1

Hints to Problems

Chapter-1


1.2

150 mm 200 mm 550 mm
40 kN 10 kN 20 kN 50 kN


Elongation is given by,
AE
PL
=
= ( ) 224 . 0 200 000 50 550 000 30 150 000 40
000 205 30 ) 4 / (
1
2
= + + X X X
X
mm

1.11

Area of column = 300 246 560
4
2
= X

mm
2
; Area of steel = 4072 36
4
4
2
= X X

mm
2

Area of concrete = 246 300 4072 = 242 228 mm2
We have,
c
c
s
s
E E

= or
000 15 000 210
c s

= or
c s
14 =

s
X A
s
+
c
X A
c
= 800 000
14
c
X 4072 +
c
X 242 228 = 800 000 or
c
= 2.673 MPa

s
= 2.673 X 14 = 37.429 MPa
Average compressive stress = 248 . 3
300 246
000 800
= MPa

1.12

P
1 2 3
P
1
P
2
P
1
P

1

2
On welding, tensile stresses will be developed in 1 and 3 whereas compressive stress in 2.
From equilibrium equation,
2 P
1
cos = P
2
.(assuming negligible change in ) (i)
From compatibility equation,
1
=
2
cos
or
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
E A
L P
E A
L P
cos or
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 1
cos E A
L P
E A
L P

cos
or
2
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
1
cos
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
E A
L P
L
E A
P
If all rods are of same material and section,

2
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
cos cos
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
= P
L
AE
AE
L P
L
AE
P

From (i),
2
3
2
2
cos 2 P P
L
AE
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

or
) cos 2 1 (
cos 2
3
2
3
2

=
L
AE
P and
) cos 2 1 (
cos
3
2
2
1

=
L
AE
P

1.13

Here, Lt = ;

2
2 2
2 2 6 - 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
cos 40 1200 10 X 19
1200
000 85 42
cos
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
E A
L P
X X
X
E A
L P
t L
L
E A
P
From (i),
2
3
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 1
cos
2
P
E A
L P
t L
L
E A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
or
2
3
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 1
cos
2
P
E A
L P
t L
L
E A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

or
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=

3
1 1
2 2
2
2 2 2
3
2 2
1 1
3
2
2
1 1
2
cos 2
1
cos
2
1
cos
2
E A
E A
L
t L E A
E A
E A
t L
L
E A
P
1.16

A
a
= 80 4 20 = X mm
2
, A
s
= 320 16 20 = X mm
2


Total compression in Al = Total tension in steel
320 80 X X
s a
= or
s a
4 =
c
c c
c c
s
s s
s s
E
L
t L
E
L
t L

= + or
c
c
c
s
s
s
E
t
E
t

= +

1.18

Let
3
be the stress in the direction of restraint. Then,

1
=
1
/E
3
/E (i)

2
=
3
/E
1
/E (ii)
3
and
3
=
3
/E
1
/E (iii)
If there is no restraint in the third direction,
1 3
'

E
=
However, for the given restraint,
1 3 3
2
2 / '

E
= =

1
1 3
2


E E
=

or
1 3
2

=
Substituting in (i),
1
= ( )
2 1
2
1 1 1
2
2 2
1
2
.

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
E E E E


Modified modulus of elasticity, E =
2
1
1
2
2

=
E


Chapter-2

2.4
Both stresses are compressive,
tan = 816 . 0
180
120
= =
y
x

or = 39.23
o

r
=
2 2 2 2
sin cos
y x
+

12959 8640
23 . 39 sin 180 23 . 39 cos 120
2 2 2 2
+ =
+ =
o o

= 147 MPa compressive

2.7

O
L
R
F
M
C
E
S
P
N
60

10
10.95 2.5
2.5

2
10.9
5
0.9


4
2.8

(i)Principal stress } 4 ) {(
2
1
) (
2
1
2 2
+ + =
y x y x


8 . 53 80
10000 1600
2
1
80
} ) 50 ( 4 ) 60 100 {(
2
1
) 60 100 (
2
1
2 2
=
+ =
+ + =

= 133.8 MPa (tensile) and 26.2 MPa (tensile)
tan2 =
y x

2
= 5 . 2
60 100
50 2
=

X

or 2 = 68.2
or
1
= 34.1
o
and
2
= 34.1
o
+ 90
o
= 124.1
o

max
= ) 2 . 26 8 . 133 (
2
1
= 53.8 MPa at 34.1
o
+ 45
o
=79.1
o

2.12

30
o
240 MPa
180 MPa
A
B
C

30
o
240 MPa
180 MPa
A
B
C
120 MPa
120 MPa
207.8 MPa


On plane BC,
x
= 8 . 207 30 cos 240 =
o
MPa
120 30 sin 240 = =
o
MPa
The equivalent state of stress on the panes is shown in the figure.
Resultant stress on plane AB =
2 2
120 180 + =216.3 MPa
5 . 1
120
180
tan = = or = 56.3
o
Principal stress } 4 ) {(
2
1
) (
2
1
2 2
+ + =
y x y x


8 . 120 8 . 193
10000 25600
2
1
9 . 193
} ) 120 ( 4 ) 180 8 . 207 {(
2
1
) 180 8 . 207 (
2
1
2 2
=
+ =
+ + =

5
= 314.6 MPa (tensile) and 73 MPa (tensile)
tan2 =
y x

2
= 63 . 8
180 8 . 207
120 2
=

X

or 2 = 83.4
o

or
1
= 41.7
o
and
2
= 131.7
o

max
= ) 73 6 . 314 (
2
1
= 120.8 MPa at 41.7
o
+ 45
o
= 86.7
o
and 176.7
o

2.14


p q
r
400
80 200
P
R'
Q
R
C
O
28
o
O
r
60
o
q
60
o
p
80
400
200
60
o
60
E F
(a)
(b)
O'
32
o


OF = 449 MPa inclined at 28/2 or 14
o
to 400 MPa stress
OE = 251 MPa inclined at 32/2 or 16
o
to 200 MPa stress

2.15

p q r
1.6 X 10
-6
P
R'
Q
C
O
10
o
O
r
45
o
q
45
o
p
45
o
E
F
(a)
O'
10
o
45
o
3 X10
-6
4 X10
-6
1.6 X 10
-6
3 X10
-6
4 X10
-6


Major principal strain
1
= OF = 4.04 X 10
-6
at 10/2 or 5
o
clockwise of plane p
6
Minor principal strain
2
= OE = 1.58 X 10
-6
at 95
o
clockwise of plane p.

Chapter-3

3.7

A = (/4)X24
2
= 144
Diameter of the reduced section = 24/2 = 12 mm
Area of the reduced section = (/4).12
2
= 36
When the bar is turned down to half the diameter along half of its length, let P be
the equivalent load to induce the same maximum stress.

