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(Large-scale Fading)
PROF. MICHAEL TSAI
2011/10/20
Friis Formula
TX Antenna
EIRP=
1
4
RX Antenna
2
Antenna Aperture
Antenna Aperture=Effective Area
Isotropic Antennas effective area
,
Friis Formula
is often referred as Free-Space Path Loss (FSPL)
Only valid when d is in the far-field of the transmitting antenna
Far-field: when >
, Fraunhofer distance
and
D: Largest physical linear dimension of the antenna
: Wavelength
We often choose a
4
Received Signal after
Free-Space Path Loss
=
= .
=
.
= . (m)
6
Example: FSPL
If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power, express the transmit
power in units of (a) dBmand (b) dBW.
If 50 watts is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 MHz
carrier frequency, find the received power in dBmat a free space
distance of 100 m from the antenna. What is the received power at
10 km? Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.
Ans:
= =
Received Power at 100m
() =
= .
= . ()
Received Power at 10km
= .
= . ()
7
Two-ray Model
TX Antenna
RX Antenna
exp
2
exp
2 +
exp 2
)/
R: ground reflection coefficient (phase and amplitude change)
8
Two-ray Model:
Received Power
)/
9
l
x
x
x
x
Two-ray Model: Received
Power
When
, =
, ,
+
+
=
+
=
=
1
0
Independent of now
1
1
=
4
=
4
is characterized as a function of
distance.
Empirical Model:
, +
, : FSPL,
= 20 log
) ,
10 log
3,
20 log
, 3 <
< 10.
:antenna height gain factor.
1
7
.
Shadow Fading
Same T-R distance usually have different path loss
Surrounding environment is different
Reality: simplified Path-Loss Model represents an
average
How to represent the difference between the average
and the actual path loss?
Empirical measurements have shown that
it is random (and so is a random variable)
Log-normal distributed
1
8
Log-normal distribution
A log-normal distribution is a probability distribution
of a random variable whose logarithmis normally
distributed:
: the random variable (linear scale)
,
; ,
=
1
2
exp
log
2
~(,
)
(normal distribution with zero mean and
variance)
Same T-R distance, but different levels of clutter.
Empirical Studies show that ranges from 4 dB to 13dB in
an outdoor channel
2
0
+10 log
=
: sum of all object depths
By central limit theorem,
~(,
) when the
number of object is large (which is true).
2
1
= exp
= exp
= exp
.
Since Normal distribution has infinite tails
Make sense in the real-world:
in a tunnel, blocked by large buildings, doesnt matter if it is very
close to the BS
2
4
Cell Coverage Area
Cell coverage area is given by
>
2
5
=
>
>
1 if the statement is true, 0 otherwise.
(indicator function)
=
Cell Coverage Area
Q-function:
2
6
> =
1
2
exp
2
Log-normal distributions standard deviation
z
Cell Coverage Area
Solving the equations yield:
=
, =
If
2
7
= + exp
2 2
Example
Find the coverage area for a cell with
a cell radius of 600m
a base station transmission power of 20 dBm
a minimum received power requirement of -110 dBm.
path loss model:
() =
, = 3.71, = 31.54 ,
= 1, shadowing
standard deviation = 3.65 dB
Ans:
= . .
= .
=
.
.
= . , =
..
.
= .
= . + . . = . (not good)
If we calculate C for a minimum received power requirement of -120
dBm
C=0.988!
2
8
= + exp
2 2
, =
Frequency change, or Doppler shift,
3
2
Example
Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier
frequency of 1850 MHz. For a vehicle moving 60 mph,
compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is
moving
1. directly toward the transmitter.
2. directly away from the transmitter
3. in a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of arrival of the
transmitted signal.
Ans:
Wavelength= =
= 0.162 ()
Vehicle speed 60 26.82
1.
.
.
cos 0 160
2.
.
.
cos 160 ()
3. Since cos
Doppler Effect
If the car (mobile) is moving toward the direction of
the arriving wave, the Doppler shift is positive
Different Doppler shifts if different (incoming angle)
Multi-path: all different angles
Many Doppler shifts Doppler spread
3
4