Virus Structure and Replication Cycles

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Tuesday, January 26, 2010
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!"#()
!Particle made of
nucleic acid and a
protein coat
!"#()
!Particle made of
nucleic acid and a
protein coat
!~100x smaller than
our cells
!"#()
!Particle made of
nucleic acid and a
protein coat
!~100x smaller than
our cells
!Virology-the study of
viruses (structure,
classification, isolation,
potential uses)
!"#()
!Particle made of
nucleic acid and a
protein coat
!~100x smaller than
our cells
!Virology-the study of
viruses (structure,
classification, isolation,
potential uses)
*+, .#,/0 1,2/0,
*+, .#,/0 1,2/0,
!
Are viruses living organisms?
3$( 4, 0+, 5(6&,
3$( 4, 0+, 5(6&,
!They have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
3$( 4, 0+, 5(6&,
!No membrane bound organelles
3$( 4, 0+, 5(6&,
!They cannot metabolize or divide
3$( 4, 0+, 5(6&,
!They cannot metabolize or divide
!Must use a host to reproduce
70#(80(#,
70#(80(#,
!Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
coat
70#(80(#,
coat
!4 types:
70#(80(#,
coat
!4 types:
!
helical
70#(80(#,
coat
!4 types:
!
helical
!
icosahedral
70#(80(#,
coat
!4 types:
!
helical
!
icosahedral
!
enveloped
70#(80(#,
coat
!4 types:
!
helical
!
icosahedral
!
enveloped
!
bacteriophage
9,%"8/% !"#()
9,%"8/% !"#()
!
Spiral tube of protein (stair case)
9,%"8/% !"#()
!
!
Tobacco mosaic virus, rabies
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!
!
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!
!
:8$)/+,6#/% !"#()
:8$)/+,6#/% !"#()
!Appear spherical at low mag.
:8$)/+,6#/% !"#()
!They actually have 20 triangular sides
:8$)/+,6#/% !"#()
!Hepatitis B
:8$)/+,6#/% !"#()
!Hepatitis B
:8$)/+,6#/% !"#()
!Hepatitis B
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
!Spherical shape
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
!Spherical shape
!These viruses highjack a hosts cell
membrane, forming an envelope
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
!Spherical shape
!Glycoproteins (receptors) on the surface
of the envelope allow the virus to appear
friendly
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
!Spherical shape
!Glycoproteins (receptors) on the surface
of the envelope allow the virus to appear
friendly
!HIV, influenza
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
;<=,%$>,6 !"#()
4/80,#"$>+/&,
?$@>%,A !"#(),)
4/80,#"$>+/&,
?$@>%,A !"#(),)
!Hexagonal head bound to a helical tail
4/80,#"$>+/&,
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!Resemble a lunar landing pod
4/80,#"$>+/&,
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!Tail fibers act (legs) help to inject DNA
into the host cell
4/80,#"$>+/&,
?$@>%,A !"#(),)
!Tail fibers act (legs) help to inject DNA
into the host cell
!T Phages (E.coli)
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4/80,#"$>+/&,
4/80,#"$>+/&,
4/80,#"$>+/&,
4/80,#"$>+/&,
B,>%"8/0"$<
4/80,#"$>+/&,
B,>%"8/0"$<
!Lytic Cycle- during the lytic cycle a
virus invades a host, produces new
viruses, and destroys the host (lysis)
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B,>%"8/0"$<
!Viruses that replicate this way are
known as virulent
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B,>%"8/0"$<
!Viruses that replicate this way are
known as virulent
!T phages are virulent
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4/80,#"$>+/&,
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wLysogenic Cycle- sometimes a virus may
infect a host cell and remain dormant
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wThis type of virus is known as a
temperate virus
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wThis type of virus is known as a
temperate virus
wTemperate virus DNA will combine with
host DNA creating a prophage
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4/80,#"$>+/&,
B,>%"8/0"$<
!"#/% B,>%"8/0"$<
!"#/% B,>%"8/0"$<
!Infection begins when a virus recognizes
and attaches to or enters a host cell
!"#/% B,>%"8/0"$<
!The viral genome takes over the cell,
making it a factory for more viruses
!"#/% B,>%"8/0"$<
!The viral genome takes over the cell,