=
000 205 144
600
000 205 36
600
X
PX
X
PX

+ = 0.000 03235 P = kP
..... (Taking k =0.000 03235)

Using the energy equation
W (h+ ) =
2
1
P.
W (h+ kP) =
2
1
P. kP
P
2
2WP 2Wh/k = 0 (multiplying throughout by 2/k)


3.9

A
s
= ( /4)24
2
= 144 ; A
b
= ( /4)(36
2
- 24
2
) = 180
Let x = Extension of bar in mm


L
x E
s
s
.
= and
L
x E
b
b
.
=

Strain energy of the bar L A
E L
x E
L A
E L
x E
L A
E
L A
E
b
b
b
s
s
s
b
b
b
s
s
s
2 . 2 . 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
+ = + =


) (
2 2 2
2 2 2
b b s s b
b
s
s
A E A E
L
x
A
L
x E
A
L
x E
+ = + =
) 180 000 98 144 000 205 (
3000 2
2
X X
X
x
+ = = 24693 x
2
N.mm

Potential energy lost by the weight = W(h + x) = 13500 (6 + x) N.mm


Chapter-4
7

4.6

B
(b) SF Diagram
(c) BM Diagram
C
A
(a)
6m
1m
3m
6 kN 8 kN
D
8
3
6
24
6



Taking moments about end A = 0 1 6 9 8 6 = + X X X R
b
or kN R
b
11 = ;
and kN R
a
3 11 14 = =

4.8

40 kN 20 kN
40 kN 20 kN
1 m 1 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B C D E
F
40
40
20
80
20


Taking moments about end A = 2 40 4 20 6 20 2 40 5 X X X X X R
b
+ + = + or kN R
b
40 = ;
and 80 40 20 20 40 40 = + + + =
a
R kN
Shearing force diagram
Portion AC: F
x
= kN R
a
40 = (constant )
Portion AD: F
x
= kN 40 80 40 = + (constant )
Portion DE: F
x
= 0 40 40 = (constant )
8
Portion BE: F
x
= 20 kN (constant )
Portion BF: F
x
= kN 20 40 20 = + (constant )

Bending moment diagram
Portion AC: M
x
= - x 40 (linear )
At A, x = 2 m and M
a
= -80 kN.m;
Portion AD: M
x
= ) 2 ( 80 40 + x x (linear )
At D, x = 4 m and M
d
= 0
Portion DE: M
x
= 0
Portion EB: M
x
= - x 20 (x from E) (linear )
At B, x = 1 m and M
B
= -20 kN.m
Portion BF: M
x
= - ) 1 ( 40 20 + x x (x from E) (linear )
At F, x=2m, M
f
= 0

4.11

The loading on the beam is shown in the figure

10 m
w
A B
D
E
R
a
R
b
a 4-a 6 m
C


Let distance of pier at A be a m from the end D, the other will be at B, (6-a) m from end
E.
Distance CB = CE BE = 5- (4-a) = 1+ a

Taking moments about B, ) 1 ( 10 6 a w R
a
+ = or
3
) 1 ( 5 a w
R
a
+
=
Bending moment
Portion DA: M
x
=
2
2
wx
(parabolic); M
d
= 0; M
a
=
2
2
wa
(negative value)
Portion AB: M
x
= ) (
3
) 1 ( 5
2
2
a x
a w wx

+
+
It is maximum when dM/dx = 0 or 0
3
) 1 ( 5
=
+
+
a w
wx
or 0 ) 1 ( 5 3 = + + a x or x = 5(1+a)/3
Maximum bending moment = |
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
+
a a
a w a w
) 1 (
3
5
3
) 1 ( 5
2
)] 1 )( 3 / 5 [(
2

= ) 2 5 (
9
) 1 ( 5
) 1 (
18
25
2
a
a w
a
w
+
+
+ +
= [ ] ) 4 10 5 5 )( 1 (
18
5
a a a
w
+ + +
9
= [ ] ) 5 )( 1 (
18
5
a a
w
+
= ) 4 5 (
18
5
2
a a
w
+

The maximum bending moment will be as small as possible if the magnitudes of the
sagging and the hogging bending moment are equal.

4.13

8 kN/m
B
l = 15 m
8 m
C A
16 kN
5 m
D
25 kN
18.33 kN
2.33 kN
51 kN
32 kN
113.9 kN.m
114.9 kN.m
85 kN.m
SF
BM
5.81 m
13.05 m
(a)
(b)
(c)

Taking moments about B,
3
8
2
8 8
3
15
2
8 15
10 16 15 X
X
X
X
X X R
a
+ =
or 25 =
a
R kN and 83 25
2
8 23
16 =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
X
R
b
kN
Intensity of distributed loading at any cross-section at a distance x from A = (w/l).x=wx/l
Shear force diagram
Portion AD: F
x
=
75 . 3
25
15 2
8
25
2
1
2 2
x
X
x
x
l
wx
R
a
= = (parabolic)
F
a
= 25 kN; F
d
= 18.33 kN
Portion DB: F
x
= 16
75 . 3
25
2

x
..(parabolic); F
d
= 2.33 kN; F
b
= -51 kN
Between DB, shear force is zero when F
x
= 16 75 . 3 / 25
2
x =0 or x= 5.81 m
10

Portion BC: It is convenient to deal this portion by using variable x from end C.
F
x
=
2 8 2
8
2
1
2 2
x
X
x
x
l
wx
= = (parabolic); F
c
= 0; F
b
= 32 kN
Shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 4.21b.

Bending moment diagram
Portion AD: M
x
=
25 . 11
25
3
.
75 . 3
25
3 2
x
x
x x
x = (cubic); F
a
= 0; F
d
= 113.9 kN.m

Portion DB: M
x
=
25 . 11
) 5 ( 16 25
3
x
x x (cubic)
F
d(x=5)
= 113.9 kN.m; F
b(x=15)
= - 85 kN
M
max(x=5.81)
=
9 . 114
25 . 11
81 . 5
) 5 81 . 5 ( 16 81 . 5 25
25 . 11
) 5 ( 16 25
3 3
= = X
x
x x kN.m
Bending moment is zero at
25 . 11
) 5 ( 16 25
3
x
x x = 0 or 0 900 25 . 101
3
= x x
Solving by trial and error, x = 13.05 m
Portion BC: x from end C.
M
x
=
6 3 2
3 2
x x x
= (cubic) ; F
c
= 0; F
b
= -85 kN.m

4.17

w'
x
x'
w
x
C
A
B
dx
w
x
6750
3600
3600

Let w = rate of loading at the midspan
Then total load = w wX 4 6
3
2
=
or w 4 7200 = or w = 1800 kN/m
Taking C as origin of the parabola,
At a distance x from A or x from C,
11
2
' ' kx w
x
= , when x =3 m, 1800 ' =
x
w kN or k = 200

2 2
) 3 ( 200 ) 1800 ( ' 200 ' x w or x w
x x
= =
or
2
) 3 ( 200 1800 x w
x
= or
2 2
200 1200 ) 6 9 ( 200 1800 x x x x w
x
= + =
( )
1
3
2 2
3
200
600 3600 200 1200 3600 C
x
x dx x x F
x
+ + = =
}

At x = 0, 3600 =
x
F , C
1
= 0

3
200
600 3600
3
2
x
x F
x
+ =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
F
x
3600 3067 1733 0 -1733 -3067 -3600

2
4
3
3
2
3
50
200 3600
3
200
600 3600 C
x
x x dx
x
x F M
x x
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
} }

At x = 0, M
x
=0 C
2
= 0
3
50
200 3600
4
3
x
x x M
x
+ =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
M
x
0 3417 5867 6750 5867 3417 -3600

4.18

4 kN 4 kN
2 m 2 m 3 m 3 m
A
B C D
8 kN.m
1
3
4 kN
E
3
8 kN.m
5
2





Chapter-5

12
5.4

6
4 4 4 4
10 45 . 36
64
) 200 220 (
64
) (
X
d D
I
xx
=

=

mm
4

3
6
max
10 4 . 331
110
10 45 . 36
X
X
y
I
Z
xx
x
= = = mm
3

Internal area of pipe =

01 . 0 ) 2 . 0 (
4
2
= m
2

Weight of water /m run of pipe = 3082 . 0 81 . 9 1 01 . 0 = X X kN
Area of cross-section of pipe =
2
2 2
3 . 6597
4
) 200 220 (
mm =


Weight of pipe /m run = 0.0065973 X 70 X1 = 0.4618 kN
Total weight/m run = 0.3082 + 0.4618 = 0.77 kN

