Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
VS.
IN PRODUCTIVITY ENVIRONMENTS
Ian Hansen
Submitted to
Galen Hansen
Superintendent
Transmittal Memo . . . . . . . . . 1
Cover page . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . 3
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . 4
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 5
Research . . . . . . . . . . 11
Results . . . . . . . . . . 19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . 20
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix 1 . . . . . . . . . . 21
Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . 23
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Brad Adams, who found and helped set up G4U, and many other useful
applications, and for making me aware of the Open Source community world. Much
appreciation for helping me try to think “outside the box.”
Thanks to John Gill and Lance Simon for their collaborative efforts, as we have
moved forward in the technology department. Your professional help and input have
greatly aided me in completing this research project.
Thanks also to Andrea Reid, the Spokane Linux Users Group, Source Forge and
Google Scholar, all of which helped me in putting together my primary research.
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ABSTRACT
The first part of this report gives the history of advances in technology, effectively
defining proprietary software and Open Source software, and listing the benefits and
drawbacks of each. These benefits and drawbacks are basic, informational or otherwise
historic facts that don't require any specific research in order to prove a particular point.
two main areas: 1) common software and application utilities, and 2) in the web server
environment. Price comparisons were made, while taking into consideration the time to
research the technological needs, cost of the solution considered, and time for
implementation.
The results of price comparisons, in both software areas explored, show that there
current particular technological needs of the district, and then finding out if there are
solutions in the Open-Source community that would cover those needs. If both time and
money are saved because of a better system, its implementation would undoubtedly be a
benefit.
INTRODUCTION
software bundles were all that were available. With the advent and progression of new
technology and new ideas, the free and reproducible Open Source software has also been
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corporate, educational or government, the business wants to spend the least amount of
money and yet have the most productive and integrated software solutions.
The following paragraphs describe the history and evolution of software to its
present state in industry, which is important to understand for the scope and nature of the
proprietary software is and what Open Source software is, it does not necessarily
compare the cost of the two against each other. That cost comparison is something that I
cover later in the analysis, with first and secondhand experience and observations made
In the early ages of computing, back when a “computer” was a huge, noisy piece
of equipment that might have filled up almost an entire room, small pieces of code were
written to make these computers perform basic functions. Driven by programmers and
code writers to increase the performance and capabilities of these machines, commands
that would perform these basic functions, such as multiplying or dividing numbers, were
written.
online book, Open Sources, Eric S. Raymond told that as early as the 1960s, software
writers were busy creating programs that could be used on computer systems, and newer,
more capable computing hardware, as it was released. While many programmers during
those days decided that they would freely share their programs and their capabilities with
other software writers, others declined, and decided that they would withhold their "trade
secrets" and establish their own intellectual property. And, for a fee determined by
themselves, as the owners, they would share a "copy" of their product, but, under license,
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the buyer would not be able to make any changes to it, as it would infringe their
intellectual property.
These actions resulted in a fork in the directions of software development that still
exists today. That is to say, there are two categories that software fits under: one, the
paid licensing category, which is known as "proprietary" software. The other, which
software. However, to the general public and most computer users, this knowledge of the
history of software evolution is greatly unknown. Most people at this point in time are
only aware of proprietary software, which has since dominated the computer world.
The Open Source ideology has existed since the inception of written software.
Simply put, Open Source software are programs created for the use of whoever might
need them, at no price. A person might ask, "What's the catch with Open Source
software?" or "How does it work for free?" Those questions are addressed under a form
of licensing, called the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL, 1989-1991), which
ensures that users can take a program and make use of it, even with the option to change
and streamline it according to their needs. The GPL states that while users can take these
programs and use them, they have to put their own "source code" up for other people to
see, use, and modify, and cannot at any time hide their source, which would essentially
make it proprietary. Such a stipulation maintains the freeness of the program and its
availability for all to use. This form of licensing has stemmed from an overall
collaborative attitude that has shown to promote innovation and productivity, and not
competition nor gain. Currently, Open Source software provides solutions in all areas of
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Benefits of Open Source Software
One large benefit of Open Source software is the zero cost for the software itself.
organizations that do not have a lot of money can use such software to their advantage.
Also, the amount of software available and in production to the public makes it favorable.
The Open Source community is a world-wide collaboration, with a vast range of products
being released to the public for free via the Internet and other companies. By making all
of this available, another resulting benefit is the less amount of dependence consumers
have had on particular vendors. Open Source software, because of its free and modifiable
nature, has been much easier to customize for the particular needs of individuals or
companies. Because not every situation in every business is the same, this can be a large
benefit, as users can create solutions based on their own needs, and on account of their
own innovation. Another benefit is that the source code is open and free, so if there are
problems with a program, many users all around the world are able to find them, submit
them and fix them collaboratively, which speeds up production of a stable final product.
