Bridge Superstructure Design

ISO SAP041709M21 Rev.
1
Berkeley, California, USA
Version 14
July 2009

SAP2000
/Bridge
Bridge Superstructure Design
Concrete Box Girder Bridges and
Precast Concrete Composite Girder Bridges
AASHTO LRFD 2002 and 2007

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DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THIS SOFTWARE. HOWEVER, THE USER
ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY
OR THE RELIABILITY OF THIS PRODUCT.
THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL
DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
ADDRESSED.
THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY
A QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.

i
Contents
Bridge Superstructure Design
1 Introduction
1.1 Orga nization 1-1
1.2 Re commended Reading 1-2
2 Design Prerequisites
2-1 Load Pattern Types 2-1
2.2 De sign Load Combinations 2-3
2.3 Default Load Combinations 2-4
3 Determine Live Load Distribution Factors (LLDF)
3.1 Algorithm for Determining Live Load Distribution Factors
(LLDF) 3-1
3.2 Determine Live Load Distribution Factors 3-2
3.3 Apply LLD Factors 3-3
3.3.1 User Specified 3-4
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
ii
3.3.2 Calculated by SAP2000/Bridge in Accordance with
Code 3-4
3.3.3 Read Directly from Girder 3-4
3.3.4 Uniformly Distribution to Girders 3-4
3.4 Generate Virtual Combinations 3-5
3.4.1 Stress Check 3-5
3.4.2 Shear or Moment Check 3-6
3.5 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders 3-6
3.5.1 Stress Check 3-6
3.5.2 Shear or Moment Check 3-6
3.6 LLDF Design Example Using Method 2 3-7
4 Define a Bridge Design Request
4.1 Name and Bridge Object 4-3
4.2 Che ck Type 4-3
4.3 Station Range 4-4
4.4 De sign Range 4-4
4.5 Dema nd Sets 4-8
4.6 Live Load Distribution Factors 4-8
5 Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
5.1 Stress Design AASHTO-STD-2002 5-1
5.1.1 Cap acity Parameters 5-1
5.1.2 Dema nd Parameters 5-2
5.1.3 Algorithm 5-2
5.2 Stress Design AASHTO-LFRD-2007 5-2
5.2.2 Algorithm 5-3
5.2.3 Stress Design Example 5-3
5.3 Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5-6
5.3.2 Variabl es 5-6
5.3.3 De sign Process 5-7
Contents
iii
5.3.4 Algorithm 5-8
5.3.5 Flexure Design Example 5-10
5.4 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5-15
5.4.2 Variabl es 5-15
5.4.4 Algorithm 5-18
5.4.5 Shear Design Example 5-24
5.5 Principal Stress Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5-31
5.5.2 Dema nd Parameters 5-31
5.5.3 Algorithm 5-31
6 Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
6.1 Stress Design 6-2
6.2 Shear Design 6-3
6.2.1 Variables 6-4
6.2.3 Algorithms 6-6
6.3 Flexure Design 6-10
6.3.1 Variables 6-10
7 Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
7.1 Stress Design 7-1
7.2 Shear Design 7-2
7.2.1 Variables 7-3
7.2.4 Shear Design Example 7-8
7.3 Flexural Design 7-14
7.3.1 Variables 7-15
iv
7.3.4 Flexure Capacity Design Example 7-19
8 Run a Bridge Design Request
8.1 Description of Example Model 8-2
8.2 De sign Preferences 8-3
8.3 Load Combinations 8-3
8.4 Bridge Design Request 8-5
8.5 Start Design/Check of Structure 8-6
9 Design Output
9.1 Display Results as a Plot 9-1
9.2 Display Data Tables 9-7
9.3 Advanced Report Writer 9-8
9.4 Verificatio n 9-11
References
Contents
v
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge
Design form 2-5
Figure 2-2 Define Load Combinations form 2-6
Figure 3-1 Lever Rule 3-11
Figure 3-2 General Dimensions 3-14
Figure 4-1 Bridge Design Request - Concrete Box Girder
Bridges 4-2
Figure 4-2 Bridge Design Request - Composite I or U Girder
Bridges 4-2
Figure 4-3 Superstructure Design Request Parameters Form 4-5
Figure 5-1 LRFD 2007 Stress Design, AASHTO Box
Beam, Type BIII-48 5-4
Figure 5-2 Reinforcement, LRFD 2007 Stress Design
AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48 5-4
Figure 5-3 LRFD 2007 Flexure Design Cross-Section,
AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48 5-10
Figure 5-4 Reinforcement, LRFD 2007 Flexure Design
Cross-Section, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48 5-10
Figure 5-5 Shear Design Example, AASHTO Box Beam,
Type BIII-48 5-23
Figure 5-5 Shear Design Example Reinforcement AASHTO
Box Beam, Type BIII-48 5-24
Figure 7-1 Shear design example deck section 7-9
Figure 7-2 Shear design example beam section 7-9
Figure 7-3 Flexure capacity design example deck section 7-19
Figure 7-4 Flexure capacity design example beam section 7-19
Figure 8-1 3D view of example concrete box girder
bridge model 8-2
vi
Figure 8-2 Elevation view of example bridge 8-2
Figure 8-3 Plan view of the example bridge 8-3
Figure 8-4 Bridge Design Preferences form 8-3
Figure 8-5 Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge
Design form 8-4
Figure 8-6 Define Load Combinations form 8-4
Figure 8- 7 Define Load Combinations form 8-5
Figure 8-8 Perform Bridge Design - Superstructure 8-6
Figure 8-9 Plot of flexure check results 8-6
Figure 9-1 Plot of flexure check results for the example bridge
design model 9-2
Figure 9-2 Select the location on the beam or slab for which results
are to be displayed 9-3
Figure 9-3 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders
Vertical 9-3
Sloped 9-4
Clipped 9 -4
and Radius 9-5
Sloped Max 9-5
Figure 9-8 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - Advanced 9-6
Figure 9-9 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - AASHTO - PCI -
ASBI Standard 9-6
Figure 9-10 Choose Tables for Display form 9-7
Figure 9-11 Design database Table for AASHTO LRFD 2007
flexure check 9-8
Figure 9-12 Choose Tables for Export to Access form 9-9
Contents
vii
Figure 9-13 Create Custom Report form 9-10
Figure 9-14 An example of the printed output 9-11