5.2

D

b
d
A
B
C D


b = 0.577X300 = 173.1 mm
d = 0.817X300 = 245.1 mm

5.6

80 mm
20 mm
x x
y
y
120 mm


13
6 4 3
10 394 . 11 ) 40 (
64
120 80
12
1
X X X I
xx
= =

mm
4


1050
3
5 . 1 3 500 2 450
=
+
=
X X X
R
a
N ; 900 1050 1950 = =
b
R N
Bending moment between CB,
2
2
250 450 600
2
500 ) 1 ( 450 1050 x x
x
x x M
x
+ = =
For maximum value, 0 =
dx
dM
x
or 0 500 600 = x or x =1.2 m
810 ) 2 . 1 ( 250 450 2 . 1 600
2
max
= + = X M N.m

5.7
20 30
30
30

250 4 / 1 1000 4 /
max
= = = X Wl M N.m
31907 ) 20 30 (
64
4 4
= =

x
I mm
4

1 . 2127
15
31907
max
= = =
y
I
Z
xx
x
mm
3
; 5 . 117
1 . 2127
000 250
/
max
= = = Z M MPa
For composite section,
Moment of inertia about neutral axis,
( ) 481056 15 20 30
4
31907 4
2 2 2
=
(

+ X

mm
4

5.8

Neglecting self weight W of the beam, ' ' .
4 4
'
max max max
max
kW W y
I
l
y
I
l W
y
I
M
= |
.
|

\
|
= = =
If W is considered, |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
'
4
.
2
'
8 4
'
'
max
max
W
W k y
I
l W
W
I
y Wl l W

14
%Error = 100
2 / '
2 /
100
2
'
'
2
'
100
'
'
X
W W
W
X
W
W k
kW
W
W k
X
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
+
=

or 100
2 / '
2 /
X
W W
W
e
+
= or eW eW W + = ' 2 100 or ' 2 ) 100 ( eW W e =

or
e
e
W
W
2
100 '
=

5.11
b
t
t'
b/2
t
t'

Modular ratio is 2. The equivalent steel section is shown in the figure.
As the neutral axis of the section is to be at the dividing line,
2
'
'.
2 2
.
t
t
b t
bt = or 707 . 0
2
1
'
. = =
t
t


5.12

20 28


If the stress in steel reaches to maximum value, the stress induced in brass
=
14
10
75 . 1
150
X = 61.22 MPa
brass steel r
M M M + =
= 200 287 20 .
32
22 . 61
28
20 28
32
150
3
4 4
=
(

+
(

X X N.mm

5.17

15
10 m
x
160
80

At a section x-x, at a distance x from the top, side of the square,
x s .
10000
80 160
80

+ = or ) 80 ( 125 = s x mm
Moment of inertia about the diagonal or the neutral axis =
12
4
s
mm
4

Bending moment at the section = 1000x =1000 X 125 (s-80) N.mm
3
6
4
3
) 80 (
.
2
10 5 . 1
2 12 /
) 80 ( 10 125
s
s X s
X
s
s X
=

= MPa
For bending stress to be maximum, 0 =
ds
d


Chapter-6

6.5
Area = 2bt + t(2b-2t) = 4bt - 2t
2
= 4bt (Neglecting higher values t)
[ ] [ ] t b t b b b t b b
t b t b b b
I
x
3 3 4 4 4 4
3 3
3
8
) 4 (
3
2
) (
3
2
12
) 2 2 )( (
12
) 2 (
= = =

=
shear stress (maximum) at neutral axis,
zI
y A
F =
2
3
2 2
) (
2
2 2
2
2
t b t b
t b
t b t t
b bt y A = + =

+ |
.
|

\
|
= neglecting higher powers t.

bt
F
t b t
t b
F
zI
y A
F
16
9
) 3 / 8 .(
2 / 3
3
2
= = =
Average shear stress = F/4bt
25 . 2 =

Average
Max


6.12

16
z
h
b
t

Refer Fig.,
3 2
3 3
10 1 . 507 5 . 27 5 55
12
5 55
2
12
60 5
X X X
X X
I
x
=
(

+ + = mm
4

The shear stress in the flanges,
At a distance z from the tip, z F X
X tX
X zt F
tI
y A F
. 10 2 . 54
10 1 . 507
5 . 27 . . .
6
3

= = =
Total force in each flange,
F
z
X F X dz Fzt X tdz F
f
448 . 0
2
5 10 2 . 54 . 10 2 . 54 .
5 . 27
0
2
6 6
=
(

= = =
} }



Chapter-7

7. 7

|
.
|

\
|
= =
l
x
p w
dx
dF
sin
Integrating,
dx
dM
C
l
x pl
F = + |
.
|

\
|
=
1
cos

Integrating,
2 1
2
2
. sin C x C
l
x pl
M + + |
.
|

\
|
=

At x =0, M=0 , C
2
= 0; At x =l, M=0 , C
1
= 0
Maximum bending moment =
2
2

pl

Reaction at support (Value of F at x=0) =

pl


7.8

P
l/2 l
W=wl
A
B
C


17
Taking moments about A, 2 / . 2 / 3 l W l PX Xl R
b
+ = or 2 / ) 3 ( W P R
b
+ =
Consider a cross-section at distance x from C,
2
2
2
2 2 2
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
l
x
w l
x R Px
dx
y d
EI
b

Integrating,
1
3 2
2
2 6 2 2 2
C
l
x
w l
x
R x
P
dx
dy
EI
b
+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Integrating again,
2 1
4 3
3
.
2 24 2 6 6
C x C
l
x
w l
x
R x
P EIy
b
+ + |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

7.13

4 kN/m
A
B
C
8 m
6 kN
D
3 m 3 m 3 m
E
2 m
4 kN/m
A
B
C
8 m
6 kN
D
3 m 3 m 3 m
E
2 m


To apply Macaulays method, uniformly distributed load has to be continuous upto the
end of the beam. To compensate the same an upward uniformly distributed load has to be
considered from D to E as shown in the figure.

Taking moments about A, 5 . 3 3 4 11 6 8 X X X X R
b
+ = or 5 . 13 =
b
R kN
and 5 . 4 5 . 13 18 = =
a
R kN
At any section x from A, ) 8 ( 5 . 13
2
) 5 ( 4
2
) 2 ( 4
5 . 4
2 2
2
2

+ = x
x x
x
dx
y d
EI
Integrating,
2
) 8 ( 5 . 13
6
) 5 ( 4
6
) 2 ( 4
2
5 . 4
2 3 3
1
2

+ + =
x x x
C
x
dx
dy
EI
Integrating again,
6
) 8 ( 5 . 13
24
) 5 ( 4
24
) 2 ( 4
.
6
5 . 4
3 4 4
2 1
3

+ + + =
x x x
C x C
x
EIy

At A, (x=0), y = 0, 0
2
= C (consider only first part)

At B, (x=8m), y = 0,
24
) 5 8 ( 4
24
) 2 8 ( 4
8
6
8 5 . 4
0
4 4
1
3

+ + = C
X
; C
1
= 22.69
slope and deflection equations are as follows:
18
2
) 8 ( 5 . 13
3
) 5 ( 2
3
) 2 ( 2
7 . 22 25 . 2
2 3 3
2

+ + =
x x x
x
dx
dy
EI
6
) 8 ( 5 . 13
6
) 5 (
6
) 2 (
7 . 22
6
5 . 4
3 4 4 3

+ + =
x x x
x
x
EIy
Deflection at E, x=11m

6
) 8 11 ( 5 . 13
6
) 5 11 (
6
) 2 11 (
11 7 . 22
6
11 5 . 4
3 4 4 3

+ + = X
X
EIy =68.2 kN.m
3

mm
X X
X
y 7 . 22
10 15 000 200
10 2 . 68
6
12
= =
For maximum deflection at distance x, making slope equal to zero,
m x x x or
x
x 27 . 3 0 1 . 68 75 . 6 ) 2 ( 2
3
) 2 ( 2
7 . 22 25 . 2 0
2 3
3
2
= = +

