Code - Aster: Contact in Great Sliding With X-FEM

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Titre : Contact en grands glissements avec X-FEM Date : 07/01/2013 Page : 1/2
!es"onsa#le : Daniele C$%$M&$ Cl' : !()03)(3 !'vision : 1020(
Contact in great sliding with X-FEM
Rsum:
This document presents a new approach to deal with the problems of contact in great sliding with the eXtended
Finite Element Method (X-FEM) [R7!"#"$ %ne considers the continuous h&brid formulation of problems of
contact between solids [bib"$ and the strateg& of resolution is similar to that alread& implemented in 'ode()ster
for the frame con*entional finite elements [bib+$ The processing of contact-friction in small sliding is the sub,ect
of the document [R-!+-.$ ) new t&pe of mi/ed element of contact is introduced0 specific with frame X-FEM
The geometrical procedure of reactuali1ation and the algorithm of pairing0 new elements for the X-FEM0 are
presented in detail in this document as well as the matric terms resulting from the lineari1ation of the wea2
formulation of the problem
The approach is implemented in Code*+ster in "3 and +30 and treats at the same time interfaces completel&
cut b& a crac2 as well as interfaces with crac2 tip 4t is usable with command STAT_NON_LINE [5.-#!+$ The
friction of the 'oulomb t&pe is ta2en into account
,arning : T-e translation "rocess .sed on t-is /e#site is a 0Mac-ine Translation0) 1t ma2 #e im"recise and inacc.rate in /-ole or in "art
and is "rovided as a convenience)
%icensed .nder t-e terms o3 t-e 456 FD% 7-tt"://///)gn.)org/co"2le3t/3dl)-tml8
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Table des Matires
#4ntroduction+
"6robl7me of contact with X-FEM.
+8l9ment h&brid X-FEM of contact for the approach large glissements7
h&brid +#)ncian element of contact X-FEM:
+";ou*el h&brid element of contact X-FEM#!
.<trat9gie of r9solution##
.#Reactualisation geometrical and appariement#"
."=inearisation of the *ariational formulation mi/te#.
-)melioration of integration for the contact#:
-#'onflit between the linear relations imposed b& condition =>> and the changes of statuts#:
linear -##Relation on the wa& contacting?not contacting
linear #:-#"Relation on the wa& adherent?frottant#@
-"'onflit between the relations of eAualities imposed b& condition =>> and the changes of statuts"!
-"#Relation of eAualit& on the wa& contacting?not contacting
linear "!-""Relation on the wa& adherent?frottant"#
B6erspecti*es of e*olution of the approach great sliding with XFEM""
7>ibliographie""
:3escription of the *ersions of the document".
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1 Introduction
=ors of the numerical implementation of the X-FEM [bib#0 bib-$0 the problem of the rubbing contact was
treated b& the continuous method0 called part& also Ccontinuous h&brid formulationD in the
documentation of 'ode()ster0 under the assumption of small disturbances (E66) The mathematical
formulation of the continuous method [bib"$ was thus adapted to the XFEM and one points out here the
main characteristics of the numerical implementation in E66 [R-!+-.$F
the lips of crac2 are treated li2e onl& one geometrical surface of discontinuit&G
the geometrical reactuali1ation of contact surface and master-sla*e pairing are not carried out
(the notions of surface sla*e and main surface do not ha*e a meaning here)G
the ,ump of displacement is e/pressed according to the discontinuous degrees of freedom of
enrichment introduced b& X-FEM
The computation of the contributions of contact is thus carried out on the le*el of the finite elements
crossed b& crac2 and one does not pass b& mi/ed elements of contact0 supported b& late meshes0 as it
is the case for the con*entional approach of the continuous method
4n the following chapter one also recalls the wea2 formulation of the problem of contact with XFEM0
sol*ed b& the continuous method
The processing of the contact at the time of the modeli1ation of the great sliding with X-FEM reAuired a
new refle/ion for its implementation 'ompared to case E66 (Figure #a)0 the main difficult& was to
ma2e communicate the piece sla*e of an element fissured with the main piece of another fissured
element (Figure #b) 4ndeed0 in this case two contact surfaces must be declared and from the points of
contact located inside a mesh cut b& crac2 will find themsel*es in opposite with points belonging to
another mesh0 so cut b& crac2
The difficult& is due to the ine/istence of nodes on the application interface of contact (the crac2
generates onl& points of intersection with edges of the meshes) The late meshes of contact (segments
sla*e and Master in case "3) generated starting from these nodes for meshes FEM cannot be
generated more here as it was the case for the con*entional formulation [bib+$
The found solution was the creation of new late meshes0 of a higher order This meshes are formed b&
the degrees of freedom of the mesh sla*e containing the point of contact and of the degrees of
freedom of the mesh Master containing his pro,ect For the case illustrated on Figure #b0 instead of
ha*ing late meshes <EH"-<EH"0 as it was the case for the con*entional formulation0 in X-FEM great
sliding one has late meshes I5)3.-I5)3. The details on the creation and the characteristics of
such late meshes0 which represent the supports of the new element of contact0 will be presented in the
third chapter of this document

a) b)
Figure 1 Mesh X-FEM a! "rocessing #""$ b! "rocessing great sliding
Two other big steps must then be reali1ed before the computation of the contributions of contactF the
geometrical reactuali1ation of contact surfaces and the pairing of the points of contact Their
description is the sub,ect of the first part of the .th chapter0 named C<trat9gie of resolutionD 4n the
second part of this chapter one lineari1es the mi/ed *ariational formulation to e/tract the discrete
formulation from the elementar& terms of contact
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4mplementation the data-processing of the approach great sliding with X-FEM is described in the
document [3@!-!B$0 for the actual position of the numerical implementation
% "roblem o& contact with X-FEM
the problem of contact treated in this document relates to crac2s modeli1ed b& X-FEMF one thus
considers onl& one field D for the field of displacements %n part of his border
u
0 one considers a
set of conditions of 3irichlet and on another part
t
0 one considers a set of conditions of ;eumann
(Figure "a) The forces of contact will appear on noted internal discontinuit&
c
%ne brea2s up the densit& of force of contact r into a normal part \ 0 which indicates the normal
pressure0 and another tangential r
t
F
r=\n+r
t
(#)
where n the *ector of the norm entering represents to o
2

a) b)
Figure % a! 'otation o& the (roblem o& contact$ b! Rating o& clearance enters the (oint o& contact and its
(ro)ect
For a problem of contact0 illustrated on Figure "0 let us consider the field u pertaining to all V
0
the
2inematicall& admissible fields of displacementsF
V
0
=vH
1
, v discontinu travers I
c
, v=0 sur I
u
>& considering the notations introduced pre*iousl&0 the strong formulation of the local eAuations of
eAuilibrium defined on the initial setup0 supplemented initial conditions and boundar& conditions of the
problem considered0 isF
div H+ f =0 dans D,
u=
u sur I
u
HN=t sur I
t
HN=r sur I
c
(")
where H the first tensor of the 6iola-Jirchhoff stresses represents0 f and t are the densities of
the internal and surface forces0 respecti*el&0 and
u represents the conditions of 3irichlet

=et us consider a 1oom on the deformed configuration (Figure "b) with o
1
the corresponding sla*e
part o
2
and Master part and borders0
c1
and
c2
0 potentiall& in contact The main point for the
problem of contact is then the rating of clearance between a point of contact
x
1
considered on the
border sla*e and its pro,ect
x
1
F
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d
n
=( x
1
x
1
)n
(+)
The pro,ect of the point of contact is computed according to the principle of the minimal distance0
representati*e thus the orthogonal pro,ection of the point of contact
x
1
on the border Master
c2
For the contact0 the models of <ignorini are written thenF

d
n
0 \0 0 \d
n
=0 (.)
to ma2e the eAuations (.) read& for the wea2 formulation0 one transforms them into onl& one strictl&
eAui*alent eAuation according to [+$ gi*en b& the formula (-) F
(-)
4n (-)0
X is the indicating function of
( X=1 if contact and X=0 if not of contact)0

g
n
=\j
n
d
n
is the multiplier of increased contact0 with j
n
a strictl& positi*e realit&
)n alternati*e consists in adopting a strateg& of penali1ation0 in which case the models (.) are writtenF
(B)
4n (B)0
X is the indicating function of
( X=1 if contact and X=0 if not of contact)0

n
is a large coefficient of penali1ation in front of the rigidit& of structure
For the phenomena of friction0 one uses the models of 'oulomb which are written as followsF
r
t
j\
r
t
j\v
t
=0
r
t
=j\o0 ; v
t
=or
t
(7)
4n (7)0
j is the coefficient of 2inetic friction of 'oulomb0
v
t
is the tangent relati*e *elocit&
)s for the models of contact0 one can write the friction law (7) as follows in an eAui*alent wa&F
r
t
=j\A

