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Presentation Patterns
A Pattern Language for Creative Presentations


Takashi Iba
Aya Matsumoto
Kaori Harasawa
Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University


Abstract
In this paper we present a pattern language for creative presentations, which we named
Presentation Patterns. The Presentation Patterns consists of 34 patterns describing practical
knowledge for problem finding and problem solving in designing presentations. Although we
use the word presentation, it can be applied to all kinds of activities of representation,
including public speaking, performance of music, drama, and dance. In this paper, we show the
following seven patterns from the Presentation Patterns: Creative Presentation (0), Main
Message (1), Touching Gift (2), Image of Success (3), Dramatic Modulation (7), Unexpected
Evolution (8), and Doors of Mystery (9).

1. Introduction
In the present day, in any kind of area, it is getting more important to convey your idea for
promoting social changes and realizing innovations. In such a situation, what is required for
the presentation is not only attractive but also creative, where it intrigues the audiences to
make their own discoveries [1] during or after the presentation. However, it is not easy to
design such creative presentations. In this paper, we will show the art of designing such a
creative presentation as a pattern language. This pattern language is a pattern language of
communication, which we call pattern language 3.0 [2], and can be considered as a sister
volume to the Learning Patterns, which has been presented in past PLoP conferences [4,5,6,7].

2. Overview of the Presentation Patterns
The Presentation Patterns consists of 34 patterns. In the center of the patterns sits pattern
Creative Presentation (0). Three of the main patterns: Main Message (1), Touching Gift (2),
and Image of Success (3) surround this. Subsequent patterns are grouped into three categories.
The first group, patterns No. 4 - No.12, deals with the contents and the expressions of the
presentation. Patterns No.12 - No.21 consider how to make your presentation appealing to
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the audience. How you should act once you are on stage is discussed in the final set of patterns,
No.22 - No.30.
Creative Expression
1. Main Message
2. Touching Gift
3. Image of Success
4. Storytelling
5. Exploration of Words
6. Visual Power
7.Dramatic Modulation
8. Unexpected Evolution
9. Doors of Mystery
10.
Beautiful Clarity
11.
Perfect Portion
12.Cherry on Top
13.Mind Bridge
14. Reality Sharing
15. Participation Driver
16. Quality in Details
17. Expression Coordinator
18. Discomfort Removing
19. Triggering Blanks
20. Activation Switch
21. Take-Home Gift
22. Stage Building
23. Reminders of Success
24. Construction of
Condence
25. Presentership
26.
Best Eort
27.Perfonally for You
28. Invitation to the World
29. Improvised Presentation
30. Reecting Forwards
31. Persuit of Uniqueness
32. Authentics of Presenting
33. Be Authentic!
0. Creative Presentation
Creative Editing
Creative Performance

Figure 1: The Whole Structure of the Presentation Patterns


3. Pattern Form of the Presentation Patterns
Each pattern in the Presentation Patterns is written in the same format: pattern number,
pattern name, introductory sentence, illustration, quotations, context, problem, forces, solution,
actions, and consequences: Pattern Number is added to every pattern for convenience sake,
helping readers to find patterns; Pattern Name is the attractive and memorable words that can be
used as a building block for thinking and a vocabulary for communication about the way of
designing presentations; Introductory Sentences and Illustration are introductory parts that
impress the meaning of this pattern lively; Quotations rephrase the essence of this pattern with
notable sayings; Context is the condition for applying this pattern. Problem describes a
difficulty that often occurred in the context but is not easy to overcome, which is shown as a
bold-typed sentence just after the heading ! In this context; Forces are unavoidable laws that
make the problem hard to solve; Solution describes the way to solve the problem, which is
shown as a bold-typed sentence just after the heading ! Therefore; Actions offer concrete
approaches to put the solution into practice; Consequences describes the result of applying this
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patterns and also connection with other patterns, which is shown as a bold-typed sentence just
after the heading ! Consequently.
In the catalog booklet of the Presentation Patterns, each pattern is printed in a double page
spread, as shown in Figure 2. In the first half of pattern, which is printed at the left page in the
catalog, the overview of the pattern is described: Pattern Number, Pattern Name, Introductory
Sentences, Illustration, and Quotations. In the last half of pattern, which is printed at the right
page in the catalog booklet, the detail of the pattern is described: Context, Problem, Forces,
Solution, Actions, and Consequences.