+ + =
4 . 48
6
) 2 27 . 3 (
27 . 3 7 . 22
6
27 . 3 5 . 4
4 3
=

+ + = X
X
EIy kN.m
3

mm
X X
X
y 1 . 16
10 15 000 200
10 4 . 48
6
12
= =

7.14

x A B
M
b
l
M
a
M
a
M
b
BM diagram
y
max
z
ab
A' B'
D'
C


As the intercepts on a given line ( on BD) between the tangents to the elastic
curve of a beam at any two points is equal to the net moment taken about that line of the
area of the bending moment diagram between the two points divided by EI.
( ) [ ]
b a a b a ab
M M
EI
l l
l M M
l
l M
EI
z + =
(

+ = 2
6 3
. .
2
1
2
. .
1
2

Slope of A, [ ] ( )
b a b a a
M M
EI
l
M M
l EI
l
+ = + = 2
6
2
1
.
6
2

19
Now, the difference of slopes between any two points on an elastic curve of a beam is
equal to the net area of the bending moment diagram between these two points divided by
EI.
At C, the section at which deflection is maximum, slope is zero,
Slope of A, ( ) ( )
(

+ =
(

+ =
a b a a b a a
M M
l
x
x M
EI
x
M M
l
x
x M
EI 2
.
1
2
.
1
2

Equating the two,
( ) ( )
b a a b a a
M M
EI
l
M M
l
x
x M
EI
+ =
(

+ = 2
6 2
.
1
2

( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
3
2
.
2
2 3 . 6
2
2
2 2
=

+
+ = +
a b
a b
a b
a
b a a b a
M M
M M l
x
M M
lM
x
M M l M M x xl M

or
( )
( )
0
8 10 3
8 2 10 8
.
8 10
8 8 2
2
2
=

+
X
x
X X
x or 0 3 . 277 64
2
= + x x ; x= 4.07 m
Deflection at A= ( ) ( )
(

+ =
(

+ =
a b a a b a a
M M
l
x
M
EI
x x x
M M
l
x x
x M
EI
2
3
6 3
2
.
2 2
. .
1
2

( ) mm or m X X X
X
X X
X X
76 . 5 10 76 . 5 8 10 10
8
07 . 4 2
10 8 3
10 12 6
07 . 4
3 3 3
6
2

=
(

+ =

7.16


6 kN/m
A B
C
5 m
4 kN.m
4 kN.m
4 kN.m 4 kN.m -
+ wl
2
/8

As the loading is symmetrical, area of half the bending moment diagram can be
considered.
Moments of the bending moment diagram about A
=
8 384
5
4
.
2
.
16
5
.
8
.
2
.
3
2
2 4 2
Ml wl l l
M
l wl l
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

Deflection at A
= mm m X
X X X
X
Ml wl
EI
363 . 0 10 363 . 0
8
5 4000
384
5 6000 5
10 100
1
8 384
5 1
3
2 4
6
2 4
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

7.18


20
Let l be the length. Then maximum bending moment is 3000l at the fixed end (the
strongest section of 40 mm diameter).
Thus mm l or X
X
l
157 20
40 ) 64 / (
3000
75
4
= =

Let d be the diameter at a distance x from the free end of cantilever. Then for
uniform strength throughout,
x d or
d
X
Xd
x
407
2 ) 64 / (
3000
75
3
4
= =

Moments of the bending moment at x about A= x x. 3000
Deflection =
} } }
= =
157
0
3 / 4
2
3 / 4
157
0
2
4
0
2
.
407
291 . 0
. 3000 .
) 64 / ( 210000
1
. 3000
1
dx
x
x
dx x
d X
dx x
EI
l

mm X
x
X dx x X 265 . 0 ) 4569 ( 10 9 . 57
3 / 5
10 5 . 96 . 10 5 . 96
6
157
0
3 / 5
6
157
0
3 / 2 6
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

}


7.20

W
A B
B.M.
4l
Wl
l
4I
EI
Wl
5
4
l
l
EI
Wl
4
5 . 2
.
5
EI
Wl
5
C
D
EI
Wl
5
4
I


The simply supported beam is shown in the figure a.
Reaction at A = Wl/5; Reaction at B = 4Wl/5
Bending moment diagram for the real beam is shown in Fig. b.
Now, in the conjugate beam method, this diagram is to be considered as loading diagram
and a new bending moment diagram is to be drawn which will give the deflection of the
beam. For the same, first we need to find the reaction on the supports.
EI
Wl
R or lX
l
EI
Wl l
l
l
EI
Wl
l X R
b b
2
56 . 0
3
2
4 .
2
4
.
5 3
4 .
2
.
5
4
5 = |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =
EI
Wl
EI
Wl l
EI
Wl l
EI
Wl
R
a
2 2
24 . 0 56 . 0
2
4
.
5 2
.
5
4
= + =
Slope at A= shear force at A for conjugate beam
21
= rad
X X
X
X
EI
Wl
0014 . 0
10 20 205000
2000 6000
24 . 0 24 . 0
6
2 2
= =
Deflection at midspan = bending moment at C for conjugate beam
mm
X X
X
EI
Wl l l
X
l
l
EI
Wl
l X
EI
Wl
5 . 5
10 20 205000
2000 6000
47 . 0 47 . 0
3
5 . 2
.
2
5 . 2
4
5 . 2
.
5
5 . 2 24 . 0
6
3 3 2
= = =
|
.
|

\
|

For maximum deflection, the bending moment is to be maximum or shear force is to be
zero.

7.21

W
A
B
B.M.
l/2
Wl
l/2
Wl/2
I
16I
EI
Wl
2
EI
Wl
32
EI
Wl
16
C

Let moment of inertia of portion CB be
4
) 2 / (
64
d I

=
For portion AC, I d I
ac
16
64
4
= =

,
The cantilever is shown in the figure a. Bending moment diagram for the real beam in
Fig. b. the conjugate beam in Fig. c. The fixed end is transformed into a free end and the
free end into a fixed end.
Slope at C= shear force at C for conjugate beam =
EI
Wl l
EI
Wl l
EI
Wl
128
3
2
1
.
2
.
32 2
.
32
2
= +
Slope at B= shear force at B for conjugate beam =
EI
Wl l
EI
Wl
EI
Wl
128
19
2
1
.
2
.
2 128
3
2 2
= +

Deflection at C = bending moment at C for conjugate beam
=
EI
Wl l l
EI
Wl l l
EI
Wl
768
5
3 2
1
.
2
.
32 4
.
2
.
32
2
= +
Deflection at B = bending moment at B for conjugate beam
22
=
EI
Wl
EI
Wl l l
EI
Wl l l
EI
Wl l l
EI
Wl
384
23
768
) 32 5 9 (
3
.
2
1
.
2
.
2 6
5
2
1
.
2
.
32 4
3
.
2
.
32
2 2
=
+ +
= + +

Chapter-8

8.5
A B
15 kN
6m 3m
20 kN
6m
8 kN/m

Fixing moment at each end for uniformly distributed load,
12
2
wl
M = (Example 8.2)
Fixing moment for point load,

2
2
l
b Wa
M
b
= and
2
2
l
Wab
M
a
= . (Example 8.3)
By combination,
6 . 207
12
15 8
15
6 9 20
15
12 3 15
2
2
2
2
2
= + + =
X X X X X
M
a
kN.m
4 . 200
12
15 8
15
6 9 20
15
12 3 15
2
2
2
2
2
= + + =
X X X X X
M
b
kN.m
Maximum bending moment = 207.6 kN.m
Section modulus =
6
6
10 977 . 1
105
10 4 . 200
X
X
= mm
3
or 0.00198 m
3

8.6


A B
5 m
200 kN
4 m
80 kN/m
C

Fixing moment at each end for uniformly distributed load,
12
2
wl
M = (Example 8.2)
Fixing moment for point load,

