system was designed to support network expansion from one (1) to four
(4) radio carriers.
The FibeAir IDUs incorporate a philosophy allowing modular network
connectivity and are designed to meet growing market demands for increased
spectral-efficient systems.
The system is an all indoor solution with minimal rack space required while being
optimized for quick and easy system installation.
9.2.2 Main Features
Adjustable transmit power with Power Consumption Saving Mode (Green
Mode) mechanism.
FibeAir RFU-As Power Consumption Saving Mode feature enables power
adjustment so that less power is consumed when the link conditions
permit.
While transmit power is reduced, consumption is reduced consequently,
allowing for major power consumption saving during 99.9% of system
operation time.
When path conditions worsen, the system will respond by restoring TX
power to maximum at a rate as fast as 100dB/sec, thus maintaining the
planned fade margin and availability.
In addition, the transmit power increases as rapidly as 0.1 seconds when
fading occurs.
Traffic is not affected by the Green Mode operation.
The following table presents the example of power consumption for the
6 GHz low band.
Bias TX Power Range
(dBm)
RFU-A
Consumption
(Watts)
High 33-26 77
Medium 25-20 53
Low 19-11 43
Mute NA 24
Note that the power consumption values only represent the RFU (without the
IDU).
Operates in the frequency range of 5.8 (unlicensed) to 6-11 GHz (licensed).
Unlicensed operation allows rapid deployment of radios that can be
migrated to the licensed 6 GHz band in the future.
Usage of the unlicensed band also ensures economically efficient system
usage, since common hardware platforms can be shared between the
unlicensed and licensed systems. Additionally, when migrating from the
5.8 GHz band to the 6.2 GHz band, the same RFU and antennas can be used.
The system is scalable from low capacity unlicensed operation using 5
MHz channels delivering 30 Mbps to licensed operation using 30 MHz
channels or greater based on regulatory restrictions, delivering more than
200 Mbps.
Both the licensed and unlicensed radios are managed easily across the
entire network via SNMP management of common hardware elements.
Installation type: All-Indoor
Ceragons All Indoor system enables the installation of both the IDU and
the RFU in a single indoor rack. This installation uses minimal rack space.
All Indoor configurations are easier to service due to their location and
therefore help reduce operational and maintenance cost.
High transmit power of up to 31 dBm.
Configurable Ethernet capacity: from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps
Up to 1 Gbps capacity can be achieved in a 2+0 XPIC configuration.
Configurable modulation: QPSK, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 QAM
FibeAirs unique full range adaptive modulation provides the widest
modulation range on the market from QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level
real-time hitless and errorless modulation shifting dynamically according
to environmental conditions, while ensuring zero downtime connectivity.
Note that maximum TX power for QPSK is 33 dBm.
Configurable channel bandwidth: 10/30/40 MHz
Interfaces for IP:
* 5 x FE (RJ-45)
* 2 x GE combo (RJ-45/SFP)
Ultra compact design - 1 RU for 1+1 configuration
On-site frequency change, using different branching drawer
Transmission frequency changes can be made on-site via Ceragons Web
Based Management System. This saves the time and effort spent on
adjusting the frequency at the factory.
Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel
Dual Polarized (CCDP) features for double transmission capacity and
higher bandwidth efficiency.
Adjustable Transmit Power Control (ATPC) with Power Consumption
Saving mode
ATPC adjusts transmitter output power based on the varying signal level
at the receiver. It allows the transmitter to operate at less than maximum
power for most of the time. When fading conditions occur, transmit power
will be increased as needed until the maximum is reached.
The ATPC mechanism has several potential advantages, including less
transmitter power consumption and longer amplifier component life,
thereby reducing overall system cost.
ATPC is frequently used as a means to mitigate frequency interference
issues with the environment, thus allowing new radio links to be easily
coordinated in frequency congested areas.
The Power Consumption Saving mode enables the system to adjust the
power automatically to reduce the power used, when possible.
Compatible with FibeAir IP-10E, IP-10G, and 1500R IDUs
FibeAir RFU-A works together with FibeAir IP-10E or 1500R IDUs to
provide a comprehensive backhaul solution for a variety of network
requirements and configurations.
For more information about the IDUs, see the FibeAir IP-10E Product
Description and FibeAir 1500R Product Description.
Compliant with the following standards and frequency plans, for
worldwide operation:
FCC
SRSP
ITU-R
ETSI
Level 3 NEBS: GR-1089-CORE, GR-63-CORE
9.3 Frequency Bands
The frequency bands for each radio are listed in the following table.
Frequency
Band
Frequency
Range (GHz)
Standard
5.8 GHz
(unlicensed) *
5.725-6.425
-
L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425
ITU-R F.383
FCC Part 101.147 (i)
SRSP 306.4
U6 GHz
6.425 to 7.100 ITU-R F.384
6.525 to 6.875 FCC Part 101.147 (k7)
7 GHz
7.425 to 7.900 ITU-R F.385 Annex 4
7.425 to 7.725 ITU-R F.385 Annex 1
7.110 to 7.750 ITU-R F.385 Annex 3
8 GHz
7.725 to 8.275 ITU-R F.386 Annex 1
8.275 to 8.500
ITU-R F.386 Annex 3
SRSP-308.2
Frequency
Band
Frequency
Range (GHz)
Standard
7.900 to 8.400 ITU-R F.386 Annex 4
7.125 to 8.500
SRSP 307.1
SRSP 307.7
NTIA Red Book
11 GHz 10.700 to 11.700
ITU-R 387-8
FCC 101.147 [6]
SRSP 310.7
* The 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) radio provides fast deployment of microwave
radio service with no license requirement and small sized antennas (no
FCC minimum diameter requirement) allowing immediate deployment
and operation.
Once a license is obtained, the unlicensed radio can easily be migrated into
the lower 6 GHz licensed band.

