BJT Small-Signal Analysis

Reference: http://notes.ump.edu.my/fkee/BEE2213_Farizan/6. BJT small signal.ppt

C t t Contents
C E i fi d bi fi i Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration
Voltage divider bias
CE Emitter bias CE Emitter bias
Emitter-follower configuration
Common-base configuration Common base configuration
Collector-feedback configuration
Hybrid equivalent circuit and model
BJT Small Signal Analysis
r
e
transistor model employs a diode and controlled
current source to duplicate the behavior of a transistor in current source to duplicate the behavior of a transistor in
the region of interest.
The r
e
and hybrid models will be used to analyze small-
signal AC analysis of standard transistor network
configurations.
Ex: Common-base common-emitter and common-collector Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and common-collector
configurations.
The network analyzed represent the majority of those
appearing in practice today.
AC equivalent of a network is obtained by:
1. Setting all DC sources to zero
2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv. p g p y q
3. Redraw the network in more convenient and
logical form
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.
Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
re Model
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Determine , re, and ro:
and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a
curve tracer.
26mV
re: calculate re using dc analysis:
E
e
I
26mV
r =
Impedance Calculations
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
e B i
r || R Z =
r Z
O
r || R Z
C o
=
Z R
e B

e i
r 10 R
r Z

c

o
10 ro
Z
R
R
c

Gain Calculations
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain (Av):
e
o C
i
o
v
r
) r || (R
V
V
A = =
C o
e
C
v
10R r
r
R
A

=
Current Gain (Ai):
) r )(R R (r
r R
I
I
A
e B C o
o B
i
o
i

+ +
= =
e B C o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
A

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Voltage Gain
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
O
V
A =
o C b O
i
v
I V
) r || (R I V
V
A
=
o C b
v
e b i
r I
) r || (R I
A
r I V

=
=
e
o C
e b
r
) r || (R

r I
=
e
C
v C o
e
r
R
A 10R or r if = =
Current gain
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
o o b o
r I
and
I r
I
circuits output and input the to rule divider - current
the applying by determined is gain current The
= =
B
B
i
b
B
i B
b
C o b C o
o

r R
R
I
I
and
r R
I R
I
R r I
and
R r
I
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
e B
B
C o
o
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
e B i e B
r R
R
R r
r
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
r R I r R

+
=

= =
+ +
( )( )
e B C o
e B C o
B o
i
o
i
, r 10 R and 10R r if
r R R r
R r
I
I
A

+ +
= =
( )( )
B o
B o
i
o
i
oo equation t this use can or we

R r
R r
I
I
A = =
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A
oo equation t this use can or we
=
Phase Relationship
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in
the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
re Model
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
e ode
You still need to determine , re, and ro.
Impedance Calculations
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Input Impedance: Output Impedance: p p p p
2 1
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R || R R
+
= =

o C r || R Zo=
e r || R Zi

=
C
C
10R ro
R Zo

Gain Calculations
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain (Av):
o C o
r || R V
A

= =
C o
10R
R V
A

=
e i
v
r V
A = =
C o
e i
v
10R r
r V
A

Current Gain (Ai):

r R I
A
o o
i


= =
o
R I
A

) r R )( R (r I
e C o i
i
+

+
C o
e i
o
i
10R r
r R

I
A

+

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

o
i
10 R 10R
I
A

=
i
i
Z
A A =
e C o
i
i
r 10 R , 10R r
I

C
v i
R
A A
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
o C b O
) r || )(R I ( V =
e
i
b
r
V
I

=
o C
e
i
o
) r || (R
r
V
V

=
e
o C
v
R
r
) r || (R
A

=
e
C
v C o
r
R
A 10R or r if

= =
Current gain
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Current gain
for except ion configurat bias - fixed emitter -
common that similar to so is network the since
format. same the have
gain will current for the equation the , R' the
for except ion, configurat bias - fixed emitter -
( )( )
o o
i
B 2 1
r R' I
A
R R || R R'
= =
= =
( )( )
C o
e C o i
i
R' I
, R 10 r for
r R' R r I
A

