Detection of Step, V-Groove and Macro Bending Losses in Optical Fibers

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4098

Detection of Step ,V-Groove and Macro
Bending losses in Optical fibers

M.S.V.Vara Prasad
#1
, K.Krishna Murthy*
2
1,2
Department of electronics, P.G. Center, P. B. Siddhartha College of Arts & Science,
Vijayawada,A.P.India.520010.

ABSTRACT - A systematic study of power loss through
optical fiber undergoes micro and macro bends .This
important loss mechanismwhen the fiber is pulled along
the road fromone place to another place, along the side of
the road is some bends will produced small systematic
perturbations to the fiber causing a loss of power. The
fiber is to be bend in a groove along the edges of the wall
or a door or a window the cable has bend necessarily by 90
degrees or 60,45 degrees or less than 45 degrees
depending upon the requirement. Such bending in tight
diameter bends will rise the attenuation thus in the present
work. The power loss in the case of micro bending is large
as compared to macro bending. Within the micro bending,
it is observed that as the number of bends increase the
output power also increases i.e. the loss of power
increases. It is also observed that the power loss is more in
the case of (45degrees bending) V groove bending than in
the case of (90degrees bending)- step groove bending.
Key words- Bending,, optical fiber, loss, Step and V-
Groove bends, Macro bend.

I . INTRODUCTION
The basic principle is to detect the
variation in the wavelength, intensity or
phase or polarization of an optical wave
traversing through an optical fiber, due to the
effect of measured and related to it
quantitatively. Due to the absence of electro
magnetic interference, greater sensitivity[1-
8], easy to realize, and smaller in size and
low cost optical fiber sensors are becoming
very popular.
In the present work an attempt is made to
detect the loss of power in the optical fibers . This
has been done by the optical fibers practically the
known length of fiber is bending 90
0
( step bending)
and 60
0
, 45
0
( V-groove bending ) i.e micro
bending and macro bending. In this method the out
power is noted. A graph is drawn between the no. of
bends and the out power and also be drawn for
macro bending, Bending radius and the output
power.
II. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT
The experimental setup for study of various
losses is shown in Fig1 (a),(b), with two step
bending and v groove bending with loads varying
from20gm to 100gmand Fig.1 (c) macro bending.
The bends are made fromgood quality wood cut at
45 degrees and 90 degrees as shown in figure. The
sufficient care is taken that the edges of the v groove
or step groove are not very sharp because its sharp
edges may breaks the fiber material(glass).
Fig 1 (a) Micro bending step groove


Fig 1 (b) Micro bending V groove bending
Fiber cable

Connector

Fig.1(c)Experimental arrangement forMacro bending
Fig.1 (a),(b,(c) Micro bending , Macro bending
arrangements.

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The experiment was carried out in a closed
roomfree fromexternal vibrations since the glass
fiber is selected for experiment is very light and
delicate. Two sources of lights was predominantly
selected to study the loss, if any for the same type of
fiber subjected to same loading and similar bending.
Micro bends have small random deviations about a
small nominal straight line positions. These are
observed in cable fibers. The micro bend loss occurs
due to the fact, That small bends act as scattering
which causes more coupling to take place. The
energy of the guided mode is cross coupled into
leaky modes, This cross coupling leaks to the loss
through the cladding in some cases becomes
inevitable to allow the bend to negotiate corners
during the installation of fibers in cable ducts or
poles for transmission line. In some other case, the
bending may be short and introduce certain loss in
the fiber.
0 gm 10 gm20 gm30 gm40 gm 50 gm60 gm70 gm 80 gm90 gm100 gm --
- 3 0
- 2 5
- 2 0
- 1 5
- 1 0
- 5
micro bending (v- gro ove)
fiber dia 9/125 m,s o urce :1310nm
power lanching in to the fibe r:-3.35dbm
o
u
t p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
we ight in gm
2 V groove be nds
4 V groove be nds
6 V groove be nds

