1

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ____________________________________________________________ 1
Chapter 1 Computer Basics __________________________________________________ 3
What is a Computer? ____________________________________________________________ 3
What is Hardware? _____________________________________________________________ 3
What are the Main Hardware Components of a Computer? ____________________________ 3
What is an Operating System? What is its purpose? __________________________________ 4
What is Software? ______________________________________________________________ 4
Samples of Software ___________________________________________________________ 4
Common User Interface _________________________________________________________ 4
What is Peripheral? _____________________________________________________________ 5
What Peripherals are commonly used? _____________________________________________ 5
What is a Network? What are the differences between a Network and a Stand-Alone
Environment? _________________________________________________________________ 5
How should a Computer Workstation be organized to maximize the comfort of the user? __ 6
Chapter 2 Revolutions in Computing Timeline ____________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3 Evaluating Websites ________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Glossary __________________________________________________________________ 10
Bibliography _______________________________________________________________ 12
Index ____________________________________________________________________ 20








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3

Chapter 1 Computer Basics
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device or machine that is designed to take instructions and
perform computations based on these instructions at high speed. (Dictionary, web) This
electronic device will also display the results of the operation on the desktop. The
instructions that the computer performs are also known as programs. (WiseGeek, web)
What is Hardware?
Computer hardware is a term used for the physical components of a computer such as the
hard drive, graphics card, etc. that you can actually touch. (Computerhope, web) Computer
hardware is not the same as software though the software provides instructions for the
hardware to accomplish tasks. (Openprojects, web)
What are the Main Hardware Components of a Computer?
The most important hardware components of a computer include,
CPU (Central Processing Unit) which is like the brain of the computer and can perform
many complex tasks such as being able to transfer information and advanced mathematical
equations on to the motherboard. (Childoware, web)
The Motherboard (see Figure 1) makes sure that all the other parts of the computer such as
the graphics card are connected to all the other components of the computer. (Childoware,
web) The motherboard is like the spine of the computer, it holds the computer together.
(Computerhope, web)



The hard drive is where all the information and software and programs are stored. The hard
disc is where almost everything is saved. (Childoware, web) The hard drive can be
organized into sections/folders storing your data.
The RAM stands for Random Access Memory. That is where information that needs to be
accessed quickly and often is stored. (Computerhope, web) The more RAM you have, the
faster your computer runs. (Childoware, web)

Figure 1
4

A graphics card (see Figure 2) is an internal circuit board that allows
a display device such as a monitor to display an image.
(Computerhope, web) There are different types of graphics cards, in
2D and 3D, which have different quality levels. (Childoware, web)


A sound card, which is also referred to as an audio card, is an expansion card or a circuit in
the computer that enables a person to plug in speakers or play audio such as the audio that
can come from a notification. (Computerhope, web) Most of the recent sound cards are
implemented in the motherboard directly. (Childoware, web)
What is an Operating System? What is its purpose?
An OS is an operating system and an operating system is software that manages the
computers memory, processes, and other important things such as the hardware and
software. It is what lets the computer hardware communicate with the software.
(GCFlearnfree, web) In other words it lets you communicate with the computer and operate
it very easily by just a click of a button instead of using a command line interface. Without
an operating system a computer and all its software are useless. (Computerhope, web) Some
examples of operating systems would be Windows 7, IOS, and Google Android.
What is Software?
Software is a program or a set of machine readable instructions that makes the computer
perform specific tasks for the user on command. (Dictionary, web) Software and hardware
are realistically useless if used separately. Without software there isnt much you can do with
your computer. For example, your internet browser (Google Chrome, Safari, etc.) is software
and if you didnt have one of these internet browsers you wouldnt be able to explore the
internet. (Computerhope, web)
Samples of Software
- Google Chrome (Web Browser), (see Figure 4 1)
- ITunes (Music/Sound Software)
- Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)
- Sony Vegas Pro (Video Editing Software)
- Microsoft Word (Word Processing Software), (see Figure 3)
- Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software)
Common User Interface
Common user interface (see Figure 4 2) or character user interface, also known by its shorter
form CUI, is more commonly known by the name command line. (Computerhope, web) A
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4 1
5

command line is a way of interacting with a computer program by
the user entering commands as prompts instead of using a mouse
to perform a command. (Computerhope, web) The command
line is rarely used anymore to normally work with a computer
because there are operating systems that can do a command by
clicking on it instead of entering a long command for everything.

What is Peripheral?
A peripheral, which is sometimes referred to as an auxiliary device, is a device that is
connected to the computer though it is not a part of it. It allows the computer to perform an
additional function but a computer does not need a peripheral to work. (Computerhope,
web) A peripheral is dependent on the computer because it is unable to operate itself. It also
depends on the computer to function properly for it to function properly. Some examples
would be a keyboard or mouse or printer. (Education-portal, web)
What Peripherals are commonly used?
The top three most common peripherals used are the keyboard, mouse and the printer. A
keyboards function is to input letters, numbers and symbols into a computer to show up on
the monitor. Without a keyboard it wouldnt be possible to enter a prompt in the command
line. (Computerhope, web) A mouses function is to control a pointer on the monitor and
click on what the user would like. By having this peripheral the user no longer needs to
memorize commands but just has to click. (Computerhope, web) A printers function is to
take computer data and form a physical copy of the data on paper on command.
(Computerhope, web)
What is a Network? What are the differences between a Network and a Stand-
Alone Environment?
A computer network is a network that allows a computer to exchange data through a variety
of computers. A network includes a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, and
peripherals, and more devices to be able to share data and use it. (Techopedia, web)
(Examiner, web)
The difference between a network and a stand-alone environment is big.
A network computer is one that is connected to many other computers wirelessly with the
main purpose of communicating. A network computer shares its resources such as a printers
or software applications, etc. This type of computer is more useful in the modern world.
Though a network computer is more vulnerable to hackers, scammers, viruses, etc.
(Examiner, web)
Figure 4 2
6

