Pyramidal microwave horn antenna, with a bandwidth of 0.8 to 18 GHz. coa!ial cable feedline attache" to the connector vi"ible at top. #hi" type i" called a rid$ed horn% the c&rvin$ fin" vi"ible in"ide the mo&th of the horn increa"e the antenna'" bandwidth. horn antenna or microwave horn i" an antenna that con"i"t" of a flarin$ metal wave$&ide "haped like a horn to direct the radio wave". Horn" are widely &"ed a" antenna" at (HF and microwave fre)&encie", above *00 +Hz. ,1- #hey are &"ed a" feeder" .called feed horn"/ for lar$er antenna "tr&ct&re" "&ch a" parabolic antenna", a" "tandard calibration antenna" to mea"&re the $ain of other antenna", and a" directive antenna" for "&ch device" a" radar $&n", a&tomatic door opener", and microwave radiometer". ,0- #heir advanta$e" are moderate directivity .$ain/, low 1W2, broad bandwidth, and "imple con"tr&ction and ad3&"tment. ,*- 4ne of the fir"t horn antenna" wa" con"tr&cted in 1856 by 7ndian radio re"earcher 8a$adi"h 9handra :o"e in hi" pioneerin$ e!periment" with microwave". ,;- 7n the 15*0" the fir"t e!perimental re"earch .1o&thworth and :arrow, 15*</ and theoretical analy"i" .:arrow and 9h&, 15*5/ of horn" a" antenna" wa" done. ,=- #he development of radar in World War 0 "tim&lated horn re"earch. #he corr&$ated horn propo"ed by >ay in 15<0 ha" become widely &"ed a" a feed horn for microwave antenna" "&ch a" "atellite di"he" and radio tele"cope". ,=- n advanta$e of horn antenna" i" that "ince they don't have any re"onant element", they can operate over a wide ran$e of fre)&encie", a wide bandwidth. #he &"eable bandwidth of horn antenna" i" typically of the order of 10?1, and can be &p to 00?1 .for e!ample allowin$ it to operate from 1 GHz to 00 GHz/. ,1- #he inp&t impedance i" "lowly@varyin$ over thi" wide fre)&ency ran$e, allowin$ low A1W2 over the bandwidth. ,1- #he $ain of horn antenna" ran$e" &p to 0= d:i, with 10 @ 00 d:i bein$ typical. ,1- Description horn antenna i" &"ed to tran"mit radio wave" from a wave$&ide .a metal pipe &"ed to carry radio wave"/ o&t into "pace, or collect radio wave" into a wave$&ide for reception. 7t typically con"i"t" of a "hort len$th of rectan$&lar or cylindrical metal t&be .the wave$&ide/, clo"ed at one end, flarin$ into an open@ended conical or pyramidal "haped horn on the other end. ,<- #he radio wave" are &"&ally introd&ced into the wave$&ide by a coa!ial cable attached to the "ide, with the central cond&ctor pro3ectin$ into the wave$&ide. #he wave" then radiate o&t the horn end in a narrow beam. However in "ome e)&ipment the radio wave" are cond&cted from the tran"mitter or to the receiver by a wave$&ide, and in thi" ca"e the horn i" 3&"t attached to the end of the wave$&ide. How it works 9orr&$ated conical horn antenna &"ed a" a feed horn on a H&$he" Birecway home "atellite di"h. tran"parent pla"tic "heet cover" the horn mo&th to keep o&t rain. horn antenna "erve" the "ame f&nction for electroma$netic wave" that an aco&"tical horn doe" for "o&nd wave" in a m&"ical in"tr&ment "&ch a" a tr&mpet. 7t provide" a $rad&al tran"ition "tr&ct&re to match the impedance of a t&be to the impedance of free "pace, enablin$ the wave" from the t&be to radiate efficiently into "pace. ,6- 7f a "imple open@ended wave$&ide were to be &"ed a" an antenna, witho&t the horn, the "&dden end of the cond&ctive wall" ca&"e" an abr&pt impedance chan$e at the apert&re, from the characteri"tic impedance of the wave$&ide to the impedance of free "pace, *66 ohm". ,0-,8-
