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Office: Rm. 5-26, Haking Wong Building • Phone: 2859-1973 • E-mail: kshih@hku.hk
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Atmospheric Environment
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Importance of Atmosphere
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Importance of Atmosphere
Atmospheric Composition
Major
CO2: Ar:
0.035% 0.934%
Minor
Ne: 1.818×10-3%, Kr: 1.14×10-4%, He: 5.24×10-4%, Xe: 8.7×10-6%, trace gases
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Stratified reactions in the atmosphere
O2+, NO+
No radiation-
absorbing species
O3
Absorption of UV (200-330nm)
by O3: O3 + hv = O2 + O
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Air Mass Movement
Global
Scale of Study
Regional
(Microclimate !?)
S
ca
le
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Microclimate
• A local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the
surrounding area
• Factor examples:
- Height (topography)
Climate is a function of
"Region"
Region and "Time“.
Time
• For example, monsoons in India, Africa, South America, North
America,...
In India, from May to August, monsoon rains fall in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal.
Himalayan
Mt. Moisture from Ocean
N S
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“Atmospheric Activities”:
One of the most important influence on earth's
environment and its development
Air Quality
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Not only the mass movement, the quality of air also
strongly affects our sustainable development.
SOMG ?
Types of Source
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In the past few decades - “6 Criteria Pollutants”
¾ CO, NOx, SO2, O3, Pb, and particles (PM10 and now PM2.5)
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Criteria Pollutants
For example,
power plants produce < 1% of overall CO emissions in
spite of consuming ~30% of overall fossil fuel.
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Over 80% of total CO emission are from transportation sector, and
almost all of the CO in urban area comes from motor vehicles.
Why it is bad ?
CO is an asphyxiant, interfering the blood’s ability to carry O2.
Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than for O2.
Even small amount of CO can seriously reduce the O2 conveyed.
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Traffic
progresses
o
Morning Sun
traffic light
n p+q
n N2 + O2 → 2 NO
o 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
p NO2 + hv → NO + O
O3 + NO → NO2 + O2 is very strong, So, as
q O2 + O + M → O3 + M
long as there is [O3], [NO] doesn’t rise.
O3 + NO → NO2 + O2
The effect of VOCs should also be included.
Particulate Matter
Solid or liquid matter dispersed in the air usually classified by size:
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Particle and Respiratory System
PM2.5 PM10
0.5 μm 10 μm
( 2- 4 μm)
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Oxides of Sulfur
86% of 15 million anthropogenic annual SOx emission from
combustion fossil-fuel at stationary sources
¾ 1-6% sulfur in coal. Either chemically bounded or physically trapped, and
can be removed some by pulverizing or washing.
¾ Natural gas has significant H2S, but can be removed to negligible amount.
Acid Rain:
SO2 + OH• → HOSO2•
HOSO2• + O2 → SO3 + HO•
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
Rain pHs in US showing the acidic rain in eastern US due to larger coal consumption
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Synergistic Effect of Particles and SO2
Particle SO2
Soluble, so likely
Irritating as an
to be adsorbed in
foreign object
the passage
Environmental Effects
of Acid Rain
Trees killed in the Great Smoky Mountains Marvelous lion statues at the Acropolis.
(Directly damage to affect the ability to extract CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 (soluble) + CO2 + H2O
nutrients, or leach more Al from soils to interfere the
nutrients uptake )
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Lead
Early mostly due to gasoline additives, tetraethyllead Pb(C2H5)4
¾ As an octane booster in gasoline (the higher the less engine
detonation (kick) and thus more efficient)
¾ Due to its poisoning effect for vehicle’s exhaust catalytic
converter, most all fuels became unleaded in early 1900s*.
¾ Usually settling in the immediate vicinity of the source
* Except in some developing countries, and the fuels for aviation and nonroad vehicles
Used in Paints:
¾ White paint - Pb(CO3)2(OH)2: used to be widely in interior paints.
Potential inhalation and ingestion dangers (sweet, especially
dangerous to children)
¾ Red-paint – Pb3O4: still used for outdoor metal protection
Airborne Particles
¾ Deposit on soil, vegetable leafs, water to cause ingestion
danger
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Motor Vehicle Emissions
Estimated Problems:
400,000 Respiratory Attacks
50,000 Infant deaths
Oil Import from Middle East
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Emission from Vehicle Engines
Otto Cycle (Four-Stroke Cycle, ~1880)
Exhaust Fuel
Exhaust
Fuel
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Which one may produce more
air pollutants?
Exhaust Fuel
Two-stroke cycle
Exhaust
Fuel
Two-Stroke Cycle
Allthree
All threeCO,
CO,HC,
HC,andand
NOx
NOx pollutants,
pollutants, andthe
and thus thus
introduction of catalytic
the introduction of
converter.
catalytic converter.
Rich Lean
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Control by Catalytic Converter
Cleaner Gasoline
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Stationary Sources
Emissions
Stationary Sources
ALL three approaches have made progress, and drive the efficiency of modern coal-
fired power plant to ~40% (starting from 5% of Edison’s original plant a century ago)
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Coal-fired Power Plant
Flue-Gas Desulfurization
(Scrubber; FSD)
¾ Either wet (water + CaCO3 or CaO) or dry
(CaO) type.
