010 LAW

022 INSTRUMENTS
Tachometers
Type Direct drive,
mechanical
Indicator magnetic,
permanent magnet
drives alu drag cup
against spring
power
DC
Tachogenerator
(more
rpm=more
voltage)
Single Phase AC
Tachogenerator
(generated AC
voltage is rectiied
to DC) (more
rpm=more voltage)
Three phase AC
Tachogenerator
(auch !inductive
pro"e!) #enerates
$%phase AC
voltage eeding
motor s&u&
'ore rpm=higher
re(uency
)lectric induction
(magnetic pic*up)
An AC voltage is
generated the
indicator converts
into s(uare pulses
which then are
counted
)lectronic
inductive pro"e
Phonic weel
Digital output
Power supply +ot re(uired +ot re(uired +ot re(uired +ot ,e(uired +ot re(uired ,e(uired
Temperature +o actor
(compensated)
+o actor +o actor +o actor Is a actor
-ine resistance n.a Is a actor Is a actor +o actor +o actor
Transmission easy easy +ot easy +ot easy
/ther +eeds to "e close to
engine
Spurious signals
(wear and
spar*s)
+o spurious signals
Simple design
'otor in indicator
drives magnetic
tachometer
(an0eiger wie
direct
mech.magnet)
one transmitter can
drive several
indicators in
parallel
% 'achmeter1 speed change with altitude CAS . TAS . 'ach2 "ei *onstanter Temp1 CAS . TAS='ach2 Inversion1 CAS 'ach TAS2
wenn alles *onstant nur Temp change, CAS und 'ach "lei"t gleich
% principle o machmeter1 (Pt%Ps).Ps2 a "arometric aneroid capsule su"3ected to a static pressure and an airspeed sensor su"3ected to a
dynamic pressure
% constant mach no, only temp change1 cas constant (tas 4.% mit temp)
% constant cas clim"1 tas4mn incr, eas decr .. constant cas desc1 tas4mn decr, eas incr .. eas depends on cas and mn
% Temperatur1 5mrechnung 6C%67 da hat man sich schnell verrechnet1 C=7%89$ .. 7=C489$
% TAT . SAT . compressi"ility :erechnungen Ts=Tt.(;4<,8 = 7r = '>8) mit Temperaturen in 67 durch?hren@

% Transport wander1 Alug in nBrdliche ,ichtung von corrected latitude1 decr& indications(Drit) . s?dlich1 incr2 nicht 0u verwechseln mit
apparent wander (earth rotation) ;C6=(sin lat) nach rechts (4, incr)
% An outer loop Automatic Alight Control System (AACS) is a system which1 contains a parallel actuator which provides control through
;<<D o the control range and woves "oth the control inputs and the coc*pit control stic*
% Automatic light control system (AACS) series actuator is1 not displayed in the coc*pit due to short duration o operation
% I, with the automatic light control system AACS engaged, the pilot presses the orce release "utton to allow a manual input to the
light controls1 the spring units will "ecome ineective
% the properties o a gyroscope are1 rigidity in space, precession (not1 Schuler oscillation in dieser Arage)
% the purpose o the +D is to display the ollowing inormation (in dieser Arage) light plan, weather radar, terrain map, TCAS sym"ols
%The parts o an I+S strapdown system which ta*e part in lo*al vertical alignment are1 the accelerometers
% The deviation o the magnetic compass is due to the action o1 the sot iron pieces inluenced "y the geomagnetic ield
- In a steep turn, the northerly turnn! error on a ma!netc compass on the northern hemsphere st" e#ual to 1$0% on a &0%
hea'n! n a r!ht turn
T(AS II" pro)mate tra**c" sol' +hte,cyan lo-en!e, TA" sol' am.er crcle, RA" sol' re' s#uare
0/2 Ra'o Na0!aton
1re#uen-.2n'er, 3ropa!aton
% EFA=$<%$<<'FG . ;<m%;m . shortrange com, EDA, E/,, I-S, -/C, 'ar*er, nach o"en und unten a"leiten2 FA=SS:
