Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

SIMILARITIES
PLANT ANIMAL
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cell Wall
Plasma Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Pore
Nuclear Double Membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Cytoskeleton
DIFFERENCES
Mesosome
In-folded Membrane
Chloroplast Centriole + Centrosome
Slime Capsule (maybe) Vacuole
Small Large Medium
Pilli
Plasmid
Flagellum (maybe) Flagella (maybe)
Nucleotide - contains circular DNA
Glycogen granules
DIFFERENCES
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
No nucleus Nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles
Has cell wall Cell wall only in plant
DNA is free in cytoplasm DNA enclosed in nucleus
Small cell Large cell
Always unicellular Often multicellular
DNA is circular, without proteins not in
chromosome form
DNA as loop
DNA is linear, and associated with proteins
DNA as strands
Small ribosomes Large ribosomes
Asexual reproduction Asexual or sexual reproduction
Cell division by binary fission Cell division by mitosis or meiosis
No cytoskeleton Has a cytoskeleton
No nuclear double membrane (because no
membrane-bound organelles)
Has nuclear double membrane
EUKARYOTIC
Organelle Structure Function
Nucleus Largest organelle
Nuclear envelope is a double membrane
Nuclear pores make the membrane
porous
Contains DNA
Contains dense nucleolus where
ribosomes are made
Site of mRNA synthesis
Ribosomes Found in the cytoplasm, either free or
attached to rER.
Made of rRNA and proteins
Has binding sites for mRNA + tRNA
Site of protein synthesis
rER Interconnected flattened membrane-
bound sacs (cisternae) with ribosomes
attached (this is why it feels rough).
Involved in protein transport to other parts
of the cell
Folds and processes proteins made at the
ribosomes
sER Interconnected flattened tubular
membrane-bound sacs (cisternae) without
ribosomes attached (this is why it feels
smooth)
Contains enzymes for metabolic functions
Synthesizes and processes lipids +
steroids
Synthesizes, stores and processes
carbohydrates
Makes reproductive hormones
Mitochondria Contains a double membrane the inner
membrane is folded into cristae (finger-
like projections) which provides a large
surface area for enzymes to attach
Matric (jelly) in the middle contains the
enzymes needed for respiration as well as
DNA loop and ribosomes
Site of later stages of anaerobic respiration
Golgi
Apparatus
Stack of membrane-bound sacs enclosed
by a membrane
Formed from fused vesicles from the ER
Site of protein folding and packaging
Receives and modifies proteins from rER,
then packages the modified proteins into
vesicles to be transported thus making
lysosomes.
Produces secretory enzymes.
Lysosome Round organelle surrounded by a double
membrane
Contains digestive enzymes
Releases enzymes outside the cell
Can be used to digest invading cells
protects against bacterial attack
Removes cell debris by breaking down old
cells
Vesicle Small fluid sac surrounded by a double
membrane
Found in the cytoplasm
Transports substances in and out of the
cell
Formed at the Golgi Apparatus, ER or
surface membrane.
Cell surface
membrane
Made of phospholipids and proteins
Partially permeable bilayer membrane
Controls movement of substances in and
out of cells
Receptor molecules allow it to respond to
chemicals
Separates cell contents from outside
Involved in cell recognition and signaling
Holds channel proteins and carriers
Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance Contains organelles in eukaryotic cells
Contains enzymes needed for metabolic
reactions in prokaryotic cells
Centriole Hollow cylinders arranged at right angles
to each other
Only one pair found in animal cells
Made of protein microtubules
Involved in spindle formation
Involved in cellular transport
Electron micrographs show the ultrastructure (fine structure) of these two cells.
Protein Transport
1. DNA contains instructions to make proteins
2. DNA is transcribed to form mRNA strand
3. mRNA leaves nucleus via the porous nuclear membrane
4. mRNA attached to ribosomes on the rER
5. mRNA is translated and produces a polypeptide chain; the ribosome reads the instructions
and use a code to assemble a protein
o Signal Recognition Particle attaches to a signal peptide
o S-R-P binds with the receptor protein
o Receptor protein aids with the transfer of the polypeptide chain through to the rER
membrane
o Once the polypeptide chain (protein) passes into the rER the signal peptide detaches
it can be reused,
6. The protein folds shape into its secondary and tertiary form, as it is being moved along
through the rER
7. The protein is pinched off and packaged into a vesicle at the end of the rER.
8. A vesicle forms when the rER membrane closes around the protein.
9. Vesicle containing the protein is transported to the Golgi Apparatus, where it fuses with one
end and releases the protein
10.The protein in modified as it passes through the GA
11.Again, the modified protein is packaged into vesicles and pinched off. They are now called
lysosomes OR they can be packaged into large secretory vesicles, which go to the cell
membrane for exocytosis this allows extracellular enzymes to be released outside of the
cell.
Cellular Organization
Cell can be unspecialized or specialized to carry out a specific function e.g. muscle, nerve
Tissues groups of specialized cells working together to carry out a specific function
Organ groups of different tissues working together to carry out a specific function e.g. leaf, heart
Organ system groups of organs working together to carry out a specific life function e.g.
circulatory system
How are cells organized into tissues?
Cell Cycle (MITOSIS)
Mitosis a process of nuclear division where two genetically identical cells are formed from one
parent cell
Mitosis is a type of cell division of somatic cells, which retains the full (diploid) number of
chromosomes [2n].
In humans, cells with 46 chromosomes divide to form to identical daughter cells, both with 46
chromosomes also.
Role and importance:
To make genetically identical cells
For growth of multicellular organisms
For asexual reproduction (binary fission no gametes required)
To replace cells
To repair damaged cells
STAGES
INTERPHASE