When radio wave" travellin$ thro&$h the wave$&ide hit the openin$, it act" a" a bottleneck, reflectin$ mo"t of the wave ener$y back down the $&ide toward the "o&rce, "o only part of the power i" radiated. ,5- 7t act" "imilarly to an open@circ&ited tran"mi""ion line, or to a bo&ndary between optical medi&m" with a hi$h and low inde! of refraction, like a $la"" "&rface. #he reflected wave" ca&"e "tandin$ wave" in the wave$&ide, increa"in$ the A1W2, wa"tin$ ener$y and po""ibly overheatin$ the tran"mitter. 7n addition, the "mall apert&re of the wave$&ide .aro&nd one wavelen$th/ ca&"e" "evere diffraction of the wave" i""&in$ from it, re"<in$ in a wide radiation pattern witho&t m&ch directivity. #o improve the"e poor characteri"tic", the end" of the wave$&ide are flared o&t to form a horn. #he taper of the horn chan$e" the impedance $rad&ally alon$ the horn'" len$th. ,8- #hi" act" like an impedance matchin$ tran"former, allowin$ mo"t of the wave ener$y to radiate o&t the end of the horn into "pace, with minimal reflection. #he taper f&nction" "imilarly to a tapered tran"mi""ion line, or an optical medi&m with a "moothly@varyin$ refractive inde!. 7n addition, the wide apert&re of the horn pro3ect" the wave" in a narrow beam #he horn "hape that $ive" minim&m reflected power i" an e!ponential taper. ,8- C!ponential horn" are &"ed in "pecial application" that re)&ire minim&m "i$nal lo"", "&ch a" "atellite antenna" and radio tele"cope". However conical and pyramidal horn" are mo"t widely &"ed, beca&"e they have "trai$ht "ide" and are ea"ier to fabricate. Radiation pattern #he wave" travel down a horn a" "pherical wavefront", with their ori$in at the ape! of the horn. #he pattern of electric and ma$netic field" at the apert&re plane of the horn, which determine" the radiation pattern, i" a "caled@&p reprod&ction of the field" in the wave$&ide. However, beca&"e the wavefront" are "pherical, the pha"e increa"e" "moothly from the center of the apert&re plane to the ed$e", beca&"e of the difference in len$th of the center point and the ed$e point" from the ape! point. #he difference in pha"e between the center point and the ed$e" i" called the phase error. #hi" pha"e error, which increa"e" with the flare an$le, red&ce" the $ain and increa"e" the beamwidth, $ivin$ horn" wider beamwidth" than plane@ wave antenna" "&ch a" parabolic di"he". t the flare an$le, the radiation of the beam lobe i" down abo&t @00 d: from it" ma!im&m val&e. ,10- #he increa"in$ pha"e error limit" the apert&re "ize of practical horn" to abo&t 1= wavelen$th"% lar$er apert&re" wo&ld re)&ire impractically lon$ horn". ,11- #hi" limit" the $ain of practical horn" to abo&t 1000 .*0 d:/ and the corre"pondin$ minim&m beamwidth to abo&t = @ 10D. ,11- Optimum horn Ear$e pyramidal horn &"ed in 15=1 to detect the 01 cm .1.;* GHz/ radiation from hydro$en $a" in the +ilky Way $ala!y. For a $iven fre)&ency and horn len$th, there i" "ome flare an$le that $ive" minim&m reflection and ma!im&m $ain. #he reflection" in "trai$ht@"ided horn" come from the two location" alon$ the wave path where the impedance chan$e" abr&ptly% the mo&th or apert&re of the horn, and the throat where the "ide" be$in to flare o&t. #he amo&nt of reflection at the"e two "ite" varie" with the flare angle of the horn .the an$le the "ide" make with the a!i"/. 