% -ine o sight ,ange (nm) = ;&8$ = (FTH 4 F,H) (independent o transmitter power@)
% phase modulation *ommt "ei #PS vor
% polarisierung des ele*trischen Aeldes
A41
% A;A (Gier ; Type 'odulation Gier 8 Type Signal Gier $ Type inormation)2 FA=SS: und using s*ywave reraction rom
ionospheric layers, *eying A;A = interrupting carrier wave I "rg indic& erratic % "o2
% -Jnge Dipolantenne=hal"e KellenlJnge der Sendere(uen0
% relection=return to origin layer, reraction="rechung change direction "ei ?"ergang medium, diraction="end around o"3ect
% Eergleich -at.-ong=True@ Positionsanga"e mit E/, ,adial='ag@ also E/, EA, einrechnen (magn& great cricle dir&)2 5nterschied
ADA magn& Peilung Aircrat%Lunterschiedliche An0eigen au ,'I "ei co%located E/,.+D:
% )rrors1 (uadrantal errors rom signal "ending "y aircrat metallic suraces, mountain eect "y relection
% aircrat height is not limiting or reception
RMI alls Feading stuc*, 0eigt ADA +adel nicht mehr dire*t MD' sondern ,:=MD'%FD#stuc* a"er E/, MD' dire*t a"lesen
56R
% DE/, grBNere Antenne, ccw lauend, m re sign 4 m phase signal (phase signal generated using doppler eect)
4ME
% Accuracy1 <,8Cnm4;,8CD o distance (D')%+ vor ;OPO) "0w& <,8nm (D')%P nach ;OPO)
% Kin*el"erechnung1 Dreiec* tan 5rsprungswin*el (#lide path Antenna) = #rundseite ()nternung /' von Threshold) in +' =
Crossing Altitude (in +', also mit Q<9Qt multipli0ieren)
ILS , MLS
% I-S Are( ist ;<P&; oder ;<P&;C die ungeraden Gehnerstellen "is ;;;,OC also EFA A' -oc EFA, 'ar*er 9C'h0 EFA, #P ca& $Q<'F0
5FA, D') OQ<%;8;C 'FG 5FA, die 7eulen li(o) O<FG re(u);C<FG sind A', gemessen wird DD' dierence in depth
% I-S coverage1 #P range ;<nm seitlich 4%P6, hori0ontal <,RC=#Pangle ?"er :oden "is ;,9C=#Pangle ?"er :oden2 -ocaliser1 "is range
;9nm 4%$C6centerline, "is 8Chnm 4%;<6 % '-S Jhnlich
% '-S SFA C<<<'F0 8<nm 8<&<<<t 4%R<6cl, gp <,O%8<6gnd, separate a0imuth4glidepath transmitters4D')%P2 ohne D')%P=I-S%li*e
RA4AR
% (Primary) ,adar1 ma) ran!e per -ichtgeschwindig*eits"erechnung 8ache Distan0(hin40ur?c*) mit P,A pulse repeat re(uency (echo
muss vor nJchstem Impuls 0ur?c* sein)=P,, (Pulse repeat rate), PPS Pulses per second, P,I Pulse repeat interval=lJnge, ma= theor&
rng=line o sight ormula, ,ange verdoppeln mit power>R, su"%reraction *?r0ere rng als normal eucht groNer temp&gradSLsuper
reraction erhBhte rng troc*en, inversion mn ran!e (nJher nicht er*enn"ar) pulse width 0" <,<<<<<; (;ys) = $<<<<<*m.sec=<,$*m min
rng
% PS,1 ,adar AulBsung1 Pulse length "estimmt radial (ringBrmige) ;.8Pw=speed o light =target si0e.resolution, "eam width die
a0imuth tan("eamwidth) = range = target si0e
% PS,1 ; directional antenna or t= and tr .. anders als SS,
% 'TI moving target indicator removes stationary echoes, pr 3ittering to overcome errors "y secondary trace returns
% PA,%APP in 57 mit MA) Setting@@@ Alt&instructions "ased on MA)@@@
% AS', Airport surace movement ,adar % ;C%;9#FG SFA (8%;,9cm), Pw <,$ys, R<<<%8<<<< P,A, Q<rpm scanner rotation, <,8%;6
"eam width, range 8%Qnm
% AK, "eam width = (9<=wavelength).antenna diameter2 std1 $cm wavelength O$9C'FG SFA
% AK, Kol*enhBhe Aircrat Alt& 4 (6Tilt % (6:eamwidth.8)) = range = ;<<t (let0tere #ruppe A"*?r0ung von ;.Q< ,egel = range.Q< =
Q<9Qt)
% SS, Interrogator ;<$<'FG SFA Transponder ;<O< 'FG SS,
% A.C pulse pair p;4p84control pulse p$ (0eita"stand 0wischen p;%p$ (0eit%lJnge p8) "estimmt a"rage modus a,c,s (*ur0=a.c,