Figure 2: Page Layout in the catalog booklet of the Presentation Patterns


4. Dialogue Workshop with the Presentation Patterns

We held the workshop that provides an opportunity for participants to reflect on their
experience of designing presentations in the undergraduate class at Keio University, Japan
(Figure 3). In the workshop, the participants recalled their experience of designing presentations
using the Presentation Patterns and made a list of patterns they had already experienced. In
addition, they made a list of patterns they wanted to master in the near future. Then, the
participants sought others who experienced patterns they wanted to master, and listened to their
experience.
It is worthwhile to emphasize that the Presentation Patterns encouraged participants to talk
about their experiences, although people have few opportunity to talk about their experiences in
their daily life. This allows us to add the example to each pattern by driving personal experience.
Presentation Patterns dare to be described in short sentence and abstract expression in order to
dwell the simplicity within each pattern because a detailed description can restrict the range of
target which recall that I had experienced. It enables participants to adapt own personal
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experience to each pattern and to drive the dialogue lively each other. The number of
participants who have experience of each pattern is shown in Figure 4.




Figure 3: Experience mining and dialogues workshop with the Presentation Patterns


Figure 4: The number of participants who have experience of each pattern
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5. Patterns presented in this paper
We present, in this paper, the following seven patterns from the Presentation Patterns:
Creative Presentation (0), Main Message (1), Touching Gift (2), Image of Success (3),
Dramatic Modulation (7), Unexpected Evolution (8) and Doors of Mystery (9). Although the
rest of the Presentation Patterns will be submitted to the future PLoP conferences, the summary
of all patterns are shown in Appendix A in this paper for reference. In addition, the making
process of the Presentation Patterns is summarized in Appendix B.
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No.0


Creative Presentation

Not just an explanation, but a creation.












We cannot teach people anything; we can only help them discover it within themselves.
--- Galileo Galilei
Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen, and thinking what nobody has
thought.---Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

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You have an idea that you want to spread and share.

! In this context

Plain old explanations of your idea wont motivate the audience to take further actions.
Information is first understood when it relates to preexisting knowledge.
- Understanding and Believing are two different things.
- It is doubtful for a person to take action without believing in it.


! Therefore

Treat your presentation not as just a chance to explain your idea, but as a chance for
creation. Work towards the audience to trigger new findings in them,
To design a creative presentation, carefully compose the Main Message (1) that drives the
audience, and suppose the needs of the audience in it to make the presentation a Touching Gift
(2) for them. Throughout the process, all decisions have to be made according to your Image of
Success (3).

! Consequently

By performing a creative presentation that inspires and motivates the audience, innovation is
possible. In addition, through the process of preparing, performing, and receiving feedbacks,
the presenter will also experience new findings. Thus, a creative presentation must be inspiring
for both the audience and the presenter.







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No.1



Main Message

What do I want to tell the audience the most?





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You are designing a presentation, and thinking of what to tell to the audience.

! In this context

You have too many things you want to say.
- It takes a lot of time and effort to organize a presentation.
- If you cant organize the information, neither will the audience.
- What you want to say to the audience doesnt necessarily correspond with what you want for
them to understand.

! Therefore

Extract the one most important message, and create your presentation around that idea.
Consider what the audience should gain most from your presentation. Use this as a measure to
prioritize the multiple messages you may have. Once you have chosen your main message,
start to build your presentation so it best conveys that message.

! Consequently

The audience can easily understand the most important message in the presentation. In addition,
having a message in the presentation would allow the presenter to do the Storytelling (4)
easier.











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No.2


Touching Gift

A presentation is a present for the audience.










I think that every novelist has a single ideal reader; that at various points during the
composition of a story, the writers is thinking, I wonder what he/she will think when he/she
reads this part?
---Stephen King
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You have decided on your Main Message (1), and you are now thinking how you can convey it
to the audience.

! In this contexts

The audience may understand your presentation, but wouldnt be moved and share the
feelings of your message.
- What you want to tell is not always what the audience wants to know.
- You dont have the audience at the preparation stage of the presentation.

! Therefore

Focus on who the audience is and think how to specifically make them impressed with
your message.
If you dont care much about the audience, your presentation would end in self-satisfaction.
You need to research about the audience in many respects before the presentation---How
familiar or interested are they about the subject? Are there any common characteristics among
them? What kind of stories do they tend to favor?

