Basic Concepts

SCCS 423 • We will define basic telecommunication

Telecommunications terms, such as:
– analog
– digital
– bandwidth
b d idth
– compression
– protocols
– codes and bits

2
1

Analog and Digital (1)

Figure 1.1
One cycle of an analog wave, 1 hertz (Hz).
3 4
 Analog and Digital –
Analog and Digital (2)
T l h
Telephone
• Telephone system developed to transmit
speech
• Spoken words are transmitted as analog
sound waves
• People speak in an analog format, in
waves
• Telephone system was completely analog
until 1960

5 6

Analog Components Digital Components

• Telephones plugged into your home jacks • Telephone

• Most TV signals and telephone lines from – Switching and cross-connect systems
home to provider – DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) for
dialing digits and IVR
• Most cable drops
• ISDN lines
• Fiber optic lines between telephone
company offices

7 8
 Analog Signals Frequency and Hertz
• Move down telephone lines as
electromagnetic waves
• The way it travels is expressed in
q
frequencyy

ude
Amplitu
• Frequency refers to the number of times
per second that a wave oscillates or
swings back and forth in a complete cycle
f
from its
it starting
t ti point i t to
t its
it ending
di point
i t
Time
9 10

Analog Signals Analog Signals

• A complete cycle occurs when a wave • The higher the speed or frequency
frequency, the
starts at a zero point of voltage, goes to more complete cycles of a wave are
th hi
the highest
h t positive
iti point
i t off the
th wave, completed
l t d iin a period
i d off titime
down to the negative voltage portion, and p
• This speed or frequency
q y is measured in
then back to zero voltage Hertz
• Hertz: a measurement of frequency in
cycles per second, 1 hertz is 1 cycle per
second d

11 12
 Hertz Analog Services

• A wave that oscillates or swings back and • Voice (300 -3300

3300 Hz)
forth 10 times per second has a speed of • Microwave Radio (2-12 GHz)
10 hertz
h t or cycles
l per second d • A l cable
Analog bl TV signals
i l (54
(54-750
750 MHz)
MH )
• Bandwidth or rangeg of frequencies
q a • Oscillate between a specific
p range
g of
service occupies is determined by frequencies
subtracting the lower range from the • Various services coexists via Frequency
higher range Division Multiplexing
• 300-3300Hz
300 3300H ((voice)=
i ) 3300-300=
3300 300 3000Hz
3000H – FM 88 MHz and 89 MHz are FDM

13 14

Analog versus Digital

• Analog system can no longer handle the

increase in the number of calls that are
b i generated,
being t d was ddesigned
i d ffor llower
volume
• Digital networks are faster, have more
capacity and are more reliable
capacity,

Figure 1.2
Noise amplified on the analog line, eliminated on digital service.
15 16
 Impairments on Analog
Amplification
S
Services
i
• Analog signals loose their power the longer • To overcome resistance in a signal
signal,
they travel analog signals are amplified while they
• Signal meets resistance in the media (copper
(copper, t
travel
l over a medium
di
coaxial cable, air), causes fading of the signal
or attenuation of the signal
p
• Drawbacks amplification:
• Analog signals also pick up noise or electrical – also increases level of noise in signal
energy while
hil ttravelling
lli ffrom power lilines, lilight
ht
sources, and electrical machinery
• Requires: amplification to inhibit attenuation

17 18

Digital Signals Digital Signals

• Advantages digital signals: • No waves are transmitted

– higher speeds • Digital signals are transmitted in the form
– clearer voice quality of binary bits
– fewer errors • Binary = being composed of two parts
– less complex peripheral equipment required
• In telecommunications this means only on
or off,
ff one or zero piece(s)
i ( ) off information
i f ti
transmitted

19 20
 Digital Signals Digital TV

• Less error
error, because on-off is easier to • Great example of how digital transmission
recreate than an analog signal or sine enhances clarity, because:
wave – noise
i ini signal
i l eliminated
li i d
p than analog
• Easier to repair g signals
g – error detection is high in digital systems, so
distance from signal is not a factor
• When digital signals fade, they are easy
to regenerate (not amplify) over distance – signal
g lost altogether
g if it is not in range
g
– provides studio quality voice and image
• Noise is discarded along the digital path
– VCD,
VCD DVD,
DVD and digital cable/Satellite TV

21 22

Digital Phone Services Basics of Digital Signal

• Digital technology first implemented in
1962 in the long distance network
• 1975: Northern Telecom introduces the
first digital telephone switch (PBX)
• 1976:
1976 ATT #4ESS tollll office
ffi switch
i h
• 1977: NT installs the first digital
g switch
• 1982: #5ESS calls digitally switched to
end users
end-users
• Computers exchange bits to
communicate with each other
• Bits are arranged in a predefined format
to make them readable
– ASCII: American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
– EBSDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interexchange