(:)
AP
B(0,1)
( g
t
)=0
4n (:)0
A is the semi-multiplier of friction0
P
B( 0,1)
is pro,ection on the ball unit0
g
t
=A+j
t
v
t
is the semi-multiplier (*ectorial) of increased friction0

is a strictl& positi*e realit&

The field of sign is also introduced S
f
=I
B(0,1)
( g
) Ke ha*e S
f
=1 for an adherent point0 and
S
f
=0 a which drags point
%ne can also choose a method penali1ed to write this modelF
(@)
4n (@)0

t
is the coefficient of penali1ation in friction
4n +30 A is a *ector of the tangent plane on the surface of crac2 and it is necessar& to define a base
co*ariante tangent plane in which it could be e/pressed as followsF
\X( g
n
) g
n
=0
\+X(\j
n
d
n
)
n
d
n
=0
AP
B(0,1)
(
t
v
t
)=0
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A=A
1
t
1
+A
2
t
2
(#!)
There e/ist an infinit& of couples (t
1
, t
2
) being able to form this base
For the method of contact X-FEM E660 one uses the gradients of the le*el sets to define this base
(see the semi-multiplier part of friction of chapter . of [bib#$)0 which ensures the continuit& of the base
(t
1
, t
2
) of one node the other of the mesh
4n great sliding one cannot an& more define it thus since it must be reactuali1ed with each geometrical
iteration (ob,ect of chapter . of this document) and depends then on the current geometr& of the
brea2ages of contact Masters
For the method of contact FEM in great sliding0 the selected base is that directed b& the current
geometr& of the surface meshes of contact
%ne ma2es in the same wa& for X-FEM great sliding as a substitute the concept of mesh surface b&
that of a brea2age of contact The problem is that the continuit& of the base (t
1
,t
2
) is not ensured
an& more as for contact X-FEM E66
For contact X-FEM in great sliding0 one thus decides to reorientate the tangents b& using a fi/ed *ector
in the total base0 so as to on the wa& reduce the discontinuit& of (t
1
,t
2
) the field of one element to
the other
%ne first of all computes the normal *ector n which is single0 one pro,ects then the fi/ed *ector e
1
of
the total base in the plane of norm n to build t
1
0 one builds then t
2
who is the cross product of n
and t
1
F
t
1
=
P
t
. e
1
P
t
.e
1
; t
2
=nt
1
(##)
4n (##)0
n is the directing *ector of the tangent plane0
P
t
=( I
d
nn) is the operator of pro,ection on the tangent le*el with n 0
e
1
=
(
1
0
0
)
is the direction x in the total reference0
(t
1
, t
2
) is the base chosen to write the eAuation (:)
)ttention0 the case P
t
. e
1
=0 is not treated 4t causes an error 4t is necessar& thus to pa& attention
so that the plane of contact is not directed perpendicular to e
1
<paces of the un2nown factors of contact are the followingF

H=
\H
1/2
(
I
c)
,\0 sur I
c
H=
r
t
H
1/2
( I
c
) ,r
t
j\
n
sur I
c
0

the wea2 formulation at three fields e/it of ["$ is written thenF
To find
( u ,\ , A) V
0
HH

\( u
,\
, A
) V
0
HH

such as (#"-#.) are chec2edF

>alance eAuationF
|
M
tr ( H( \
p
(u))( \
p
(u
))) d M
|
c
( g
n
) g
n
n| u
c
( g
n
)\ P
B(0,1)
( g
t
)( I
d
nn)| u
d = L
meca
( u
)

(#")
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Model of contactF
|
I
c
1
j
n
(
\X( g
n
) g
n
)
\
d I=0
(#+)
Friction lawF

|
I
c
j\X( g
n
)
j
t
(
AP
B(0,1)
( g
t
)
)
A
d I+
|
I
c
(
1X( g
n
)
)
AA
d I=0 (#.)
KhereF
tr () is the operator traces of a tensor0
H is the first stress tensor of 6iola-Jirchoff0
\
p
( u
)
is the gradient of
u
compared to the coordinates

p
0
is the operator of the tensor product0
Id is the second tensor identit&0
L
meca
( u
) is the *irtual wor of the offsite forces

4n the frame of a penali1ed formulation0 contact pressures and the shearing stresses due to friction are
e/plicit according to displacement Eowe*er and as e/plained in documentation [R7!"#"$0 it is
necessar& to utili1e \ in the balance eAuation for a rigorous satisfaction of condition =>> %n the
other hand0 the eAuation of friction does not inter*ene in the resolution0 it has onl& one role of
postprocessing The three preceding eAuations (#"-#.) become thenF
>alance eAuationF
|
D
tr (H( \
p
(u))( \
p
(u
))) d D
|
c
\n| u
c
\ P
B( 0,1)
(
t
v
t
)( I
d
nn)| u
d = L
meca
(u
)
(#-)
Model of contactF

(#B)
Friction lawF

|
I
c
X
(
AP
B( 0,1)
(
t
v
t
)
)
A
d I+
|
I
c
( 1X) AA
d I=0 (#7)
the lineari1ation as well as the discreti1ation of this formulation are presented in the fourth chapter for
the h&brid elements of contact de*eloped in order to implement in 'ode()ster the approach great
sliding with XFEM 6re*iousl&0 we will introduce into the chapter according to the new h&brid elements
of contact
* #+brid element X-FEM o& contact &or the a((roach great
sliding
the concept of element h&brid of contact0 called part& also mi/ed element of contact0 was for the first
time introduced into 'ode()ster for the formulation of h&brid contact continuous [bib+$ 4t is about a
couple formed b& a point of integration of contact0 located on surface sla*e0 and of the main element
containing the pro,ect of the point of contact on main surface The support of such an element0 which
has geometrical degrees of freedom and of degrees of freedom of contact (multipl&ing of contact-
friction) is named late mesh (denomination used in 'ode()ster) ) late mesh does not form part of the
|
I
c
n
(
\+X
n
d
n
)
\
d I=0
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mesh of the starting model 4t is formed b& the association of the mesh sla*e containing the point of
integration of contact and of the main mesh nearest containing its pro,ect Ta2ing into account the
definition of the element of contact0 recalled abo*e0 for each point of integration of contact a new
element of contact will be generated %n Figure +0 one shows a t&pical e/ample "3 of training of a
h&brid element of contact
Following pairing0 one finds for the point of contact PC which belongs to the mesh sla*e N
1
N
2
0 the
main mesh N
3
N
4
The pro,ection of the point of contact on this mesh will gi*e the pro,ect what is
called P The late mesh thus created will be of t&pe <EH"-<EH" and one will name it
N
1
N
2
N
3
N
4
for this e/ample The degrees of freedom of displacement will be stored in these .
nodes0 which are also nodes constituti*e for meshes I5)3. of the model The degrees of freedom of
contact-friction are stored0 b& con*ention0 onl& with the nodes of the mesh sla*e N
1
N
2
For the approach great sliding with X-FEM0 the step described abo*e cannot be applied an& more
because the application interface of contact0 resulting from a crac2 X-FEM0 does not ha*e an& more
nodes but onl& points of intersection which cannot store the degrees of freedom of displacements or
contact-friction

Figure * Illustration o& the creation o& a con,entional late mesh &or a model %-
<ince it is not possible to define meshes on the potential border in contact (segments for modeli1ation
"3 or meshes surface for that +3)0 the found solution was to use the meshes cut b& crac2 to create
late meshes of a new t&pe %ne ma2es use of it then to define the h&brid element of contact X-FEM
great sliding b& considering the degrees of freedom of displacement and contact-friction as well as
fields of numerical integration for compute the contributions of rubbing contact 4n addition for the
method of contact X-FEM0 the choice was to ma2e carr& the degrees of freedom of contact b& the
mesh sla*e0 as for the method of con*entional contact FEM
*1 #+brid element o& contact X-FEM