9.4 RFU-A System Components
The RFU-A system is a compact All Indoor platform that is assembled at the
site.
The RF modules are swappable, plug and play concept.
The system consists of several modules, as shown in the following illustration.

When ordering an RFU-A system, the following items are to be included in the
order:
RFU-A
Chassis
Branching drawer (in accordance with the configuration)
Termination (if required by the configuration)
L bend
Blank panel (if required by the configuration)
RFU-A Component PNs:
RFU-A Unit
RFU-A58-6L RFU-A RF Unit, 58-6L GHz
RFU-A6L RFU-A RF Unit, 6L GHz
RFU-A6H RFU-A RF Unit, 6H GHz
RFU-A7 RFU-A RF Unit, 7 GHz

RFU-A Chassis
CHS-A6 RFU-A 6 GHz 1+0/1+1 Housing
CHS-A7_8 RFU-A 7/8 GHz 1+0/1+1 Housing
CHS-A11 RFU-A 11 GHz 1+0/1+1 Housing

RFU-A Branching Drawer for 1+1
DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb-CPLR Branching Drawer

RFU-A Branching Drawer for 1+0/2+0 DP
DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb Branching Drawer

RFU-A Branching Drawer for 2+0 SP/2+2 SP
DRW-Af-xxxY-a_b Dual Branching Drawer

RFU-A L Bend T1 (short type)
Lbend-A6-T1 RFU-A 6 GHz L-Bend T1
Lbend-A7_8-T1 RFU-A 7/8 GHz L-Bend T1

RFU-A L Bend T2 (long type)
Lbend-A7_8-T2 RFU-A 7/8 GHz L-Bend T2

RFU-A Termination
Term-A6 RFU-A 6 GHz Termination
Term-A7_8 RFU-A 7/8 GHz Termination
Term-A11 RFU-A 11 GHz Termination

RFU-A Blank Panel
RFU-A-blnk RFU-A blank panel
where:
f = 6L,6H,7,8,11 GHz
xxxY = frequency block
a = first center frequency channel
b = last center frequency channel

