Approximate Young's modulus for various materials

Material GPa lbf/in (psi)

Rubber (small strain) 0.010.1
[3]
1,450-14,503
PTFE (Teflon) 0.5
[3]
75,000
Low density polyethylene
[4]
0.11 - 0.45 16,000-65,000
HDPE 0.8 116,000
Polypropylene 1.5-2
[3]
218,000-290,000
Bacteriophage capsids
[5]
13 150,000435,000
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 2-2.7
[3]
290,000-390,000
Polystyrene 3-3.5
[3]
440,000-510,000
Nylon 24 290,000580,000
Diatom frustules (largely silicic acid)
[6]
0.352.77 50,000400,000
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
[7]
4 580,000
Pine wood (along grain)
[citation needed]
9 1.31E6
Oak wood (along grain) 11
[3]
1.60E6
Human Cortical Bone
[8]
14 2.03E6
Aromatic peptide nanotubes
[9][10]
19-27 2.76E6 - 3.92E6
High-strength concrete 30
[3]
4.35E6
Hemp fiber
[11]
35 5.08E6
Magnesium metal (Mg) 45
[3]
6.53E6
Flax fiber
[12]
58 8.41E6
Aluminum 69
[3]
10.0E6
Stinging nettle fiber
[13]
87 12.6E6
Glass (see chart) 5090
[3]
7.25E6-13.1E6
Aramid
[14]

70.5
112.4
10.2E6 - 16.3E6
Mother-of-pearl (nacre, largely calcium carbonate)
[15]
70 10.2E6
Tooth enamel (largely calcium phosphate)
[16]
83 12.0E6
Brass 100125
[3]
14.5E6-18.1E6
Bronze 96-120
[3]
13.9E6-17.4E6
Titanium (Ti) 110.3 16.0E6
[3]

Titanium alloys 105120
[3]
15.0E6 17.5E6
Copper (Cu) 117 17.0E6
Glass-reinforced plastic (70/30 by weight fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along grain)
[citation
needed]

4045 5.80E6 6.50E6
Glass-reinforced polyester matrix
[17]
17.2 2.49E6
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (50/50 fibre/matrix, biaxial fabric) 30-50
[18]
4.35E6 - 7.25E6
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (70/30 fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along grain)
[19]
181 26.3E6
Silicon Single crystal, different directions
[20][21]
130-185 18.9E6 - 26.8E6
Wrought iron 190210
[3]
27.6E6 - 30.5E6
Steel (ASTM-A36) 200
[3]
29.0E6
polycrystalline Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)
[22]
193 28.0E6
single-crystal Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)
[23]
200 29.0E6
Aromatic peptide nanospheres
[24]
230-275 33.4E6 - 39.9E6
Beryllium (Be) 287 41.6E6
Molybdenum (Mo) 329 47.7E6
Tungsten (W) 400410
[3]
58.0E6 - 59.5E6
Sapphire (Al2O3) along C-axis
[citation needed]
435 63.1E6
Silicon carbide (SiC) 450
[3]
65.3E6
Osmium (Os) 550 79.8E6
Tungsten carbide (WC) 450650
[3]
65.3E6 - 94.3E6
Single-walled carbon nanotube
[25][26]
1,000+ 145E6+
Graphene 1,000 145E6
Diamond (C)
[27]
1,220 150E6 175E6
Carbyne (C)
[28]
32,700
5,388E6
5,402E6



















Approximate bulk modulus (K) for common materials
Material Bulk modulus in GPa Bulk modulus in ksi
Glass (see also diagram below table) 35 to 55 5.810
3

Steel 160 2310
3

Diamond
[2]
442 6410
3



Influences of selected glass component additions on the bulk modulus of a specific base glass.
[3]

A material with a bulk modulus of 35 GPa loses one percent of its volume when subjected to an external
pressure of 0.35 GPa (~3500 Bar).
Approximate bulk modulus (K) for other substances
Material
Typical values for
shear modulus (GPa)
(at room temperature)
Diamond
[2]
478.0
Steel
[3]
79.3
Copper
[4]
44.7
Titanium
[3]
41.4
Glass
[3]
26.2
Aluminium
[3]
25.5
Polyethylene
[3]
0.117
Rubber
[5]
0.0006
Water 2.210
9
Pa (value increases at higher pressures)
Methanol 8.2310
8
Pa (at 20C and 1 Atm)
Air 1.4210
5
Pa (adiabatic bulk modulus)
Air 1.0110
5
Pa (constant temperature bulk modulus)
Solid helium 510
7
Pa (approximate)

arious materials[edit]
Further information: Orders of magnitude (density)
Unless otherwise noted, all densities given are at standard conditions for temperature and pressure, that
is, 273.15 K (0.00 C) and 100 kPa (0.987 atm).
Material (kg/m
3
) Notes
Helium 0.179

Aerographite 0.2 *
[7][8]

Metallic microlattice 0.9 *
Aerogel 1.0 *
Air 1.2 At sea level
Tungsten hexafluoride 12.4 One of the heaviest known gases under standard conditions
Material (kg/m
3
) Notes
Liquid hydrogen 70 At ~ -255 C
Styrofoam 75 Approx.
[9]

Cork 240 Approx.
[9]

Lithium 535

Wood 700 Seasoned, typical
[10][11]

Potassium 860
[12]

Sodium 970

Ice 916.7 At temperature < 0 C
Water (fresh) 1,000

Water (salt) 1,030

Plastics 1,175 Approx.; for polypropylene and PETE/PVC
Tetrachloroethene 1,622

Magnesium 1,740

Material (kg/m
3
) Notes
Beryllium 1,850

Glycerol 1,261
[13]

Silicon 2,330

Aluminium 2,700

Diiodomethane 3,325 liquid at room temperature
Diamond 3,500

Titanium 4,540

Selenium 4,800

Vanadium 6,100

Antimony 6,690

Zinc 7,000

Chromium 7,200

Tin 7,310

Material (kg/m
3
) Notes
Manganese 7,325 Approx.
Iron 7,870

Niobium 8,570

Cadmium 8,650

Cobalt 8,900

Nickel 8,900

Copper 8,940

Bismuth 9,750

Molybdenum 10,220

Silver 10,500

Lead 11,340

Thorium 11,700

Rhodium 12,410

Material (kg/m
3
) Notes
Mercury 13,546

Tantalum 16,600

Uranium 18,800

Tungsten 19,300

Gold 19,320

Plutonium 19,840

Platinum 21,450

Iridium 22,420

Osmium 22,570


*Air excluded when calculating density
Others[edit]
Entity (kg/m
3
) Notes
Interstellar medium 110
19
Assuming 90% H, 10% He; variable T
The Earth 5,515 Mean density.
[14]

Entity (kg/m
3
) Notes
The inner core of the Earth 13,000 Approx., as listed in Earth.
[15]

The core of the Sun 33,000160,000 Approx.
[16]

Super-massive black hole 910
5

Density of a 4.5-million-solar-mass black hole
Event horizon radius is 13.5 million km.
White dwarf star 2.110
9
Approx.
[17]

Atomic nuclei 2.310
17
Does not depend strongly on size of nucleus
[18]

Neutron star 110
18


Stellar-mass black hole 110
18

Density of a 4-solar-mass black hole
Event horizon radius is 12 km.