+ +
( )
e o
o
i
o
i
R'
r R' r
r R'
I
I
A
+
=
( )
e
r R'
R

+

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

o
i
e
R' I
A
, r 10 R' if And
= =

o
i
i
i
I
I
A
R' I
A
=
i
Z
option an as
I
C
i
V i
R
Z
A A =
Phase Relationship
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed R Unbypassed R
E
re Model
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Again you need to determine , re.
Impedance Calculations
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
p
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
E e b
1)R ( r Z + + =
R Z =
E e b
) (
) R (r Z
E e b
+
b B i
Z || R Z =
C o
R Z =
e E

E b
r R
R Z
>>

fi i h i i d f i i h
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Defining the input impedance of a transistor with an
unbypassed emitter resistor
: side input the to KVL Applying
E e e b i
R I ) 1 ( r I V
R I r I V
: side input the to KVL Applying
+ + =
+ =
E e
i
b
E b e b i
R ) 1 ( r
I
V
Z
R I ) 1 ( r I V
+ + = =
+ + =
b
b
R r Z
1, an greater th normally is since
I
+
E b
e E
E e b
R Z
to reduced be can above eqn , r an greater th much is R since
R r Z

+
E b
R Z
Gain Calculations
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain (Av):
C o
R V
A
) R (r Z
R r
R
V
V
A
E e b
E e
C
i
o
v
+ =
+
= =

b
C
i
o
v
Z V
A = =
R r V
E e i
+
C o
v
R Z
R
R
V
V
A

=
or
Current Gain (Ai):
E b
E i
R Z
R V

b B
B
i
o
i
Z R
R
I
I
A
+
= =

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:
i
Z
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Voltage Gain
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
b
i
b
Z
V
I =
i
C b C o o
b
R
V

R I R I V
Z

=
= =
C o
V
C
b
Z
R
V
V
A
R
Z

= =

=
C o
E e b
b i
R V
A
gives ) R (r Z ng substituti
Z V

= =
+ =
E b
E e i
V
R V
R ion Z approximat for the and
R r V
A

+
= =
E
C
i
o
V
R
R
V
V
A

= =
Current Gain
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
I R
: in result ll circuit wi input the to rule divider - current the Applying . I I
ion approximat permit the to Z to close often too is R of magnitude The
i b
b B
=
R I
Z R
I R
I
B b
b B
i B
b
=
+
=
I
I I
Z R I
b o
b B i
=
+
=

R I I I
A
I
I
B b o o
i
b
o
= = =
=

C
R
Z
A A
Z R I I I
i
v i
b B i b i
i
=
+

C
Phase Relationship
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
p
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Bypassed RE
This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved
using the same re model.
Emitter-Follower Configuration
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same y g g y
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.
re Model
Emitter-Follower Configuration
re Model
You still need to determine and re.
Impedance Calculations
Emitter-Follower Configuration
p
Input Impedance:
b B i
Z || R Z =
) R (r Z
E e b
+
E e b
1)R ( r Z + + =
E b
R Z
Calculation for the current I
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Calculation for the current I
e
b
i
b
Z
V
I =
b
i
b e
i f Z btit ti
Z
V
1) ( 1)I ( I + = + =
E e
i
e
b
1)R ( r
1)V (
I
gives for Z g subtitutin
+ +
+
=
E
e
i
E e
1) ( but
R
1) (
r
V

) (
+
+

+
=
e
e
e
r

r
1) (
r
and
1) (
=
+

+
E e
i
e
R r
V
I
+
=
Impedance Calculations (contd)
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Output Impedance:
V
ion configurat follower emitter for the impedence output the Defining
E e
i
e
R r
V
I
+
=
|| R Z
e E o
r || R Z =
e E

e o
r R
r Z
>>

Gain Calculations
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Voltage Gain (Av):
R V
V
e E
E
i
o
v
r R
R
V
V
A
+
= =
E e E e E
i
o
v
R r R , r R
1
V
V
A
+ >>
=
Current Gain (Ai):
B
R
A