2
2
l
b Wa
M
b
= and
2
2
l
Wab
M
a
= . (Example 8.3)
By combination,
5 . 342
12
9 80
9
4 5 200
2
2
2
= + =
X X X
M
a
kN.m (hogging)
23
1 . 293
12
9 80
9
4 5 200
2
2
2
= + =
X X X
M
b
kN.m (hogging)
To find reactions, take moments about B,
kN R or
X
X X R
a a
7 . 341 1 . 293 5 . 342
2
9 80
4 200 9
2
= = +
3 . 178 7 . 341 200 9 80 = = X R
b
kN

8.8

W
l/2
l/2
A
B
C
M
a
M
c
=
(Ma+ Mb)/2
M
b
Wl/4


As the slope at A is equal to slope at B =0, net area of the moment diagram must be
zero, i.e.

b a b
b b a
a
b a a
EI
l Wl
EI
l Wl
EI
l M M M
EI
l M M M
2
.
4
.
2
1
2
.
4
.
2
1
2
.
2
2 / ) (
2
.
2
2 / ) (
+ =
+ +
+
+ +

or
b a b
b a
a
b a
I
Wl
I
Wl
I
l
M M
I
l
M M
2 2
) 3 ( ) 3 (
2 2
+ = + + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
b a b a
b
b a
a
I I
Wl
I I
M
I I
M
1 1
2
3 1 1 3

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
I I
I I Wl
I I
I I
M M
3 2 3
3
(i)
Deflection of A relative to B is zero, so net moments of areas about B must be zero, i.e.
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =

+
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+

+
3
2
.
2 2
.
4
.
2
1
3
1
.
2 2
.
2
.
4
.
2
1
6
.
2
1
2
.
2
) (
4
.
2
.
2
) (
2
.
3
1
2 2
1
.
2
.
2
) (
4
3
.
2
l
EI
l Wl l l
EI
l Wl l
EI
l M M
l
EI
l M M l l
EI
l M M l
EI
l M
b a b
a b
b
b a
a
a b
a
a

24
b a b
a b
b
b a
a
a b
a
a
I
Wl
I
Wl
I
l M M
I
l M M
I
l M M
I
l M
48 24 48
) (
16
) (
12
) (
8
3
3 3 2 2 2 2
+ =

+
+
+

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
b a b b a
b
b b a a
a
I I
Wl
I I I
M
I I I I
M
2
1 1
6 12
1
4
1
3
1
12
1
4
1
3
1
2
3

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+
+
+
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
I I
I I Wl
I I
I I
M M
7
) 2
2 7
) ( 2
(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
(

+ +
+
=
b a b a
b a a
a
I I I I
I I I Wl
M
14
) 3 (
2
2 2
and
(

+ +
+
=
b a b a
b a b
b
I I I I
I I I Wl
M
14
) 3 (
2
2 2


8.13

A
B
C
6 kN/m
5 m 4 m
10 kN/m
I 2I
12
31.25
25.5
5.625
18.375
30.1
19.9


8.15

A
B
C
D
w
l 2l l


The load diagram is shown in Fig. Applying the three moment equation for uniformly
distributed loads to the spans AB and BC,

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + + +
1 2
3 3
2
6
4
) 2 (
4
2 2 2
l l
EI
l w wl
l X M l l M l M
a c
c b a


In this equation, , 0 =
a
M and 0 ; = =
c b c
M M
(From symmetry of the beam, B and C have same load, so level of C is the
same as of B)
25
The above equation reduces to
2
2
4
3
32
9
l
EI
wl
M
a
b

= (i)

Also,
c b d a
R R R R = = ; (From symmetry of the beam)
Thus,
b a d c b a
R R R R R R W 2 2 + = + + + = or
b b a
R wl R
wl
R = |
.
|

\
|
= 2
2
4

and
b a
R =

(i) becomes,
2
2
4
.
3
32
9
l
R
EI
wl
M
b
b

= (ii)
Bending moment at B,
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
8 2 8 2
0
2
2
W
R
W
l
W
R
W
l
wl
l R M M
b b a a b
(hogging)
or |
.
|

\
|
=
8
3W
R l M
b b
(iii)
From (ii) and (iii)
2
2 2
4
.
3
32
9
8
12
l
R
EI
wl wl
R l
b
b

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=
+
= =

EI l
l wl
EI l
wl
l
EI
wl
R or
l
R
EI
wl
R
b
b
b
3 4
57
8 3 4
8
57
4
3
1
32
57
4
.
3
32
57
3
3
3
4
3
3

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= |
.
|

\
|
=

EI l
EI l wl
EI l
l wl
EI l
l wl l wX
R
W
R
b a
3 4
48 7
8 3 4
57
16
8
3 4
57
8 2
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
3


8.21


26
A
B
6 m 4 m
60kN/m
C
+
+
_
180
80
32.7
A
197.3

Maximum bending moment for the spans AB and BC treating as simply supported
beams,
For span AB, 270
8
6 60
8
2 2
max
= = =
X wl
M kN.m
For span BC, 120
8
4 60
8
2 2
max
= = =
X wl
M kN.m

For fixing moments, assume the continuous beam ABC to be made up of fixed beams
AB and BC.
For span AB: Fixing moments at A, 180
12
6 60
12
2 2
= = =
X wl
M
a
kN.m
Fixing moments at B, 180
12
6 60
12
2 2
= = =
X wl
M
b
kN.m
For span BC: Fixing moments at B, 80
12
4 60
12
2 2
= = =
X wl
M
b
kN.m
Fixing moments at C, 80
12
4 60
12
2 2
= = =
X wl
M
c
kN.m
In span AB, moments at A and B due to sinking of support B by 8 mm,
2
6
l
EI
M

= (Example 8.7, -ve being counter-clockwise)
or
6
2
6
10 3 . 109
000 6
8 10 400 000 205 6
X
X X X X
M = = N.mm or -109.3 kN.m
Due to sinking of support B by 8 mm, moments at B and C (Refer example 8.7),
2
6
l
EI
M

= (-ve being counter-clockwise)
or
6
2
6
10 246
000 4
8 10 400 000 205 6
X
X X X X
M = = N.mm or 246 kN.m
Distribution factors at B:
27
Stiffness factor for AB, 3 / 2
6
4
EI
EI
s
ba
= = (as the beam is fixed at A)
and for BC,
4
3
4
3 EI EI
s
bc
= = (as the beam is simply supported at C)

Distribution factor for AB,
17
8
4 / 3 3 / 2
3 / 2
=
+
=
+
=
EI EI
EI
s s
s
k
bc ab
ab
ba

Distribution factor for BC,
17
9
4 / 3 3 / 2
4 / 3
=
+
=
+
=
EI EI
EI
s s
s
k
bc ab
bc
bc

Distribution factors 16/31 15/31
Fixed end moments
Moments due to sinking
-180 180
-109.3 -109.3
-80 80
246 246
Initial moments
Release C
Carry over
-289.3 70.7


166 326
-326
-163
Net moments
Distribute
Carry over
-289.3 70.7
-38
-19
3 0
-35.7
Final moments -197.3 32.7 -32.7 0

Chapter-9


9.2
20 kN
20 kN
1
0
0

m
m
8
0
m
m
P Q

d = 80 mm ; R = 50+40 = 90 mm ; A = 5 . 5026 80
4
2
= X

mm
2

5 . 439
90
80
.
128
1
16
80
...
128 16
2
4 2
2
4 2
2
= + = + + =
R
d d
p mm
2

As bending moment tends to increase the curvature, it is positive.
Resultant stress = Direct stress +Bending stress
Stress at outside face (P), y = 290 - 202=88 mm
28
40 90
40
5 . 439
90
.
5 . 5026
20000
. 1
2
2
2
2
2
+
=
+
=
(

+
+ + =
y R
y
p
R
A
W
y R
y
p
R
AR
WR
A
W
o

56 . 22 = MPa (tensile)
Stress at inside face (Q)
y R
y
p
R
A
W
y R
y
p
R
AR
WR
A
W
i