=es degrees of freedom of contact are introduced onl& with the nodes carr&ing the geometrical degrees
of freedom alread&0 in accordance with the algorithm of satisfaction of condition =>> suggested in
[bib@$ Thus on Figure .0 defining mesh late (it is considered that the mesh sla*e is that located in lower
part and the mesh Master that abo*e)0 the mesh sla*e is a I5)3. ( N
1
N
2
N
3
N
4
) of which all the
nodes store at the same time the degrees of freedom of contact and the degrees of freedom
geometrical The mesh Master is also a I5)3. ( N
9
N
10
N
11
N
12
)F its nodes store onl& geometrical
degrees of freedom
4t is then a Auestion of pairing two meshes crossed b& crac20 that sla*e containing the point of
contact PC (on the segment P
1
e
P
2
e
) and that main containing the pro,ect of the point of contact P
(on the segment P
1
m
P
2
m
) For the h&brid element of contact shown on Figure .0 the segment of
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contact is P
1
e
P
2
e
0 formed starting from the " points of intersection of the lip sla*e The area of
reference for the shape functions is illustrated on the right of the image

Figure . #+brid e/am(le o& element o& contact great sliding X-FEM
>eing gi*en the characteristic of the method X-FEM0 which is to consider the geometrical degrees of
freedom of two t&pes0 con*entional a
!
and nou*eau riches "
!
(for more details on the characteristics
of elements X-FEM one can refer to [bib#$)0 it results a h&brid element X-FEM from it of the t&pe
I5)3.-I5)3. of which the degrees of freedom for each node are presented in Tableau "
;ode Degree o3 3reedom
N1
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L E+X E+L E.X E.L E#X E#L
\ A
N2
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
\ A
N#
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
\ A
N$
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
\ A
N%
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
N1&
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
N11
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
N12
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
Table % The table o& the degrees o& &reedom &or a h+brid element o& contact0 123-.-123-.
%ne is interested now in the appro/imation of displacements for the points located on the lips of crac2
For a point located on the segment of contact sla*e0 therefore pertaining to the part full with the mesh
sla*e0 this appro/imation is writtenF
u
e
( x)=
_
!=1
nne'
a
!
!
e
( x)+
_
!=1
nne'
_
(=1
nf)e
He
!
( ,e
"
!
(
!
e
( x)+
_
!=1
nne'
He
!
1, e
.
r
e
c
!
1
!
e
( x) 0 (#:)
%MF
nne' indicates the number of sla*e nodes tops0
nf)e indicates the number of degrees of freedom Eea*iside present in the element sla*e (# in the
con*entional case0 . at the most in the muti-Eea*iside meshes)0
a
!
and "
!
c
!
1
is respecti*el& the con*entional degrees of freedom0 nou*eau riches Eea*iside and )ce-tip
(the first agent with non-1ero shape functions on the lip of crac2)0
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He
!
( , e
corresponds to the *alue of the function Eea*iside side sla*e0 associated with the node ! for the
Eea*iside degree of freedom ( =et us note that in the con*entional case (with nf)e*1 )0 one has
\! | 1, nne' , He
!
1, e
=1 G
r
e
=
_
!=1
nne'
+'t
!
!
e
( x)
the distance from the point sla*e to the crac2 tip0
the formula
_
!=1
nne'
.
r
e
c
!
1
!
e
( x) is present onl& if the element sla*e has degrees of freedom 'rac2 Tip ie the
element sla*e is of t&pe Eea*iside )ce-tip0 (see N +" for the t&pes of elements considered)0

!
e
are the shape functions of the element relati*e (Auadrilateral with . nodes for the e/ample gi*en on Figure
. where one shows on the left image the area of reference)
<ame manner0 for a point located on the mesh Master0 one will ha*eF
u
m
( x)=
_
!=1
nnm
a
!
!
m
(x)+
_
!=1
nnm
_
(=1
nf)m
He
!
( ,m
"
!
(
!
m
( x)+
_
!=1
nnm
He
!
1, m
.
r
m
c
!
1
!
m
( x) 0 (#@)
%MF
nnm indicates the number of master nodes0
nf)m indicates the number of degrees of freedom Eea*iside present in the main element (# in the
con*entional case0 . at the most in the muti-Eea*iside meshes)
He
!
( , m
corresponds to the *alue of the function Eea*iside main side0 associated with the node ! for the
Eea*iside degree of freedom ( =et us note that in the con*entional case (with nf)m*1 )0 one has
\! | 1, nnm , He
!
1, m
=+1
r
m
=
_
!=1
nnm
+'t
!
!
m
( x)
is the distance from the main point to the crac2 tip0
the formula
_
!=1
nne'
.
r
m
c
!
1
!
e
( x) is present onl& if the main element has degrees of freedom 'rac2 Tip ie the
main element is of t&pe Eea*iside )ce-tip (see N +" for the t&pes of elements considered)0

!
m
are the shape functions of the element relati*e
Khile using (#:) and (#@)0 one can write the discreti1ed relation of clearance between the point of
contact ( PC ) and his pro,ect ( P )F
d
n
=
|
_
! =1
nne'
(a
!
+
_
(=1
nf)e
( He
!
( , e
"
!
)+He
!
1, e
.
r
e
c
!
1
)
!
e
( x
CP
)
_
!=1
nnm
(a
!
+
_
( =1
nf)m
( He
!
( ,m
"
!
)+He
!
1, m
.
r
m
c
!
1
)
!
m
( x
P
)
n
P
("!)
the appro/imation of the un2nown factors of contact utili1es them
!
e
(shape functions of the element
relati*e sla*e trained b& nne' the sla*e nodes tops)0 so thatF
\( x )=
_
, =1
n n e '
\
,

,
( x ) 0 A( x )=
_
, =1
n n e '
A
,

,
( x ) ("# (a))
)utrement dit0 the shape functions of contact are the same ones as those of displacements in the
element sla*e
)nother inno*ation is the possibilit& of ta2ing into account crac2 tips with contact in great slidingF
therefore one represented in table " besides the geometrical degrees of freedom con*entional (3) and
Eea*iside (E#)0 the ace-tips degrees of freedom (E# onl& because it is onl& whose singular function is
non-1ero on discontinuit& and who inter*enes for the contact) ;e*ertheless these ace-tips degrees of
freedom are optional0 whether it is for the main element or the element sla*e Thus in the table0 the
degrees of freedom in blue appear onl& if the element sla*e is Eea*iside-ace-tip0 and the degrees of
freedom in green appear onl& if the main element is Eea*iside-ace-tip 4t is then possible to ha*e .
t&pes of late elements different for the same t&pes of meshesF
Eea*iside - Eea*iside0
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Eea*iside - Eea*iside )ce-tip0
Eea*iside )ce-tip - Eea*iside0
Eea*iside )ce-tip - Eea*iside )ce-tip0
<ur the element containing the point ()ce-tip)0 the application interface does not undergo great sliding0
4t is thus not considered to be useful to consider a 3-pairing for this mesh %ne thus does not ta2e
counts the following elements of themF
Eea*iside )ce-tip - )ce-tip0
)ce-tip - Eea*iside )ce-tip0
)ce-tip - )ce-tip
The integration of the terms of contact on the element )ce-tip will be treated same manner as in small
sliding
The ta2ing into account of the multi-Eea*iside elements is carried out with the addition of the additional
Eea*iside degrees of freedom ( H2, H# , H$ ) Thus in the same wa& as for the ta2ing into account of
the ace-tips degrees of freedom0 these additional degrees of freedom are optional0 than it is for the
main element or the element sla*e Thus in table "0 the degrees of freedom in red can appear onl& if
the element sla*e is multi-Eea*iside and the degrees of freedom in magenta can appear onl& if the
main element is multi-Eea*iside 4t is then possible to ha*e #- t&pes of additional late elements for
each t&pe of meshesF
H1- H2 H1 - H# H1 - H$
H2- H1 H2 - H2 H2 - H# H2 - H$
H# - H1 H# - H2 H# - H# H# - H$
H$ - H1 H$ - H2 H$ - H# H$ - H$ 0
For e/ample for the late mesh I5)3.-I5)3.0 the element H$ - H2 has the d o f of table +
;ode Degree o3 3reedom
N1
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L E+X E+L E.X E.X
\ A
N2
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L E+X E+L E.X E.X
\ A
N#
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L E+X E+L E.X E.X
\ A
N$
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L E+X E+L E.X E.X
\ A
N%
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L
N1&
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L
N11
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L
N12
3X 3L E#X E#L
E"X
E"L
Table * The table o& the degrees o& &reedom &or the h+brid element o& contact #.-#%
For the moment an element X-FEM cannot be multi-Eea*iside and ace-tip at the same time That
supposes that a crac2 tip must be relati*el& distant from a ,unction (spacing of at least two meshes)
%ne thus did not consider pairing between a multi-Eea*iside element and an element ace-tip
%nce the characteristics of h&brid element X-FEM of contact defined0 one can pass to the presentation
of the strateg& of problem resolution of contact in great sliding0 strateg& which will be co*ered in the
following chapter