~90%
CaCO3 + SO2 + 2H2O = CaSO3•2H2O +CO2
~95%, but CaO + SO2 + 2H2O = CaSO3•2H2O
more expensive
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Stationary Sources: Controlling NOx Emission
Cyclone Collector
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Particle Control
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Particle Control
Baghouse (Fabric Filtration)
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Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Pollutants
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Air we breathe:
Homes
Mostly inside of building
Offices, other work place
Air quality control: Construction materials
Air filtration and ventilation systems
Sick-building syndrome
Exposure Assessment
TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology):
Consider both pollutant emission & time of exposure.
Actual exposure:
ETS vs. coal-fired powder plants
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Reduce hazards air pollution: home
¾ Smoke ---
outside
Engineer’s TOOLBOX…
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An Indoor Air Quality Model
dC
V S + CaV CnV KCV
dt
dC
V = ( S + CanV ) − CnV − KCV
dt
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dC
V = ( S + CanV ) − CnV − KCV
dt
dC/dt = 0
CV (n + K) = S + CanV
( S / V ) + C an
C= = C (∞ ) or S = C (∞ )V (n + K ) − CanV
n+K
dC
V = ( S + CanV ) − CnV − KCV
dt
⎡ ( S / V ) + C an ⎤
C (t ) = ⎢ [
⎥⎦ 1 − e
− ( n + K) t
]
+ C ( 0) e − ( n + K ) t
⎣ n+K
C(0) = Initial concentration in the building
Pollutant doesn’t decay. Initial indoor
concentration is 0.
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EXAMPLE: Release of Formaldehyde from Plywood
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is used in making plywood, which is largely used as
indoor building or furniture materials. High concentration of formaldehyde is
toxic, allergenic, and carcinogenic. Quality plywood releases formaldehyde
with slower rate and doesn’t cause the its indoor concentration to harmful
level (0.1 mg/m3).
A standard size (20 m2) of plywood floor made by HighTech Materials Ltd.
has been installed for two hours in a testing room with a 46.0 m3 volume and
an air change rate of 0.25 h-1, the concentration of formaldehyde reaches 0.2
mg/m3.
Initial formaldehyde in the room is 0, and the outdoor formaldehyde level is
negligible throughout the run. Treating formaldehyde as a conservative
pollutant, find the rate at which that floor releases formaldehyde. Will the
same size of that plywood product safe to be used in part of the floor of a
small apartment with 120 m3 of space having 0.4 h-1 when the release
reaching steady state?
After 2 hours…
C(0) = 0
At Steady State…
C(0) = 0
Ca = 0
Apartment (120 m3)
Air change
Rate: 0.4 h-1 Formaldehyde ? mg/m 3
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V = 46 m3, n = 0.25 h-1, t = 2 h, C(t) = 0.2 mg/m3,
Assume K = 0, Ca= 0, and C(0) = 0,
⎛ S ⎞
C (t ) = ⎜ (
⎟ 1− e
− nt
)
⎝ nV ⎠
( S / V ) + C an
C= = C (∞ )
n+K
Assume K = 0 and Ca= 0,
S 5.84mg / hr
C (∞ ) = = = 0.12mg / m 3 > 0.1 mg/m3
nV 0.4 / hr × 120m 3
Unfortunately, It is NOT safe to use this product.
(1) In person
September 7, 14, 21, 28 (Mondays) 5-7pm at Haking Wong Building
Room 5-26
Kaimin Shih
(PhD, Stanford University)
Office: Rm. 5-26, Haking Wong Building • Phone: 2859-1973 • E-mail: kshih@hku.hk
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* This part is not within our course learning outcomes.
dC
Process of Solving* Non-Steady State Equation: V = ( S + CanV ) − CnV − KCV
dt
dy (1)
A typical First-Order Linear Differential Equation: + P( x) y = Q( x)
dx
If we can add an integrating factor, R, in the equation (1) to make it become:
dy d dy dR
R + RPy = ( Ry ) = R + y = RQ (2)
dx dx dx dx
⇒ ln R = ∫ Pdx R = e∫
dR Pdx
= RP Therefore ⇒ dR
= Pdx ⇒
dx R
e∫ + e∫ Py = Qe∫
P dx dy Pdx Pdx
Substitute this R into equation (2) : (3)
dx
yR = ye ∫ = ∫ Qe ∫
Pdx Pdx
Integrate both sides of equation (3) by dx: dx + A
y = ( ∫ Q ( x)e ∫ dx + A)e ∫
P ( x ) dx − P ( x ) dx
Rearranged as:
A is a constant produced from integration and will be obtained through the information of initial condition.
dC
For using in the case of + ( n + K )C = S / V + Ca n
dt
We can let C = y = C(t); t = x; P(x) = n+K; Q(x) = S/V + Can
y = ( ∫ Q ( x)e ∫ dx + A)e ∫
P ( x ) dx − P ( x ) dx
The standard solution
+ Ca n ) e ∫ dt + A)e ∫
S ( n + K ) dt − ( n + K ) dt (4)
C (t ) = ( ∫ (
V
after integration:
S +C n
C (t ) = ( V
a
e( n + K )t + A)e− ( n + K )t (5)
n+K
S +C n S +C n
A = C (0) − V
a
C (0) = V
a
+A so ⇒ n+K
n+ K
⎡ ( S / V ) + C an ⎤
C (t ) = ⎢ ⎥⎦ 1 − e [
− ( n + K) t
]
+ C ( 0) e − ( n + K ) t
This is the one you used for
indoor air quality model.
⎣ n+K
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