1 - 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
This manual describes using SAP2000/Bridge to complete bridge design in
accordance with the AASHTO STD 2002 or AASHTO LRFD 2007 code for
concrete box girder bridges or the AASHTO 2007 LRFD code for bridges
when the superstructure includes Precast Concrete Box bridges with a compos-
ite slab. Design using SAP2000/Bridge is based on load patterns, load cases,
load combinations and design requests. The design output can then be dis-
played graphically and printed using a customized reporting format.
It should be noted that the design of bridge superstructure is a complex subject
and the design codes cover many aspects of this process. SAP2000/Bridge is a
tool to help the user with that process. Only the aspects of design documented
in this manual are automated by the SAP2000/Bridge design capabilities. The
user must check the results produced and address other aspects not covered by
SAP2000/Bridge.
1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to help you become productive using SAP2000/Bridge
design in accordance with the available codes when modeling concrete box
girder bridges and precast concrete girder bridges. Chapter 2 describes loading
and load combinations. Chapter 3 describes Live Load Distribution Factors.
1 - 2 Recommended Reading/Practice
Chapter 4 describes defining the design request, which includes the design re-
quest name, a bridge object name (i.e., the bridge model), check type (i.e., the
type of design), station range (i.e., portion of the bridge to be designed), design
parameters (i.e., overwrites for default parameters) and demand sets (i.e., load-
ing combinations). Chapters 5, 6, and 7 provide the algorithms used by
SAP2000/Bridge in completing concrete box girder, cast-in-place multi-cell
concrete box, and precast concrete bridge design in accordance with the
AASHTO code. Chapter 8 explains how to run a Design Request. Chapter 9
describes design output, which can be presented graphically as plots, in data
tables, and in reports generated using the Advanced Report Writer feature in
SAP2000.
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice
It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any applica-
ble Watch & Learn Series tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.csiberkeley.com, before attempting to design a concrete box girder,
multicell, or precast concrete bridge using SAP2000/Bridge. Additional infor-
mation can be found in the on-line Help facility available from within the soft-
wares main menu.

