A.

OPEN SENTENCE
1. Gift Problem
Ani received a gift from Johan in her birthday party. Its content was some
books. Lisa said to Dewi, who attended the party, that the number of the
books in that gift-box is six pieces.
What is your opinion about Lisas expression? True or false?
2. A fruit trader received a shipment filled with one gunny of oranges of which
the number wasnt known. The number of the remaining oranges was 34
pieces. The trader said the total number of the oranges is 456 pieces.
Can you determine the truth of the traders statement? Why?
3. Look at the sentence a number added by 5 is 12.
Can you determine that the sentence is true or false?
We cannot determine that the sentence is true or false because the value of
something (a number) in that sentence has not been known.
Whether it is true or false depends on what a number is.
If a number is substituted by 7, then the sentence becomes 7 added by 5 is
12. The sentence is true.
If a number is substituted by 10, then the sentence becomes 10 added by 5
is 12. The sentence is false.
If a number is substituted by -4, then the sentence becomes -4 added by 5
is 12. The sentence is false too.
Therefore, the sentence a number added by 5 is 12 is a sentence of with the
truth has not been determined. A sentence of which the truth has not been
determined is called an open sentence.
The value of a number in the above sentence has not been determined yet.
In mathematics, something of which the value has not been determined yet is
called a variable. Usually, a variable is written in a small letter, such as , , ,
or others. Therefore the sentence a number added by 5 is 12 can be written in
mathematics symbol as , or , or .
Thus, in the open sentence , its variable is . The variable in the
open sentence is , and the variable in the open sentence
is .
The sentence a certain number is equal to three subtracted from 18 is
written in a mathematical symbol as .
The sentence 8 subtracted from a certain number is larger than 20 is written
in a mathematical symbol as .
(a) The square of a nonnegative integer number is larger than 17.
(b) The quotient of a number by 5 equals 7.
(c) The opposite of a number multiplied by two is smaller than 13.
Although the truth of an interrogative sentence and an imperative sentence
cannot be determined, they are not open sentences.
B. LINEAR EQUALITY IN ONE VARIABLE
1. Definition and The Solution Set of Linear Equality in One Variable
A linear equality in one variable is an equality that is first-degree in that
variable and related with equals sign (=). The general form of linear equality
in one variable is ax + b = 0, where a andb are real constants and a 0.A
solution of the equality is a value that makes the equality a true statement.
Determine which of the following choices are linear equalitys is one variables
a) 3x 1 = 23
b) x
2
= 24
c) 3(y 5) = 4y + 7
d) 7x 2 = 5y + 1
e) 5x 3 + 4(x 1)
Solution
a) 3x 1 = 23 (linear equality in one variable)
The exponent of the variable x is understood to be 1. This is a first-degree
equality.
b) x
2
= 24 (not a linear equality)
The exponent on variable x is 2.
c) 3(y 5) = 4y + 7 (linear equality in one variable)
The only variable is y, and the exponent on y is 1 on both sides of the
equality. This equality can be simplified to the form y = -22.
d) 7x 2 = 5y + 1 (not a linear equality in one variable)
This is a linear equality, but it contains two variables, x and y.
e) 5x 3 + 4(x 1) (not a linear equality)
This is an algebraic expression, but it is not an equality since it has no
symbol of equality.
2. The Solution Set of Linear Equality in One Variable with Substitution
The solution of linear equality in one variable can be obtained by
substitution method, i.e. replace the variable with a corresponding number so
that the equality becomes the correct sentence.
Example:
Determine which of the values are solutions set of .
Solution
Subtitute the given values for xin the equality and determine if this makes the
equality a true statement.


()
(false statement)


()
(false statement)



(true statement)



(false statement)
Answer: the solution set of is {2}.
3. Equivalent Equalities
Two or more equalitysare said to be equivalent if it has the same solution
set and can be denoted with equivalent sign ().
An equality can be revealed to equivalent equality with:
1) adding or subtracting both sides with the same numbers
2) multiply or divide both sides with the same numbers
Example
a) Solving a Linear Equality with One Variable Term
Solve 3x + 2 = 14
Solution
1) Subtract 2 from both sides of the equality to isolate the constants on
the right side of the equality.
2) Divide both sides of the equality by 3 to obtain a coefficient of 1 for x.
3x+ 2 = 14
3x + 2 2 = 14 2 1
3x = 12

2
x = 4
b) Solving a Linear Equality with Variable Terms on Both Sides
Solve 3y = 2y 5
Solution
Subtract 2y from both sides of the equality to isolate the variable term on
the left side of the equality. Then simplify both sides by combining like
terms.
3y = 2y 5
3y 2y = 2y 5 2y
y = 2y 2y 5
y = 5
c) Solving a Linear Equality with Variable and Constant Terms on Both
Sides
Solve 5v 4 = 7v + 10
Solution
1) Subtract 7v from both sides of the equality to isolate the variables on
the left side.
2) Add 4 to both sides of the equality to isolate the constants on the right
side.
3) Divide both sides of the equality by -2.
5v 4 = 7v + 10
5v 4 7v = 7v + 10 7v 1
-2v 4 = 10
-2v 4 + 4 = 10 + 4 2
-2v = 14

v = -7
4. The Solution Set of Linear Equality in One Variable with Fractions Form
Solving linear equality in one variable with fractions form, have the same
way by completing form of fractional algebraic operations. Multiply both
sides of the equalityby the LCMso that it doesnt contain fractions, then solve
the linear equality in one variable.
Example
Solve

Solution
1) 6 = 2 x 3
4 = 2x 2
LCM = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12
2) Multiply both sides of the equality by the LCM, 12
3) Use the distributive property to remove the parentheses, and then
simplify.
4) Subtract from both sides of the equality.

) = (

) 2
(

) () = (

) 3
=
= 4
= or
=
3
5. The Solution Set Graph of Linear Equality in One Variable
The solution set of linear equality in one variable can beshown on a
number line is called solution graph that expressed with a point.
Example
Solve 4(2x + 3) = 10x + 8 and draw solution graph.
Solution
1) Use the distributive property to remove the parentheses, and then
simplify.
2) Subtract 12 from both sides of the equality.
3) Subtract from both sides of the equality.
4) Divide both sides of the equality by -2.
4(2x + 3) = 10x + 8
8x + 12 = 10x + 8 1
8x + 12 12 = 10x + 8 12 2
8x = 10x 4
8x 10x = 10x 4 10x 3
-2x = -4

4
= 2

The solution graph:



C. RELATING TO REAL LIFE
Ali and Udin are brothers. They cycled from the town square to their home past
the same path. Ali cycled with the velocity of 12 km/hr, while Udin cycled with
the velocity of 8 km/hr. Ali arrived at home 15 minutes earlier than Udin. How
long did Ali cycle from the town square to go home?
Solution
Let the duration of cycling be t hour, then the duration of Udin to cycle is
(

)hour = (

) hour.
The distance reached by Ali is equivalent to the distance reached by Udin.
Thus, () = (

)
=

=
=
=

Thus, the duration of Ali to cycle is

hour or 30 minutes.