A stand-alone computer depends on itself. It is not connected to any other computer and its
software applications are already installed onto its hard drive. These computers are usually
connected to the printer or scanner by having them attached to the CPU. A disadvantage to
this type of computer is that they are not able to access the internet and therefore have to only
use anything that is stored locally on the computer, which is a huge problem in the modern
world. The advantage to this computer though is that it is less likely to have security
problems due to the fact that most hackers and viruses come from the internet and hack into
your network. (Examiner, web)
How should a Computer Workstation be organized to maximize the comfort of
the user?
There are many areas to cover when organizing a computer workstation to maximize the
comfort of the user.
The chair is a big part in maximizing the comfort of the user. Considering
most users are at their computers for long hours it is not ideal to be sitting
on rock hard chair that has a bad spine (see Figure 4 3) which will most
likely force the user to slouch. Having a chair that can adjust the height and
can change the angle of the spine of the chair is perfect because you
wouldnt need to slouch if you found the right position and you wouldnt
need to look up or down if you were at the right height. Having your feet
touching the ground and at a 90 degree angle is very useful as well (see
Figure 5 1). (University of Western Australia; safety and health, web)
(UCLA ergonomics, web)

Having the monitor at the correct position can also help comfort the user as
well. Having the monitor set to a short distance is good and will usually be at
an arms length away from the user. The height of the monitor is important too.
The screen should be below eye level so the bottom of the screen can be read
easily (see Figure 5 2). (University of Western Australia; safety and health,
web) (UCLA ergonomics, web)
A desk shouldnt be a problem. The desk should be the proper height so that
the user can place their elbows bent at 90 degrees with their forearms parallel
to the floor and having the shoulders relaxed. The desk should be big enough to fit
everything you need on it such as the computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc. and to be
able to reach all of them easily. There should also be extra space to be able to do something
different such as righting on a paper. (University of Western Australia; safety and health,
web)
Figure 4 3
Figure 5 1
Figure 5 2
7

The mouse that the user is using should be well-designed and not bulky
(see Figure 5 3) so that their wrist is not bent at an uncomfortable
position. The mouse should also have enough space to move around
freely with no problem. (University of Western Australia; safety and
health, web)
The keyboard should be placed closer to the user than anything else (other than the desk).
The keyboard should be placed in a position that the forearms will be comfortable and the
wrists will be straight. (UCLA ergonomics, web) It is also helpful to have a wrist rest that
can be placed in front of the keyboard to support your wrists. (University of Western
Australia; safety and health, web)
The lighting and glare are big factors when it comes to comfort. The user should never place
the screen towards the window where a source of light would come in and definitely obstruct
the view with the glare. It is ideal to place the monitor in places where there is always gonna
be shade and where the glare wont come from the lights of the room. (University of
Western Australia; safety and health, web)
Last but not least the user should learn how to have good posture (see Figure 5 4). It will
greatly benefit them in the long run and even at the end of the day of sitting at a computer.
The user should have their back straight most of the time and try to avoid slouching because
it can cause back pain. If the user gets used to having that good back posture it will help them
even when not at the computer. While sitting down and relaxing they can have a good
posture as well as in sports and in their everyday life. (University of Western Australia;
safety and health, web)

Figure 5 3
Figure 5 4
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9


























10


Glossary
Abacus: An Abacus is an instrument that helps people perform operations such as additions,
subtractions, multiplications, divisions. (Ryerson, web)
Antikythra mechanism: The Antikythra mechanism was one of the first mechanical analog
computers invented. (Antikythra mechanism, web)
Apple Macintosh: The Apple Macintosh is a line of personal computers designed by Apple
and mainly used for educational, personal and commercial purposes. (Webopedia, web)
ARPANET: ARPANET was the first wide area network which was created by the Advanced
Research Project Agency. (Computerhope, web)
Computer Network: A computer network is a network that allows a computer to exchange
data through a variety of computers. A network includes a collection of computers, servers,
mainframes, and peripherals, and more devices to be able to share data and use it.
(Techopedia, web) (Examiner, web)
Colossus: The Colossus computer was an electronic computer used to decipher encrypted
codes in world war two. (Princeton, web)
IBM 360: IBM 360 was a family of computers created by IBM. It was the first family of
computers designed to both commercial and scientific use. (IBM, web)
Microsoft Windows 1.0: Microsoft Windows 1.0 is a graphical operating system created by
the Microsoft foundation. It was Microsofts first attempt at a multi-tasking graphical user
interface. (Microsoft, web)
USENET: USENET is an internet discussion system. USENET is used widely around the
world even more than 30 years after its creation. (Ritual, web)
Word Processor: A word processor is a device that can process text by editing, formatting
and sometimes even printing. (Stanford, web)




11









12

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20

Index
C
CPU, 3, 6
H
hardware, 3, 4
I
Internet, 13, 14
M
monitor, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16
mouse, 5, 6, 7, 14
N
network computer, 5
O
operating system, 4, 14, 15, 19
P
peripheral, 5, 16
S
Software, 4
stand-alone computer, 6

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