! Consequently

You can gain the sympathy of the audience, and they will become interested in the contents
and the presenter. Subsequently, it creates a warm atmosphere for you to speak in front of the
audience to get your Main Message (1) across.

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No.3


Image of Success

Set a clear goal that you want the audience to achieve.












Vision is the art of seeing the invisible.---Jonathan Swift

The ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who
do.---Steve Jobs

If one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life
which he has imagined, he will meet with success unexpected in common hours.---Henry
David Thoreau

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You made a plan on how to give your Touching Gift (2) based on the Main Message (1), and
now you are thinking of what you want to accomplish through the presentation.

! In this context

With unclear goals, you cant decide on the details of your presentation.
- The same information can be presented in multiple ways.
- If the purpose isnt clear, your presentation can easily head toward an unnecessary direction.

! Therefore

Have an image of success for your presentation.
Think at what point your presentation would become a success, and prepare for that goal.
Imagine both yourself presenting and the audiences reactions to it. Never forget about this
image throughout the preparation and performance of the presentation, giving yourself
Reminders of Success (23).

! Consequently

By having a clear Image of Success, you can work towards it without losing track of your goal.













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No.7


Dramatic Modulation

Attract the audience with an accentual rhythm.







Sweet music will also become unpleasant, if tempo collapses or the balance of sound is out of
order. A life of people is also the same.---William Shakespeare
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You want to make your Storytelling (4) that conveys the Main Message (1) more appealing.

! In this context

The audience may become confused what the Main Message (1) is in the presentation.
- It is difficult to distinguish the important facts from the less important ones.
- A monotonous presentation is boring.

! Therefore

Make a modulation in your presentation by creating a difference in your tone when
telling the Main Message (1) against the other parts.
Effectively change your inflection and the speed of your voice to interest the audience in the
presentation. Visual modulation is also effective by using different fonts or animations in the
presentation.

! Consequently

The modulation helps the listener to follow the Storytelling (4) of the presentation;
subsequently enabling them to better understand the Main Message (1). Furthermore, you can
keep attracting the attention of the audience, making it easier for you to speak.

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No.8


Unexpected Evolution

Beyond the audiences anticipations.












When you lose interest in anything, you also lose the memory for it. ---Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe








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You want to make an attractive Storytelling (4) that conveys the Main Message (1).

! In this context

Your Storytelling (4) is boring and wouldnt give any impression of the Main Message (1)
to the audience.
- Predictable stories are boring to hear.
- The audience wont remember uninteresting things.

! Therefore

Intentionally swerve the Storytelling (4) from the audiences expectations to add an
interesting and unpredictable turn.
First, consider where to add the unpredictable turn in the presentation. The introductory line
where you attract the attention of the audience, or before the main message where you start to
expand the contents, are good examples. Imagine what the audience anticipates, and purposely
present differently from that anticipation.

! Consequently

The audience can discover completely new aspects or different points of view from the
surprise. At the same time, you can expand your own point of view in the attempt to go beyond
the audiences anticipations.













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No.9


Doors of Mystery

Solving mysteries one after another.

















A rainbow which lasts for a quarter of an hour is looked at no longer.---Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe




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You want to make an attractive Storytelling (4) that conveys the Main Message (1).

! In this context

You cant keep the audiences attention.
- Interests towards a single subject dont last long
- The audience will stop paying attention unless they feel impressed or interested.

! Therefore

Design the structure of the presentation so that it appeals to the curiosity of the audience
and continuously drives their interest.
Consider what the audience already knows and what they dont know. From this assumption,
consider what kind of things the audience would show interest in. Then construct the
presentation so that the audience will continuously be surprised and learn something new.

! Consequently

The audience will become interactive to the presentation since they are curios and intrigued. In
addition, you can plan your Storytelling (4) in elaboration with the Doors of Mystery (9).















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Acknowledgement
We would like to thank to the member of Presentation Patterns Project: Mami Sakamoto, Kana
Matsumura, Rinko Arao, Yosuke Yanao, Masahiro Hamada, Daiki Muramatsu, Eri
Shimomukai, Emiri Nakano, Satoshi Nishina, Ai Nomura, Saya Yasuura, and Yuka Yamazaki.
We want to thank to Ko Matsuzuka and Ken Fujiyoshi and Taichi Isaku for helping brush-up
of this paper, Prof. Peter Sommerlad for shepherding our patterns and paper, and the
participants of writers workshop for giving advices on our paper.

References
[1] Iba, T. "An Autopoietic Systems Theory for Creativity," Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 6610-6625
[2] T. Iba, "Pattern language 3.0: Methodological advances in sharing design knowledge," The
Third International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs2011), 2011
[3] T. Iba, T. Miyake, M. Naruse, and N. Yotsumoto, "Learning patterns: A pattern language
for active learners," The 16th International Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs
(PLoP2009), 2009
[4] T. Iba and T. Miyake. "Learning patterns: A pattern language for creative learning II," The
1st Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (AsianPLoP2010), 2010
[5] T. Iba and M. Sakamoto, "Learning Patterns III: A Pattern Language for Creative
Learning," The 18th International Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2011),
2011
[6] T. Iba and Learning Patterns Project, "Learning patterns: A pattern language for creative
learning," The Third International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks
(COINs2011), 2011

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Appendix A: Brief Summaries of the Presentation Patterns

The Center Pattern

No. 0 Creative Presentation
[Context] You have an idea that you want to spread and share.
[Problem] Plain old explanations of your idea wont motivate the audience
to take further actions
[Solution] Treat your presentation not as just a chance to explain your
idea, but as a chance for creation. Work towards the audience to trigger
new findings in them.


The Core Patterns

No. 1 Main Message
[Context] You are designing a presentation, and thinking of what to tell
to the audience.
[Problem] You have too many things you want to say.
[Solution] Extract the one most important message, and create your
presentation around that idea.


No. 2 Touching Gift
[Context] You have decided on your Main Message (1), and you are now
thinking how you can convey it to the audience.
[Problem] The audiences may understand what you said, but wouldnt be
moved and share the feelings of your message.
[Solution] Focus on who the audience is and think how to specifically
make them impressed with your message.

No. 3 Image of Success
[Context] You made a plan on how to give your Touching Gift (2) based on
the Main Message (1), and now you are thinking of what you want to
accomplish through the presentation.
[Problem] With unclear goals, you cant decide on the details of your
presentation.
[Solution] Have an image of success for your presentation.

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Patterns for Expressions and Representstions

No. 4 Storytelling
[Context] You have chosen your Main Message (1) and are thinking of in
what order you should tell things.
[Problem] A presentation with just the information laid out is boring and
unmemorable.
[Solution] Create an attractive story with the information you have.


No. 5 Exploration of Words
[Context] Storytelling (4) that tells the Main Message (1) is made and you
are writing out your script for the presentation.
[Problem] To avoid using dull or overused expressions you are tempted to
use unfamiliar words, sometimes hard for the audience to understand.
[Solution] Search for words and expressions that both the presenter and
the audience feel attractive.

No. 6 Visual Power
[Context] Storytelling (4) that tells the Main Message (1) is made and you
are writing out your script for the presentation.
[Problem] You feel your presentation is too wordy and hard to
understand.
[Solution] Take advantage of a visual figure that expresses the
information.

No. 7 Dramatic Modulation
[Context] You want to make your Storytelling (4) that conveys the Main
Message (1).
[Problem] The audience may become confused what the Main Message (1)
is in the presentation.
[Solution] Make a modulation in your presentation by creating a
difference in your tone when telling the Main Message (1) against the other
parts.
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No. 8 Unexpected Evolution
[Context] You want to make your Storytelling (4) that conveys the Main
Message (1).
[Problem] The audience may become confused what the Main Message (1)
is in the presentation.
[Solution] Make a modulation in your presentation by creating a
difference in your tone when telling the Main Message (1) against the other
parts.


No. 9 Doors of Mystery
[Context] You want to make your Storytelling (4) that conveys the Main
Message (1).
[Problem] You cant keep the audiences attention.
[Solution] Design the structure of the presentation that continuously
drives the audiences interest.


No. 10 Beautiful Clarity
[Context] You are brushing up expressions in your presentation to better
convey the Main Message (1).
[Problem] Your presentation is either attractive but difficult to
understand, or easily understood but lacks attractiveness.
[Solution] Brush up your presentations so it has a good balance between
clarity and allure.