23 24
 Baud Rates Baud and Bit Rates
• Baud rate: is a measure of transmission • Baud rate measured differently than bit rate
speed over an analog phone line • Bits are measured in seconds
– One wave or cycle equals one baud • Typical telephone line can only accommodate
– Can also be called symbols per second 2400 bauds
– 9600 bits/sec = 4 bits/symbol * 2400 symbols/sec
• B
Baud
d rate
t measures the
th numberb off – 14400 bits/sec = 6 bits/symbol * 2400 symbols/sec
changes per second in an analog sine – 28800 bits/sec = 12 bits/symbol
y * 2400 symbols/sec
y
wave signal
i l – 57600 bits/sec = 24 bits/symbol * 2400 symbols/sec
• 1200 baud line means that the analog
g • 57,600
, bps
p is commonly
y referred to as 56Kbps
p
wave completes 1200 cycles in one
second
25 26

Codes Other Document Formats

• ASCII code is limited to 128 characters • Word processors add their own codes to
– upper case perform fancy word processing
– lower case • Easier to send the entire documents as
– numbers attachment than to standardize one
– punctuation coding schemes for all such specialized
• Does not include: documents
– bold, underlining, font changes, tables, etc. • MIME: (multipurpose mail extension) mail
– Non-Roman alphabets protocol
t l used
d send
d attachments
tt h t

27 28
 Expressing Bandwidth in
Bandwidth
H t (1)
Hertz
• Refers to capacity • Measure of frequency of analog services
• Carrying capacity expressed differently • Example:
for analog and digital transmissions – Co-axial cable with bandwidth of 400 MHz
– analogg capacity
p y measured in Hertz – means 400 million cycles per second
– digital capacity measured in bytes or bits – difference between lowest and highest
– 1 byte = 8 bits frequency within which the medium carries
frequency,
traffic

29 30

Expressing Bandwidth in Frequency, Bandwidth,

H t (2)
Hertz and
d Capacity
C it
( q
(Frequency)
y) Frequency
q y Bandwidth Capacity
p y
Band

H t h
Hutch 800 MHz
MH 810-830
810 830 20 MHz
MH 200 calls
ll
MHz
100 MHz 200 MHz 300 MHz
GSM 900 900 MHz 900-930 30 MHz 300 calls
• Cabling which carries between 200MHz (GSM MHz
and 300 MHz has a bandwidth or advance)
frequency of 100 MHz GSM 1800 1800 MHz 1800-1840 40 MHz 400 calls
((DTAC)) MHz
• The
Th greatert th
the diff
difference between
b t
highest and lowest frequency, the * Not an actual number
greater
t the
th bandwidth
b d idth or capacityit off the
th 31 32
medium
 Bit in Transmission Narrow/Wideband

• ISDN
ISDN, E1
E1, DS1,
DS1 ATM are digital • Narrowband • Wideband/Broadband
• Analog phone lines at • ADSL line at 512 Kbps
services
3 000 Hz
3,000 • E1 at 2 Mbps
• Speed is stated in the number of bits • BRI ISDN at 64Kbps • Broadcast TV 6-8 MHz
transmitted per second per channel
– E1: 2.048 million bits p/s (Mbps) • Cable TV 700MHz
• ATM
– T1: 1.54 million bits p/s (Mbps)
• SDH/SONET
– ISDN: 64 Kbps and 2048 Kbps
– ATM: 622 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, and 10 Gbps

33 34

Applications Protocols

• Wideband: • Enable computers to communicate with

– TV each other
– Cable • Spell out the rules of interaction between
– Connections between telephone
p offices p
two or more computers
• Narrowband: • Handle error detection and correction and
– Phone connection to end users file transmission

35 36
 Functions of Protocols Examples of Protocols

• Who transmits first? • TCP = Transmission control protocol

• What is the structure of the addresses of
devices such as computers?
• How are errors fixed?
• How long to wait before disconnecting?
• How to package data to be sent?
• IP = Internet protocol
• LAN = Ethernet protocol
• WiFi = Wireless Ethernet protocol

37 38

Examples of
Architecture
A hit t
Architectures
• Ties computers and peripherals together • SNA: developed by IBM to tie together all
into a coherent whole their devices
• Forms the network which connects all • OSI: Open Standards Interconnection,
g
devices together p by
developed y International Standards
• Layers within architectures have Organization, to allow devices from
protocols to define functions such as various vendors to communicate with
routing, error checking and addressing each other

39 40
 OSI

• Laid foundation for the concept of

open communications among
The architecture
Th hit t or protocol
t l suite
it is
i vendors
the umbrella under which the devices
communicate with each other • Basic concept of layering of groups
of functions into 7 layers
• Each layer can be changed and
developed independently

