Question 1

a) There are two different types of research which are first applied research and basic
research. Applied research is solves a current problem faced by the manager in the work
setting, demanding a timely solution. For example, if someone were to do research on the
way to end cancer then this would be applied research. With applied research, researchers
are looking for answers that will be easily applied to current, modern concepts and
problems. Most people need to find ways to make their research, 'applied" because this is
the way that they get grants.

Next types of research is basic research. Basic research is generates a body of knowledge
by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved. It
is about finding information simply to find information. With basic research researchers
choose to research topic of interest to them. It is about figuring out the answer without
necessarily figuring out an answer that is applicable to curing a type of disease or to a
current problem that they are trying to solve in science today.

b) There are a instances where an external research team would be useful, it is when first the
internal team may quite fall into a stereotyped way of looking at the organization and its
problems. This inhibits any fresh ideas and perspectives that might be needed to correct the
problem. This is definitely a handicap for situation in which weighty issues and complex
problems are to be investigated. This where external team is needed because the external
teams, especially those from established research and consulting firms, might have more
knowledge of current sophisticated problem solving models through their periodic training
program, which the team within the organization may not have access to. internal team
members are kept abreast of the latest problem solving technique may vary considerably
from one organization to another.

Another instances is when there are a possibility that even the most highly qualified internal
research team are not perceived as "expects" by the staff and management and hence their
recommendations may not get the consideration and attention they deserve. This is where
the external team can draw on a wealth of experience from having worked with different
types of organizations that have had the same or similar types of problems. They are able to
ponder over several alternative ways of looking at the problem because of their extensive
problem solving experience in various other organizational setups. There instances where
internal research would be deployed are first if the company want to hire external team, they
need to think about the cost of hiring external research team is usually high and is the main
deterrent, unless the problem are critical and also charges additional fees for their
assistance in the implementation and evaluation phases.

Another instances where internal research would be deployed is when the external team
takes to understand the organization being researched, they seldom get a warm welcome,
nor are readily accepted by employees. soliciting employees help and enlisting their
cooperation in the study is a little more difficult and time consuming for external researchers
than for internal teams.

c) Based on the scenario, it will be fall in the categorized of basic research. This is because
basic research is generates a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain
problems that occur in organization can be solve. A researcher says his or her objective to
purpose a guideline for establishing the proper "fit" between service failure and service
recovery.

Question 2
a) Business research is the application of the scientific method in searching for the truth about
business phenomena. These activities include defining business opportunities and
problems, generating and evaluating ideas, monitoring performance, and understanding the
business process. The systematic gathering of data, which, once analyzed, can provide
useful insights to facilitate profitable decision-making by organizations. With better and more
reliable data, decision-making and the quality of decisions tends to be both quicker and of
greater quality. Research can assist organizations in their understanding of the industry
sector, the market place within which they operate and their competitors. It can give greater
knowledge about industry sector, the market, competition, competitors, economy,
technology and environment.

b) First stage of business research process is observation. It focusing on broad problem area
of research interest identified. The broad problem area refers to the entire situation where
one sees a possible need for research and problem solving. The problem area may contain
current existing problems, situation requiring improvement and conceptual issues that need
to be tightened.

Second stage for this process is preliminary data collection. There are two types of data
which is primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data gathered for research from
the actual site of occurrence of events such as observation and questionnaires to
individuals. Primary data consists of background information of the organization, structural
factors and management philosophy and perception, attitudes and behavioral response. For
secondary data, data that already exist and do not have to be collected by the researcher
such as statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished
and available within or outside the organization.

After that researcher will do the literature survey or review. Literature survey is the
documentation of comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from
secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the researches. The purpose of
the literature review is to ensure that no important variable is ignored that has in the past
been found to have an impact on the problem.

The third stage for business researched process is problem definition. Researcher will find
the symptoms which indicator of the problem such as low productivity and declining
customer base. The problem is any situation where a gap exists between the actual and
desired ideal state. Problem is clear precise statement of the question or issue that is to be
investigated with the goal of finding an answer or solution.

Next stage is theoretical framework. A variable is anything that can take on differing in
varying values. There are 4 types of variable which is dependent, independent, moderating
and mediating variable. A good theoretical framework identified and labels the important
variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem defined. There are five (5) basic
features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework. First is components of
theoretical framework is the variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly
identified and labeled in the discussion. Next is the discussion should state how two or more
variables are related to one another.

This should be done for the important relationships that are theorized to exist among the
variables. If the nature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the basis of the
findings of previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussion as to
whether the relationship would be positive or negative. Other than that, there should be
clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. The arguments could
be drawn from the previous findings. Lastly is a schematic diagram of the theoretical
framework should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized
relationship.

The fifth stage of business research process is generation hypotheses. Hypotheses
definition is can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more
variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Statement of hypotheses format
consists of proposition and if-then statement, directional and non-directional and null and
alternative hypotheses.