No. 11 Perfect Portion
[Context] You are brushing up expressions in your presentation to better
convey the Main Message (1).
[Problem] Your presentation has too much information, or too little
information.
[Solution] Make sure your presentation has just the right amount of
information at various levels of the presentation.
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No. 12 Cherry on Top
[Context] You are brushing up expressions in your presentation to better
convey the Main Message (1).
[Problem] Your presentation doesnt have any problems, but you still feel
it lacks something.
[Solution] Make extra improvements in not the contents of the
presentation, but in its expressions.


Patterns for Preparation and Performance

No. 13 Mind Bridge
[Context] You are making your presentation into a Touching Gift (2) that
gives the audience a memorable experience.
[Problem] You notice yourself repeating the same words trying to explain
an idea.
[Solution] Use metaphors and specific examples to help explain to the
audience.

No. 14 Reality Sharing
[Context] You are making your presentation into a Touching Gift (2) that
gives the audience a memorable experience.
[Problem] There is a limit to what you can get across to the audience
with just words and pictures.
[Solution] Make an opportunity within the presentation for the audience
to actually experience first-hand the sensation you want to share.

No. 15 Participation Driver
[Context] You are making your presentation into a Touching Gift (2)
that gives the audience a memorable experience.
[Problem] The audience tends to get passive just listening to the
presenter.
[Solution] Make an opportunity for the audience to participate in your
presentation.






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No. 16 Quality in Details
[Context] You are working to make your Touching Gift (2) even better.
[Problem] You tend to stop giving your best effort when your presentation
starts to take shape.
[Solution] Taking into account the presentation as a whole, work on
fixing the small details.


No. 17 Expression Coordinator
[Context] You are working to make your Touching Gift (2) even better.
[Problem] You feel you are always giving the same sort of presentations
due to a lack of techniques.
[Solution] Watch other people present, and take in any techniques that
you think would help your presentation skills.


No. 18 Discomfort Removing
[Context] You are working to make your Touching Gift (2) even better.
[Problem] Your unconscious habits are bothering the audience.
[Solution] Make an opportunity for yourself to notice your habits.




No. 19 Triggering Blanks
[Context] You want your audience to take active responses to your
Touching Gift (2).
[Problem] The audience becomes too busy trying to understand the
material.
[Solution] Purposely leave out some information so the listeners can use
their imagination to fill in the missing parts.


No. 20 Activation Switch
[Context] You want your audience to take active responses to your
Touching Gift (2).
[Problem] Your audience understood the material of your presentation,
but they think the subject is unrelated to their lives.
[Solution] Include in your presentation a chance for the listeners to think
about their own opinions, and then show them the path for the next step.
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No. 21 Take-Home Gift
[Context] You want your audience to take active responses to your
Touching Gift (2).
[Problem] Your ideas struggle to spread even after the presentation.
[Solution] Hand out a gift for the audience to take home that would
remind them of the details of the presentation.


The Patterns for Creative Performance

No. 22 Stage Building
[Context] You are imagining your Image of Success (3) while going
through final adjustments for your presentation.
[Problem] Your presentation may be ruined due to technical difficulties.
[Solution] Treat facilities and equipment as part of your presentation,
and check thoroughly for any problems and adjust them beforehand.


No. 23 Reminders of Success
[Context] You are imagining your Image of Success (3) while going
through final adjustments for your presentation.
[Problem] You notice you are heading towards a different direction than
your original goal.
[Solution] Frequently remind yourself with your Image of Success (3),
whether verbally or visually, to refresh your mind as needed.

No. 24 Construction of Confidence
[Context] You are imagining your Image of Success (3) while going
through final adjustments for your presentation.
[Problem] Despite the effort youve put in, you dont have much
confidence in your speech.
[Solution] Remind yourself of all the time and effort you have put into
this presentation, stack them up and build your self-confidence.

No. 25 Presentership
[Context] You are minutes away from your stage and your Image of
Success (3) is about to come true.
[Problem] You become too busy trying to speak and forget that an
audience is watching you.
[Solution] Act as if you are part of the presentation.
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No. 26 Best Effort
[Context] You are minutes away from your stage and your Image of
Success (3) is about to come true.
[Problem] You tend to make excuses for the parts you dont have as much
confidence in, only to make the presentation even worse.
[Solution] Make no excuses and give the best presentation you have at
the point.