Graph (a)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-40
-38
-36
-34
-32
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
micro bending;V groove bending
source of light=1310nm
fiber dia 8/120m
power lanching in to fiber=-6.48dbm
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
weight in gm
1 V groove bend
2 V groove bend
4 V groove bend
6 V groove bend

Graph (b)

0 gm10 gm20 gm30 gm40 gm50 gm60 gm70 gm80 gm90 gm100 gm --
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
microbending (v-groove)
fiber dia 9/125m,source :1550nm
power lanching in to the fiber:-3.25dbm
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
weight in gm
2 V groove bends
4 V groove bends
6 V groove bends

Graph (c)
Source of light-
laser Diode
(OTDR)
Power meter


0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
micro bending;V groove bend ing
s ource of light =1550n m
fibe r dia 8/120 m
pow er la nching in to fiber= - 5. 95d bm
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
w eight in gm
1 V g roove bend
2 V g roove bend
4 V g roove bend
6 V g roove bend
Graph (d)
This is on the expected lines because in
each bending they will be redistribution power in
core and cladding and the net power passing through
the core decreases. Another important observation is
that for fixed bends( two bends ) as the load on the
fiber increases the output decreases. Similar
observations noted in the case of four and six bends,
i.e. as the load on the fiber increases the power
through the fiber decreases, while the number of
bends remaining constant( 6 bends, 4bends,2 bends)
fiber length is constant, the load on the fiber
constant, the earlier fiber is replaced with 8/120m
fiber coupled to source of light (1310nmor 1550nm)
at one end and the power meter at the other end. The
results are represented graphically shown in graphs
(a) (b) (c) (d). It is observed that, in the case of fiber
diameter 8/120m the loss of power is more as
compared to the fiber diameter 9/125m.

The experiment is further
repeated with all the above mentioned parameters
remains constant except that the V groove is now
replaced with a rectangular step groove having
either one, two steps, and three steps. Same fiber is
subjected to external load varying 20gmto 100gm,
then the output power is recorded.
0 gm 20 40 60 80 100 120
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
microbenbing
type of groove :step groove
source of light :1550nm
fiber diameter :9/125m
power lanching in to the fiber=-3.25dbm
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
m
)
weight in gm
1 step groove bends
2 step groove bends
3 step groove bends

Graph (e)

0 gm 20 40 60 80 100
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
microbenbing
power lanching in to the fiber=-6.48dBm
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
m
)
weight in gm
1 step groove bend
2 step groove bend
3 step groove bend

Graph (f )
0gm 20 40 60 80 100 120
-9.5
-9.0
-8.5
-8.0
-7.5
-7.0
-6.5
-6.0
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
microbenbing
power lanching in to the fiber=-3.35dbm
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
m
)
weight in gm
1 step groove bends
2 step groove bends
3 step groove bends

Graph(g)


0 gm 20 40 60 80 100
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
microbenbing
power lanching in to the fiber=-5.95dBm
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
m
)
weight in gm
1 step groove bend
2 step groove bend
3 step groove bend

Graph (h)
The results are graphically shown in graphs
(e) (f) (g) (h) it is observed that is in the case of two
step groove the output power remains almost
constant at -7.75dbm. in spite of the increasing load
beyond 80gm the comparison can now be made
between the two bends-step bending(90 degrees
bending) and two bends-V groove
bending(45degrees bending). In case of 90degrees
bending now the fiber output power saturated at
-7.75dbm while in the case of V groove the power
saturates at -9.7dbm for the same external load and
the same power launched with the fiber diameter
being 9/125m in both the cases. Similar trend is
also observed if the fiber bending is at 90degrees
with three bends with 9/125m ,8/120m diameter.