7n narrow horn" with "mall flare an$le" mo"t of the reflection occ&r" at the mo&th of the horn. #he $ain of the antenna i" low beca&"e the "mall mo&th appro!imate" an open@ended wave$&ide. " the an$le i" increa"ed, the reflection at the mo&th decrea"e" rapidly and the antenna'" $ain increa"e". 7n contra"t, in wide horn" with flare an$le" approachin$ 50D mo"t of the reflection i" at the throat. #he horn'" $ain i" a$ain low beca&"e the throat appro!imate" an open@ended wave$&ide. " the an$le i" decrea"ed, the amo&nt of reflection at thi" "ite drop", and the horn'" $ain a$ain increa"e". #hi" di"c&""ion "how" that there i" "ome flare an$le between 0D and 50D which $ive" ma!im&m $ain and minim&m reflection. ,10- #hi" i" called the optimum horn. +o"t practical horn antenna" are de"i$ned a" optim&m horn". 7n a pyramidal horn, the dimen"ion" that $ive an optim&m horn are? ,10-,1*- For a conical horn, the dimen"ion" that $ive an optim&m horn are? ,10- where a E i" the width of the apert&re in the C@field direction a H i" the width of the apert&re in the H@field direction L E i" the "lant len$th of the "ide in the C@field direction L H i" the "lant len$th of the "ide in the H@field direction. d i" the diameter of the cylindrical horn apert&re L i" the "lant len$th of the cone from the ape!. i" the wavelen$th n optim&m horn doe" not $ive ma!im&m $ain for a $iven aperture size% thi" i" achieved by a very lon$ horn. 7t $ive" the ma!im&m $ain for a $iven horn length. #able" "howin$ dimen"ion" for optim&m horn" for vario&" fre)&encie" are $iven in microwave handbook". Gain Horn" have very little lo"", "o the directivity of a horn i" ro&$hly e)&al to it" $ain. ,1- #he $ain G of a pyramidal horn antenna .the ratio of the radiated power inten"ity alon$ it" beam a!i" to the inten"ity of an i"otropic antenna with the "ame inp&t power/ i"? ,1*- For conical horn", the $ain i"? ,10- where A i" the area of the apert&re, d i" the apert&re diameter of a conical horn i" the wavelen$th, e A i" a dimen"ionle"" parameter between 0 and 1 called the aperture efficiency, #he apert&re efficiency ran$e" from 0.; to 0.8 in practical horn antenna". For optim&m pyramidal horn", e A F 0.=11., ,10- while for optim&m conical horn" e A F 0.=00. ,10- 1o an appro!imate fi$&re of 0.= i" often &"ed. #he apert&re efficiency increa"e" with the len$th of the horn, and for apert&re@limited horn" i" appro!imately &nity. Types of horn antennas pert&re@limited corr&$ated horn, &"ed a" a feed horn in a radio tele"cope for millimeter wave". #he"e are the common type" of horn antenna. Horn" can have different flare an$le" a" well a" different e!pan"ion c&rve" .elliptic, hyperbolic, etc./ in the C@field and H@field direction", makin$ po""ible a wide variety of different beam profile". Pyramidal horn @ a horn antenna with the horn in the "hape of a fo&r@"ided pyramid, with a rectan$&lar cro"" "ection. #hey are the mo"t widely &"ed type, &"ed with rectan$&lar wave$&ide", and radiate linearly polarized radio wave". ,8- 1ectoral horn @ pyramidal horn with only one pair of "ide" flared and the other pair parallel. 7t prod&ce" a fan@"haped beam, which i" narrow in the plane of the flared "ide", b&t wide in the plane of the narrow "ide". o C@plane horn @ "ectoral horn flared in the direction of the electric or C@field in the wave$&ide. o H@plane horn @ "ectoral horn flared in the direction of the ma$netic or H@ field in the wave$&ide. 9onical horn @ horn in the "hape of a cone, with a circ&lar cro"" "ection. #hey are &"ed with cylindrical wave$&ide". 