Load Pattern Types 2 - 1
Chapter 2
Define Loads and Load Combinations
This chapter describes the steps that are necessary to define the loads and load
combinations that the user intends to use in the design of the bridge superstruc-
ture. The user may define the load combinations manually or have
SAP2000/Bridge automatically generate the code generated load combinations.
The appropriate design code may be selected using the Design menu > Bridge
Design > View/Revise Preference command. Currently, the AASHTO STD
2002 and AASHTO LRFD 2007 design codes are supported by SAP2000/
Bridge.
When the code generated load combinations are going to be used, it is impor-
tant for users to define the load pattern type in accordance with the applicable
code. The load pattern type can be defined using the Define menu > Load
Patterns command. The user options for defining the load pattern types are
summarized in the Tables 2-1 and 2-2.
2.1 Load Pattern Types
Tables 2-1 and 2-2 show the permanent and transient load pattern types that
can be defined in SAP2000/Bridge. The tables also show the AASHTO abbre-
viation and the load pattern descriptions. Users may choose any name to iden-
tify a load pattern type.
2 - 2 Load Pattern Types
Table 2-1 PERMANENT Load Pattern Types Used in the AASHTOLRFD 2007 Code
SAP2000
Load Pattern Type
AASHTO
Reference Description of Load Pattern
CREEP CR Force effects due to creep
DOWNDRAG DD Downdrag force
DEAD DC Dead load of structural components and non-
structural attachments
SUPERDEAD DW Superimposed dead load of wearing surfaces
and utilities
BRAKING BR Vehicle braking force
HORIZ. EARTH PR EH Horizontal earth pressures
LOCKED IN EL Misc. locked-in force effects resulting from the
construction process
EARTH SURCHARGE ES Earth surcharge loads
VERT. EARTH PR EV Vertical earth pressure
PRESTRESS PS Hyperstatic forces from post-tensioning

Table 2-2 TRANSIENT Load Pattern Types Used in the AASHTO LRFD 2007 Design Code
SAP2000
Load Pattern Type
AASHTO
Reference Description of Load Pattern
BRAKING BR Vehicle braking force
CENTRIFUGAL CE Vehicular centrifugal loads
VEHICLE COLLISION CT Vehicular collision force
VESSEL COLLISION CV Vessel collision force
QUAKE EQ Earthquake
FRICTION FR Friction effects
ICE IC Ice loads
- IM Vehicle Dynamic Load Allowance
BRIDGE LL LL Vehicular live load
LL SURCHARGE LS Live load surcharge
PEDESTRIAN LL PL Pedestrian live load
SETTLEMENT SE Force effects due to settlement
TEMP GRADIENT TG Temperature gradient loads
TEMPERATURE TU Uniform temperature effects
STEAM FLOW WA Water load and steam pressure
WINDLIVE LOAD WL Wind on live load
WIND WS Wind loads on structure
Chapter 2 - Define Loads and Load Combinations
Design Load Combinations 2 - 3
2.2 Design Load Combinations
The code-generated design load combinations make use of the load pattern
types noted in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. Table 2-3 shows the load factors and com-
binations that are required in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD 2007 code.
Table 2-3 Load Combinations and Load Factors Used in the AASHTO LRFD 2007 Code
Load
Combo
Limit
State
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
PS
CR
SH

LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS

WA

WS

WL

FR

TU

TG

SE

EQ

IC

CT

CV
Str I
P

1.75 1.00 - - 1.00 0.5/1.20
TG

SE

- - - -
Str II
P

1.35 1.00 - - 1.00 0.5/1.20
TG

SE

- - - -
Str III
P

- 1.00 1.40 - 1.00 0.5/1.20
TG

SE

- - - -
Str IV
P

- 1.00 - - 1.00 0.5/1.20 - - - - -
Str V
P

1.35 1.00 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.5/1.20
TG

SE

- - - -
Ext Ev I
P

EQ

1.00 - - 1.00 - - 1.00 - - -
Ext Ev II
P

0.5 1.00 - - 1.00 - - - 1.00 1.00 1.00
Serv I 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 0.5/1.20
TG

SE

- - - -
Serv II 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 1.00 0.5/1.20 - - - - -
Serv III 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - 1.00 0.5/1.20
TG

SE

- - - -
Serv IV 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 - 1.00 0.5/1.20 - 1.00 - - - -
Fatigue-
LL, IM &
CE Only
- 0.75 - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 2-4 shows the maximum and minimum factors for the permanent loads
in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD 2007 code.
2 - 4 Default Load Combinations
Table 2-4 Load Factors for Permanent Loads,
P
, Used in the AASHTO LRFD 2007 Code
Load Factor
Type of Load
Maximum Minimum
DC
DC: Strength IV only
1.25
1.50
0.90
0.90
DD: Downdrag 1.40 0.25
DW: Wearing Surfaces and Utilities 1.50 0.65
EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure 1.50 0.90
EL: Locked in Construction Stresses 1.00 1.00
EV: Vertical Earth Pressure 1.35 1.00
ES: Earth Surcharge 1.50 0.75

Two combinations for each permanent load pattern are required because of the
maximum and minimum factors. When the default load combinations are used,
SAP2000/Bridge automatically creates both load combinations (one for the
maximum and one for the minimum factor), and then automatically creates a
third combination that represents an enveloped combination of the max/min
combos.
2.3 Default Load Combinations
Default design load combinations can be activated using the Define menu >
Load Combination command. Users can set the load combination data after
the Add Default Design Combos button is selected and the Bridge option is
chosen. The users may select the desired limit states and load cases using the
Code Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form shown in Figure
2-1.
Chapter 2 - Define Loads and Load Combinations
Default Load Combinations 2 - 5

Figure 2-1 Code Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form
After the desired limit states and load cases have been selected,
SAP2000/Bridge will generate all of the code-required load combinations.
These can be viewed using the Display menu > Show Tables command or by
using the Show/Modify button on the Define Combinations form, which is
shown in Figure 2-2.
2 - 6 Default Load Combinations

Figure 2-2 Define Load Combinations form
The load combinations denoted as Str-I1, Str-I2, and so forth refer to Strength I
load combinations. The load case StrIGroup1 is the name given to enveloped
load combination of all of the Strength I combinations. Enveloped load combi-
nations will allow for some efficiency later when the bridge design requests are
defined (see Chapter 4).

Algorithmfor Determining Live Load Distribution Factors (LLDF) 3 - 1
Chapter 3
Determine Live Load Distribution Factors
This chapter describes the algorithms used by SAP2000/Bridge to determine
the live load distribution factors used to assign live load demands to individual
girders. An explanation is given with respect to how the distribution factors are
applied in a shear, stress, and moment check in accordance with the AASHTO
LRFD 2007 code. The live load distribution factors are applicable only to su-
perstructures that have a deck that includes precast I or U girders with compos-
ite slabs or concrete multi-cell box.
Legend:
Girder = beam + tributary area of composite slab for precast composite; web +
tributary area of top and bottom slab for multi-cell box
Section Cut = all girders present in the cross-section at the cut location
3.1 Algorithm for Determining Live Load Distribution
Factors (LLDF)
SAP2000/Bridge gives the user a choice of four methods to address distribu-
tion of live load to individual girders.
Method 1 The LLD factors are specified directly by the user.