9.5 System Configurations
RFU-A supports the following configurations:
Unprotected N+0 - From 1+0 to 4+0, whereby data is transmitted through N
channels, without redundancy (protection).
Protected - Hot Standby (HSB) 1+1 HSB or 2+2 HSB.
Space Diversity - Standard and Split Transmitter
For 1+1 HSB, two RFUs use the same RF channel, and are connected via a
coupler. One channel transmits and the other acts as a backup (Standby).
For 2+2 HSB, two frequencies are used, and one pair of RFUs are chained
together via a coupler to the other pair of RFUs.
RFU-A system configurations contain from one to four radio carriers.
Note: The configuration can be protected or may carry several carriers,
depending on the type of branching drawer.
9.5.1 Space Diversity
On long distance wireless links, multipath is a common phenomenon, whereby
fading occurs over time, space, and frequency.
The space diversity concept utilizes a single transmitter and two (spatially
separated) receivers to overcome multipath fading.
The receiving antennas are spaced vertically so that during a fade, at least one
of the antennas maintains an above threshold RSL. (In this scheme the system
also benefits from hardware protection).
When fast and significant selective fading occurs at one of the antennas, the
modem switches to the diversity antenna (fast switching between Mux
frames) and returns to the main antenna when the fading subsides. Using this
method, the system performs optimum signal reception, always switched to
the highest quality signal.
9.5.2 System Configuration Table
All RFU-A configurations assemblies are based on three basic configurations:
1+0
1+1
2+0 SP

1
+
1
2+0 Single Polarization
1
+
0
1
+
0
1+0 1+1
The following table lists the different system configurations.
RFU-A System Configurations
Configuration Rack Space Illustrations
1+0 1RU

1+1 1RU

1+1 Space
Diversity (BBS)
2RU

1+1 E/W 2RU

Configuration Rack Space Illustrations
1+1 Space
Diversity (BBS)
E/W
4RU

2+0 DP 2RU

2+2 2RU

2+2 Space
Diversity (BBS)
4RU

9.5.3 Basic Configuration Electrical Charts
The following illustrations depict the signal flow within the system for the
different configurations.
1+0
1+1
2+0
Dual Circ.
Antenna
T
e
r
m
.
TX1
RX1
RFU-1 (Main)
TX1
RX1
RFU-2 (Sec.)
1+1 BN Drawer
Dual Circ.
Antenna
T
e
r
m
.
TX1
RX1
RFU-1 1+0 BN Drawer
Dual Circ.
Antenna
TX1
RX1
RFU-1 2+0 / 2+0 Narrow BN Drawer
U
-
B
e
n
d
TX1
RX1
RFU-2

RFU-A Signal Flowcharts
9.6 RFU-A Upgrading
RFU-A systems can easily be upgraded from one configuration to another.
Some configurations are ready for upgrade from day one, while others require
replacing the branching drawer.
Flexible built-in branching allows for easy setup and extension of any RFU-A
system, as shown in the following illustration.

For detailed upgrade scenarios and limitations, contact your Ceragon
representative.
9.7 RFU-A Extension/Expansion
The RFU-A system can be expanded with additional carriers.
Some configurations support connection with other radio vendors through the
use of an existing expansion port.
For detailed extension and expansion scenarios and limitations, contact your
Ceragon representative.

9.8 RFU-A Mounting
RFU-A can be mounted in the following rack types:
19open rack
19 600 mm depth rack
ETSI 600 mm depth rack
The elliptical waveguide connects to the C connector in the rear (shown in the
illustration below).

RFU-A System Front & Rear Views of the Elliptical Waveguide Connection
C
RFU-A Front View
The following illustration shows how the RFU-A is mounted in the rack.

RFU-A Mounted in a Rack
The following illustration shows RFU-A mounted in a rack in a 1+1 all-indoor
configuration, with a FibeAir IP-10E IDUs.