Macro bend losses are observed when a
fiber or a cable bends to the radius of several
centimeters i.e. the bending radius of the fiber is
much large than compared to the core radius of the
fiber. These bends may be introduced during the
installation, during cable pulling along the side of
the road or a railway track as the bending radius of
the fiber increases, the power loss through the fiber
decreases, therefore it decreases to half a large
bending curvature of the fiber rather than sharp
bending of the fiber.

The effect of macro bend loss, again
9/125m is taken and bend in the form of circle with
an inner radius of 4, 6 and 12 centimeter subjected to
1310nmof power. It is observed that has the circular
radius of the fiber increases from 4, 6, and 12 cm.
1 2 3 4 5 6 --
- 5 . 0
- 4 . 5
- 4 . 0
- 3 . 5
- 3 . 0
- 2 . 5
- 2 . 0
ma crobending
fibe r dia 9/125 m,s ource :1310nm
power lanching in to the fibe r: - 3.35dbm
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
number of rings
4cm ring dia
6cm ring dia
12cm ring dia

Graph (i)

1 2 3 4 5 6 -- --
-5. 0
-4. 5
-4. 0
-3. 5
-3. 0
-2. 5
-2. 0
macrobending
o
u
t

p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
number of rings
4cm ring dia
6cm ring dia
12cm ring dia

Graph (j)
1 2 3 4 5 6 -- --
-8.0
-7.5
-7.0
-6.5
-6.0
-5.5
-5.0
macrobending
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
number of rings
4cm ring dia
6cm ring dia
10cm ring dia

Graph(k)


1 2 3 4 5 6 -- --
-7.0
-6.5
-6.0
-5.5
-5.0
macrobending
o
u
t

p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
m
)
number of rings
4cm ring dia
6cm ring dia
10cm ring dia

Graph (l)
In this case also the circular diameter is increased,
the output power is also increases from4cmto 6cm
and further 12cmi.e. the power loss is decreased as
shown in graphs (i),(j),(k),(l).

IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

From the experimentation The load on the
fiber increases the fiber out put power decreases. For
the same length of fiber9/125m,the out put power
decreases with increasing in wave length. Similar
trend is also observed in the case of 8/120m fiber.
A comparison can now be paid between 9/125m
with six V groove bends subjected to 1310nm and
1550 nm. It is observed that in 1550 nmthe power
loss is minimum as compared to the 1310 nmas
explained by the theoretical considerations similar
trends are also observed with V groove six bends
and 90degrees (step bending) with one, two and
three bends. In the macro bending, bended ring
diameter increases the out put- power also increased.
If the ring diameter is fixed, the number of rings
increased the power loss also increased.

V. CONCLUSION

From the experimentation, graphically I
conclude the power loss in the case of micro bending
is large as compared to macro bending. Within the
micro bending, it is observed that as the number of
bends increase the output power also increases i.e.
the loss of power increases. It is also observed that
the power loss is more in the case of (45degrees
bending) V groove bending than in the case of
(90degrees bending)- step groove bending. It is
gently known that the two windows (1310nmand
1550nm) are usually for long haul communications.
1550nm is preferred to 1310nm. This fact is not
taken into account at the stage since the fiber is
under experimentation is just 8monly. Above fact is
to be demonstrated if we consider fiber length of few
hundred kilometers, this part can be taken as a
extension of the present work.

REFERENCES

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[2].C. M. Park, Y. Melikhov and S. J. Lee,
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2006.
[3].Alok Mehta, Waleed Mohammed and Eric
G.J ohnson, Multimode Interference-Based
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[4]. N. Lagakos, W. J. Trott, T. R. Hickman, J.
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[5].P. Wang, G. Farrell, Q. Wang and G. Rajan,
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[6].P. Wang, G. Rajan, G. Farrell, Y.
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[7].G. Rajan, Y. Semenova and G. Farrell, "An
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Detection of Step, V-Groove and Macro Bending Losses in Optical Fibers

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Detection of Step, V-Groove and Macro Bending Losses in Optical Fibers

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 4098

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