Electromagnetic Theory ElectromagneticTheory

Week#3
By:KashifSiddiq
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 1 Fall, 2010
Vector Integral Calculus VectorIntegralCalculus
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore
2
2 Fall, 2010
LINE,SURFACE,ANDVOLUMEINTEGRALS
l d Weturntointegrationinvolvingvectorintegrands
TheLineIntegral istheintegralofthe
tangentialcomponentofA alongcurveL
Al ll d th W k AlsocalledtheWork
Done bythevectorfield
l h h AalongthepathL.
RememberW=F.L or

=
L
l d F W
r r
.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 3
Ifthepathofintegrationisclosed,wewrite:
whichiscalledthecirculationofA aroundL.
Similarly,wecandefinetheSurfaceIntegral as: y g
WhichisthefluxofA throughS
ThenumberoflinesofforceofA crossingS g
a
n
isaunitnormalvectortothesurface
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 4 Fall, 2010
Foraclosedsurface(definingavolume), g
whichisreferredtoasthe
netoutwardfluxofA fromS
Insteadofcrossing,somefluxlinesactuallyenterandsome
leavetheclosedsurface,sowetalkaboutthenetflux
f
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 5
, f
Fall, 2010
IllustrationofNetFlux
l l l NetFluxleaving NetFluxEntering
NetFlux
Netfluxleaving=>Apositivesourceis
presentinsidetheclosesurface
isZero!
p
Netfluxentering=>Anegativesource
(sink)ispresentinsidetheclosesurface
Netfluxzero=>NOsourceorsinkis
Fall,2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 6
presentinsidetheclosesurface
Discussion
k h l f LineIntegrationpicksoutthetangential componentof
thevectorfieldasonlythetangentialcomponentplaysa
useful role in computing the work done along a curve usefulroleincomputingthework donealongacurve
SurfaceIntegrationpicksoutthenormal componentof
the vector field as only the normal component plays a thevectorfieldasonlythenormalcomponentplaysa
usefulroleincomputingtheflux crossingasurface
Fall,2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 7
VolumeIntegration
Thevolumeintegral istheintegralof
thescalar
v
overthevolumev.
Th h i l i f li f l Thephysicalmeaningofaline, surface,orvolume
integraldependsonthenatureofthephysicalquantity
represented by A or representedby Aor
v
.
Notethatdl,dS,anddvareallasdefinedintheprevious
lecture
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 8
SummaryofIntegration
h f h l LineIntegrationistheintegrationofthetangential
componentofthefieldA alongacurveL.Itresultsinthe
work done by A along L workdonebyA alongL.
SurfaceIntegrationistheintegrationofthenormal
component of the field A over the surface S It results in componentofthefieldA overthesurfaceS.Itresultsin
theflux ofA throughS.
Volume integration is the integration of a scalar function Volumeintegrationistheintegrationofascalarfunction
oversomevolume.Itsresultdependsonthetypeof
quantitybeingintegrated.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 9
Aside:SimilarIntegrations
h f ll l bl b Thefollowingintegrationsarealsopossiblebutarenot
requiredforthiscourse
Lineintegrationofascalarfieldonascalarcurve
Surface integration of a scalar field (or a scalar density) Surfaceintegrationofascalarfield(orascalardensity)
onanarbitrarysurface
Volume integration of a vector field (this is necessarily Volumeintegrationofavectorfield(thisisnecessarily
thescalarvolumeintegrationofeachcomponentofthe
vectorfield)
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 10
Guidelineforsuccessfullysolvingvectorintegration
problems p
1. Understandtheproblemcarefully
Youshouldknowwhattodo!
2. Choosetherightcoordinatesystem
3. Usetherightformulaandsplitupintegrationsinto
parts
4. Solveeachpartonebyone.(Tosimplify,trytosee
whichcoordinatesareconstantforthepresentpart)
5. Sumupresultsfromeveryparttogetthefinalanswer
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 11
PracticeExercise1:LineIntegration
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 12 Fall, 2010
Solution
1
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 13 Fall, 2010
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 14 Fall, 2010
PracticeExercise2:SurfaceIntegration
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 15
Solution
Prac.Ex.2
z
z
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 16 Fall, 2010
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 17 Fall, 2010
Homework
l h h l d SolvePracticeExercise1usingthesphericalcoordinate
system
C l l t th fl i th h th ( t f Calculatethefluxpassingthroughthearea(sectorofa
circle)enclosedbythepathinPracticeExercise1
Calculate the flux passing through the top and bottom Calculatethefluxpassingthroughthetopandbottom
surfaces(orlids)ofthecylinderinPracticeEx.2
Also calculate the total flux Alsocalculatethetotalflux
Alsotryexamplesofvolumeintegrations
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 18 Fall, 2010
PracticeExercise3:NetFlux
P2.10.3[Paulet.al.]