As Linux creator Linus Torvalds put it in Linus’s Law, “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs
are shallow.”
While Open Source has its benefits, it also has its drawbacks. Largely, its nature
of being produced by developers and not companies results in its lack of central support
information for implementation can vary with no guarantees. While user groups exist,
there is uncertainty regarding the support and retrievable knowledge in order to fix
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problems if they arise. Varieties of Open Source software can be difficult to integrate
such as user friendliness, support, computer savviness and learning curves can be
have the freedom to control what it does and study or edit the source code” (Wikipedia,
Corporation and its popular Windows operating system (OS). The Microsoft Windows
OS grew quickly in the computer world from the early 1990s to the present day.
Microsoft has successfully acquired getting its operating system on a great majority of
computers, whose users have had to pay a license fee in order to be able to use it.
Microsoft has been very successful in the distribution of its products, and has dominated
Users of proprietary software rely on certain benefits that fit the proprietary
model, of which, the first and foremost is support. For example, if there is any difficulty
problem" (Hiltbrand, 2000). Such a model provides a feeling of stability for users, and
they would feel less inclined to pay a license fee if there weren't support included.
hardware circumstances and variables are the same. Such universality has provided to be
resourceful in corporate environments that have means to deploy similar hardware and in
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large numbers. Knowledge bases and documentation can be another benefit of
proprietary software producers, as they can provide support based on papers already
most likely to undergo extensive testing by developers that can smooth out bugs in a
system before releasing it to the public. Such benefits have appealed greatly to large
businesses.
Proprietary software, just as it has advantages, has some disadvantages. The first,
while not always the case, may be a case, and that is the high price that certain software
is sold at, before the additional cost of implementation. A general practice of proprietary
licensing fees is that of a "per computer" copy, where each computer running a copy of
proprietary software must be paid for. There are building or site licenses that may be
cheaper than the per-computer copy sales. Keeping track of large licensing numbers is
seen as a headache to some. While large businesses and corporations may not normally
have a problem with price, many other organizations will not have the resources for
solutions needed. For the price paid, users may be unsatisfied with the robustness of
what they get. And, as standard proprietary models go, in order for more function ability
or interoperability, more money needs to be paid. Aside from price is support. While
support may be available, it may have to be paid for additionally, and the price may be
high, in terms of both money and time. In purchasing proprietary software, "users
usually have to pay for newer, although sometimes only slightly improved versions, and
often have to wait a long time before appropriate patches are even released to fix
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RESEARCH
research and methods used for making cost-effective comparisons. In my past work as a
computer technician I have dealt solely with proprietary software, and understand very
well how its model works into my every-day schedule and procedures. I am also
acquainted with cost and licensing of proprietary software. The technological needs of
my workplace are typical of most of the common technology demands in the average
business workplace.
The objective of my studies has been to find out if there are any solutions in the
Open Source community that apply to these technological needs, that might lead to the
explore the use of different solutions in order to better suit the needs for procedures in
technology, with the intent of saving both time and money because of a potentially better
overall system.
During my research process, I collaborated with the Spokane Linux User Group.
They made me realize that, although these procedural things get done, most of the end
computer users don't realize or take into consideration the methods used, or even care
whether or not it saved money, just as long as they have their applications and can do
their work. However, to the people who spend the money on technology needs, these
Following is the first of two specific areas I have done cost-comparing research on.
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hybrid/mix and co-existence of the two types of software together, called a mixed
duopoly. For convenience purposes, that is what some Open Source software developers
have done. They have created utilities that work with Proprietary OSes, like Microsoft
Windows, which is what we primarily use. The following paragraphs show my primary
research done based on optimizing technological needs for computer applications, with
price in mind.
In the past, procedures for installation of computer systems have been long and
setting up of multiple computer systems. After looking at various ways of making this
happen, I found that the solution desired needed would be a tool that can create exact
hard drive duplicates over a network connection, as opposed to setting up every single
computer, one at a time, one program at a time (which has been the traditional method).
Traditionally, building a computer's OS from start to finish took up to three hours, and
ten such computers being set up would take almost an entire week.