making it a factory for more viruses
!Because they can only replicate with the
help of a host, viruses are known as
obligate intracellular parasites
!DNA Viruses:
!DNA Viruses:
!Some DNA enters a host and makes mRNA
!DNA Viruses:
!Other DNA may actually insert into a host
cells chromosome (provirus)
!DNA Viruses:
!RNA Viruses:
!DNA Viruses:
!RNA Viruses:
!Some RNA enters the host and serves
directly as RNA
!DNA Viruses:
!RNA Viruses:
!Some RNA enters the host and serves
directly as RNA
!Other RNA may be transcribed and serve
as a template for more viral DNA
!
Some RNA viruses (retroviruses) contain
the enzyme reverse transcriptase
!
!
This enzyme is used to transcribe viral
RNA into DNA (reversing the normal
process of transcription)
!
!
!
This viral DNA is used to make more
viruses
!
!
!
This viral DNA is used to make more
viruses
!
HIV is a retrovirus
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Part Deux
9(@/< !"#/% 1"),/),)
9(@/< !"#/% 1"),/),)
!Because viruses arent alive they must
be spread by an intermediate host
(vector)
9(@/< !"#/% 1"),/),)
(vector)
9(@/< !"#/% 1"),/),)
(vector)
9(@/< !"#/% 1"),/),)
(vector)
?+"8C,< D$A/7+"<&%,):
?+"8C,< D$A/7+"<&%,):
!Caused by vericella-zoster herpesvirus
?+"8C,< D$A/7+"<&%,):
!Spread through the air and contact
?+"8C,< D$A/7+"<&%,):
!Spread through the air and contact
!May remain dormant as a provirus and
become shingles
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!"#/% 9,>/0"0")
!
Inammation of the liver caused
by 5 di!erent viruses
!"#/% 9,>/0"0")
!
!
A and E spread by fecal matter
!"#/% 9,>/0"0")
!
!
A and E spread by fecal matter
!
B,C and D spread by sexual
contact or blood transfusion
E:17
E:17
!Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
E:17
!Caused by the HIV virus
E:17
!Glycoproteins on the surface of the virus
bind to receptor sites of immune cells
(macrophages)
E:17
(macrophages)
!Retrovirus, Provirus
E:17
(macrophages)
!Retrovirus, Provirus
!Genetically diverse
:) 0+,#, / 8(#, ?
:) 0+,#, / 8(#, ?
!Azydothymidine- inhibits reverse
transcriptase
:) 0+,#, / 8(#, ?
transcriptase
!Protease inibitors- blocks synthesis of
new capsids
:) 0+,#, / 8(#, ?
transcriptase
!Protease inibitors- blocks synthesis of
new capsids
!These drugs can only slow the
progression to full-blown AIDS
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!
Caused by infections in animal
populations
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!
populations
!Rainforest animals-> Ebola
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!
populations
!Hanta virus (pneumonia)-> mice
;@,#&"<& 1"),/),)
!
populations
!Hanta virus (pneumonia)-> mice
!SARS-> civet cats
!Epidemic- quickly spreading infectious
disease
disease
!Pandemic- disease spreads over large
regions
disease
!Pandemic- disease spreads over large
regions
!Bubonic plague, Small pox
*#,/0@,<0
*#,/0@,<0
!Vaccine- harmless version of a virus used to
build an immune response (microevolution)
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!Inactivated virus- not able to replicate
*#,/0@,<0
!Attenuated virus- weakened form of a virus; no
ability to cause disease
*#,/0@,<0
!Vector control
*#,/0@,<0
!Vector control
!Drug therapy- interfere with DNA/RNA
synthesis
*#,/0@,<0
!Vector control
!Drug therapy- interfere with DNA/RNA
synthesis
!Acyclovir- blocks DNA polymerase
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!"#$"6) =). D#"$<)
!Viroids
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!Viroids
!
Single-stranded
RNA
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!Viroids
!
Single-stranded
RNA
!
Disrupt plant
metabolism
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!Viroids
!
Single-stranded
RNA
!
Disrupt plant
metabolism
!
Coconuts,
oranges,
potatoes
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!Viroids
!
Single-stranded
RNA
!
Disrupt plant
metabolism
!
Coconuts,
oranges,
potatoes
!
Prions
!
Infectious
protein
particles
!
Clump in brain;
cause cell
death
!
Mad cow,
Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease

Virus Structure and Replication Cycles

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