. 4trateg+ o& 5es
resolution main stages of the resolution of a problem of contact in great sliding with the continuous
h&brid formulation can be presented as . loops imbricated for each time step as it followsF
reactuali1ation of the geometr& of contact surfaces and launching of the algorithm of pairingG
loops on the thresholds of friction (method of point-fi/ed)G
loops on the statutes of contact (method of the acti*e stresses)G
loops of ;ewton generali1ed
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4n method of contact XFEM small sliding0 the first stage is not present for approach E66F she was
added for the approach great sliding 4ts presentation is the sub,ect of the first part of this chapter
For the great sliding with XFEM0 one decides to free oneself from the second stage Rather than a
fi/ed point on the threshold of friction0 one prefers process non-linearit& b& implementing the terms
lineari1ed in the tangent matri/ This belonged to one of the man& changes which appeared during the
lineari1ation of the *ariational mi/ed formulation following the introduction of the new h&brid element of
contact Thus the second part of this chapter is dedicated to the determination of the new discrete
statements for the terms corresponding to the contributions of contact

.1 6eometrical reactuali7ation and "our
pairing the geometrical reactuali1ation of contact surfaces resulting from a crac2 modeli1ed b& the X-
FEM the first operation to ma2e is the duplication of the lips of crac2 This operation ma2es then
possible0 at the beginning of each time step0 the pairing of the points of contact located on the surface
designated as sla*e 4n a preoccupation with a general information0 one presents the principles of the
duplication of the lips of crac2 using an e/ample +3 shown on Figure -

Figure 8 Illustration o& the du(lication o& the brea9ages o& contact
Following the duplication of the points of intersection between the edges of the mesh and crac2 one
obtains0 for each fissured element0 two series of brea2ages of contact (brea2ages which are formed
with these points)F brea2ages sla*es which will be attached to the part of the mesh located below the
crac2 (Eea*iside function associated with crac2 which generates the brea2age H ( x , .)=1 )0 and
main brea2ages0 located abo*e the crac2 (Eea*iside function associated with crac2 which generates
the brea2age H( x , .)=+1 ) For e/ample0 for a mesh EEX): fissured in great sliding (Figure -)0
there will be the brea2ages sla*es
p1
-
p2
-
p#
-
and
p1
-
p#
-
p$
-
0 as well as the main brea2ages
p1
+
p2
+
p#
+
and
p1
+
p#
+
p$
+
The geometrical reactuali1ation relates to the computation of the
geometr& of these brea2ages before each new pairing For each brea2age of contact0 the geometrical
coordinates of the points of intersection are computed b& adding with the initial coordinates the
displacements carried out since the initial setup

The algorithm of pairing which follows the geometrical reactuali1ation has li2e ob,ecti*e to find for each
point of contact considered on surface sla*e the brea2age in opposite located on main surface To
illustrate this algorithm0 which is based on the principles of the similar algorithm de*eloped for the
formulation continues con*entional0 one uses the e/ample shown on Figure B
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Figure : Illustration o& the algorithm o& (airing
Thus let us consider the situation illustrated on Figure B0 a mesh "3 containing of meshes I5)3.0
with . meshes crossed b& a crac2 X-FEM0 meshes which can also be made Auadratic for the moment
in their adding medium nodes carr&ing of the =agrange multipliers of contact-friction )fter the
geometrical reactuali1ation0 one see2s to build the late mesh corresponding to the point of contact
PC located on the segment of contact p
1
e
p
2
e
of the mesh sla*e /0 Kith this intention0 one loops
on all the meshes of contact (the fissured meshes) and then0 inside each mesh0 one loops on the
points of intersection with the crac2 (main side) The point of intersection nearest to the point of contact
is retained ( P
2
m
of /1 on the figure in our case) %ne ma2es then the pro,ection of the point of
contact on the brea2ages Masters of the meshes which are connected to the point of intersection
selected 4n the e/ample0 one thus pro,ects on the brea2ages of the meshes /1 and /0 one chec2s
on whom pro,ection is interior %ne finds thus that the mesh Master /1 will be paired with the mesh
sla*e /0 for the point of contact PC
>elow one presents the main stages of this algorithm of pairingF
O loops on the meshes of contact sla*es
P loops on the brea2ages of contact sla*es
Q loops on the points of integration of contact sla*es
- computation of the real coordinates of the point of contact
R loops on the meshes of contact Masters
S loops on the main points of intersection
- computation of the distance compared to the points of intersection
- choice of the fine point of intersection
main S of loop on the main points of intersection
R fine of loop on the meshes of contact Masters
- determination of the meshes connected to the main point of intersection
Rboucle on the meshes of contact connected to the main point of intersection
S loops on the brea2ages of contact Masters
- pro,ection of the point of contact on the brea2age Master
- computation of clearance between the point of contact sla*e and the brea2age
Master
- if clearance is smallestF information storage on fine
pairing S loops on the brea2ages of fine contact
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Masters Q of loop on the points of fine
contact P of loop on the brea2ages of contact sla*es
O end of loop on the meshes of contact

<uite T lU pairing0 a card of contact is filled for each point of contact This card contains the necessar&
information for the computation of the contributions of contact at the elementar& le*el The details on
the composition of this card are gi*en in [bib:$
=et us note well that the geometrical algorithm of reactuali1ation fi/es a ma/imum *alue at the
coefficients of penali1ation of contact and friction To understand it0 let us consider elements parents of
characteristic si1e ) 0 a contact pressure whose order of magnitude is c 0 a coefficient of penali1ation
of contact
n
leading to a t&pical interpenetration 6=c/
n
'on*ergence is regarded as attac2
when the relati*e residue is lower than j
The geometrical reactuali1ation implies the computation of shape functions of the elements Master and
sla*es at the points of contact in the present configuration The geometrical reactuali1ation allows of
compute 6 with an accurac& c
machine
) 4n addition0 when con*ergence is reached0 the accurac& on
this same Auantit& must be lower than j
c
n
Ke thus ha*eF
c
machine
)j
c
n
that is to sa&
jc
c
machine
)
the *alidit& of this higher limit can be illustrated b& numerical tests For that0 we consider a uniform test
of compression <<;V#:"H adapted in great sliding penali1ed0 for which we inform in the method of
;ewton an e/cessi*el& j2 small tolerance0 for e/ample
j2 =1.10
20
Ke note whereas residue
RESI_GLOB_RELA reaches a ceilingD0 ie reached a minimal *alue in on this side which it cannot go
down because of accurac& machine Ke trace this minimal *alue then atteignable relati*e residue0
which we call j
min
according to the coefficient of penali1ation
n
0 for two *alues different from the
contact pressure Ta2ing into account the stud& carried out in the preceding paragraph we e/pect to
findF
n
=
j
min
c
c
machine
)

The fact that the coefficients associated directors with the representation of log(j
min
) according to
log(
n
) are *er& close to # confirms the proportionalit& enters j and
n
The accurac& machine of
the machine used being
10
14
and )1 0 one e/pects according to the anal&tical formula to find L-
coordinates in the beginningF
log
(
c
machine
)
c
)
=
15 si c=10
1 si c=10
4
0 which is close to the actual *alues numericall& (respecti*el&