*?r0est1a), die amplitude von p81 *?r0er als p; und p8=normales echo in haupt*eule), mode s1 8R pulses 4 spi (ident), pR puls lang=
mode a.c.s all call, *ur0er pR1 mode a.c only all call
% ,adio Altimeter hat 8 directional antennae2 continous wave not pulse, re(uency modulation sweep 8<<%R$<<'FG (low alt1 R8<<%
RR<<SFA) wird eher SFA 0ugerechnet centrimetric wavelength (high altitude 5FA)
73S
% ;C9C4;889'FG SFA2 commercial aviation uses higher only -; c.a (one re(uency and one code) with s.a2 au ;C9C werden c.a und P
(verschl?sselt) gesendet
% P,+ (=C.A code repeating every millsecond)1 sat ident4time2 +AE message1 almanac4sat status4utc parameter4ionosphere status,
or"ital data o all sat
% #+SS1 QSvs or ,aim to identiy and e=clude the aulty one2 can "e used to update driting I+S, I,S
% accuracy ;$mtr vert, 88mtr hor, R<nanosec
% +avstar1 ma= lat& o gps "ased gnd trac*=inclination o 8R satellites in Q or"ital planes (3e Rsat 3e ;8h) o 8<&8<<*m to e(uatorial plane
o CC6 navstar % #lonass niedriger, schneller als +avstar
% D#PS wie #:AS au EFA :and wie I-S.E/, ;Cnm thr 4%$C6 und ;C%8Cnm 4%;<6 rnav procs in tma corr or tropo4ionsoph&delays
(error4integrity data 4 app data one or more rwys)
% S:AS % err corr sent via geostationary satellites2 R elements2
% R cloc*s per satellite
020 7eneral Arcra*t
Structural design (CS8C)
Damage tolerant Sae lie Aail sae Condition maintenance
a"ility to withstand a certain replacement ater limited num"er load is distri"uted to other parts 'onitoring o critical
amount o wea*ening without
catastrophic ailure,
e&g& crac*ing o the structure
cycles.time % ailure unwahrscheinlich a"er
never say never, e&g& ; load carrying
component enough i strong enough
o structure when ails
e&g& redundancy (parallal load
paths, Tparallel structure design)
parameters and replace
i a limit value is
e=ceeded
% Airewalls are o stainless steel or titanium sheet
% "ending load on cantilever wing in light carried "y spars, upper and lower s*in
% pressure regulator part o constant delivery type pump hydraulic system
% accumulator1 energy storage
% tur"oan cold%air unit causes pressure drop as well as associated temperature drop in the charge air
% "ootstrap1 compressed to ensure ade(uate pressure and temperature drop across tur"ine
% ca"in air is usually ta*en rom the FP compressor and the -P i necessary2 genauso rom the -P and rom the FP i necessary
% uel ilter pop%out indicators warn o impending "ypass situation
% control 3amming protection1 provision to disconnect the part o control that "ecomes "loc*ed
% ldg gear overcenter mechanism = downloc* and.or uploc* system
% damping element in ldg gear shoc* a"spor"er oil2 nitrogen = spring unction
% thermal plug1 release tyre air in case o overheating
% i=ed%pitch props are usually designed or ma= e at cruise
% a propeller "lade is twisted, so as to *eep the local angle o attac* constant along the "lade
% manual inlation handle actuates inlation in case automatic inlation ails
% pa= o=y eu%ops1 non%pressuri0ed aircrat supply o=y to ;<D o pa= or entire light time minus $<min "etween ;<&<<<%;$&<<<t2
;<<Dpa= entire light time L;$&<<<t
Aailures (CS8C)
on 'inor 'a3or Fa0ardous catastrophic
Alight crew slight increase in
wor*load
physical distress or signiicant
increase in wor*load
physical distress, e=cessive wor*load,
impairs ina"ility to perorm tas*s
atalities.incapacitation
airplane slight reduction in