=
(

+ = . . 1
2
2
2
2

67 . 58
40 90
40
82 . 105 =

= X MPa (compressive)

9.11

M =WR (1-cos )
[ ] [ ]

d
EI
R W
d R WR
EI EI
ds M
U . cos 1 . ) cos 1 (
2
1
2
2
0
2
3 2
0
2
2
} } }
= = =
Vertical deflection = [ ] ( )

d
EI
WR
d
EI
WR
W
u
. cos 2 cos 1
2
. cos 1
2
0
2
3
0
2
3
} }
+ + = =

0
3
0
3
sin 2
4
2 sin
2
2
. cos 2
2
2 cos 1
1
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
}
EI
WR
d
EI
WR

68 . 3
) 12 / 6 12 ( 000 200
150 5 3 3
0 0
2
2
3
3 3 3
= = = |
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
X X
X X X
EI
WR
EI
WR
mm

Chapter-10

10.8

T
N
P
60
2
= , If P is constant,
T
N
1

But
16
3
d T

= , If stress is same,
3
d T ;
3
1
d
N or
3 / 1
1
N
d , 64 . 4
50
5000
3 / 1
= |
.
|

\
|
=
b
a
d
d


10.12

a a
a a
s s
s s
J G
l T
J G
l T
= =
Angle of twist per unit length,

a a
a
s s
s
J G
T
J G
T
= or
4 4 4
60
32
7 . 0
) 60 ( 2
32
X X G
T
X
d X X G
T
a a

=

d =50.5 mm

Also, as
a st
l l
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
7 . 0 ,
a st
Gr Gr
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
7 . 0
29
As r is same, 4 . 1 7 . 0 2 7 . 0 = = = X
G
G
a
st
a
st

As maximum limits are 65 MPa for alloy and 80 MPa for steel, the maximum stress will
reach in steel first.

10.14

Maximum shear stress occurs at smallest diameter.
MPa or
X
X 5 . 99 .
16
80
10 10
3
6
= =

( ) ( )
rad
X
X
r r r r r
l
G
T
0171 . 0
40
1
60
1
10
1200
.
82000 3
10 10
'
1
'
1
'
.
3
3 3
6
3 3
=
(

=
(

+
=


= 0.98
o


Chapter-11

11.7

Under axial torque, 3704 . 0
12 000 200
12 100 20000 64 64
4 4
= = =
X
X X X
Ed
TDn
rad
Increase in the number of turns = 059 . 0
2
3704 . 0
=

Bending stress, 9 . 117
12
20000 32 32
3 3
= =
X
X
d
T

MPa
Torsional stiffness (torque /rad) = 54
3704 . 0
20
= N.m/rad

11.11

4
3
8
Gd
n WD
= or 441 . 2
20 ) 5 . 2 8 ( 8
5 . 2 000 80
8
3
4
3
4
1
= = = =
X X X
X
n D
Gd W
s

N/mm
' 302 . 1
15 ) ' 8 ( 8
' 000 80
8
3
4
3
4
2
d
X d X
Xd
n D
Gd W
s = = = =

2 1
2 1
s s
s s
s
+
= or mm d or d X d or
d
d X
136 . 2 ' ' 302 . 1 441 . 2 ' 693 . 1 173 . 3
' 302 . 1 441 . 2
' 302 . 1 441 . 2
3 . 1 = = +
+
=
The maximum load will be that taken by the spring with smaller diameter.

11.12

E =2G(1+) =2G(1+0.3)=2.6G

30
For a closed-coiled spring,
4
3
8
Gd
n WD
c
=
and for an open-coiled spring,
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
E G d
n WD
o

2 2
4
2
sin 2 cos
cos .
8


Now, 02 . 0 =

o
i o

or 02 . 0
sin 2 cos
cos .
8
8
1
2 2
4
2
4
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

E G d
n WD
Gd
n WD

975 . 0
sin 2 cos 6 . 2
cos 6 . 2
025 . 0
sin 2 cos
cos
1
2 2 2 2
=
+
=
+

G G
G
or
G E
E

or 975 . 0
2 cos 6 . 0
cos 6 . 2
975 . 0
) cos 1 ( 2 cos 6 . 2
cos 6 . 2
2 2 2
=
+
=
+

or
0 2 cos 6 . 2 cos 585 . 0 975 . 0
2 cos 6 . 0
cos 6 . 2
2
2
= + =
+

or
On solving,
o
2 . 17 =

11.15

' R
E
R
E
I
M
y
= =

(Eq. 11.14)
At proof load, R is infinite and thus E/R = 0
R
E
y
=

or
R
000 208
2 / 10
630
= or R = 1650 mm or 1.65 m
Let W
e
be the equivalent static load which produces the same maximum stress and
deflection as the impact load.
also,
2
2
3
nbt
l W
e
=
As the maximum stress is one half of the proof stress,
2
10 80 10
1400
.
2
3
2
630
X X
X W
e
=
or 12000 =
e
W N
2 . 74
000 208 10 80 10
1400 12000
.
8
3
8
3
3
3
3
3
= = =
X X X
X
E nbt
l W
e
mm

Chapter-12

12.10
Assuming the deflected form under the action of the crippling load be
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
400
cos 1
2
cos 1
x
a
l
x
a y

and thus,
400
sin
400
x a
dx
dy
=
31
dx
x
a
dx
x a
dx
dx
dy
l
.
2
200
cos 1
400
.
400
sin
400
.
180
0
2
180
0
2
2
0
2
} } }

|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|




2
2 180
0
2
17 006 . 0 200
400 2
1
200
sin
200 400 2
1
a X
a x
x
a
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=


Also,
400
cos
400
cos 1 ) (
x
Pa
x
Pa Pa y a P M

=
|
.
|

\
|
= =

(
(
(

+ =
} } }
200
100
2
2
100
0
1
2
2 2
0
2
400
cos
400
cos
2 2
dx
I
x
dx
I
x
E
a P
dx
EI
M
l



12.12

( )

95100 44 56
64
4 4
= = I mm
4
; ( )

300 44 56
4
2 2
= = A mm
2

317
300
95100
2
= = =
A
I
k mm
2

Euler load, 126112
2200
95100 000 207
2
2
2
2
= = =
X X
l
EI
P
e
N
Actual load for failure = 126112 X 0.75 = 94584 N
77 . 4 9 . 77 sec 36 . 1 sec
95100 000 207
94584
2
2200
sec
2
sec
2
sec = = = = =
o
X EI
P l l

|
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ = 77 . 4
317
28
1
300
94584
2
sec .
.
1
2
max
X
eX l
k
y e
A
P
c

MPa

or ( ) e 421 . 0 1 36 . 100 290 + =
or 1 + 0.421e = 2.89 or e = 4.49 mm

12.15


w = 0.8 kN/m = 0.8 N/mm;
( )

40000 40
64
4
= = I mm
4
; ( )

400 40
4
2
= = A mm
2


968 . 1
40000 000 200
000 36
2
3200
2 2
= = =

X EI
P l l
rad (=109.7
o
)
( ) 1 7 . 109 sec
000 36
40000 000 200 8 . 0
1
2
sec = |
.
|

\
|
=
o
X X l
P
wEI
M



6 6
10 215 . 2 ) 1 967 . 2 ( 10 5585 . 0 X X X = = N.mm
32
7 . 352 7 . 28
40000
20 10 215 . 2
400
000 36 .
6
max
= = =

X X
I
y M
A
P
c

- 381.4 MPa (compressive) and -324 MPa compressive

Chapter-13

13.4

Internal volume of cylinder =
6 2
10 7 . 703 1400 800
4
X X X =

mm
3

180
10 2
800 5 . 4
2
= = =
X
X
t
pd
c
MPa (tensile) and 90
4
= =
t
pd
l
MPa (tensile)
Increase in volume, [ ] ) . ( 2 ) . ( ). 2 (
l c c l c l
E
V
V v + = + =
[ ] ) 360 450 (
2050000
1500 800 ) 4 / (
) 90 180 ( 2 ) 180 90 ( 10 1245
2
3