1+1 Configuration
9.9 RFU-A Specifications
9.9.1 Branching Losses
The following table provides the branching losses for each configuration.
System Branching Losses
6 GHz High/Low 11 GHz High/Low
Insertion Loss (dB) Tolerance (dB) Insertion Loss (dB) Tolerance (dB)
1+1 HSB Main 1.7 0.3 1.9 0.3
Coupled 6.9 1 7.3 1
2+0
(~30 MHz
filters)
Main 0.6 0.3 TBD TBD
L-bend (T1/2) 0.1 0.1
U-bend (T1/2) 0.1 0.1
9.9.2 Waveguide Flange
The radio output port (C - Carrier) is frequency dependent and is terminated
with the waveguide flanges listed in the following table.
Waveguide Flanges
Frequency Band (GHz) Waveguide Flange
5.76.4 CPR137
6H CPR137
7 CPR112
8 CPR112
11 CPR90
9.9.3 Physical Dimensions
RFU-A 1+1 System
Height: 1RU, 44 mm
Width: 19 inches (482 mm)
Depth: 13.18 inches (415 mm)
Weight: 26.45 pounds (12 kg)
10. Typical Configurations
ThissectionlistsandillustratesanumberoftypicalIP10ECLHconfigurations
forpointtopointandnodalsystems.
10.1 Configuration Options Table
Thefollowingtablepresentsthetypicalconfigurationswiththeirassociated
components.
RFU-A SystemLink Configurations
Item 1+0 SP 1+1 HSB 2+0 SP
1+0 E/Wor
2+0 DP
or
1+1SD
3+0 DP 4+0 SP 4+0 DP
2+0 E/W
or
4+0 DP
1+1 E/Wor
2+2 HSB DP
RFU-Af 2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 8
CHS-Af 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb-CPLR 2 4
DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb 2 4 2
DRW-Af-xxxY-a_b Dual 2 4 4 4 8
Ubend-Af 1
Lbend-Af-T1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2
Lbend-Af-T2 2 2 2 2
Term-Af 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
RFU-A-blnk 2 2

10.2 Illustrated Configuration Options
The CLH configurations are shown in the following illustrations.




11. Management Overview
Ceragon provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP.
Each device includes an HTTP-based element manager that enables the
operator to perform element configuration, RF, Ethernet, and PDH
performance monitoring, remote diagnostics, alarm reports, and more.
PolyView is Ceragon's Network Management System (NMS) that includes
CeraMap , its friendly and powerful client graphical interface. PolyView can
be used to update and monitor network topology status, provide statistical
and inventory reports, define end-to-end traffic trails, download software, and
configure elements in the network. In addition, it can be integrated with
Northbound NMS platforms, to provide enhanced network management. The
application is written in Java code and enables management functions at both
the element and network levels.
Ceragons management suite also includes a web-based element management
system (Web EMS), for advanced element management, and CeraBuild for
specialized maintenance and provisioning.
Management, configuration, and maintenance tasks can be performed directly
via the IP-10E CLH Command Line Interface (CLI). The CLI can be used to
perform configuration operations for stand-alone IP-10E CLH units or units
connected in a stacked configuration, as well as to configure several IP-10E
CLH units in a single batch command. In a nodal configuration, all commands
are available both in the main and extension units unless otherwise stated.
Integrated IP-10E CLH Management Tools

11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System
PolyView is Ceragons user friendly, state-of-the-art NMS. PolyView provides
a rich set of management functions for FibeAir systems such as IP-10E CLH at
a network level and individual network element level. It enables users to
manage their network in a very easy and cost-effective manner. PolyView
provides functionality for managing faults, configurations, administration,
performance, and security.
PolyViews graphical interface, CeraMap, is implemented in Java, which
enables it to run on different operating systems. Since it supports Microsoft
SQL, parts of the database can be exported for use in other applications, such
as Microsoft Excel.
The system is security-protected, so that configuration and software
download operations can only be performed by authorized system
administrators.
CeraMap Main Window