unctional capa"ilities
or saety margins
signiicant reduction in
unctional capa"ilities or saety
margins
-arge reduction in unctional capa"ilities
or saety margins
Full loss
passengers Physical discomort Physical distress, possi"ly
including in3uries
Serious or atal in3uries to a small
num"er o passengers and.or ca"in crew
'ultiple atalities
pro"a"ility ;<%$ "is ;<%C
pro"a"le
;<%C "is ;<%9
remote
;<%9 "is ;<%O
)=tremely remote
;<%O
e=tremely impro"a"le
% shell transmit1 normal and tangent "ending and torsion stress % nicht shear
% non%stressed s*in wing (s*in does not ta*e load) % "ending moment carried "y spars % spar "esteht aus we" und girders
% 7rat1 A ()inheit +) =P = a (AlJche in >8, nur die "asis nehmen) engl& Aorce A (in +) = Pressure P (Pa) = Area a (>8) .. ;.a;=8.a8 nur
die "asis nehmen
% Keg1 Eolume = Area = -ength (oder Input Aorce = Input Distance = /utput Aorce = /utput Distance)
% Ar"eit1 Ar"eit ()inheit U Uoule) = 7rat ()inheit +) = Keg (div&) engl& K (wor*)(in U) = A (orce)(+) = s (stro*e)
% S*ydrol hydr&luid % "utyl seals % synthetic (phosphate esther) % purple .. DEA.STA+ % neoprene seals % mineral % red2 low emulsiying
% large conventional aircrat w.irreversi"le power light controls1 when trimming the 0ero orce position o the control column does
change1 aileron4rudder .. does not change1 elevator
% trim ta"1 reduces hinge moment and control surace eiciency, reduce or cancel control orces
% ca"in press rate o clim" indicator !increase! means increase o rate "oth more% or more4
% em&o=&cyls ;P<<psi %american1 green
review airco.press
% continous loop detector (overheat,, decrease resistance or increase current=trigger)
% gaseous ire loop test1 sensor is heated2 "imetallic strip1 only wiring and warning
1uel system
% U)TA1 hBchster #erierpun*t, hBchster Alammpun*t gegen?"er U)T: %(Uet: niedrigere Temperaturen) UetA; da0wischen
% -P uel "oost pumps ;;CE AC, uel "oost pumps centriugal 8<%;<<psi
% "ale chec* valves immer in erster linie verhindern von trei"stoluss richtung l?gelspit0e, u&a& "ei sideslip
Electroncs
#rBNe )inheit Kor* (Katt)
Eoltage, Potential, )'A (Spannung) E oder ) (voltage) Spannung un"e*annt1 K = I>8 = ,
Current, power (heiNt Strom@) A oder I (Ampere) Strom un"e*annt1 K = E>8 = ,
,esitance .,esistor (Kiderstand) , (/hm) Kiderstand un"e*annt1 K = E = I
)lectrical Power K Katt (el&wor*=Uoule) K=E=I
Strom*reis1 /hmsches #eset0 E=I=, 7irchos #eset0
,eihenschaltung ,esistors1 ,t=,;4,84,$ Strom "lei"t Spannung Jllt a" entsprechend Spannungsa"all Etot=E;4E84E$
K=E=I Teilspannungs"erechnung1 E;=I(total)V,; etc&
Parallelschaltung ;.,t=;.,;4;.,84;.,$ Spannung "lei"t Strom wird
geteilt
K=I>8V,
:eispiel1 ,; ;8ohm ,8 ;8ohm ,$ Rohm (parallel)
*l&gem&+enner ;=;84;=;84$=;8=C=;8
Strom durch GJhler teilen 0: 8A.C=<,R
%L ,; und ,8=<,RA, ,$=$=<,R=;,8A
Kheatstone "ridge ,;V,$=,8V,=
Capacitance (7ondensator) C Aarad 'illi%micro%nano%pico 4area und %a"stand=4cap.arad
,eihe1 ;.Ctot=;.C;4;.C8&&& Paralles1 Ctot=C;4C8&&&
:atterien (Ah) (primary cell)
A**us (secondary cell)
,eihenschaltung 4 an % usw
Paralles (4 an 4, % an %
Spannung erhBht sich
StromstJr*e erhBht sich, Spannung "lei"t gleich
% AC generator re(uency (F0) = +um"er o poles.8 = ,P'.Q<2 ; Period (=cycle=time or complete $Q<6 o phase) = ;. seconds
% ,&'&S& root mean s(uare value=pea* value.s(rt oder auch = <,9<9= pea* value (pea* value ist ma= amplitude, vergleich"ar -eistung
