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Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza

Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea
directa) si modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta).

In direct speech, we repeat the original speakers exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: Mi-am pierdut umbrela.)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in
conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.

In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without
necessarily using the speakers exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea
indirecta

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say
and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object,
point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported
verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect.

When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually
necessary.


y TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:

He sais that . (El a spus c.) - vorbirea indirecta
= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he ll never get
married.

2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea
indirecta

Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta
Simple Present - Vorbirea directa
"I never eat meat" he explained.
(Eu niciodat nu mnnc carne explic
el).
Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta
= He explained that he never ate meat.
(El explic faptul c nu mnca niciodat
carne.)
Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa
"I m waiting for Ann" he said.
Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
(O atept pe Ana spuse el). (Spuse c o atepta pe Ann).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa
"I have found a flat" she said.
(Am gsit un apartament spuse ea).
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said (that) she had found a flat.
(Ea spuse c i gsise un apartament).
Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea
directa
He said "I ve been waiting for ages".
(El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz de
timp.)
Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea
indirecta
= He said (that)he had been waiting for
ages.
(El spuse c ateptase o groaz de timp).
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa
"I took it home with me" she said.
(L-am luat acas cu mine spuse ea.)
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said she had taken it home with her.
(Ea spuse c l luase acas cu ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa
He said, "I shall/will be in Rome on
Monday".
(El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.)
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
= he said he would be in Rome on Monday.
(El spuse c va fi n Roma luni.)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa
"I will/shall be using the car on the 1
st
"
she said.
(Voi folosi maina pe data de 1 spuse
ea)
= Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea
indirecta
She said shed be using the car on the 1
st
.
(Ea spuse c va folosi maina pe data de 1).
Conditional - Vorbirea directa
I said, "I would/should like to see it" .
(Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.)
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta


3. Note on I/we shall/should
I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n ziua
urmtoare.)

But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either
I/we should or I/we would.


y PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1. In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.
He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: Ann a ajuns luni. = El spuse c Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw
them they were playing tennis.
(El spuse: "Cnd i-am vzut eu, jucau tenis. = El spuse c atunci cnd i-a vzut,
jucau tenis.)

2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech
is reported remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said
that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. =
Ea spuse c s-a hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).


y SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH - vorbirea indirecta

1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they
began planning their holidays.
(Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era
timpul s nceap s i planifice concediul.)

2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.
You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"Youd better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(Mai bine nu ai bea ap. Spuse ea. = Ne suger s nu bem ap.)

3. Conditional sentences remain unchanged.
"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children
were older, he would emigrate.
(Dac ar fi mai mari copiii mei, a emigra. Spuse el. = el spuse c dac ar fi mai
mari copiii lui, ar emigra.)


y MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT
STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:
He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: S-ar putea s sune Ann astzi. = El spuse c s-ar putea s sune Ann n
acea zi.)

2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:
"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(Ar trebui s lrgeasc strada. Spuse el. = El spuse c ar trebui s lrgeasc
strada.)

3. Would in statements does not change.
"Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him
informed.
(A fi foarte recunosctor dac m-ai ine la curent.Spuse el = El m rug s l in la
current.)

4. Used to does not change.
"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that
he knew the place well because he used to live there.
(Cunosc bine locul pentru c am stat acolo. Explic el. = El explic faptul c tia
locul pentru c a stat acolo.)


y PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person,
except when the speaker is reporting his own words:

I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.)

This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can
become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the
matter) the next day.
(El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema)
yiua urmtoare.)


y EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire
indirecta
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc.
A year ago A year before/ the previous year
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire
indirecta


y SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech
Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed.
Inversion of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but
inversion with tell is not possible.
"Im leaving at once" Tom said. (Plec odat. A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"Im leaving at once" Tom told me. (Plec odat. Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa

2. Say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.

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