11.1.1 PolyView Advantages
Faster and Easier Network Maintenance:
Automated management processes
Lower Operational Costs:
Mass configuration broadcast change
Less operational mistakes
Easier root analysis
Higher Network Availability:
Automatic redundant NMS HW solution
Fast disaster recovery
NE configuration download, NE SW download
Faster, Easier, and More Accurate Network Troubleshooting:
Network reports, current and long history alarm list, inventory, top
most alarm
Network view
11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features
11.1.2.1 General Features
Integrates with other NMS platforms and different Operating Systems
Hardware redundancy configuration, disaster recovery feature
Task scheduling: offline reports, database backup, database check,
configuration backup, and application execution
Multiple maps, groups, and links
Search for elements and element groups
11.1.2.2 Faults
Active graphic element status indication
Current/historical alarm viewing
Alarm triggers definition
Trap forwarding configuration
Alarm synchronization
11.1.2.3 Configuration
Broadcast configuration to selective network elements
Network element configuration file upload and download
Scheduled network elements SW download
Dynamic server updating
Saving and loading of configuration data
Inter-element graphic connection
Global configuration changes through top-level elements
Automatic detection of network elements
Node discovery and polling
11.1.2.4 Security
Enhanced NMS security solution
Built-in security application
Connected user list viewing
11.1.2.5 Database
MySQL database
SQL database backup
Database check
Send messages to users
User action viewing
11.1.2.6 Performance
Extensive reporting capabilities
Up to 365 days of history
Filters
11.1.3 PolyView Functionality
The PolyView system consists of the following main components:
PolyView framework The foundation on which all PolyView
applications and services run
PolyView database A centralized SQL-based database
NMS plugable API interface the connection between PolyView and the
NMS
PolyView applications
PolyView integrates with other NMS platforms, and can also operate in
systems that do not use an NMS platform.
A set of APIs are used to communicate with the host NMS platform, to provide
iconic map functions and alarm browsing.
In host NMS environments, PolyView is launched whenever a Ceragon equipment
element in the map is selected. In systems without an NMS platform, PolyView is
launched independently from a command line.
To obtain up-to-date information about Ceragon elements in the network,
PolyView uses a Data Collector, which polls the elements periodically and updates
the database whenever necessary.
Among other things, PolyView performs the following functions:
Network Element Administration PolyView enables global network
element parameter configuration.
Network Map Design PolyViews CeraMap feature provides various
design windows that enable you to define, link, and group elements in
order to design a network map quickly and easily.
Element Management PolyView enables you to configure element
parameters by invoking PolyViews CeraView feature for any selected
element.
Alarm Control PolyView provides comprehensive alarm control,
including current alarm lists, historical alarm logs, alarm forwarding, and
alarm trigger definitions.
Software and Configuration File Download When updated software
and configuration files are available, you can download the files to a single
element or a group of elements.
Management Reports PolyView reports include inventory and
performance reports. Inventory reports provide information about
interfaces and links in the system. Performance reports provide
information about element communication performance.
Scheduled Tasks PolyView enables you to create recurring tasks, such
as database checks and backups and configuration backups.
Redundancy PolyView has built-in support for a redundant NMS
configuration that includes two PolyView servers a primary server,
which is generally active, and a secondary server, which is generally
located at a remote site and is in standby mode.
Security PolyView is a secure system that enables administrators to
control who uses the system, and which parts of the system can be
accessed.
11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS)
The Web EMS is used to perform configuration operations and obtain
statistical and performance information related to the system, including:
Configuration Management Enables you to view and define
configuration data for the IP-10E CLH system.
Fault Monitoring Enables you to view active alarms.
Performance Monitoring Enables you to view and clear performance
monitoring values and counters.
Maintenance Association Identifiers Enables you to define
Maintenance Association Identifiers (MAID) for CFR protection.
Diagnostics and Maintenance Enables you to define and perform
loopback tests, software updates, and IDU-RFU interface monitoring.
Security Configuration Enables you to configure IP-10E CLH security
features.
User Management Enables you to define users and user groups.
For additional information about the Web EMS, refer to FibeAir IP-10 Web
Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17.
11.3 CeraBuild
CeraBuild is an application that enables installation and maintenance
personnel to initiate and produce commissioning reports to ensure that an IP-
10E CLH system was set up properly and that all components are in order for
operation.
You can produce the following reports using CeraBuild:
Site Commission Report
Link Commission Report
PM Commission Report
For additional information about CeraBuild, refer to FibeAir CeraBuild
Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02.
11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM
IP-10E CLH provides complete Operations Administration and Maintenance
(OAM) functionality at multiple layers, including:
Alarms and events
Maintenance signals, such as LOS, AIS, and RDI.
Performance monitoring
Maintenance commands, such as loopbacks and APS commands.
OAM Functionality