DeterminethenetfluxofthevectorfieldF(r,,)=2a
r
+
f ra

outofaunitradiusspherethatiscenteredon
theoriginofasphericalcoordinatesystem.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 19
Assignment#1
[ d k l f l ] [Sadiku ElementsofElectromagnetics]
Prob.1.19,1.14,2.3,2.6,2.9,2.21,3.4,
3.10,3.17,3.19,3.27
Assignmentannounced:Tuesday,August31,2010
SubmissionDue:Tuesday,September07,2010
Youhavetosubmitasolutionofallproblemsassigned
Therewillbeanannouncedquizontheduedate
Thetotalscoreforthisassignmentwillbecalculatedbasedon
the submission as well as the announced quiz thesubmissionaswellastheannouncedquiz
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 20
Vector Differential Calculus VectorDifferentialCalculus
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 21
VectorDifferentialCalculus
h d l d Thisdomainincludes:
Gradient:Thederivativeofascalarfunctionresultingina
t f ti vectorfunction
Divergence:Thederivativeofavectorfunctionresulting
in a scalar function inascalarfunction
Curl:Thederivativeofavectorfunctionresultingin
another vector function anothervectorfunction
Laplacian:
Scalar Laplacian: Divergence of the gradient of a scalar function ScalarLaplacian:Divergenceofthegradientofascalarfunction
VectorLaplacian:ScalarLaplacianofeachcomponentofa
vectorfunction
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 22
TheGradientofaScalarField
ThegradientofascalarfieldVisavectorthat
representsboththemagnitudeandthedirectionof
themaximumspacerateofincreaseofV.
In 1 D we only have one direction to compute In1Dweonlyhaveonedirectiontocompute
derivatives(say,thexdirection)
For Dimensions 2 we have an infinite number of ForDimensions2,wehaveaninfinitenumberof
directionsaroundanypoint,alongwhichwecan
computederivatives co pu e de a es
Thegradientisthemaximumofallthesederivatives
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 23
ForanyscalarfieldV(x,y,z), thechainruleimpliesthat:
Let Let,
Th Then
=G.a
l
dl
This is the directional derivative of V (i e ThisisthedirectionalderivativeofV(i.e.
derivativeinanydirectionl).Thisismaximum
when =0,thatis,whendlisinthedirectionofG
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 24
Hence,
M i t f h i th l di ti Maximumrateofchangeinthenormaldirection e.g.
forasurfacewegooffofthesurfaceinthenormal!
G has the magnitude and direction of the maximum G hasthemagnitudeanddirectionofthemaximum
spacerateofchangeofV itistheGradient by
definition. Therefore definition.Therefore
G=
NoticetheuseofdeloperatorinCartesianCoordinates
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 25
Forthecylindricalcoordinatesystem
Forthesphericalcoordinatesystem p y
Derivationsareleftasreadingassignments!
Computationformulaeforthegradient
UandVarescalars
n is an integer nisaninteger
Provingtheseformulas
is a homework assignment!
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore
isahomeworkassignment!
26
Th i d f V l h i f h i V
FUNDAMENTALPROPERTIESOFTHEGRADIENTOFA
SCALARFIELDV
ThemagnitudeofV equalsthemaximumrateofchangeinVper
unitdistance.
V points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V. V pointsinthedirectionofthemaximumrateofchangeinV.
V atanypointisperpendiculartotheconstantVsurfacethat
passesthroughthatpoint.
Theprojection(orcomponent)of Vinthedirectionofaunit
vectora isV a andiscalledthedirectionalderivative ofValong
a. This is the rate of change of V in the direction of a. a.ThisistherateofchangeofVinthedirectionofa.
ThegradientofVprovidesuswithboththedirectioninwhichV
changesmostrapidlyandthemagnitudeofthemaximum
directionalderivativeofV.
IfA = V,VissaidtobethescalarpotentialofA
Do all examples of calculating the gradient in the text Doallexamplesofcalculatingthegradientinthetext.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 27
ReadingAssignment
Weknowthatthegradientofascalarfunction(V,say)is
t fi ld (F ) avectorfield(F,say).
a) Whatisthecirculation(i.e.closedlineintegration)of
this vector field F? (Take any closed path) thisvectorfieldF?(Takeanyclosedpath)
b) WhatimportantpropertyofF canyoufigureoutby
solving part a? solvingpart a ?
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 28
Example:Gradient
P2.8.4[Paulet.al]
Determinetherateofchangeofthescalarfieldf(x,y,z)=xy
2
[ ] f +2z
2
at[1,1,1]inthedirectionofthevectora
x
2a
y
+a
z
.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 29
TheDIVERGENCEofaVector
Th di f A i i P i h d fl i ThedivergenceofAatagivenpointPistheoutwardfluxperunit
volumeasthevolumeshrinksaboutP.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 30
ApplyingTaylorsTheorem(ReadingAssignment):
Remembering
FortheCartesianSystem:
Remembering
FortheCylindricalSystem:
h h l FortheSphericalSystem:
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 31
PropertiesoftheDivergenceofaVector
The Divergence Theorem TheDivergenceTheorem
The total outward flux of a vector field A through the ThetotaloutwardfluxofavectorfieldA throughthe
closedsurfaceS isthesameasthevolumeintegralofthe
divergenceofA.