C t G i f V lt G i
b B
B
i
Z R
A
+


Current Gain from Voltage Gain:
i
Z
A A =
E
v i
R
A A =
V l i
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Voltage gain
V R
V
i E
=
R V
A
r R
V
E o
e E
o
= =
+
, r an greater th much usually R
r R V
A
e E
e E i
v
+
= =
1
V
A
R r R
o
E e E
+
1
V
A
i
o
v
=
Current Gain
Emitter-Follower Configuration
b B
i B
b
R I
Z R
I R
I
+
=
b e o
b B
B
i
b
I ) 1 ( I I
Z R
R
I
I
+ = =
+
=

b
o
b e o
) 1 (
I
I
) (
+ =

b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
) 1 ( since
Z R
R
) 1 (
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
+
+
+ = = =

b B
B
i
Z R
R
A
, ) 1 ( since
+

+

E
i
v i
R
Z
A A or =
Phase Relationship
Emitter-Follower Configuration
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and
output.
V
o
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
re Model
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
You will need to determine and re.
Impedance Calculations
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
ped ce C cu o s
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
r || R Z =
R Z
e E i
r || R Z =
C o
R Z =
Gain Calculations
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Voltage Gain (Av):
C C o
R R V
A = =

Current Gain (Ai):
e e i
v
r r V
A
( )
1
I
I
A
o
i
= =
I
i
V l & C i
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Voltage & Current gain
) R I ( R I V = =
i
C e
C c C o o
V
R I
) R I ( R I V
=
= =
I I
i e
=
i
e
i
e
V
r
V
I

=
1
I
A
I I I
o
i e o

= =

C C o
C
e
i
o
R R V
A
R
r
V
V

=
1
I
A
i
o
i
= = =
e
C
e
C
i
o
V
r r

V
A = =
Phase Relationship
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.
V
o
Collector DC Feedback Configuration g
The network has a dc feedback resistor for increased stability, yet the capacitor C
3
will
shift portions of the feedback resistance to the input and output sections of the network shift portions of the feedback resistance to the input and output sections of the network
in the ac domain. The portion of R
F
shifted to the input or output side will be determined
by the desired ac input and output resistance levels.
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Substituting the re equivalent circuit into the ac equivalent network
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
e
r || R Z
F1 i
=
o F2 C o
r || R || R Z =
|| R R Z
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
2
||
F C o
R R Z
Voltage Gain
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
g
b
C F2 o
R' I V
R || R || r R'
=
=
e
i
b
b o
r
V
I
R I V
=
=
e
i
o
e
R'
r
V
V

=
e
C F2 o
i
o
v
r
R || R || r
V
V
A = =
C F2 o
v
C o
R || R V
A
, 10R r for
= =

e i
v
r V
Current Gain
side inp t For the
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
e F
F
i
b
e F
i F
b
R || r R' using side output for the and
r R
R
I
I
or
r R
I R
I
side input For the
=
+
=
+
=
C b
o
C
b
o
F2 o
gain current the
R R'
R'
I
I
or
R R'
I R'
I
R || r R using side output for the and
+
=
+
=
=
F1 o
e F
F1
C i
b
b
o
i
o
i
R R' I
A
r R
R
.
R R'
R'
I
I
.
I
I
I
I
A
, gain current the
+ +
= = =
( )( )
F2 o F1 o
F1 e F1 e F1
e F1 C
F1
i
o
i
) R || (r R I
A
R r R , r n larger tha much usually is R since
r R R R'

I
A

+
+ +
= =
( )
C
i
o
i
C F2 o F1
F2 o F1
i
o
i
R
1

I
I
A
R R || r R I
A
+
=
+
=
C
i
V
i
o
i
F2 o
R
Z
A
I
I
A or
R || r
= =
Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit
The h-parameters can be derived from the re model:
hie = re hib = re
h h hfe = hfb = -
hoe = 1/ro
The h-parameters are also found in the specification sheet for the transistor. p p
Approximate Common-Emitter Equivalent Circuit
Hybrid equivalent model re equivalent model y q q
Approximate Common-Base Equivalent Circuit
Hybrid equivalent model
re equivalent model
Troubleshooting
1. Check the DC bias voltages if not correct check power supply, resistors, transistor.
Also check to ensure that the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages is OK.
2 Ch k th AC lt if t t h k t i t it d th l di ff t 2. Check the AC voltages if not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect
of the next stage.
Practical Applications
Audio Mixer
Preamplifier
Random-Noise Generator
Sound Modulated Light Source g