= + =
X X
X X
E
V
X
340 360 450 ) 360 450 (
205000
10 754
10 1250
6
3
= = or
X
X
306 . 0 =

13.7

Internal volume of shell = 767 . 1 5 . 1
6
3
= X

m
3
=
6
10 1767X mm
3

For tube:
Volumetric strain = 3 X hoop strain = ( ) ( )

= = 1
4
3
1
3
tE
pd
E
(13.9)
Decrease in volume, ( ) ( ) tE V V
tE
X X
V
tE
pd
/ 1575 3 . 0 1
4
1500 2 3
1
4
3
= = =
For water:
Increase in volume, V
K
p
V v
w
. . = =
Thus change volume of water V
K
p
tE
V
+ =
1575

or
6 3
10 1767
2000
2
000 200
1575
10 4000 X X
t
X
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = or t=6.23mm

13.11


33
Maximum circumferential stress in a tube subjected to internal pressure p is at the inner
surface and is p
d d
d d
i o
i o
c
.
2 2
2 2

+
= or p
c
57 . 3
150 200
150 200
2 2
2 2
=

+
=
Thus 44 57 . 3 = p or p =12.32 MPa
Longitudinal stress =
) (
.
2 2
2
i o
i
r r
p r

= p
Xp
2857 . 1
75 100
75
2 2
2
=

) 150 200 (
4
220000
2875 . 1
2 2

=
X
p

or p =12.43 MPa
Maximum pressure =12.43 MPa

13.13

The maximum hoop stress is at d=d
i
,
i
i o
i o
c
p
d d
d d
.
2 2
2 2

+
=
or 35
60
60
55
2 2
2 2
X
d
d
o
o

+
= or ) 60 (
55
35
60
2 2 2 2
+ =
o o
d d
or ) 60 ( 7 60 11 11
2 2 2 2
+ =
o o
d X d or 8 . 84 =
o
d mm
Maximum shear stress,
) (
2 2
2
i o
o i
d d
d p

= or
) 60 (
35
50
2 2
2

=
o
o
d
d

or
2 2 2
7 60 10 10
o o
d X d = or 5 . 109 =
o
d mm
Thickness = 75 . 24
2
60 5 . 109
=

mm
13.17

(i) Increase of inner diameter of the collar
[ ]
E
pd
E
pd
p p
E
d
d
E
d
r c
425 . 2
3 . 0 125 . 2 .
150 250
150 250
.
2 2
2 2
= + =
(

+
=
+
=


or
000 200
150 425 . 2
1 . 0
p X
= or p = 55 MPa
13.19

) ( 2
) 2 (
3 3
3 3
i o
i o i
d d
d d p

+
= or 30
) 80 ( 2
80 2
75
3 3
3 3
X
d
X d
o
o

+
=
or ) 80 ( 5 80 2
3 3 3 3
= +
o o
d X d or
3 3
80 7 4 X d
o
= or d
o
= 96.4 mm
t = 16.4/2=8.2 mm

Chapter-14

34
14.6

Let the shrinkage pressure between the disc and the shaft at stand still be p.
09 . 0 =
i
R m and 4 . 0 =
o
R m
Shrink allowance = 08 . 0 mm
At stand still, the hollow disc acts similar to a thick cylinder subjected to
internal pressure (Refer section 13.9).
Shrinkage allowance (initial difference in radii)
) (
2
2 2
2
i o
o i
R R E
R pR

= (Eq. 13.31)
or
) 90 400 ( 000 206
400 90 2
08 . 0
2 2
2

=
X pX
or p = 86.9 MPa
Maximum hoop stress is at the inner radius and is given by Eq. 13.7.
2 . 96 9 . 86 107 . 1 107 . 1 .
09 . 0 4 . 0
09 . 0 4 . 0
.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
= = =

+
=

+
= X p p p
R R
R R
i
i o
i o

MPa

(ii) When the disc rotates and the shrink fit loosens, radial pressure is zero and thus
the radial stress is also zero.
[ ]
2 2
2
) 3 ( ) 1 (
4
o i
R R

+ + = (Eq. 14.17)

14.7

100
60
3000 2
= =
X

At stand still
Let the shrinkage pressure between the disc and the shaft at stand still be p.
At stand still, the hollow disc acts similar to a thick cylinder subjected to internal
pressure only and thus the results of the same may be used.
- For the outer disc, hoop stress at the inner radius (50 mm),
08 . 0 =
i
R m and 24 . 0 =
o
R m
p p p
R R
R R
i
i o
i o
25 . 1 .
08 . 0 24 . 0
08 . 0 24 . 0
.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
=

+
=

+
=

N/mm
2

Hoop strain =
s s
E
p
E
p p 55 . 1 3 . 0 25 . 1
=
+


14.9

Let t be the thickness of the disc at radius r. Now as
2 / . .
2 2
.
r
e A t

=
At r = 0, A e A = =
2 / 0 . .
2 2
. 180 (i)
At r = 0.2 m,
2 / 2 . 0 . .
2 2
.

= e A t (ii)
Dividing (ii) and (i),
35



2 / ) 04 . 0 ( .
2 / 2 . 0 . .
2
2 2
. 8
.
180

= = e
A
e A
X t
where 1234 . 0
10 120 2
04 . 0
60
3000 2
7500 2 / 04 . 0
6
2
2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
X X
X
X
X X


159 8
1234 . 0
= =

e t mm


Chapter-15

15.6

Area of bolt section, a =
2
) 20 .(
4

=100 mm
2

100
000 20
=
x
= 63.66 MPa ;

100
000 15
= = 47.75 MPa
Maximum shear stress theory
Maximum shear stress = [89.2 (- 25.55)]/2
= 114.75 MPa
Factor of safety = 2
75 . 114
230
=
Maximum principal strain theory

3 2 1
= [89.2 - 0.3 X (- 25.55)] = (
3
= 0)
= 96.86 MPa

Factor of safety = 37 . 2
86 . 96
230
=

Maximum shear strain energy theory

2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 ] ) ( ) ( ) [( = + +

2 2 2 2
2 ] ) 2 . 89 ( ) 55 . 25 ( ) 55 . 25 2 . 89 [( = + + +
= 104.35 MPa

Factor of safety = 2 . 2
35 . 104
230
=

Chapter-16

16.2

6
2
3
2
3
10 8 . 61
) 3 . 0 1 ( 12
15 000 200
) 1 ( 12
X
X Et
C =

36
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
300
10 8 . 61 32
4 . 0
2 32
2
2
6
2 2
2
2
x
X X
x x
R
C
wx
y
Deflections at different cross-sections are tabulated below:

x (mm) 0 60 120 180 240 300
y (mm) 0 0.064 0.24 0.48 0.72 0.82

0.9
0.3
0.6
r (mm)
0
120 60 240 180 300


Figure shows the profile of the deflected plate.