No. 27 Personally for You
[Context] You are minutes away from your stage and your Image of
Success (3) is about to come true.
[Problem] Your attitude towards the audience becomes careless from the
rush to get your speech across.
[Solution] Intentionally make eye contact with the audience in effort to
give the speech to each and every one of them.

No. 28 Invitation to the World
[Context] You want to give a presentation with a high level Image of
Success (3). [Problem] You are working on brushing up your expressions,
but you feel your presentation isnt improving as much.
[Solution] Have an alluring world of your presentation, let the audience
have a glimpse of that world, and then guide them into it.


No. 29 Improvised Presentation
[Context] You want to give a presentation with a high level Image of
Success (3). [Problem] You find yourself having trouble trying to progress
your speech according to the reactions of the audience.
[Solution] Have a repertoire of speeches that you can put together and
improvise based on the reactions of the audience.


No. 30 Reflecting Forwards
[Context] You want to give a presentation with a high level Image of
Success (3). [Problem] You feel satisfied when you finish speaking, and
take no actions afterwards.
[Solution] Evaluate your performance on the presentation that you gave
through self-reflection and the reaction of others.
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The Extreme Patterns

No. 31 Pursuit of Uniqueness
[Context] You want to give a truly Creative Presentation (0).
[Problem] Your presentations are somewhat similar to other peoples
presentations.
[Solution] Be aware of the differences you have from other presenters,
and pursuit your originality.


No. 32 Aesthetics of Presenting
[Context] You want to give a truly Creative Presentation (0).
[Problem] Your presentations all seem the same.
[Solution] Continue your pursuit for beauty in your presentations, and
build your own values on aesthetic



No. 33 Be Authentic!
[Context] You want to give a truly Creative Presentation (0).
[Problem] You feel your presentations lack some depth and quality.
[Solution] Be authentic! Live your way of Life.


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Appendix B: The Making Process of the Presentation Patterns

The Presentation Patterns were made by 15 project members in 2011. In what follows, the
making process of the Presentation Patterns is shown according the procedure explained above:
Patterns Mining, Patterns Writing, Patterns Improving, Language Organizing, and Catalogue
Editing.

B.1. Patterns Mining
What we did in the first place for mining patterns is to explore our own experience. We
started brainstorming about the way of designing presentations. In the brainstorming, we
conceive presentation in broad sense, including all kinds of activities of representation,
including public speaking, performance of music, drama, and dance. After collecting the ideas,
the next step is to organize them by compiling similar ideas, dividing into groups of ideas,
giving names to the groups, and connecting each other according to the their meaning. Note that
these groups must be organized by emergence through iterating the operation to bring an idea
near another and to keep one away from others, not by guidance of existing category. This
process is well known as KJ technique in Japan. Thus, the pieces of idea about presentation
design were organized over the discussion, and consequently we obtain about 40 candidates of
patterns.



B.2. Patterns Writing
After that, we describe the core parts of patterns, namely pattern name, problem and solution.
In this phase, we decided the concrete form of our pattern language. Every member took charge
of some patterns that they have experienced. This policy of assignment is important, simply
because writing patterns require the tacit knowledge of what is written in the pattern.

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B.3. Patterns Improving
After finishing writing the core parts of patterns, we hold writers workshops and rewrite the
patterns. Drawing illustrations of the patterns were preceded in parallel, and here we realized
that illustrations help to shape our understanding of the patterns. In this phase, writers
workshops are held several times for each pattern in order to improve the contents and
expression of patterns.



B.4. Language Organizing
The fourth phase was to organize the patterns into a language as a whole. In completed
pattern language, each pattern does not exist alone; every pattern has relations to other patterns.
Thinking the whole structure and patterns relations leaded to the reflection and reconsideration
for the meaning of each pattern. When organizing the patterns as a language, we make a final
decision that Presentation Patterns consists of 34 patterns. We decided the layer structure of the
Presentation Patterns according to the abstract level.



B.5. Catalog Editing
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The fifth phase was to design the catalogue in which the pattern language is contained. In this
phase, we thought not only the pattern language but also other object contained in the catalogue;
for example, cover, imprint, preface, table of contents, explanation how to read, overview of the
pattern language, navigation to each pattern, and so on.