9orr&$ated horn @ horn with parallel "lot" or $roove", "mall compared with a wavelen$th, coverin$ the in"ide "&rface of the horn, tran"ver"e to the a!i". 9orr&$ated horn" have wider bandwidth and "maller "idelobe" and cro""@polarization, and are widely &"ed a" feed horn" for "atellite di"he" and radio tele"cope". 2id$ed horn @ pyramidal horn with rid$e" or fin" attached to the in"ide of the horn, e!tendin$ down the center of the "ide". #he fin" lower the c&toff fre)&ency, increa"in$ the antenna'" bandwidth. 1ept&m horn @ horn which i" divided into "everal "&bhorn" by metal partition" ."ept&m"/ in"ide, attached to oppo"ite wall". pert&re@limited horn @ a lon$ narrow horn, lon$ eno&$h "o the pha"e error i" a fraction of a wavelen$th, ,10- "o it e""entially radiate" a plane wave. 7t ha" an apert&re efficiency of 1.0 "o it $ive" the ma!im&m $ain and minim&m beamwidth for a $iven apert&re "ize. #he $ain i" not affected by the len$th b&t only limited by diffraction at the apert&re. ,10- ("ed a" feed horn" in radio tele"cope" and other hi$h@re"ol&tion antenna". =0 ft. Holmdel horn antenna at :ell lab" in Holmdel, Gew 8er"ey, (1, with which rno Penzia" and 2obert Wil"on di"covered co"mic microwave back$ro&nd radiation in 15<;. Ear$e 166 ft. Ho$$ horn antenna at #H# "atellite comm&nication" facility in ndover, +aine, (1, &"ed in 15<0" to comm&nicate with the fir"t direct relay comm&nication" "atellite, #el"tar. Ho$$ microwave relay antenna" on roof of #H# telephone "witchin$ center, 1eattle, Wa"hin$ton, (1 Ho$$ antenna" Hogg horn antenna type of antenna that combine" a horn with a parabolic reflector i" the Ho$$ antenna, invented by B. 9. Ho$$ ,1;- at :ell lab" aro&nd 15<0. 7t con"i"ted of a horn antenna with a reflector mo&nted in the mo&th of the horn at a ;= de$ree an$le "o the radiated beam i" at ri$ht an$le" to the horn a!i". #he reflector i" a "e$ment of a parabolic reflector, "o the device i" e)&ivalent to a parabolic antenna fed off@a!i". ,1=- #he advanta$e of thi" de"i$n over a "tandard parabolic antenna i" that the horn "hield" the antenna from radiation comin$ from an$le" o&t"ide the main beam a!i", "o it" radiation pattern ha" very "mall "idelobe". ,1<- l"o, the apert&re i"n't partially ob"tr&cted by the feed and it" "&pport", a" with ordinary front@fed parabolic di"he". ,1=- #he di"advanta$e i" that it i" far lar$er and heavier for a $iven apert&re area than a parabolic di"h, and m&"t be mo&nted on a c&mber"ome t&rntable to be f&lly "teerable. #hi" de"i$n wa" &"ed for a few radio tele"cope" and comm&nication "atellite $ro&nd antenna" d&rin$ the 15<0". 7t" lar$e"t &"e, however, wa" a" fi!ed antenna" for microwave relay link" in the #H# Eon$ Eine" microwave network. ,1<- 1ince the 1560" thi" de"i$n ha" been "&per"eded by "hro&ded parabolic di"h antenna", which can achieve e)&ally $ood "idelobe performance with a li$hter more compact con"tr&ction. Probably the mo"t photo$raphed and well@known e!ample i" the 1= meter .=0 foot/ lon$ Holmdel Horn ntenna at :ell Eab" in Holmdel, Gew 8er"ey, with which rno Penzia" and 2obert Wil"on di"covered co"mic microwave back$ro&nd radiation in 15<=, for which they won the 1568 Gobel Prize in Phy"ic".