11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)
The IEEE 802.1ag standard defines Service Layer OAM (Connectivity Fault
Management). The standard facilitates the discovery and verification of a path
through 802.1 bridges and local area networks (LANs).
In addition, the standard:
Defines maintenance domains, their constituent maintenance points, and
the managed objects required to create and administer them.
Defines the relationship between maintenance domains and the services
offered by VLAN-aware bridges and provider bridges.
Describes the protocols and procedures used by maintenance points to
maintain and diagnose connectivity faults within a maintenance domain.
Provides means for future expansion of the capabilities of maintenance
points and their protocols.
IEEE 802.1ag Ethernet CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) protocols
consist of three protocols that operate together to aid in debugging Ethernet
networks: continuity check, link trace, and loopback.
IP-10E CLH utilizes these protocols to maintain smooth system operation and
non-stop data flow.
11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON)
The IP-10E CLH platform stores and displays statistics in accordance with
RMON and RMON2 standards.
The following groups of statistics can be displayed:
Ingress line receive statistics
Ingress radio transmit statistics
Egress radio receive statistics
Egress line transmit statistics
Notes:
Statistic parameters are polled each second, from system startup.
All counters can be cleared simultaneously.
The following statistics are displayed every 15 minutes (in the Radio
performance monitoring window):
Utilization - four utilizations: ingress line receive, ingress radio
transmit, egress radio receive, and egress line transmit
Packet error rate - ingress line receive, egress radio receive
Seconds with errors - ingress line receive
11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics
Sum of frames received without error
Sum of octets of all valid received frames
Number of frames received with a CRC error
Number of frames received with alignment errors
Number of valid received unicast frames
Number of valid received multicast frames
Number of valid received broadcast frames
Number of packets received with less than 64 octets
Number of packets received with more than 12000 octets (programmable)
Frames (good and bad) of 64 octets
Frames (good and bad) of 65 to 127 octets
11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics
Sum of frames transmitted to radio
Sum of octets transmitted to radio
Number of frames dropped
11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics
Sum of valid frames received by radio
Sum of octets of all valid received frames
Sum of all frames received with errors
11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics
Sum of valid frames transmitted to line
Sum of octets transmitted
12. Specifications
12.1 General Specifications
Specification 5, 6L,6H GHz 7,8 GHz 11 GHz
Standards
FCC Part 101, I.C. SRSP
305.9&306.4
307.1/7
310.7
Operating Frequency
Range (GHz)
5.85, 6.45, 6.4-7.1 7.1-7.9, 7.7-8.5 10.7-11.7
Tx/Rx Spacing (MHz) 252.04, 340, 160, 170
154, 161, 168, 182, 196, 245,
300, 119, 311.32
490, 500
Frequency Stability +0.001%
Frequency Source Synthesizer
RF Channel Selection Via EMS/NMS
System Configurations
Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1), Space Diversity,
2+0/2+2 XPIC
Tx Range
(Manual/ATPC)
Up to 20 dB dynamic range
12.2 RFU Support
Installation Type All Indoor Installation
IDU to RFU connection
Coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft), Belden 9914/RG-8 (300 m/1000 ft) or equivalent,
N-type connectors (male)
Antenna Connection
Direct or remote mount using the same antenna type.
Remote mount: standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)
12.3 Radio Capacity
12.3.1 10 MHz
Profile Modulation
Minimum
Required
Capacity
License
Radio
Throughput
(Mbps)
Ethernet Capacity
(Mbps)
Min Max
0 QPSK 10 13 12 18
1 8 PSK 25 19 19 27
2 16 QAM 25 29 28 41
3 32 QAM 50 36 35 50
4 64 QAM 50 44 44 63
5 128 QAM 50 51 51 72
6 256 QAM 50 56 56 80
7 256 QAM 50 59 59 85
Note: Ethernet Capacity depends on average packet size.
12.3.2 30 MHz
Profile Modulation
Minimum
Required
Capacity License
Radio
Throughput
(Mbps)
Ethernet Capacity
(Mbps)
Min Max
0 QPSK 50 39 39 56
1 8 PSK 50 63 63 90
2 16 QAM 100 92 93 132
3 32 QAM 100 118 119 170
4 64 QAM 150 142 143 205
5 128 QAM 150 162 164 234
6 256 QAM 200 183 185 264
7 256 QAM 200 198 201 287
12.3.3 40 MHz
Profile Modulation
Minimum
Required
Capacity
License
Radio
Throughput
(Mbps)
Ethernet Capacity
(Mbps)
Min Max
0 QPSK 50 56 56 80
1 8 PSK 100 83 83 119
2 16 QAM 100 121 122 174
3 32 QAM 150 151 153 218
4 64 QAM 200 189 191 274
5 128 QAM 200 211 214 305
6 256 QAM 300 240 243 347
7 256 QAM 300 255 259 370
12.3.4 Transmit Power
1
(dBm)
Modulation
5.8 GHz
(unlicensed)
6-8 GHz 11 GHz
QPSK 29 31 28
8 PSK 29 31 28
16 QAM 29 31 28
32 QAM 29 31 28
64 QAM 29 31 28
128 QAM 29 31 28
256 QAM 27 29 26
Note: The transmit power depends on the transmission type. The
output transmit power at C should reduce the branching
loss, depending on the configuration type.