The sixth stage of this process is scientific research design. The purpose of this study is
exploratory studies, descriptive studies and hypothesis testing. The types of investigation
are a casual study and a co-relational study. This study can influence the extent to which the
research interferes with the normal flow of work at the workplace has a directing bearing on
whether the study undertaken is causal or co-relational. In a causal study, the researcher
tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects of such manipulation on the
dependent variables. For co-relational study is conducted in the natural environment of the
organization. The study consists of 3 setting which is field studies, field experiments and lab
experiments.

Next stage is data collection, analysis and interpretation. They are an integral part research
design as there are several data collection methods with its own advantages and
disadvantages. Data collection methods are including interview, observation and
questionnaire. Interview consists of unstructured and structured. While for questionnaire is a
pre-formulated written set a question to which respondent record their answers usually
within rather closely defined alternatives. Questionnaire is efficient data collection method.
Questionnaire can be divided into two types which is personally administered and mail
questionnaire. Lastly is an observational survey. It is made by gathering data without asking
question of respondent. People can observe in their natural work environment or in the lab
setting and their activities and behaviors or other items can be recorded.\

Last stage for business research process is research report. The research proposal drawn
up by the investigator is the result of a planned, organized and careful effort and basically
contains of the broad goals of the study, the specific problem to be investigated, details of
the procedures to be followed, the research design offering, time frame of the study and the
budget.

Question 3
a) The purpose of the literature review is to ensure that no important variable is ignored that
has in the past been found to have an impact on the problem. Literature review would
prevent such a waste of resources in reinventing the wheel. Literature review also ensures
important variables that are likely to influences the problem situation are not left out of the
study. Other than that the problem statement can be made with precision and clarity.
b) Problem statement is clear, precise and succinct statement of the specific issue that a
researcher wishes to investigate. It is relevant if it is meaningful from a managerial
preservative, an academic perspective or both. From managerial perspective, it is important
is if relevant to a problem that currently exists in an organizational setting and an area that a
manager believes need to be improved in the organization. It is important because to what
extents do the structured of the organization and type of information systems install account
for the variance in the perceived effectiveness of managerial decisions making. Other than
that, it is defined to what extent the internal industry have done for their marketing such as
advertising, to maintain high quality of product or services have been successfully in
creating the high quality, customer-centered corporate image that it was intended to
produced.
c) i- Barbara, G.T., & Linda, S.F. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Pearson
Education, Boston.
ii- Jos, B., & Machiel, J.R. (2001). Consumer Innovativeness and Its Correlates: A
Propositional Inventory for Future Research. Business Rserach, 64, 601-609.
iii- David, U., Nuria, T., & Domingo, R.S. (2010). Analysing Social Entrepreneurship
from an Institutional Perspective: Evidence from Spain. Social Entreprenuership,
1 (1), 54-69.

Question 4
a) A probability sample is one in which each person in the population has an equal or at least
known chance (probability) of being selected, while in a non-probability sample some people
have a greater, but unknown, chance than others of selection. Probability samples are based on
the mathematical theory of probability. The surest way of providing equal probability of selection
is to use the principle of random selection. This involves listing all members of the population
(this list is called a sampling frame) and then, in effect, 'pulling names out of a hat'; although you
can use a random number table to do this. There are still likely to be differences between the
sample and the total population, but using a probability sample means that this should be by
chance alone.

A non-probability sample may be more practical for some research projects. For example, there
are no lists of all the people who have committed a crime or particular offence, although there
are lists of convictions for individual offences. The issue then may be whether you are allowed
access to such a list for research purposes. Non-probability samples may be more open to the
criticism of not representing a population, but are chosen in situations where probability
sampling techniques are either impractical or unnecessary



Type of
Sampling
Profitability Type of
Sampling
Unprofitability
Simple
Random
Select from a list of the
population (sampling
frame). Can use a
random number table to
do this/
Convenience Select cases based on their
availability for the study.
Systematic Start a random, at a
point on the sampling
frame, and choose
every tenth case (or
some other frequency)
depending on sampling
frame size.
Most similar Select cases that are judge
to represent similar or
dissimilar cases conditions
or alternatively, very different
conditions.
Stratified
Sampling frame
stratified (example :
class, race and sex)
than random sampling
Typical case Cases selected that are
known beforehand to be
typical and not to be
extreme.
cluster Population divided into
units or cluster each
containing individuals in
a range of
circumstances
Snowball Group members identify
additional members to be
included in the sample
Multi-stage An extension of cluster
sample, in which
sample are drawn from
within cluster.
quota Sample selected that yield in
the same proportions as the
known populations on easily
identified variables

b) i - Population is any complete, or the theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. It
is usually the ideal population or universe to which research results are to be generalized.
For example, all adult population of Malaysia
ii - Element (similar to unit of analysis): This is that unit about which information is collected
and that provides the basis of analysis. In survey research, elements are people or certain
types of people. Example is which types of people that often suffering of mood swing.
iii The population frame is a listing of all the elements in the population from which the
sample is drawn. Example is university registry containing a listing of all students, faculty,
administrators and support staff in the university during a particular academic year or
semester.
iv - A sample is some part of a larger body specially selected to represent the whole.
Sampling is the process by which this part is chosen. Sampling then is taking any portion of
a population or universe as representative of that population or universe. Example A list of
all school-age children with asthma treated in pediatric asthma clinics in university-affiliated
medical centers in the Malaysia.

c) There are four types of scale used to distinguished variables in a research. The scale is
nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale. For nominal scale is one that
allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or groups.