14,90 and 1,04 ) and confirms the anal&tical reasoning

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.% 5ineari7ation o& the ,ariational &ormulation mi/ed
'onsid9rons an iteration of ;ewton for which the fields u 0 \ and A are initiall& gi*en %ne notes
6u 0 6\ and 6A their *ariations so that the new *alues at the end of the iteration
u
f
0
3
f
and
4
f
are determined b&F
u
f
=u+6u

\
f
=\+6\
0 ("")
A
f
=A+6A

>ecause of dependence of the threshold of sliding to the contact pressure0 the model of 'oulomb is a
nonassociated model This point is largel& de*eloped in [R-0!+0-!$0 N"0+ to which one will be able to
refer for more precise details Ke can rewrite the condition of admissibilit& of the stresses of the model
of 'oulomb (7) in the formF
f ( r , j)=
d!"
r
t
j\0

The flow model is written when with itF
j ` u[=or
t
with o f ( r ,j)=0
;ous let us see whereas flow direction0 in other words the direction relati*e *elocit&0 is not colin9aire
with the norm on the surface threshold This nonassociati*eness is source of non-linearit& (2nown as
not linearit& of threshold) %ne can deal with the problem with fi/ed threshold of friction0 which one
reactuali1es in an offsite loop %ne then finds a pseudopotential (2nown as criterion of Tresca) which is
associated
This strateg& was bets in wor2 in contact X-FEM in small sliding (see [R70!"0#"$)
Ke benefit here from recent de*elopments in the method of contact continues (see [R-0!+0-"$) to
adopt a direct lineari1ation Kith this intention0 we lineari1e b& considering the *ariable \ threshold0
put e/cept for when one is on the surface of the cone of 'oulomb0 because that would thus return as
we saw to recommend a nontangent relati*e *elocit&0 and incorrect 4n short0 the threshold is lineari1ed
for the adherent points0 not for the which drag points This method in particular ma2es it possible to
bring bac2 in the cone of bond of the points considered dragging wrongl& 4t was alread& implemented
in continuous formulation0 with conclusi*e results
The lineari1ation of the formulation (#"-#.)0 while de*eloping 5g
n
and 5g
6
0 gi*esF

|
D
tr (H( \
p
( 5u))# \
p
(u
)) d D
|
c
53| u
n d+
|
c
7
n
| 5un| u
nd
c
S
f
53 g
6
| u
6
d
c
3 8 ( g
6
) 54| u
6
d
|
c
3 7
6
8 ( g
6
)| 5u
6
| u
6
d
=
|
D
tr (H(\
p
(u)) # \
p
(u
)) d D+L
meca
(u
)
+
|
c
g
n
| u
nd +
|
c
3 P
B
( g
6
)| u
6
d
("+)
c
1
7
n
53 3
d
|
c
| 5un 3
d =+
|
c
(
1
7
n
3 3
+
|
u
e
u
m
n 3
)
d
(".)
c
j\ 8 ( g
6
)| 5u
6
4
d +
|
c
$ j\
7
6
( I
d
8 ( g
6
)) 544
d +
|
c
(1 ) 544
c
S
f
j6\+
t
| 5u
6
4
d
=
|
c
j\ $
7
6
( 4P
B
( g
6
)) 4
d
|
c
( 1 ) 44
d
("-)
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KithF
8 ( g
t
)=Id if bond
8 ( g
t
)=
1
g
t
(
Id
g
t
g
t
9
g
t
2
)
if ;otons
sliding which one sol*es the geometric nonlinearit& b& a fi/ed problem of point0 b& supposing that n is
fi/ed during the *ariation of displacement
Kith regard to the penali1ed formulation0 an iteration of the method of ;ewton is writtenF
|
M
tr ( H( \
p
(5u)) # \
p
(u
)) d M
|
c
53| u
nd
c
S
f
53
6
v
t
| u
6
d
|
c
\
6
8 (
6
v
t
)| 5u
6
| u
6
d
=
|
M
tr (H(\
p
(u)) # \
p
( u
)) d M+L
meca
(u
)
+
|
c
\| u
n d+
|
c
\ P
B
(
6
v
t
)| u
6
d
("B)
c
1
n
53 3
d
|
c
| 5un 3
d =+
|
c
(
1
n
3 3
+ | un 3
)
d
("7)

|
I
c
6AA
d I
=
|
I
c
X( AP
B
(
t
v
t
)) A
d I
|
I
c
(1X) AA
d I
(":)
Khile introducing ("!-"#) into the lineari1ed formulation of the problem ("+-"-)0 one obtains a s&stem
who can be put in the following matric formF

|
8
meca
+ :
u
+ B
u
:
9
+ ;
9
B
r
9
: C 0
B
r
/ <

(
5u
53
54
)
=
(
L
meca
+ L
c=nt
1
+ L
fr=tt
1
L
c=nt
2
L
fr=tt
3 )
("@)

whereF
8
meca
is the mechanical stiffness matri/0
:
u
is the increased stiffness matri/ due to the contact0
B
u
is the increased stiffness matri/ due to friction0
: is the matri/ binding the terms of displacement to those of contact (matri/ of the model of contact)0
B
r
is the matri/ binding the terms of displacement to those of friction (matri/ of the friction law)0
C is the matri/ allowing to determine contact pressures in the lac2 of contact case0
; is a matri/ binding the terms of displacement and the contact pressure 4t comes from the lineari1ation of
the threshold of friction for the adherent points
/ is a matri/ binding and multiplier contact pressure of friction 4t comes from the lineari1ation of the threshold
of friction for the adherent points
< is the matri/ allowing to determine the multipliers of friction in the cases not contacting0 not-rubbing0 or
contacting rubbing dragging0
L
meca
is the second member representing the internal forces and the increments of loadings0
L
c=nt
1
and
L
c=nt
2
are the second members due to the contact0
L
fr=tt
1
and L
fr=tt
3
are the second members related to friction
4t is noted that the choice of a direct lineari1ation of the threshold of friction led to an as&mmetric
matri/
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%ne discreti1es b& 2eeping onl& the contributions of contact and one obtainsF
|
|
:+ B
aa
:+ B
a"
:+ B
ac
:+ B
"a
:+ B
""
:+ B
"c
:+ B
ca
:+ B
c"
:+ B
cc
e'#
e'
u
|
:
a
+ ;
a
:
"
+ ;
"
:
c
+ ;
c
e' #
c=nt
|
B
a
B
"
B
c
e' #
c=nt
|
:+ B
aa
:+ B
a"
:+ B
ac
:+ B
"a
:+ B
""
:+ B
"c
:+ B
ca
:+ B
c"
:+ B
cc
e'#
ma
u
| :
a
:
"
:
c
c=nt # e'
C 0 | :
a
:
"
:
c
c=nt # ma
| B
a
B
"
B
c
c=nt # e'
/ < | B
a
B
"
B
c
c=nt # ma
|
:+ B
aa
:+ B
a"
:+ B
ac
:+ B
"a
:+ B
""
:+ B
"c
:+ B
ca
:+ B
c"
:+ B
cc
ma #
e'
u
|
:
a
+ ;
a
:
"
+ ;
"
:
c
+ ;
c
ma #
c=nt
|
B
a
B
"
B
c
ma #
c=nt
|
:+ B
aa
:+ B
a"
:+ B
ac
:+ B
"a
:+ B
""
:+ B
"c
:+ B
ca
:+ B
c"
:+ B
cc
ma #
ma
u
|
|
5a
5"
5c
e'
53
54
|
5a
5"
5c
ma
=
|
|
L
a
L
"
L
c
e'
1
c=nt
fr=t
L
2
L
3
|
L
a
L
"
L
c
ma
1
c=nt
fr=t