3 - 2 Determine Live Load Distribution Factors
Method 2 SAP2000/Bridge calculates the LLD factors by following proce-
dures outlined in AASHTO LRFD Section 4.6.2.2.
Method 3 SAP2000/Bridge reads the calculated live load demands directly
from individual girders (available only for Area or Solid models).
Method 4 SAP2000/Bridge distributes the live load uniformly into all girders.
It is important to note that to obtain relevant results, the definition of a Moving
Load case must be adjusted depending on which method is selected.
When the LLD factors are user specified or specified in accordance with the
code (Method 1 or 2), only one lane with a MultiLane Scale Factor = 1
should be loaded into a Moving Load cases included in the demand set com-
binations.
When SAP2000/Bridge reads the LLD factors directly from individual gird-
ers (Method 3, applicable to area and solid models only) or when
SAP2000/Bridge applies the LLD factors uniformly (Method 4), multiple
traffic lanes with relevant Multilane Scale Factors should be loaded in accor-
dance with code requirements.
3.2 Determine Live Load Distribution Factors
At every section cut, the following geometric information is evaluated to de-
termine the LLD factors.
span lengththe length of span for which moment or shear is being calcu-
lated
the number of girders
girder designationthe first and last girder are designated as exterior girders
and the other girders are classified as interior girders
roadway widthmeasured as the distance between curbs/barriers; medians
are ignored
Chapter 3 - Determine Live Load Distribution Factors
Apply LLD Factors 3 - 3
overhangconsists of the horizontal distance from the centerline of the exte-
rior web of the left exterior beam at deck level to the interior edge of the curb
or traffic barrier
the beamsincludes the area, moment of inertia, torsion constant, center of
gravity
the thickness of the composite slab t1 and the thickness of concrete slab
haunch t2
the tributary area of the composite slabwhich is bounded at the interior
girder by the midway distances to neighboring girders and at the exterior
girder; includes the entire overhang on one side, and is bounded by the mid-
way distances to neighboring girder on the other side
Youngs modulus for both the slab and the beamsangle of skew support.
SAP2000/Bridge then evaluates the longitudinal stiffness parameter, Kg, in ac-
cordance with AASHTO LRFD 4.6.2.2 (eq. 4.6.2.2.1-1). The center of gravity
of the composite slab measured from the bottom of the beam is calculated as
the sum of the beam depth, thickness of the concrete slab haunch t2, and one-
half the thickness of the composite slab t1. Spacing of the girders is calculated
as the average distance between the centerlines of neighboring girders.
SAP2000/Bridge then verifies that the selected LLD factors are compatible
with the type of model: spine, area, or solid. If the LLD factors are read by
SAP2000/Bridge directly from the individual girders, the model type must be
area or solid. This is the case because with the spine model option,
SAP2000/Bridge models the entire cross section as one frame element and
there is no way to extract forces on individual girders. All other model types
and LLDF method permutations are allowed.
3.3 Apply LLD Factors
The application of live load distribution factors varies, depending on which
method has been selected: user specified; in accordance with code; directly
from individual girders; or uniformly distributed onto all girders.

