The Isl amic univer sity - Gaza

Faculty of Engineer ing

Civil Engineer ing Department
CHAPTER (5)
Instructor : Dr. JehadHamad
Allowable Bearing Capacity
& Settlement
oIt wasmentionedinChapter 3that, inmanycases, theallowable
settlement of a shallow foundation may control the allowable
bearingcapacity. Theallowablesettlement itself maybecontrolled
bylocal buildingcodes. Thus, theallowablebearingcapacitywill be
thesmaller ofthefollowingtwoconditions:
Intr oduction
oThesettlementisdividedintotwocategorizes:
Elastic (Immediatesettlement).
Consolidationsettlement.
oInsomecalculationsofsettlementitisrequiredtofindtheincrease
instressatanydepthofsoil mass,sowewill discussthecalculation
ofincreaseinstress.
Vertical str ess incr ease in
soil mass
to concentrated load: Due - 1
X, Y and Z are the coordinates of point
under consideration.
to circularly loaded area load: Due - 2
q o: Load per unit area on circle.
B: Diameter of circle.
r: Distance from center of circle to point
under consideration.
z: Depth of point under consideration.
Go to table ( 5.1 )
find o Ds / q by determining the terms:
r/(B/2)
z/(B/2)
q o: Load per unit area on rectangle.
I: influence factor.
The point should be under corner of rectangle, if not we have to
divide the rectangle to sub rectangles for which the point is a corner
for each part.
find I, by determining the terms:
see table 5.2
rectangular loaded area: Below - 3
I q
o

Z
B
m
Z
L
n
: loaded area Average vertical increase in stress due to rectangular - 4
When we have a foundation on a layer of soil has depth from z=0 to
z=H, the increase of stress decrease as the depth of soil increase, so
to calculate the average stress increase in such layer use the following
equation:
( )
1 ) 1 (
2 ) 2 (
1 2
) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2
1 / 2
H H Take ;
H H Take ;

1
]
1

a H a
a H a
H a H a
o
H H
avg
I I
I I
H H
I H I H
q
Go to figure 5.7 to find a I by determining the terms:
H
B
m
2
H
L
n
2
1-Elastic settlement over saturated clay: ( )
s
o
avg e
E
B q
A A S
2 1

Go to figure 5.14 to find A

1
by determining the terms (H/B and L/B).
Go to figure 5.14 to find A
2
by determining the term (D
f
/B).
Es = ! . cu
See Table 5.7 to get a typical value of ! = f (OCR , PI)
Settlement calculations:
2- Calculation of elastic settlement based on elasticity theory:
see table 5.8,9,10
In1999, MayneandPoulospresentedanimprovedformulafor calculatingthe
elasticsettlement of foundations. Theformulatakesintoaccounttherigidityof
thefoundation, thedepthof embedmentof thefoundation, theincreaseinthe
modulusof elasticityof thesoil withdepth, andthelocationof rigidlayersat a
limiteddepth. TouseMayneandPoulossequation, oneneedstodeterminethe
equivalentdiameterBeofarectangularfoundation,or
oImproved Equation for Elastic Settlement:
Where:
B =widthof foundation
L =length of foundation
For circular foundations Be =B
o Improved equation for
calculating elastic settlement:
general parameters
3-Elastic settlement of sandy soil using strain influence factor:
( )

2
0
'
2 1
z z
z
s
z
e
z
E
I
q q C C S
q q
q
C

'
1
5 . 0 1 C1 Correction factor for depth of embedment:

,
_

+
1 . 0
years in Time
log 2 . 0 1
2
C
C2 Creep correction factor :
f
D
q Stress at the level of foundation including external loads and soil weight.
q Effective vertical overburden pressure. In the absence of water table
.
Es: Modulus of elasticity of soil below the foundation which is variable.
Why Es is various?
Due to nonhomogenuity of soil the value of Es is varying, we can estimate the
value of Es from field tests as Standard Penetration Number (N) or Cone
Penetration Resistance
( )
c
q
( ) ( )
N Ib
m KN ft t
ft Ib ft US
q
q
ft US N m KN N
E
c
c s

'

4484 . 4
2 7854 . 95 2
2 2000 2
2 2
1
/ / 1
/ / tons 1
footing strip For 5 . 3
footing square or circular For 5 . 2
tons/ 8 or / 766
z
I
: Strain influence factor, it is given as shown below:
Z Iz
0 0.1
Z
1
=0.5B 0.5
Z
2
=2B 0
For square or circular foundation
Z Iz
0 0.2
Z
1
=B 0.5
Z
2
=4B 0
For foundation with L/B
10
For L/B between 1 and 10, we have to do interpolation for each depth.
The procedure for calculating elastic settlement using Eq. (5.49) is given here
(Figure 5.22):
Step 1. Plot the foundation and the variation of Izwith depth to scale (Figure 5.22a).
Step 2. Using the correlation from standard penetration resistance (N60) or cone
penetration resistance (qc), plot the actual variation of Es with depth (Figure 5.22b).
Step 3. Approximate the actual variation of Es into a number of layers of soil having
a constante Es, suchas Es(1), Es(2), . . . , Es(i), . . . Es(n) (Figure 5.22b).
Step 4. Divide the soil layer from Z =0 to Z =Z2 into a number of layers by drawing
horizontal lines. The number of layers will depend on the break in continuity in the Izand Es
diagrams.
Step 5. Prepare a table (such as Table 5.11) to obtain
Step 6. Calculate C1 and C2.
Step 7. Calculate Se from Eq. (5.49).