(+!)
The indices e' and ma indicate the contributions sla*e and Master0 respecti*el&0 while a 0 " and
c indicate the parts con*entional0 enriched Eea*iside and enriched 'rac2 Tip0 respecti*el&
4f one treats e/clusi*el& an element of the t&pe 'rac2 Tip0 one regains shape E66 and the matri/ becomesF
|
4| :
c # c
+ B
c# c
u
2| :
c #
+ ;
c#
2| B
c#
2| :
# c
C 0
2| B
# c
/ <

|
5c
53
54
=
|
2%
c
1 c=nt
+ 2%
c
1 fr=t
L
2
L
3

The statements of the terms present in the s&stem areF
:
u
and
B
u
0 bloc2 sla*e - sla*eF

| :
e'# e'
u
!(
=
|
c
7
n

!
e'
(
e'
nn| MM d
| B
e'# e'
u
!(
=
|
c
7
6
\
!
e'
(
e'
| P
6
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| P
6
| MM d

whereF

| MM =
|
1 1
.
r
e
1
.
r
e
sym r
e

if ace-tip
| MM
1,1
=1 | MM
1,1+l
=He
j
l , e
0 | MM
1+k ,1
=He
i
k, e
and | MM
1+k ,1+l
=He
i
k , e
He
j
l ,e
if multi-Eea*iside
%ne distinguishes the cases ace-tip and multi-Eea*iside bus currentl&0 an element cannot be at the same time
ace-tip and multi-Eea*iside =et us note that if one would ha*e such an element0 the forms of the elementar&
matri/es would be obtained easil& b& combination of the preceding terms 4n other words there would not be
great a deal to ma2e in the TE of assembl& of these terms0 as long as there is onl& one enrichment ace-tip
associated with the one with crac2s with the element
:
u
and
B
u
0 bloc2 sla*e - Master and master-sla*eF

| :
e'# ma
u
!(
=
|
c
7
n

!
e'
(
ma
nn| MM d
| :
ma# e'
u
!(
=
|
c
7
n

!
ma
(
e'
nn| MM
9
d=| :
e' #ma
u
(!
9
| B
e'# ma
u
!(
=
|
c
7
6
\
!
e'
(
ma
| P
6
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| P
6
| MM d

| B
ma# e'
u
!(
=
|
c
7
6
\
!
ma
(
e'
| P
6
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| P
6
| MM
9
d
whereF
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| MM=
|
1 1
.
r
m
1 1
.
r
m
.
r
e .
r
e .
r
e
.
r
m
if ace-tip
| MM
1,1
=1 | MM
1,1+l
=He
j
l ,m
0 | MM
1+k ,1
=He
i
k , e
and | MM
1+k ,1+l
=He
i
k , e
He
j
l , m
if multi-
Eea*iside

:
u
and
B
u
0 main bloc2 - Master

| :
ma# ma
u
!(
=
|
c
7
n

!
ma
(
ma
nn| MM d

| B
ma# ma
u
!(
=
|
c
7
6
\
!
ma
(
ma
| P
6
9
| 8( g
6
)| P
6
| MM d

whereF

| MM =
|
1 1
.
r
m
1
.
r
m
sym r
m

if ace-tip
| MM
1,1
=1 | MM
1,1+l
=He
j
l , m
0 | MM
1+k ,1
=He
i
k, m
and | MM
1+k ,1+l
=He
i
k , m
He
j
l , m
if multi-Eea*iside

'ote
t-e term nn #eing s2mmetric< o3 t-is 3act
| :
u
is s2mmetric) T-e term

| P
6
9
| 8( g
6
)| P
6
is also s2mmetric< o3 t-is 3act
| B
u
is s2mmetric)
: 0 B and ; 0 bloc2s sla*e - contact and contact - sla*eF
|( :+;)
e'# c=nt
!(
=
|
c

!
e'
(
e'
(n+S
f
jg
t
| P
6
)| V d

| :
c=nt # e'
!(
=
|
c

!
e'
(
e'
n
9
| V
9
d
| B
e'# c=nt
!(
=
|
c
\
!
e'
(
e'
| P
6
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| 6
1
, 6
2
| V d

| B
c=nt # e'
!(
=
|
c
j\
!
e'
(
e'
| 6
1
, 6
2
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| P
6
| V
9
d
whereF
| V =
|
1
1
.
r
e
if ace-tip
| V
1
=1 0 | V
1+k
=He
i
k , e
and if multi-Eea*iside
: and B 0 bloc2s Master - contact and contact - MasterF
|( :+;)
ma# c=nt
!(
=
|
c

!
ma
(
e'
(n+S
f
jg
t
| P
6
)| V d

| :
c=nt # ma
!(
=
|
c

!
ma
(
e'
n
9
| V
9
d
| B
ma# c=nt
!(
=
|
c
\
!
ma
(
e'
| P
6
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| 6
1,
6
2
| V d

| B
c=nt # ma
!(
=
|
c
j\
!
ma
(
e'
| 6
1
, 6
2
9
| 8 ( g
6
)| P
6
| V
9
d
whereF
| V =
|
1
1
.
r
m
if ace-tip
| V
1
=1 0 | V
1+k
=He
i
k ,m
if multi-Eea*iside
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Titre : Contact en grands glissements avec X-FEM Date : 07/01/2013 Page : 1;/2

'ote
13 t-e contact /ere "ost.lated< : is s2mmetric onl2 i3 it t-ere does not -ave 3riction and B
is s2mmetric i3 and onl2 i3 1 =1 )
C
F

|C
!(
=
|
c
1
j
n

!
e'
(
e'
d

/ F

| /
!(
=
|
c
S
f
j
!
e'
(
e'
(+
t
| 6
1,
6
2
9
)| 6
1,
6
2
d

<
F
| <
!(
=
|
c
(1)
!
e'
(
e'
| 6
1,
6
2
9
| 6
1,
6
2
d +
|
c
j\
7
6

!
e'
(
e'
| 6
1,
6
2
9
| I
d
8( g
6
)| 6
1,
6
2
d
'ote
En l=a#sence de 3riction or /-en =0 < t-e matri> is s2mmetric #eca.se t-e terms ; < and
/ are not assem#led) ,it- 3riction< it is not it an2 more)

L
1
0 bloc2 sla*eF
| L
e'
1, c=nt
!
=
|
c
( 37
n
d
n
)
!
e'
n| V d

| L
e'
1, fr=t
!
=
|
c
\| P
6
9
P
B
( 4+7
6
| u
e
u
m
6
)
!
e'
| V d

whereF
| V =
|
1
1
.
r
e
if ace-tip
| V
1
=1 0 | V
1+k
=He
i
k , e
if multi-Eea*iside
L
1
0 main bloc2F
| L
ma
1,c=nt
!
=
|
c
( 37
n
d
n
)
!
ma
n| V d

| L
e'
1, fr=t
!
=
|
c
\| P
6
9
P
B
( 4+7
6
| u
e
u
m
6
)
!
ma
| V d

whereF
| V =
|
1
1
.
r
m
if ace-tip
| V
1
=1 0 | V
1+k
=He
i
k ,m
if multi-Eea*iside
L
2
F
| L
2
!
=
|
I
c
(
1X
j
n
\+X| u
e
u
m
n)
!
e'
d I
L
3
F
| L
3
!
=
|
c
( 1 )
!
e'
| 6
1,
6
2
9
| 6
1,
6
2
4d
|
c
$ j\
7
6

!
e'
| 6
1,
6
2
9
| 6
1,
6
2
( 4P
B
( 4+7
6
| u
e
u
m
6
))d

Code_Aster
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'ote
+ttention< in ro.tines F$!T!+5 /-ic- com".te t-e second mem#ers< all t-e terms L
e>"ressed a#ove are m.lti"lied #2 -1 #eca.se in Code*+ster one considers< -istoricall2<
t-at t-e second mem#er is located in t-e le3t "art o3 t-e s2stem)
4n the )ugmented =agrangian cases as in penali1ation0 the matri/ is singular if X=1 and \=0 4t is
thus considered0 in the eAuation of friction onl&0 that X=0 if \=0 The initial linear s&stem then
ta2es the )m9lioration
|
8
meca
+:
u
+B
u
:
9
0
: C 0
0 0 <
(
6 u
6\
6A
)
=
(
L
meca
0
0
)