Nominal scale




Ordinal scale ranks orders the categories in some meaningful way and to denote differences
among the various categories.

Job Characteristic Ranking of importance

The opportunity provided by the job to:

1 Interact with others ____

2 Use a number of different skills ____

3 Complete a whole task from beginning to end ____

4 Serve others ____

5 Work independently ____

Ordinal scale

An interval scale allows us to perform certain arithmetical operations on the data collected from the respon
ds.

Interval Scale

The ratio scale overcomes the deficiency of the arbitrary origin point of the interval scale, in that it has
absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary). Zero point which is a meaningful measurement point. The ratio scale
not only measures the magnitude of the differences between points in the scale but also taps the
proportions in the differences. It is the most powerful of the four scales because it has a unique zero origin
and subsumes all properties of the other three scales to calculate the ratio of the weight of two individuals

How many other organizations did you work for before joining this system?

How many stores do you operate?

Ratio Scale
Question 5

a) There are 3 variable in this statement. The first variable is smoking. The second variable is
attitude and behavior and third is movie. There are 4 types of variable which are dependent
variable, independent variable, moderating variable and mediating variable. For the first
variable smoking, it is in the categories of dependent variable. Dependent variable is of
primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the research project is to understand, predict
or explain the variability of this variable. For the second variable is attitude and behavior, it is
in the categories in the moderating variable. Moderating variable is divided into 2 which
qualitative and quantitative variable that affect the direction and strength of relation between
independent and dependent variable. movie the third variable is in independent variable. It
can influences the dependent variable in either positive or negatives way. The variance in
the dependent variable is accounted for by the independent variable.
b)





c) Hypothesis of the statement
H
0
: This day movie influence people.
H
A
: This day movie does not give influence to people.
H0: Attitude and behavior are affected when seeing a movie.
HA: Attitude and behavior does not affect when seeing a movie.
H0: Smoking in movie influence adolescent to start smoking.
HA: Smoking in movie did not influence adolescent to start smoking.

Question 6

a) The research conducted in a sales organization that operated in 50 cities of the country. All
the sales organization had a employs total of about 500 sales forces. This research used a
sample size of 150. The result shown are based on regression analysis. Based on the result
Smoking
Movie
Attitude and
Behavior
of regression analysis shown there are 11 types of calculation been conducted and there is
5 variable exist in this research. By using the calculation a list of result had been produced.
Based on the result shown, for the calculation is calculate of R square which the result is
0.43459. For Adjusted R square the result is 0.35225 and for standard error is 0.41173 as
the result. For F-stat result is 5.278 and the result for sig is 0.000. For the variable there are
3 types of calculation been calculated which are beta, t and sig. t. As for variable of training
of salespersons beta, t, sig. t show a result of 0.28, 2.768 and 0.0092. For the result of
second variable, number of salespersons for beta, t, sig. t is 0.34, 3.55 and 0.00001. As the
population result the beta, t, sig. t are 0.09, 0.97 and 0.467. The second last variable which
is per capital income the beta, t, and sig. t result is 0.12, 1.200 and 0.089. The last variable
is advertisement. The result for advertisement, beta is 0.47, t is 4.54 and sig. t is 0.00001.
All the independent variable give an affect the sales performance to the sales organization.

b) The recommendation that i suggest based on the table of result of regression analysis
shown, are first sales organization should increases the number of training given to the
salespersons. This ways salespersons can learn something news or sharpen the skill that
their already have that can give them a boost in increasing their work performance. Second
recommendation for the sales organization is increasing number of salespersons. If number
of salesperson increases the number of competition also increases among the salesperson
this will give them a motivation to increases their work performance in order them to
compete each other. For the third recommendation, the sales organization should increases
the number of population in the company. This ways company need to hired more people.
Based on the result shown population show a lower number. This may be can be interpret
that the company had small number of population. By increases the number of population,
the management of the sales organization can be run smooth and efficient. The next
recommendation is based on capital income. The sales organization should increases the
sales of the organization product. This is because the capital income gain for sales
organization is small. The sales organization should make a strategy to increases the capital
income. last recommendation is based on advertisement. The sales organization need to do
advertisement to promotes the organization product. The sales organization need to
increases the ways of advertisement the product. For example make advertisement using
the newspaper, radio, tv or internet.