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 32
TheDivergenceTheorem
h fl l l h h l d l Thefluxlinescancelwithinthevolumeandonly
contributionsfromtheoutersurfaceremain
U Usage:
1. Volumeintegralsare
easiertoevaluate
2. Thelinkbetween
differentialandintegral
calculus!
Wecanconvertfromthe
differentialformtotheintegral
f b l i thi th formbyapplyingthistheorem
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 33
Example:DivergenceTheorem
P2.11.4[Paulet.al]
VerifythedivergencetheoremforthevectorfieldF(r,,)=
f f ra
r
overaclosedsurfacethatisasectionofasphere
definedbyr=1&0 /2
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 34
ClassNotices
ll l f l l h d d h Doallexamplesofcalculatingthegradientandthe
directionalderivative
D ll l l ti t th di f t Doallexamplesrelatingtothedivergenceofavector
fieldandthedivergencetheorem
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 35
Reminder:Assignment#1
[ d k l f l ] [Sadiku ElementsofElectromagnetics]
Prob.1.19,1.14,2.3,2.6,2.9,2.21,3.4,
3.10,3.17,3.19,3.27
Assignmentannounced:Tuesday,August31,2010
SubmissionDue:Tuesday,September07,2010
Youhavetosubmitasolutionofallproblemsassigned
Therewillbeanannouncedquizontheduedate
Thetotalscoreforthisassignmentwillbecalculatedbasedon
the submission as well as the announced quiz thesubmissionaswellastheannouncedquiz
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 36
CURLOFAVECTOR
Th l f A i i l ( t ti l) t h ThecurlofA isanaxial(orrotational)vectorwhose
magnitudeisthemaximumcirculationofA perunitarea
astheareatendstozeroandwhosedirectionisthe
normaldirectionoftheareawhentheareaisorientedso
astomakethecirculationmaximum
Mathematically
ThePaddleWheelAnalogy
Explainedintheclass p
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 37
ApplyingTaylorsTheorem(ReadingAssignment):
For the Cylindrical System: FortheCylindricalSystem:
FortheSphericalSystem:
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 38
Thesenseofthecurl
Given by the righthand rule Givenbytheright handrule
PropertiesoftheCurlofaVector
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 39
StokesTheorem
Stokestheoremstatesthatthecirculationofavector
fieldA arounda(closed)pathL isequaltothesurface
integralofthecurlofA overtheopensurfaceSbounded
byL providedthatA and arecontinuousonS
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 40
StokesTheorem
h fl l l h h f d l Thefluxlinescancelwithinthesurfaceandonly
contributionsfromtheouterclosedcurveremain!
U Use:
Thelinkbetween
ff differentialandintegral
calculus
Thesenseofthecurlsis
normaltothehypothetical
planeinwhichtherotation
occurs
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 41
VectorDerivatives:Summary
h d f l f ld Thegradient ofascalarfieldV atapointP isavector
fieldFthatgivesthemagnitudeanddirectionofthe
maximum rate of change of V at P maximumrateofchangeofV atP
Thedivergence ofavectorfieldFatapointP isascalar
fi ld D h i h d fl f F i l fieldD thatgivestheoutwardfluxofFperunitvolumeas
thevolumeshrinkstoP
Thecurl ofavectorfieldFatapointP isavectorfieldC
thatgivesthecirculationofFperunitarea asthearea
h i k t P shrinkstoP
HereF,C, V,D andParefunctionsof(x,y,z)
Fall,2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 42
TheFundamentalTheorems
Insteadofintegratingoveracompleteregion,justintegrateoverthe
boundary! Ref.[Griffiths:Intro.toElectrodynamics]
TheFundamentalTheorem
ofCalculus
TheFundamentalTheorem
forGradients
TheFundamentalTheorem
forDivergence
dS
TheFundamentalTheorem
forCurls
dS
Fall, 2010 (EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 43
ClassNotices
Alldetailsskipped fillinthegapsyourselves
Tryalltheexamplesinthetext Try all the examples in the text
Pleasevisitmeforclarifyingdoubts/problemsinthecourse
duringthestudentvisitinghours g g
MyLectureSlidesareaminimum!Theydonotsupersede
orevenequatethetextbook!
Pleaseseethesampleexamsplacedonthecoursefolder!
(EMTWeek03)KASHIFSIDDIQ,FASTNU,Lahore 44 Fall, 2010