Common industry touts a great product called Norton Ghost. Ghost is a useful
software suite by Symantec Corporation that fulfils my desired need. Upon going to the
Symantec online store and looking at Norton Ghost 9.0 for the Windows OS, there is an
initial $70 box purchase fee. The End User License Agreement (EULA) states:”You may
use one copy of the Software on a single computer. . .You may make the number of
Looking at Symantec Ghost's Solution Suite Pricing for multiple licenses (because
there are multiple computers), I found that a full version of Ghost's licensing per
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Therefore, for 250 licenses, the price would be $5950. This also does not take into
account the time taken to learn the program and set up the system accordingly, which
Ghost is capable of many other features that are very useful, but all I wanted was
just a network hard drive cloning utility. On the Internet, there is an online Open Source
software development site called Source Forge, which has tens of thousands of free Open
Source programs for the world to use. There is a project called G4U, which is a tool that
does network hard drive cloning. Fortunately, as not always is the case for Open Source
Being that there is no fee for this tool (donations to the project are welcomed), it
didn't take long before it was downloaded and attempted. Documentation was followed,
Now, there still is a price to using Open Source programs, and that is the price of
the time taken to implement them. However, time is needed in order to implement
proprietary software solutions as well. With the same Ghost comparison, I will show an
estimation of the cost, from start to finish, which essentially is only the time taken, in
Now, looking at Ghost's $5950 is for its software licensing fee alone. Its exact
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implementation time is unknown, but is probably similar to that of G4U, even though its
particular procedures are different. For either software solution, the program has to be
learned, which takes time. Ghost may provide more features; however they probably
really aren't needed, as all I was looking for was a network hard drive cloning utility.
With the G4U program I found what was needed and the cost difference is considerable.
(Note: G4U has been implemented in our workplace. While no money saving may be
realized immediately, a return will be the larger amount of productivity in a much shorter
amount of time.)
Microsoft Office has been the dominant software suite offered along with its Windows
OS, but for an additional price. Pricing over time for office suites by Microsoft has
varied; however, it has been notably high per individual computer license.
Microsoft Office Professional 2003 is currently the office suite of choice in the
business world. At the Microsoft website, currently as of June 2005, a single user license
costs $499 (How to Buy, 2003). For educational licensing, assuming multiple license
purchases, 300 licenses at an “academic pricing” rate bring individual copies down to $24
each for a total of $7,200 (Retail calculator, 2005). Of course, there are secondary
vendors that may offer a lower price, but that is a general ballpark idea, regardless of the
vendor.
many OS platforms, including Windows. It is Open Source, and provides essentially the
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same applications as Microsoft Office, yet at a zero price. I downloaded the suite,
installed it, and am using the word processor part of the program to write this; it looks
almost exactly the same as MS Office. Yet, it has features that are not proprietary, such
as a universal file format, rather than the Microsoft proprietary formats. It is built to be
integrable with MS Office as well. It features the creation of .PDF files, as part of its
everything that Microsoft Office does. For certain advanced features, which aren't
always touched on by the average user, Microsoft Office can have advantages over
OpenOffice, primarily because of its widespread use in the computing world, which has
allowed it to make significant strides. OpenOffice is still being developed, and future
In common computing, as files and information are sent around by users, certain
software utilities, like file compression programs, are very common. WinZip is a
generally popular utility that enables file compression and taking multiple files and
putting them all together. Looking at WinZip's multi-user license, for 200-499 users, the
price of each copy is $7.50 (WinZip Product Selection, 2005). After looking for
alternatives on the Internet, I found another program, called JustZipIt, that has the same
basic compression capabilities, free of price. While this little program doesn't provide the
other advanced features that WinZip might, those features aren't always utilized by most
computer users anyway. When dealing with small utilities like this one, the learning
curve is very light, so the cost because of time to learn really is not an issue.
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would create such software to satisfy the “scratching [of] an itch” (The Cathedral and the
Bazaar, 1998). As a result, in the search for other price-effective alternatives in many
areas of small, useful computer applications, the possibilities have really resulted endless.
All you really have to know is what you want, and then you can go out and look for it. I
found lots of other Open Source (or otherwise free, based on licensing) software on the
Internet. Some worthy of mentioning are SpyBot Search and Destroy, a free anti-
spyware program for Windows, IrFanView, a viewer program that allows viewing of
multiple types of files, and GIMP, an Open Source, high-end graphic creation program
Another area where I researched the price difference of Open Source and
proprietary software was in the web server realm. Simply put, a web server is a software
program, working in the background of a computer, that serves web documents. Once
again, the traditional software nature of web servers in the past was solely proprietary.
Services (IIS), which is a highly functional web package, and another common
Microsoft's IIS comes with its Windows Server 2003 OS, and can be purchased
from their site (Windows 2003 Server Features, 2005). The cheapest product offering is
the Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition, priced at $999, with prices going up from
there.
Netscape's Enterprise Server production was halted, and all support for existing
Enterprise Server software bundles were turned over to Red Hat, Inc., which sells support
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for certain Open Source Linux distributions. The case of Red Hat is interesting, as it does
not charge “per copy” licensing fees for its product, yet makes its business to provide
support to those using their existing Linux distribution. Because money is paid for
product support, and yet they still have Open Source software, it is not considered
proprietary, as proprietary implies the closed source code and strict per-computer license
fee. And because of the fact that licensing fees were originally charged for Netscape
Enterprise Server before they were turned over to Red Hat, I still consider them as
A very popular and highly functional Open Source web server is called Apache,
which is also the most-used among all other Open Source web servers software offered.
The Apache project was started in 1995 and has quickly gained momentum to the
present. Being Open Source, it is free, and because of its size and popularity, lots of
support is provided. Other useful, free and Open Source web programs are MYSQL and
conducted some research that led me to some interesting numbers. Using the Yellow
Pages to randomly select 100 different web sites of listed businesses, I used a handy web-
based tool, at http://www.whois.sc. This utility searches specific web domains, and
returns company information, as well as other statistics, including the server software
being run for that company. Based on the 100 sites, the results are as follows in the table:
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Total queried 100
Looking at the results, the highest single web server software percentage was
Apache, at 48%, with Microsoft's IIS trailing next with 38%. Please see Appendix 1 for
the raw data I collected. By combining types of software into either Open Source,
Proprietary
Open Source
46.00% Other/Hybrid
48.00%
web software percentages, the realization of Open Source as a cheaper and equally
RESULTS
The research results show that there are very useful Open Source programs at no
cost, which can be used as technology progresses in the district. Based on observations of
data that I (as well as other groups) have collected, there are alternative ways that people
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can have solutions to their technological needs in the workplace, while saving
considerable amounts of money. These advents in modern technology have only come
The data from my first investigation, which compared the cost of Open
Source and proprietary software in a mixed duopoly, can be understood easily. Referring
to the Ghost vs. G4U solution, Ghost's $5950 plus unknown time and implementation
costs against G4U's implementation AND time costs at $420.50 for setting up 250
that warrants attention is the OpenOffice suite, which is free, and fully integrable with
The data from the investigation and comparison of price in web server
software is also conclusive. When considering an Open Source solution for a web server,
it is good to look around and see how many other consumers might be using it. I found
that least 48% of web servers from my random sample are running Apache or otherwise
free and Open Source software. Such a percentage is a statement in itself that also
warrants attention.
CONCLUSIONS
This district can be greatly benefited by finding solutions from the Open Source
community, as it looks to save money in certain technological areas. Free and Open
Source alternatives are definitely worth going after, or at least investigating, because
there is little or no money to lose. There have proven to be Open Source solutions in our
areas of interest, so the possibilities beyond the specific areas I researched are very great,
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RECOMMENDATIONS
We have already tried and implemented some free and/or Open Source
technological needs of the district, and find out if there are solutions in the open-source
community that apply to those needs. If both time and money are saved because of a
observing and providing feedback. That way, all involved can maintain themselves
informed of the current status of progress. If the work is done this proposed way, the
results can be time saved, money on software saved, and money saved because of the
time saved. Also, there will be increased collaboration throughout the district.
is stifled when input and opinions are overlooked, resulting in going only one way, which
may not always be the best, in technology plans and solutions The need being felt here
is collaboration and planning, with an open mind in order to find solutions that can save
money and promote team work. Essentially, the entire district will benefit from these
actions, starting with the technology department, and resulting in all computer users.
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APPENDIX 1
www.bannerfuel.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)
www.mcvaybrothers.com Apache/1.3.26 (Unix) - frontPage/5.0
www.northwestmuseum.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.tires.com Apache/2.0.46 (Red Hat)
www.cougar-mechanical.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1
www.sears.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1
www.ripleysplumbing.com Apache/1.3.31 (Unix) mod_pointer/0.8 PHP/4.3.2
www.wonderlandusa.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) FrontPage/5.0.2.2623 Python/1.5.2 Open SSL
www.spokanewroughtiron.com Apache/1.3.33 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 OpenSSL/0.9.6b
www.steamaticofspokane.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.altonstire.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.fivemileauto.com Apache/1.3.33 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 OpenSSL/0.9.7d PowWeb/1.1
www.jacobsupholstery.com Apache/1.3.31 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 PHP/4.3.10 OpenSSL/0.9.7d
www.happycakeco.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.beaconhillevents.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.jcpenny.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.twowheeltransit.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.marksmarineinc.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)
www.meineke.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.qsbinc.com Apache
www.burninationstation.com Apache/1.3.33 PHP/4.3.10 FrontPage/5.0.2.2635 OpenSSL/0.9.7a
www.greatfloors.org Apache/1.3.27
www.qwest.com Netscape-Enterprise/6.0
www.drksmith.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.valleyassembly.org Apache/2.0.40 (Red Hat Linux)
www.clarkscleaners.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix)
www.cudacoffee.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.interlinkadvantage.com Apache
www.humanixtech.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.netcraft.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) mod_perl/1.27
www.unitedrentals.com Apache/2.0.52 OpenSSL/0.9.7e DAV/2 PHP/5.0.3 SVN/1.1.3
www.lcdexpo.com Apache/2.0.47 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.3.10 FrontPage/5.0.2.2634
www.baumgartenphd.com Apache/2.0.47 (Unix)
www.cccsnw.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.progressionscu.org Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.thedeliveryboy.com Apache/1.3.33 (Unix)
www.bizland-inc.com Apache
www.moffittdental.com Apache/1.3.28 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.8.15 OpenSSL/0.9.6b
www.stcu.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.idso.org Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.coastcrane.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.truckschoolusa.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) PHP/4.3.5
www.advelectric.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix)
www.chholderby.com Apache
www.provisional.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)
www.advancedengines.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.bre-products.com Apache/2.0.47 OpenSSL/0.9.6g PHP/4.3.10 FrontPage/5.0.2.2634
empireofficemachines.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)
binnsfamilychiropractic.com Apache/1.3.23 OpenSSL/0.9.6e PHP/4.3.1 FrontPage/5.0.2.2510
www.petersennw.com Apache/1.3.31 (Unix) PHP/4.3.9 FrontPage/4.0.4.3
www.johndeere.com Netscape-Enterprise/6.0
www.earthlink.net Netscape-Enterprise/3.6
www.att.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1
www.roshasremedies.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.dexonline.com Apache/1.3.31
www.spokanecpa.com Apache
www.anytime-anywhere.us Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.loganind.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)
www.stoalaw.com Apache/1.3.27 OpenSSL/0.9.6b
www.ksdlaw.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.bonanzaford.net Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.northwestfence.com Apache Debian GNU/Linux OpenSSL/0.9.6c FrontPage/5.0.2.2623
www.oxarc.com Apache/1.3.27 OpenSSL/0.9.6b DAV/1.0.2
www.kellygoodwin.com Apache/1.3.27 Ben-SSL/1.48 FrontPage PHP/4.3.2
www.rosesandmoreinc.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.dignitymemorial.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.aircorpsmechanical.net Microsoft-IIS/4.0
www.air-pipe.com Apache PHP FrontPage/4.0.4.3 OpenSSL/0.9.7c
www.pillingfurniture.com Apache OpenSSL/ DAV/1.0.3 PHP/4.1.2
www.partnerstravel.com ConcentricHost-Ashurbanipal/2.0 (XO(TM) Web Site Hosting)
spokaneoverheaddoor.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.avistautilities.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.appleway.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.triumphautoglass.com Apache/1.3.27 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
www.sharpshooting.net Apache/1.3.27 (Unix)
www.blindguy.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
generalstoreofspokane.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.spocom.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.hydrotechradiant.com Apache FrontPage/5.0.2.2634 OpenSSL/0.9.7a
www.criterium-pfaff.com Apache ApacheJServ PHPFrontPageRewrit
www.homewatch-intl.com Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) DAV/1.0.3 mod_perl/1.27
www.icehouse.net Microsoft-IIS/4.0
www.shmc.org Apache OpenSSL/0.9.6a PHP/4.3.7
spokaneairportramada.com Netscape-Enterprise/4.1
www.buckaffiliates.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.progressive.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.geico.com Netscape-Enterprise/6.0
www.juno.com Apache
www.fidelityins.com Apache PHP/ FrontPage OpenSSL/0.9.7c
www.madmitch.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.pacn.com Apache/1.3.23 (Unix) PHP/4.1.0
www.asisna.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.webband.com Apache OpenSSL/0.9.7d PHP/4.3.8
www.dewdrop.biz Apache
www.coverall.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.tracyjewelers.com Apache
21
www.rabanco.com Microsoft-IIS/5.0
www.nikosspokane.com Apache PHP AuthMySQL DAV/
www.keymortgagecorp.com Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) PHP/4.3.10
www.frankhoover.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
www.nwmailing.com Microsoft-IIS/6.0
22
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