0u DC "ei RC6 phase angle
% phase oder angle dierence1 voltage and current gehen 0u unterschiedlichen 0eiten durch < in der sinus*urve (ausser in resistive
circuits)
% current directly proportional to voltage
% purpose o current limiter o generator is to allow short%term overload "eore rupturing
% "attery control unit1 isolate ater charge, overheat situation, or internal short%circuit
% Inductive reactance (in /hm) Hl = 8 = phi = = - (- = induction in Fenry descri"ing the lag o current "ehind voltage "ecause o "ac*
em in coil . load) SL capacitive reactance Hc=;.8= phi = = -
% AC #enerators1 Star connection -ine Eoltage= ;,9$ = Phase voltage2 -ine current=phase current .. (Delta connection1 -ine
voltage=Phase voltage2 -ine current = ;,9$= Phase current)
7enerators , Alternators , Motors
7enerators 4( A(
Armature (trJgt e=citation coil) ,otating (,otor) 5sually stationary (Stator)
Aield coil Stationary (ield coil) 5sually rotating (,otor) AC
Single Phase
Aield coil in series
multiple ($) phase
Supply or e=citation 8rushe'1 Arom DC via "rushes and slip rings to the rotor
Controlled "y voltage regulator (&e& varia"le resistor in series
with ield coil) .. 8rushless1 e=citation current is induced via
induction on another coil rotating on rotor a=is
Alemings right hand rule Direction o Alu= 1irstAinger1ield +%LS . Se(ond Ainger (urrent . ThuM" 'otion
Types o* 4( 7enerators
(load always parallel)
Series ield generator (unusual
"ecause voltage varies with rpm)
Aield coil in series with armature
)=citation coil is rotor, ield coil is stator, high load runs through
commutator, arcing
Shunt wound (usual as it has constant
voltage)
Aield coil in parallel with armature (shunt)& Ear& resistor in series
with ield coil thus varying ield coil current (maintaining voltage)
Compound wound :oth parallel (shunt) and series ield coils thus com"ining constant
voltage with high ield coil strength
'ultiple coil :auartvariante glJttet die Pulse
Alternator Aield coil is rotor, armature ist stator, thus no commutator, arcing
,ectiier or AC%DC converting
5olta!e re!ulator Ear&resistor in par& with shunt coil 'ay also "e car"on pile resistor with control coil&
(urrent re!ulator #enerators must also "e protected or ma= load "y current regulator in series with volt&reg& parallel to gen
Types o* A( 7enerators
(load always parallel)
% Are(uency wild1 % rotor direct driven "y engine, varying re(&
% CSDconstant speed drive units1 % mit auch ID5, ID# (integrated drive)
% P'# Permanent 'agnet #enerator1 % $coil ,otor mit #C5 #enerator Control unit
% ESCA var& speed constant re(u&1 % Are(u& Kild AC #en& %Lrectiier%LInverter mit #CC5 #enerator
converter Control unit
% sel e=cited1 % Permanentmagnet er0eugt Spannung ?r e=c&coil
'agneto
Schnapper=impulse coupling
Alternativen1 lo.hi tension "ooster
coil
In parallel with primary coil1 circuit "rea*er, capacitor
C" operated mechanically, closing periodically to release lu=,
capacitor against arcing and ast lu= on closing& Alu= induces Figh
ignition current in secondary coil periodically%Lto distri"utor
A( Motors % synchronous1
% asynchronous (induction, s(uirrel
cage)&
Synchronous to re(uency o AC . to ,P' o #enerator
+ot sel%starting % induction wiring on rotor or initial speed%up
Aor rpm indicator ($ph tachogenerator%Lsynchr motor%Ldrag cup)
,otor slip.slip speed less than re(u o current supply
Std&motor,cheap,easy,no current supply to rotor