1
Refer to RFU-A roll-out plan for availability of each frequency.
12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications
12.4.1 Latency - 10 MHz Channel Bandwidth
ACM
Working
Point
Modulation Latency (usec) with GE Interface Latency (usec) with FE Interface
Frame
Size
64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518
1 QPSK 1269 1310 1396 1567 1911 2083 2243 1274 1319 1414 1604 1985 2175 2352
2 8 PSK 937 966 1023 1141 1376 1494 1603 942 975 1041 1178 1450 1586 1712
3 16 QAM 651 670 709 787 943 1022 1095 656 679 727 824 1017 1114 1204
4 32 QAM 565 581 613 678 809 874 934 570 590 631 715 883 966 1043
5 64 QAM 638 651 677 732 841 895 946 643 660 695 769 915 987 1055
6 128 QAM 626 637 661 708 803 850 894 631 646 679 745 877 942 1003
7 256 QAM 691 702 723 767 854 898 939 696 711 741 804 928 990 1048
8 256 QAM 556 566 586 625 706 746 783 561 575 604 662 780 838 892
ACM
Working
Point
Frame
Size
64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518
1 QPSK 336 356 396 479 644 726 803 341 365 414 516 718 818 912
2 8 PSK 237 251 279 336 450 506 559 242 260 297 373 524 598 668
3 16 QAM 178 188 209 251 335 377 417 183 197 227 288 409 469 526
4 32 QAM 155 164 182 218 290 327 361 160 173 200 255 364 419 470
5 64 QAM 175 182 197 227 287 317 345 180 191 215 264 361 409 454
6 128 QAM 180 187 200 226 280 306 331 185 196 218 263 354 398 440
7 256 QAM 180 186 198 222 270 294 316 185 195 216 259 344 386 425
8 256 QAM 158 163 175 197 243 265 286 163 172 193 234 317 357 395
ACM
Working
Point
Frame
Size
64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518
1 QPSK 296 310 339 399 518 578 633 301 319 357 436 592 670 742
2 8 PSK 230 240 260 299 378 417 454 235 249 278 336 452 509 563
3 16 QAM 120 127 141 170 227 256 282 125 136 159 207 301 348 391
4 32 QAM 99 105 116 140 187 211 233 104 114 134 177 261 303 342
5 64 QAM 113 118 128 149 190 211 230 118 127 146 186 264 303 339
6 128 QAM 116 121 130 149 187 205 223 121 130 148 186 261 297 332
7 256 QAM 122 126 135 152 187 204 221 127 135 153 189 261 296 330
8 256 QAM 105 109 117 133 166 183 198 110 118 135 170 240 275 307
ACM
Working
Point
Frame
Size
64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518
1 QPSK 176 187 208 251 338 382 422 181 196 226 288 412 474 531
2 8 PSK 125 133 148 180 242 273 302 130 142 166 217 316 365 411
3 16 QAM 92 98 110 133 179 202 224 97 107 128 170 253 294 333
4 32 QAM 78 83 93 113 152 172 190 83 92 111 150 226 264 299
5 64 QAM 88 92 100 117 151 168 184 93 101 118 154 225 260 293
6 128 QAM 93 97 105 120 152 168 183 98 106 123 157 226 260 292
7 256 QAM 96 99 107 121 151 165 179 101 108 125 158 225 257 288
8 256 QAM 87 90 97 111 140 154 167 92 99 115 148 214 246 276
12.5 Interface Specifications
12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications
Supported Ethernet Interfaces
5 x 10/100base-T (RJ-45)
2 x 10/100/1000Base-T (RJ-45) or 1000base-X (SFP)
Supported SFP Types Optical 1000Base-LX (1310 nm) or SX (850 nm)
12.6 Carrier Ethernet Functionality
Latency over the radio link < 0.15 mSeconds @ 400 Mbps
"Baby jumbo" Frame Support Up to 1632Bytes
General
Enhanced link state propagation
Enhanced MAC header compression
Integrated Carrier Ethernet
Switch
Integrated non-blocking switch with 4K active VLANs
MAC address learning with 8K MAC addresses
802.1ad provider bridges (QinQ)
802.3ad link aggregation
Enhanced link state propagation
Enhanced MAC header compression
Full switch redundancy (hot stand-by)
QoS
Advanced CoS classification and remarking
Advanced traffic policing/rate-limiting
Per interface CoS based packet queuing/buffering (8 queues)
Per queue statistics
Tail-drop and WRED with CIR/EIR support
Flexible scheduling schemes (SP/WFQ/Hierarchical)
Per interface and per queue traffic shaping
Ethernet Service OA&M
802.1ag CFM
Automatic "Link trace" processing for storing of last known working
path
Performance Monitoring
Per port Ethernet counters (RMON/RMON2)
Radio ACM statistics
Enhanced radio Ethernet statistics (Frame Error Rate, Throughput,
Capacity, Utilization)
Carrier Ethernet Functionality (Continued)
Supported Ethernet/IP
Standards
802.3 10base-T
802.3u 100base-T
802.3ab 1000base-T
802.3z 1000base-X
802.3ac Ethernet VLANs
802.1Q Virtual LAN (VLAN)
802.1p Class of service
802.1ad Provider bridges (QinQ)
802.3x Flow control
802.3ad Link aggregation
802.1ag Ethernet service OA&M (CFM)
802.1w RSTP
RFC 1349 IPv4 TOS
RFC 2474 IPv4 DSCP
RFC 2460 IPv6 Traffic Classes
MEF Certification
MEF-9 & MEF-14 certified for all service types (EPL, EVPL & E-LAN)