[ ] [ ]
2 2
2
2 2
3
2
2
) 3 ( ) 1 ( .
8
3
) 3 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( 12
.
16
.
1
) 2 / (
x R
t
w
x R
Et
w E t
x

+ + = + +

=
[ ] [ ]
2 2 2
2
3 . 3 117000 000667 . 0 ) 3 . 0 3 ( 300 ) 3 . 0 1 (
15
4 . 0
.
8
3
x x X = + + =

[ ] [ ]
2 2
2
2 2
3
2
2
) 1 3 ( ) 1 (
8
3
) 1 3 ( ) 3 (
) 1 ( 12
.
16
.
1
) 2 / (
x R
t
w
x R
Et
w E t
z
+ + = + +

[ ] [ ]
2 2 2
2
9 . 1 000 117 000667 . 0 ) 1 3 . 0 3 ( 300 ) 3 . 0 1 (
15 8
4 . 0 3
x x X
X
X
= + + =

16.4

6
2
3
2
3
10 26 . 2
) 28 . 0 1 ( 12
5 000 200
) 1 ( 12
X
X Et
C =

|
.
|

\
|
+

+ = ) 1 (log
1
1
log 2
2
1
8
2
x R
C
Px
y

|
.
|

\
|
+

+ = ) 1 (log
28 . 0 1
28 . 0 1
100 log 2
2
1
10 26 . 2 8
2000
6
2
x
X X
x

[ ] x x X log 773 . 10 10 21 . 35
2 6
=



Chapter-17

17.1
37
60
80
10
60
y'
A N
10
A' N'
y
10
(a) (b)
.
45
(mm)

Let N-A and N-A be the elastic and plastic neutral axes respectively.
=
+
+
=
10 70 10 60
45 10 70 5 10 60
X X
X X X X
y 26.54 mm
I =
2
3
2
3
) 54 . 26 45 ( 70 10
12
70 10
) 5 54 . 26 ( 10 60
12
10 60
+ + + X X
X
X X
X
=807.76X10
3
mm
4
5000 278383 285833 238540
Yield will start at the bottom edge,
Moment of resistance at first yield, M
y
=
y y y
X
y
I
15110 .
) 54 . 26 80 (
10 76 . 807
.
3
=

=
In fully plastic state, the neutral axis divides the total area of the beam into two
equal parts.

17.4
STRESS
30
72
12
24
(mm)
280 MPa



Let W
y
be the load at first yield at the mid-span,
3
2 2
10 7258 280
6
72 30
.
6
X X
X bh
M
y y
= = = N.mm or 7258 N.m
Thus, 7258
4
2 . 1
=
X W
y
or W
y
= 24.2 X10
3
N or 24.2 kN
For elastoplastic state, moment of resistance,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3 4
.
2 2
a h
b M
y

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

3
24
4
72
30 280
2 2
X =9274 X 10
3
N.mm or 9274 N.m
or 9274
4
2 . 1
=
X W
y
or W
y
= 30.9 X10
3
N or 30.9 kN
38
For this required depth of yield, let the yield occur beyond a cross-section at
distance x m from one end of the beam. Then this cross-section will be having the first
yield and thus the moment of resistance will be equal to the first yield at the midspan i.e.
7258X10
3
N.mm.

17.5

120 mm
200
mm
15mm
15 mm

y
50
mm
y
y y

150
.
y
y y

150
) 15 (
y
150-y
(a)
(b)


Solution
As the load increases and the yield spreads upto 50 mm from the lower edge of web,
assume that the top of the flange is still in the elastic state. Let the neutral axis be at a
distance y from the top edge. The stress distribution in the beam section will be as shown
in Fig. b.
Stress at the top of flange,
t
= . .
150
y
y
y

Stress at the bottom of flange,
b
= . .
150
15
y
y
y

Total tensile stress force 15 ) 15 .(
2
) 15 120 .(
2
+
+
= y X
b b t



|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ + +
=

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
y
y y
y
y y y y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y y
150
5 . 11812 1575 5 . 7
150
5 . 1687 225 5 . 7 13500 900 900
) 15 (
150
15
5 . 7
150
15
150
900
2
2

Compressive force = ) 5 . 7 1875 ( 15 50 ) 150 ( 15 .
2
y X X y X
y y
y
= +

17.6

39
10 mm
100 mm
80
mm
A N
10 mm

y
(a) (b)
y

y

Solution
Let the neutral axis be at a distance y from the top edge. The yield starts at the bottom of
the web and will cover some portion when the top of the flange will just yield. The stress
distribution in the beam section is shown in Fig. b. Let the stress at the bottom of the
flange be when the top of flange just yields.
Then
y
y
y
.
15
=
Positive force = y y X
y
y

5 450 500 10 ) 10 .(
2
) 10 100 .(
2
+ + = +
+

Negative force =
y y y
y
y X y y

800 . 15 10 ) 2 80 ( 10 .
2
+ = +

Chapter-18

18.1
A B
C D
E F
6 m
3 m
3 m
50 kN
A
B
C D
E F
6 m
3 m
3 m
50 kN
50 kN 50 kN
A
B
C D
E F
50 kN
50 kN
50 kN 50 kN


To find the reaction at support B, take moments about A,
6 50 6 X X R
b
= or 50 =
b
R kN (upwards); 50 =
a
R kN (downwards)
50 =
ah
R kN
o
ABC 6 . 26 ) 6 / 3 ( tan = =



Joint A: kN F
AB
50 = (T) ) ( 50 T F
AC
= kN,
Joint B Considering F
H
= 0, 0 6 . 26 cos 50 = +
o
BC
F or kN F
BC
9 . 55 = (C)
Considering F
V
= 0, 0 6 . 26 sin 9 . 55 50 = +
BD
o
F or 25 =
BD
F kN (compressive)

18.2
40

A
B
C D
E F
2 m
2 m
2 m
50 kN
2 m
100 kN
H
G

A
B
C D
E F
2 m
2 m
2 m
50 kN
2 m
100 kN
H
G
100 kN
50 kN
F
EG
F
CE
E
G
100
F
GD
F
GF
=o
F
H
= 0
D
F
V
= 0
D
50 kN
100 kN
G
100
F
GD
F
GF
=o
F
V
= 0


To find the reaction at support B, take moments about A,
4 50 4 100 4 X X X R
b
= or 50 =
b
R kN (upwards); 0 =
av
R
100 =
ah
R kN
Joint E: kN F
CE
50 = (C) 100 =
EG
F kN (C) by judgement
Joint F: 0 = =
FD FG
F F (C) by judgement
Joint G Considering forces along GD,
F
GD
= 0, 0 45 cos = +
o
GE GD
F F or 0 45 cos 100 = +
o
GD
F or kN F
GD
7 . 70 = (C)
Considering F
V
= 0, 0 45 cos 45 cos =
o
GC
o
GD
F F or 7 . 70 =
GC
F (T)

18.4

200 kN
C
D
E
A
F
B
4 m 4 m
2 m
2 m
200 kN
C
D
E
A
F
B
200
447.2
400
200
400
400
400
0
0
447.1
200
0


41
Taking moments about F,

8 200 4 X X F
AH
= or 400 =
AH
F kN (inwards); 400 =
FH
F kN (outwards)

Joint D: 0 =
ED
F as there is no other horizontal member to balance the force.
200 =
CD
F kN (C)
tan
-1
(4/2)= CBE or
o
CBE 43 . 63 =

Joint C: 200 43 . 63 cos =
o
BC
F or 2 . 447 =
BC
F kN (C)
CE
o
F = 43 . 63 sin 2 . 447 or 400 =
EC
F kN (T)
Joint B:
BE
o
F = 43 . 63 cos 2 . 447 or 200 =
BE
F kN (T)
AB
o
F = 43 . 63 sin 2 . 447 or 400 =
AB
F kN (C)
Joint A: 0 =
AE
F 0 =
AV
F
Joint F: 200 =
FV
F 400 43 . 63 sin =
o
EF
F or 1 . 447 =
EF
F kN (T)

18.5

D
C B
A
E F
G 40 kN
80 kN 40 kN
60
o
60
o

D
C B
A
E F
G
40 kN
80 kN 40 kN
40 kN


Taking moments about F,
464 . 3 40 6 80 2 40 12 X X X X F
DV
+ + = or 21 . 58 =
DV
F kN; 40 =
DH
F kN
8 . 61 2 . 58 120 = =
AV
F kN
Joint D: 2 . 67 21 . 58 60 sin = =
ED
o
ED
F or X F kN (C)
6 . 33 60 cos 2 . 67 = =
o
CD
F kN (T)