41 42

Layers Congestion
• 1: physical layer (copper wire
wire, fiber optics) • All networks are limited in how many
• 2: data link layer (bits, bytes, framing) peripherals they can support without
• 3 network
3: t k layer
l ((end-point
d i t addressing)
dd i ) experiencing
i i ttoo much hd
degradation
d ti
• 4: transport layer (end-to-end retransmission) • Today y more and more peripherals
p p are
• 5: session layer (application addressing) being added to networks
• 6: presentation layer (application-specific)
(application specific) • New ways to eliminate congestion on a
• 7: application layer (application-specific) network have been developed

43 44
 Eliminating Congestion Compression
• Multiplex: • White spaces & redundant images
– To transmit two or more signals over a single removed
channel
• Letter abbreviation
– Frequency division multiplexing: Two radio stations
transmit two p
programs
g on 88 and 88.5 MHz • Only changed part of image transmitted
• Compression: • Many types of compression methods:
– Reducing the representation of the information
information, but JPG and ZIP,, beingg a popular
p p example
p
not the information itself • Based on mathematical algorithms
– Reducing g the bandwidth or number of bits needed to
encode information or a signal
• Codec (coder/decoder) devices used to
perform the algorithm
45 46

Compression Streaming Media

• Applications such as: graphics

graphics, x-ray • S
Software
ft used
d to
t incrementally
i t ll ttransmit
it video
id
images, video are bit intensive and audio over the Internet
• Thus require high bandwidth when – In
I contrast
t t tot transfer
t f the
th entire
ti file
fil

g
transmitting • When graphics and text sent to your screen,
–TTextt becomes
b immediately
i di t l available
il bl ((streaming
t i
• Compression reduces the number of bits news)
needed to transfer – Movie appears in frame
– Audio also appears in segment
– Graphic is incrementally available (Google Earth)
• Important feature of browsers to make
material
ae a a available
a ab e as it do
downloads
oads
47 • MPEG standards are used for streaming 48
 Streaming Media Multiplexing

• ITU formed the Moving Picture Experts • Combines traffic from multiple telephones
Group (MPEG) in 1991 to develop movie or data devices into one stream
compression
i standards
t d d • Allows many devices to share the same
• Made standard that more processing
p g communication path
p
power is needed to encode than to • Makes more efficient use of telephone
decode material lines
• RealNetworks Inc. • Does not alter actual data sent
• Microsoft Corporation • Consists of special equipment and
hardware
49 50

Multiplexing
• Several devices can share a telephone line
• E1 telephone line will carry 32 communication
paths on one high
high-speed
speed link
– Time division multiplexing

Line 1
PABX Telephone
Line 2 switching
E1 (32*64 Kbps center
= 2048 Kbps)
Line
i 32
Figure 1.3 51 52
Multiplexing.
 Networks

• LAN (local area network)

– Hub, switch, router
• MAN (metropolitan area network)
– TOT, TRUE
• WAN (wide area network)
– CAT,
CAT TT&T
• SCCS 420: Computer
p Networks

53 Figure 1.4 54
LAN architecture.

Network Terminology

• Hub: wiring center to which all devices

are connected within a segment of a LAN,
connections
ti with
ith ttwisted
i t d pair
i cabling
bli
• Switching g Hub: allows multiple
p
transmissions on a LAN segment
• Backbone: connects hubs together
• Bridge: connects multiple LAN’s together

Figure 1.5
Rack-mounted and chassis-based switches.
55 56
 Network Terminology
• Layer 2 switch: bridges with multiple ports
ports,
switch data between LAN segments
• Router: connects multiple LAN’s
LAN s together,
together
more complex than bridges, handle more
protocols
• Routing Switches: fast router
– Also called Layer 3 switch
• Server: centrally located computer which
houses set of files, documents, data, etc.

Figure 1.6
Home LAN. 57 58

Bridges Routers
• Used to connect multiple LAN’s
LAN s over large
• U
Usedd tto connectt a smallll number
b off LAN
distances (differing buildings, cities)
segments
• More sophisticated than bridges
• Easy to configure, all data sent to all devices
• Can handle differing protocols from various
on a network, appropriate device picks it up, LAN’ss
broadcast feature
• Introduce a concept of
– Subsequent transmission can be directed instead
– Complexity encapsulation
of broadcast
– Hierarchical routing and forwarding
• Lack routing and congestion control – Remote diagnostic
g
– Only work in a small network with a handful of
devices

59 60
 Routers Routers

• Capabilities: • Disadvantages:
– Flow control: if path congested holds data – Complex to install and maintain
until
til capacity
it iis available
il bl – Must have up-to-date address labels
– Path optimization: selects best available path – Slower than bridges
g due to their complexity
p y
with use of tables – Layer 3 device
– Sequencing: g sends data in orderly
y packets

61 62

Figure 1.7 63
Edge and core routers.