8 &orm o& integration &or the Con&lit
81 contact between the relations im(osed b+ condition 5;; and the
changes o& status o& linear
811 Relation contact on the wa+ contacting<not contacting
;ous had noted that the linear relations introduced on the degrees of freedom of contact-friction0 in
order to satisf& condition =>> in X-FEM0 posed a problem in great sliding 4ndeed at the time of the
contacting transition?not contacting0 the& introduced a pointless relation which was at the origin of
oscillations on the profile of pressure [bib#!$ This generated difficulties to con*erge on the statutes of
contact To illustrate this phenomenon0 let us defer on figure 7
Figure = - 5es * nodes are seen im(osing the linear relation \
1
2\
2
+\
3
=0 b+ the algorithm o&
stabili7ation o& the 5;;
4f items # and " are not contacting and item + is contacting on this figure0 there is the linear relation
\
1
2\
2
+\
3
=0 besides
\
1
=0
\
2
=0
0 which imposes \
3
=0
Eowe*er the contribution to node + is normall& not null 4t is determined b& the wea2 formulation of the
6rinciple of *irtual wor2
The lost pressure is then compensated b& a pea2 on =agrange of contact of the node contacting
according to This pea2 is followed of oscillations on the profile of pressure These oscillations cause
difficulties of con*ergence on the statutes of contact
To sol*e this problem0 one should not ta2e account of the linear relation when one finds oneself in
such a case0 which is difficult gi*en that it was introduced pre*iousl& *ia another operator
The made choice is thus not to assemble in the eAuation of contact the contribution of a point which Cis
ta2enD in a linear relation and which is not contacting
%n the e/ample of figure 70 that amounts not imposing more \
2
=0 because item " Cis then ta2enD in
the linear relation %ne thus has onl&
\
1
2\
2
+\
3
=0
\
1
=0
0 which does not impose an& more \
3
=0
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Kith the new formulation [bib@$ which consists in storing the degrees of freedom of contact onl& to
nodes ha*ing degrees of freedom of displacement alread&0 that amounts not assembling on the le*el
of the model of contact a point of integration not contacting which is not on a *ital edgeF one then
assembles neither the contribution in the elementar& matri/0 nor the contribution to the second
member of this point of integration (but the assembl& is made for the eAuilibrium)
For more details on the definition of a *ital edge in 'ode()ster0 one can refer to part =>> condition of
chapter . of [bib#$
81% Relation o& e>ualit+ on the wa+ contacting<not contacting
3e mWme as for the linear relations0 and the same reasons0 we had noted that the relations of eAualit&
introduced on the degrees of freedom of contact-friction in order to satisf& condition =>> in X-FEM
posed also a problem in great sliding The& introduced also a pointless relation at the time of the
contacting transition?not contacting0 the final conseAuence being the difficult& in con*erging on the
statutes of contact To illustrate this phenomenon0 let us defer to Figure :
Figure ? - 5es edges 8 and : @in dotted lines! are non,ital0 edges 10%0* and . @in blue! are ,ital An edges
% and *0 there are the relations \ 1 B \ % and \ 1 B \ *
3ans le cas oM the point of contact of edge " is not contacting0 and the point of edge + contacting on
this figure0 one has the relations
\
1
=\
2
=0
\
1
=\
3
0 which imposes \
3
=0 on the le*el of the model of
contact
Eowe*er the contribution on edge + is normall& not null 4t is determined b& the wea2 formulation of the
6rinciple of *irtual wor2
4t acts b& wa& of same problem as into -##
The choice made to sol*e this problem is the same one as for the problem with the linear relations0 ie
not to assemble in the eAuation of contact the contribution of a point which Cis ta2enD in a relation of
eAualit& and which is not contacting0 if another point Cta2enD in this relation of eAualit& is contacting
4n the e/ample of Figure :0 that amounts not imposing more \
2
=0 because the point of integration
not contacting of the *ital edge " Cis ta2enD in the relation between eAualit& and the contacting point of
the *ital edge + %ne thus has onl& \
1
=\
2
=\
3
0 which does not impose an& more \
3
=0
More generall&0 one should not assemble in the eAuation of contact the contributions of contact-friction
of the points of integrations not contacting when a relation of eAualit& connects them to a contacting
point
To do that0 in formulation with the top nodes [bib@$0 one defines as connecting a node which connects
se*eral *ital edges0 ie the score of this node at the end of the algorithm to satisf& the condition =>> is
strictl& higher than # (on Figure :0 node # which connects edges " and + is regarded as connecting)
Then0 each connecting node defines a group of edges connected between them %ne numbers the
groups of edges of # with n
gr=up
and in each group one numbers the edges of # with n
ar>te
%ne then defines in each group a determinant edge 4t will be onl& group which one will assemble the
contributions in the eAuation of contact if no point of integration of the group is contacting 4n addition
so for the group there e/ist then contacting points of integration one assembles in the eAuation of
contact all the contacting contributions and one does not assemble the contributions not contacting
%ne describes the choice of the determinant edge now For the first iteration of contact of the first time
step0 all the statutes are identical0 therefore one can choose the determinant edge arbitraril& Then0
each reactuali1ation of the statutes of contact0 one carries out in the tread the reactuali1ation of the
determinant edges
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%ne presents below the main stages of the algorithm which ma2es this reactuali1ation and which is
launched ,ust after ha*ing reactuali1ed the statutes of contactF
O =oops on the points of integration
P 4f the point of integration in progress belongs to a group of connected *ital edges0 that it becomes
contacting and that it is not on the determinant edgeF
Q >oucle on the points of integration of the group
%ne see2s the statute of the points on the determinant edge
R 4f the statute of the points of the determinant edge is not contactingF
the statute of the edge in progress becomes determining instead of the other
R Fin if
Q Fin of loop on the points of integration of the group
P Fin if
O End of loop on the points of integration
81* Rsum
the algorithm of selection detailed in the two preceding paragraphs consists in integrating the eAuation
of contact on all the contacting edges0 and integrating the contribution for the edges not contacting onl&
if the group of *ital edges does not comprise an& contacting edge %nl& one edge of the group0 2nown
as determinant0 is enough then
This is e/plained b& the fact wh& the force of contact in the balance eAuation is implicit in the case
contacting and e/plicit in the lac2 of contact case 4n this last case0 the multipliers of contact do not
inter*ene nowhere in the eAuilibriumF the force is directl& bets to ! *ia the statutes of contact <ince in
the eAuation of contact one cannot assemble terms of different statutes within the same group0 one
preferentiall& assembles the contributions due to the contact where the& describe a reaction force
inter*ening in the eAuilibrium0 ie on the contacting edges
8% Con&lict between the relations o& e>ualities im(osed b+ condition
5;; and the changes o& status o& bond
4f the e/ample of figure 7 is ta2en again0 in the case where0 this time0 the + points is contacting0 but
where items # and " are dragging and item + is adherent %ne has0 in "3 for e/ample0 the linear
relationF A
1
2A
2
+A
3
=0 besides A
1
=1; A
2
=1 what imposes A
3
=1
Eowe*er the contribution to node + is normall& strictl& lower than # since the point is adherent (inside
the cone of friction)0 it is determined b& the wea2 formulation of the 6rinciple of *irtual wor2 %ne finds
a ris2 of not-con*ergence similar to the contact 4t is necessar& to remo*e in the eAuation of friction at
least the assembl& of the contribution of a point which Cis ta2enD in a linear relation and which is
dragging in the friction law %n the e/ample of figure 70 that amounts not imposing more A
2
=1
because item " Cis then ta2enD in the linear relation
%ne thus has onl&
A
1
2 A
2
+A
3
=0
A
1
=1
0 which does not impose an& more A
3
=1
Kith the new formulation [bib@$ which consists in storing the degrees of freedom of contact onl& in
nodes ha*ing degrees of freedom of displacement alread&0 that amounts not assembling on the le*el
of the friction law a which drags point of integration which is not on a *ital edgeF one then assembles
neither the contribution in the elementar& matri/0 nor the contribution to the second member of this
point of integration (but the assembl& is made for the eAuilibrium) The ma,or difference with the case
of the statute in contact0 is that while thus ma2ing for friction0 the matri/ becomes as&mmetrical 4t is
not a problem because that ,oined the choice alread& made in the chapter . precedent )nother
difference with the contact comes owing to the fact that item " not contacting does not inter*ene in the
eAuilibrium because X is worth ! in this caseF if one does not assemble his contribution in the model
of contact0 and that its normall& null *alue is not bets to 1ero b& the following iteration of contact then it
will be worth \
2
=\
3
/ 2 because \
1
=0 b& the linear relation \
1
2\
2
+\
3
=0 but without that not
modif&ing the eAuilibrium
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For friction0 which drags item " inter*enes in the eAuilibriumF if one does not assemble his contribution
in the friction law0 one does not impose that the *alue of A is eAual to # with the following iteration of
;ewton (it will be worth A
2
=( A
1
+A
3
)/ 2=(1+A
3
)/ 21 because A
3
1 ) %ne is then li2el& to
modif& the eAuilibrium contrar& to the case of the contact Jnowing that the friction law does not
impose either v
t2
=0 0 two cases are then possibleF
if
t
is rather large so that g
t2
=A
2
+7
t
v
t2
>1 The statute of item " remains dragging and balances it is
not modified since one uses P
B
( g
t2
) in the dissipati*e term associated with frictionG
if
t
is not large enough and that g
t2
1 the statute of item " changes and becomes adherent
%ne assembles with the following iteration the friction law which imposes v
t2
=0 and which
consolidates the adherent statute
4n the same wa& and to ta2e again the e/ample of figure :0 in the case where0 this time0 the " points
are contacting0 but where the point of contact of edge " is dragging and the point of contact of edge +
is adherent0 one has the relations A
1
=A
2
=1; A
1
=A
3
0 which imposes A
3
=1 on the le*el of the
friction law Eowe*er the contribution on edge + is normall& strictl& lower than # since the point is
adherent (inside the cone of friction) The same ris2 of not-con*ergence that pre*iousl& is present
)s for the contact pressure0 the semi-multiplier of friction is implicit in the adherent and e/plicit case in
the which drags case where we can e/press it in the formF
A=
v
t
v
t
(+#)
=i2e0 differential from A report with v
t
data b&F
cA
cv
t
=
1
v
t
(
Id
v
t
v
t
v
t
2
)
-
v
t
-0