12.7 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms
Network Management
System
Ceragon PolyView NMS
NMS Interface protocol
SNMPv1/v2c/v3
XML over HTTP/HTTPS toward PolyView
Element Management Web based EMS, CLI
Management Channels &
Protocols
HTTP/HTTPS
Telnet/SSH-2
FTP/SFTP
Authentication, Authorization &
Accounting
User access control
X-509 Certificate
Management Interface Dedicated Ethernet interfaces (up to 3) or in-band
Local Configuration and
Monitoring
Standard ASCII terminal, serial RS-232
In-Band Management
Support dedicated VLAN for management (in "smart pipe" and switch
modes)
TMN
Ceragon NMS functions are in accordance with ITU-T
recommendations for TMN
External Alarms
5 Inputs: TTL-level or contact closure to ground.
1 output: Form C contact, software configurable.
RSL Indication Accurate power reading (dBm) available at IDU, RFU
2
, and NMS
Performance Monitoring Integral with onboard memory per ITU-T G.826/G.828

2
Note that the voltage at the BNC port on the RFUs is not accurate and should be used only as
an aid
12.8 Mechanical Specifications
IDU Dimensions
Height: 1 RU
Width: 19"
Depth: 7.4
I+ Nodal Enclosure Dimensions
Height: 2RU
Width: 19"
Depth: 8.27
IDU Weight 6.2 lbs
I+ Nodal Enclosure Weight 3.3 lbs
RFU-A Dimensions
(1+1 configuration)
Height: 1RU, 44 mm
Width: 19 inches (482 mm)
Depth: 13.18 inches (415 mm)
Weight: 26.45 pounds (12 kg)
12.9 Standard compliance
Specification IDU RFU
EMC Class B Class B
Safety IEC 60950 IEC 60950
Ingress Protection IEC 60529 IP20 IEC 60529 IP56
Operation Class 3.1 Class 4.1E/ Class 4M5[4]
Storage Class 1.2
Transportation Class 2.3
12.10 Environmental
Specification IDU RFU
Operating Temperature 23F to 131F -49F to 131F
Relative Humidity
0 to 95%,
Non-condensing
0 to 100%
Altitude 3,000m (10,000ft)

12.11 Power Input Specifications
Standard Input -48 VDC
DC Input range -40.5 to -57
Optional Inputs
110-220 VAC
24 VDC
12.12 Power Consumption Specifications
Max power consumption
IP-10E IDU (basic configuration)
25W
Power consumption for RFU-A, with Power
Consumption Saving mode
High Level: 72W
Medium Level: 48W
Low Level: 38W

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