+ot sel%starting
4( Motors e&g& DC starter motor, windings
series wound
% sel starting, high start tor(ue
% rpm varies with voltage
% -oad sharing circuits or parallel AC #enerators1 ,eal load%ad3ustment o CSD5 tor(ueIspeed, ,eactive load % ad3ustment o voltage
regulators (ield currend, e=citation current
% Transormer1 Kindings + +8.+; (+;in +8out) L;=step up
% eeder ault in a dc circuit due to lu= im"alance "etween voltage coil and series winding turn
% tur"ine in a gas tur"ine engine creates sha*t po+er "y e=pansion o hot gas ollowed "y conversion o *inetic energy (velocity) into
(mechanical) wor*
% in a gas tur"ine engine the propelln! 9et ist generated "y e=pansion o hot gas ollowed "y conversion o potential (pressure) energy
into *inetic energy (velocity)
Auel in3ection system type 'i=ture control System description
Indirect in3ection continous low Air throttle metering valve
(uel.air control unit)
Throttle (metering) and mi=ture needle valve
8 parallel Auel pumps, uel maniold valve, in3ectors
% (u1 CQ1 Stringer a"sor" longitudinal compressive loads % wenn die Antwort nicht vorhanden, loads due to pressuri0ation and convert to
tensile stress
% spar consist o we"Igirders
% loads on cylindrical part "y pressuri0ation a"so"ed "y s*in
(uestion C$C % das muss doch throttle advance sein@

En!nes
% Aorce=mass = acceleration (A=mVa) in +ewton oder l" orce .. Kor* done in Uoule oder Aoot pounds = Aorce = distance (K=A=d)
% )nergy auch Uoule .. Power = Kor* done per units time = Uoule.sec=Katts or Aootpounds.min=Forsepower& ;hp=$$<<< p.min
9C<Katt=;hp
% com"ined #as laws p;Vv;.T=7onstant also auch p;Vv;.T8=p8Vv8.T8 (P=pressure, E=volume, T=Temperature)
7as tur.nes"
% Piston1 constant volume, intermittent com"ustion SL gas tur"ine1 constant pressure, continous com"ustion
% 'ass = Acceleration = Aorce .. Acc&=Eo%E; (-utstrom aus minus -utstrom ein) .. Aorce=Thrust = ' = (Eo%E;) = l"s = (t.sec%t.sec)
% tur"o3et1 thrust )P,, tur"o%prop1tor(ue, shat horsepower shp2 )SFP (e(uivalent shp) = SFP 4 Thrust FP tur"oprop und tur"oshat
% ;SFP= 8,C thrust FP .. Propulsive power TVE
% T='V(E3et%Etas) 4 AV(P3et&e=h%Pst&am") .. mit ' in *g.s, E in mtr.sec, A in m>8 nur "asis, P in Pa (nicht hPa@) .. (A=e=haust no00le
entry diameter % wie mass low)
% "ypass ratio1 'ASSes o "ypass . FP air low
% su"sonic engine inta*e1 T/TA- temp4press constant, STATIC 4 Temperature incr&, DW+A'IC4Alow verlocitiy decrease
% impulse tur"ine1 pressure drop across no00le guide vanes, *onstant across rotor "lades (E increases)
% reaction tur"ine1 pressure drop across no00le guide vanes and drops across rotor "lades (E increases)
% low cycle damage "ei hJuigen -astwechseln und ma= pwr t.o s
% "elow its design speed an a=ial compressor has a surge and stall tendency in the ront stages o the compressor
% ree tur"ine1 there is no mechanical connection "etween power output shat and compressor % the tur"ine driving the main rotor
transmission is mechanically independent o the gas generator
% thrust o a tur"o%3et engine1 e(uals prod& o e=h mass lo and e=h gas velocity, is e(& to 0ero mech& pwr since a.c is not moving
% temp limited or tur"ine even i highest temps are in com"ustion cham"er
p8O9
0/1 7eneral Na0!aton
% 7ursschema1 EA, Kest % 'agnetic :est ('agnetic :earing ist grBNer@) .. EA, )ast % 'agnetic least ('agnetic :earing ist *leiner@)
oder TC %DA =TF %EA, (%K oder 4)) = 'F % D)E = CF