associated with the choice of (+#) is not limited when the *elocit& of sliding becomes small0 the purel&
e/plicit formulation of the sliding is not retained0 and one retains the following shape of the semi-
multiplier to correct this defectF
A=P
B(0,1)
(A+7
t
v
t
)
'onseAuentl& and contrar& to the contact pressure which inter*enes onl& in the contacting case0 the
semi-multiplier of friction inter*enes at the same time in bond or sliding 4f one assembles selecti*el&
the adherent edges in the eAuation of friction - in the same wa& that what was made for the edges
contacting in the eAuation of contact - one ta2es the ris2 to obser*e oscillations of the statute of bond
pre*enting con*ergence because the semi-multiplier determined b& the eAuilibrium contains the
contributions of the which drag terms which are not ta2en into account in the eAuation of friction
(comparati*el&0 in the case of the contact0 all the contributions not contacting do not inter*ene in the
balance eAuation) %ne could obser*e such oscillations on the test ssn*"!@, b& implementing this
techniAue
This is wh& it is necessar& to fi/ a priori a determinant edge b& group of *ital edge Finall& and
whate*er its statute0 the eAuation of friction is assembled on this onl& edge onl& (what means that the
determinant edge gi*es to the group its characteristic which drags or adherent and that within the
same group one cannot ha*e the presence of two distinct statutes0 the *alue resulting from semi-
mulitplicateur being realised)
Finall& one recapitulates here the call to the algorithms presented higherF
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O ;ot fi/es on the statutes of contact
P 4t9rations de ;ewton
- 'omputation of the contributions of contact-friction
P Fin of the iteration of ;ewton
'alcul of statutes of )lgorithme
contact of reactuali1ation of the determinant edge according to the statutes of contact
O Fine fi/ed point on the statutes of 6erspecti*es
: contact o& e,olution o& the a((roach great sliding with
XFEM
the de*elopment of the approach great sliding with X-FEM as its numerical implementation in
'ode()ster was e/tended to friction in "3 (plane stresses and plane strains for the t&pes of finite
elements TRI3 and QUAD40 TRI6 and QUAD8) and in +3 (for finite elements HEXA80 PENTA60 and
TETRA4) The approach was also e/tended to the crac2 tips The fundamental scientists were posed
and described in this document
4t is also possible to treat the contact in the elements multi-fissured (,unctions in particular) in "3 and
+30 but it remains to implement the terms of friction Forces must also be made to guarantee the
robustness of the method in this case 4t remains for e/ample to implement the recutting of the
brea2ages in the elements containing the ,unction For the moment the contributions of contact are not
ta2en into account on these brea2ages =et us note that this wor2 must also be carried out for the small
sliding Henerali1ation with the great sliding should not then pose problem
= ;ibliogra(h+
# CeXtended Finite Method ElementD0 3ocumentation of reference of Code*+ster [R7!"#"$
" >E; 3E4) E0 X)RR%5H Mr0 CE&brid frictional contact particles-in elementsD0 Europ9enne
Follow-up of the Finite elements0 ;o @0 pp .#7-.+!0 "!!"
+ CElements of contacts deri*ed from a continuous h&brid formulationD0 3ocumentation of
reference of Code*+ster [R-!+-"$
. )=)RT 60 '5R;4ER )0 C) mi/ed formulation for frictional contact problems preach to
;ewton li2e solution methodsD0 'omp Meth )ppl Mech Engng0 *ol @0 pp +-+-+7-0 #@@#
- HE;4)5T <0 )pproach X-FEM for crac2ing under contact of industrial structures0 3octorate
of 8cole 'entrale of ;antes0 "!!B
B H54T%; Mr0 ;4<T%R 40 M)<<4; 60 CR9fle/ion around the great sliding with X-FEMD0
)ccount-returned )M)0 'R-)M)-!7!+#
7 ;4<T%R 40 H54T%; Mr0 M)<<4; 60 C)ccount-returned meeting of +?7?"!!7 on the
numerical implementation in Code*+ster of the great sliding with X-FEMD0 )ccount-returned
E3F?)M)Y4F60 'R-)M)-!7!::
: C4mplementation of the approach great sliding with X-FEMD0 data-processing Manuel of
description of Code*+ster [3@!-!B$
@ >E'EET E0 M%E< ;0 K%E=M5TE >40 C) <table =agrange Multiplier <pace for <tiff
4nterface 'ondition within the EXtended Finite Method ElementD0 ) appear
#! ;4<T%R 40 <4)VE=4< Mr0 M)<<4; 60 C<<;6-!+ - 'ontact in great sliding with X-FEM for
hori1ontal crac2sD0 ValidationUs manual of Code*+ster nZ [VB!+-!+$
## ;4<T%R 40 <4)VE=4< Mr0 M)<<4; 60 C<<;6-!. - 'ontact in great sliding with X-FEM for
obliAue crac2sD0 ValidationUs manual of 'ode()ster nZ [VB!+-!.$
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Titre : Contact en grands glissements avec X-FEM Date : 07/01/2013 Page : 2(/2

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? -escri(tion o& the ,ersions o& the document
Indice
-oc
Cersion
3ster
3uteur @4! or contributor @4!0
-escri(tion
organi7ation o& amendments
) :. 4;istor E3F?R Y 3?)M) initial Te/te
> @7. 4;istor0 6Massin E3F?R Y 3?)M)
Mr <4)VE=4<0 Mr H54T%; 4F6
'ard-inde/es #"B!:F elements triangles0
diagram of <impson and ;ewton-'otes0
computation of clearance
' #!## 6Massin E3F?R Y 3?)M)
Mr <4)VE=4<0 Mr H54T%; 4F6
'ard-inde/es #.#"+F introduction of the
crac2 tips

Code - Aster: Contact in Great Sliding With X-FEM

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u represents the conditions of 3irichlet

For the contact0 the models of <ignorini are written thenF

( X=1 if contact and X=0 if not of contact)0

( X=1 if contact and X=0 if not of contact)0

is a strictl& positi*e realit&

<paces of the un2nown factors of contact are the followingF

compared to the coordinates

) is the *irtual wor of the offsite forces

0 which is close to the actual alues numericall& (respectiel&

is s2mmetric) T-e term

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