2
0
z z
z
s
z
z
E
I
Procedure for calculation of Se using the strain influence factor
Meyerhof (1956) proposed a correlation for the net bearing pressure for
foundationswiththestandardpenetrationresistance, N60. Thenetpressurehas
beendefinedas
Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on Standard
Penetration Resistance Meyerhofs Method
According to Meyerhofs theory, for According to Meyerhofs theory, for 25 25 mm ( mm (1 1 in) of estimated maximum settlement, in) of estimated maximum settlement,
Since the time that Meyerhof proposed his original correlations, researchers have
observed that its results are rather conservative. Later, Meyerhof (1965) suggested
that the net allowable bearing pressure should be increased by about 50%. Bowles
(1977) proposed that the modified form of the bearing equations be expressed as
BurlandandBurbidge(1985)proposedamethodofcalculatingtheelasticsettlement
ofsandysoil usingthefieldstandardpenetrationnumber,N60(SeeChapter2.)
Themethodcanbesummarizedasfollows:
1. Variationof StandardPenetrationNumber withDepth
Obtain the field penetration numbers N60 with depth at the location of the
foundation. Thefollowingadjustmentsof N60 maybenecessary, dependingonthe
fieldconditions:
Forgravel orsandygravel,
oBurland and Burbidges Method
Forfinesandorsiltysandbelowthe
15 > groundwater table and N60
2. Determinationof Depthof StressInfluence(Z):
Indeterminingthedepthofstressinfluence,thefollowingthreecasesmayarise:
Case I. If N60[or N60 (a) ] is approximately constant with depth, calculate from
Case II. If N60[or N60 (a) ] is increasing with depth, use Eq. (5.65) to calculate Z
Case III. If N60[or N60 (a) ] is decreasing with depth Z =2B, or to the bottom of soft
soil layer measured from the bottom of the foundation (whichever is smaller).
3. Calculation of Elastic Settlement Se :
The elastic settlement of the foundation Se, can be calculated from
As mentioned before, consolidation settlement occurs over time in saturated clayey
soils subjected to an increased load caused by construction of the foundation.
(See Figure 5.29.) On the basis of the one-dimensional consolidation settlement
equations given in Chapter 1, we write
o Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships
(for normally consolidated clays)
Theconsolidationsettlement calculationpresentedintheprecedingsectionis
basedonEqs. (1.61), (1.63), and(1.65). Theseequations, asshowninChapter1,
are in turn based on one-dimensional laboratory consolidation tests. The
underlying assumption is that the increase in pore water pressure u,
immediatelyafterapplicationoftheloadequalstheincreaseinstress!, atany
depth.Inthiscase,
oThree-Dimensional Effect on Primary
Consolidation Settlement
Circular foundation on a clay layer
Kcir =settlement ratio for circular
foundations.
Settlement ratios for circular (Kcir)
And Continuous foundations
(Kstr)
At the endof primary consolidation (i.e., after the complete dissipationof excess pore
waterpressure)somesettlementisobservedthatisduetotheplasticadjustmentofsoil
fabrics.Thisstageofconsolidationiscalledsecondaryconsolidation.
o Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation
Variation of ewith log t under a given
load increment, and definition of
secondary compression index
The ultimate load-bearing capacity of a foundation, as well as the allowable
bearingcapacitybasedontolerablesettlement considerations, canbeeffectively
determinedfromthefieldloadtest, generallyreferredtoastheplate load test.
Theplatesthat areusedfortestsinthefieldareusuallymadeofsteel andare
25mmthickand150mmto762mmindiameter. Occasionally, squareplatesthat
are305mm" 305mmarealsoused.
o Field Load Test
( ) ( )
p u f u
q q
( ) ( )
P
f
p u f u
B
B
q q
( )
( )
plate of Width :
foundation of Width :
plate for capacity bearing Ultimate :
foundation for capacity bearing Ultimate :
p
f
p u
f u
B
B
q
q
For clay soil:
For sand soil:
Plate load test: (a) test arrangement;
(b) nature of load settlement curve
p
f
p f
B
B
S S
2
2

,
_

p f
f
p f
B B
B
S S
f
S
p
S
For clay:
For sand:
: Settlement of foundation
: Settlement of plate
Settlement relationships from plate load test: