PHARMACOLOGY:-It is derived from Greek word Pharmacon-drugs,logos-study.

Pharmacology is the
science of drugs.It deals drugs effect in the body and symptoms.Pharmacology is devided in two groups-
1-Pharmacokinetics
2-Pharmacodynamics
PHARMACOKINETICS-(Kinesis means movement)-What body does to the drug?,It is include movement
of drug in the body like Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism and Excretion(ADME)also include drug
binding,storage etc.
PHARMACODYNAMIC-(Dynamic means Power)-What the drug does to the body?,This include
physiologically and biochemically effects of drugs and their mechanism of action.
DRUG-Drug is the chemical substance that used for diagnosis,prevention,cure and treatment of
disease.These are change physiological and pathological changes in body.
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS-It is the application of pharmacological information together with
knowledge of the disease for its prevention or cure.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY-It is the science of study of drugs in man.It is include p`kinetics and
p`dynamics investigations in patients,drug evalution and drug doses.
TOXICOLOGY-It is the study of action of overdose of drugs,which may danger in life and study of
poisons.It is include study of adverse effects.
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION:-Drugs are available in varied form,Some are liquids,Some are
biphasic liquids.some is solids and semi solid,These are admisnistered by various
routes(phthways).These are depends on drug and patient related factors.Routes are classified in two
major categories-LOCAL and SYSTEMIC ROUTES.
1 LOCAL ROUTES-The effect of drug produced in localised area .The local routes are-
a-Topical:-The drug is applied on skin and mucous membranes in the form as
creams,lotions,paste,powers,spray etc.Mucous membranes includes include routes like Mouth and
Pharynx,Eye,Nose,Ear,GIT,Lungs,Bronchi,Urethra,Vagina and Anal canal membranes.
B-Deeper tissuses-Certain deep areas can be approached by using syringe and needle ex.Intradermal
,Intra articular and Intra thecal injections etc.
2 SYSTEMIC ROUTES-The effect produced by the drug after being effectically absorbed in blood .These
are dived in two main classes-ENTERAL and PARENTERAL
(A) ENETERAL ROUTES-These are derived from Enteron means Intestine.Drug is directly placed on
GIT.Eneteral routes is three types-Oral ,Sublingual and Enema.
(a) ORAL:-Drug is whether liquid or solid preparation is plased in the mouth cavity and swallowed along
with water,milk etc by this routes.It is safer,more convient,nontoxic,painless and medicament need not
be sterile.
(b) SUBLINGUAL ROUTES:-In this routes,tablet is to be placed below the tongue and is allowed to
dissolve in the mouth cavity.thus the drug get`s absorbed through buccal membrane and absorbed
medicament directly reach in systemic circulation.
Advantages-This routes rapid onset of action and prevent side effects and directly reach in blood so fast
action.
Disadvntages- Only lipid soluble drugs are passed.Toxic effect on heart.
(c) ENEMA ROUTES:-It is also known as rectal route.This routes also involve administration of liquid
medicament into the rectum.This routes can also be used when the patient is having recurrent
vomiting.Aminophylline,Indomethacine,Diazepam and Ergotamine etc given by this routes.
2 PARENTERAL ROUTES This refers to administration of drugs by injection into tissue fluid or blood
without cross intestinal mucosa.
Advantages-Injections can be employed in an unconcious or an un co-operative patients,also useful for
patients suffering from vomiting or diarrhoea or who cant swallow a drugs.Fast action and irritation of
stomach by the drugs is avoids.
Disadvantages:-self medication is avoids.Injection may be painful and more expensive and injury of
tissues occurs.
INJECTIONS-
(a) INTRA-DERMAL:-In this case the drug is injected in the layer of the skin.Only small quantity of the
drug can be administered by this routes.Mainly used for detect allergic reactions e.g.Penicillin,BCG and
small pox vaccine.
(b)INTRA-VENOUS:-In this case the drug is injected directly into the vein.By this route,the drug produce
rapid action and desired blood concentration in blood.
Advantage-Fast action on emergency cases(start in 15 seconds),used for hypertonic solutions.large
quantity of drug can be administered by this route.
Disadvantage-proper care is to be tacken.
(c)INTRA-MUSCULAR:-The drug is injected into the muscles tissues,the liquid,suspensions and colloids
are administered by this route.The volume of injection should be upto 10 ml used.proper care is
tacken,there is possibility of injury of nerve.
(d) SUBCUTANEOUS:-The drug are injected below the skin.Only non irritant substance are injected by
this routes.The drug is absorbed by this route is slow but the action of drug well sustanined and
prolong.e.g.Zinc solution.
(e)INTRA-ARTERIAL:-The drug is injected directly into the artery and the effect of drug directly in the
organs.e.g. The ANTI CANCER drug is given by this routes,by the use of diagnostic purpose.
(f) INTRA-ARTICULAR:-By this route drug is directly place into the joints.Strict aseptic precautions are
required by this route.e.g.Hydrocortisone acetate is given by this route in treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis.
(g) INTRA-THECAL:-Drugs can be injected into the sub-aracnoid space for action on the CNS e.g.spinal
anaesthesia.Some antibiotics and corticosteroids are also given by this route to produse high local
concentration.
(h) INTRA-PERITONIAL:-In this route drug are injected into peritoneal cavity which offers a large
absorbing surface.It is mainly use in clinical pratices.e.g.Glucose saline solution.
(3)INHALATION:-in this case drugs may be use in vapoursform,aerosolsystem.these drugs may be
deposit in the mucouse membrane and provide local effects.e.g.Adrenalin spray used in treatment of
bronchial asthma.Drugs given by this route can be absorbed very fast but they caused cardiac toxicity.
BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS:-Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic
circulation following administration by any route.The area under the blood concentration time curve is
determine the bioavailability of drugs(AUG Curve).I.V. infusion of drug show 100% bioavailability.
e.g.Chloroquine-80%,Diazepam-100%,Chlortetracyline-30%.
First Pass Metabolism:-It is the metabolism of drug during its passage from the site of absorption to the
systemic circulation.It is also called presystemic metabolism of first pass effect and its important feature
of oral route of administration.Drug given orally may be metabolized in the Gut Wall and in the liver
before reaching the systemic circulation.These are expressed as the extraction ratio(E.R.)-
E.R.=CL/Q
Where Q is Hepatic blood flow,CL is liver clearance.
Plasma Half Life:-Plasma half life is the time taken for the plasma concentration of drug to be reduced
to half it`svalue.Four to five half lives are required for complete elimination of a drug.They are give the
idea of drugs actions.


Drugs used in coagulation:-Hemostatis is the bleeding from the damaged blood vessels.Anticoagulant
are the drugs that reduce the coagulability of blood.
Drugs:-Heparin and Dextran,Oral anticoagulant-Warfarin,Dicoumarol,Phenindione,Citrate,Oxalates etc.
Heparin:-Found in mast cells of the liver,lungs and intestinal mucosa.It is powerful anticoagulant,these
active plasma antithrombin III,which binds to the clotting factors and inactives them.It is not effective in
orally only given by parentaraly.
Warfarin:-It is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant,these act by interfering synthesis of vit-
K,these are well absorbed in G.I.T.
Adverse Effects:-Bleeding,Hypersensitivity reactions,Thrombocytopenia,Alopesia and Osteoporosis.
Uses:-Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism,Post operative and post stroke patients,Rheumatic
valvular disease,Unstable angina,Vascular surgery etc.
Contraindication:-Bleeding disorder,Hypertension,Malignancies,Liver and Kidney disese etc.
Thrombolytics(Fibrinolytics):- It is break the clot by activating the natural fibrinolytic
system.Plasminogen circulates in the plasma and bind to fibrin,these plasminogen converted to plasmin
and degrades fibrin.
Antifibrinolytics:-These drugs inhibit plasminogen and prevent fibrinolysis.e.g.Epsilon aminocaproic acid
and Tranexaemic acid are antifibrinolytics.
Uses:-Acute myocardial infarction,Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Antiplatelet drugs:-Platelets form the initial plug at the site of vascular injury and are also involved in
the formation of atherosclerosis.These drugs inhibit the platelets function and prevent thrombosis and
atherosclerosis.
Uses:-Myocardial infarction(used aspirin with thrombolytics),Angina pectoris and unstable angina etc.
Plasma expanders:-When the fluid volume in the blood vessels is decreased,the component that is lost
should be replased by plasma.In such conditions plasma expanders are used,these are given by
parenteraly and increased the volume of circulating fluid.Mainly used Dextran,Gelatin,Hydroxyethyl
starch,Polyvinyl pyrolidone(PVP),Human albumin etc.
Dextran:-These are polysaccharides obtained from sugar beet.Dextran-70,Dextran-40 are effective
plasma expanders that increase the plasma volume in 24 hrs.
Gelatin molecular weight 30,000 and duration of action of 12 hrs,they do not interfere
coagulation,blood grouping and cross matching.Hydroxyl starch maintains blood volume for a long
period,not interfere coagulation,Polyvinyl pyrolidone is a synthetic polymer,human albumin not
interfere coagulation,blood grouping,given 5-20% solution.