3 - 4 Apply LLD Factors
3.3.1 User Specified
When this method is selected, SAP2000/Bridge reads the girder designations
(i.e., exterior and interior) and assigns live load distribution factors to the indi-
vidual girders accordingly.
3.3.2 Calculated by SAP2000/Bridge in Accordance with Code
When this method is selected, SAP2000/Bridge considers the data input by the
user for truck wheel spacing, minimum distance from wheel to curb/barrier,
and multiple presence factor for one loaded lane.
Depending on the section type, SAP2000/Bridge validates several section pa-
rameters against requirements specified in the code (Tables 4.6.2.2.2b-1,
4.6.2.2.2d-1, 4.6.2.2.3a-1 and 4.6.2.2.3b-1). When any of the parameter values
are outside the range required by the code, the section cut is excluded from the
Design Request.
At every section cut, SAP2000/Bridge then evaluates the live load distribution
factors for moment and shear for exterior and interior girders using formulas
specified in the code (Tables 4.6.2.2.2b-1, 4.6.2.2.2d-1, 4.6.2.2.3a-1 and
4.6.2.2.3b-1). After evaluation, the LLDF values are assigned to individual
girders based on their designation (exterior, interior). The value equal to the
average of the LLDF calculated for the left and right girders is assigned to both
exterior girders. Similarly, all interior girders use the LLDF equal to the aver-
age of the LLDF of all of the individual interior girders.
3.3.3 Forces Read Directly from Girders
When this method is selected, SAP2000/Bridge sets the live load distribution
factor for all girders to 1.
3.3.4 Uniformly Distributed to Girders
When this method is selected, the live load distribution factor is equal to 1/n
where n is the number of girders in the section. All girders have identical LLD
factors disregarding their designation (exterior, interior) and demand type
(shear, moment).
Generate Virtual Combinations 3 - 5
3.4 Generate Virtual Combinations
When the method for determining the live load distribution factors is user-
specified, code-specified, or uniformly distributed (Methods 1, 2 or 4),
SAP2000/Bridge generates virtual load combination for every valid section cut
selected for design. The virtual combinations are used during a stress check
and check of the shear and moment to calculate the forces on the girders. After
those forces have been calculated, the virtual combination are deleted. The
process is repeated for all section cuts selected for design.
Four virtual COMBO cases are generated for each COMBO that the user has
specified in the Design Request (see Chapter 4). The program analyzes the de-
sign type of each load case present in the user specified COMBO and multi-
plies all non-moving load case types by 1/n (where n is the number of girders)
and the moving load case type by the section cut values of the LLD factors (ex-
terior moment, exterior shear, interior moment, and interior shear LLD factors).
This ensures that dead load is shared evenly by all girders, while live load is
distributed based on the LLD factors.
The program then completes a stress check and a check of the shear and the
moment for each section cut selected for design.
3.4.1 Stress Check
At the Section Cut being analyzed, the girder stresses at all stress output points
are read from SAP2000/Bridge for every virtual COMBO generated. To ensure
that live load demands are shared equally irrespective of lane eccentricity by all
girders, SAP2000/Bridge uses averaging when calculating the girder stresses. It
calculates the stresses on a beam by integrating axial and M3 moment demands
on all of the beams in the entire section cut and dividing the demands by the
number of girders. Similarly, P and M3 forces in the composite slab are inte-
grated and stresses are calculated in the individual tributary areas of the slab by
dividing the total slab demand by the number of girders.
When stresses are read from SAP2000/Bridge into the SAPBridgeDesign mod-
ule, the stresses are multiplied by n (where n is number of girders) to make up
for the reduction applied in the Virtual Combinations.

3 - 6 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders
3.4.2 Shear or Moment Check
At the Section Cut being analyzed, the entire section cut forces are read from
SAP2000/Bridge for every Virtual COMBO generated. The forces are assigned
to individual girders based on their designation. (Forces from two virtual Com-
binationsone for shear and one for momentgenerated for exterior beam are
assigned to both exterior beams, and similarly, Virtual Combinations for inte-
rior beams are assigned to interior beams.)
3.5 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders
When the method for determining the live load distribution is based on forces
read directly from the girders, the method varies based on which Design Check
has been specified in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
3.5.1 Stress Check
At the Section Cut being analyzed, the girder stresses at all stress output points
are read from SAP2000/Bridge for every COMBO specified in the Design Re-
quest. SAP2000/Bridge calculates the stresses on a beam by integrating axial,
M3 and M2 moment demands on the beam at the center of gravity of the beam.
Similarly P, M3 and M2 demands in the composite slab are integrated at the
center of gravity of the slab tributary area.
3.5.2 Shear or Moment Check
At the Section Cut being analyzed, the girder forces are read from SAP2000/
Bridge for every COMBO specified in the Design Request. SAP2000/Bridge
calculates the demands on a girder by integrating axial, M3 and M2 moment
demands on the girder at the center of gravity of the girder.

LLDF Design Example Using Method 2 3 - 7
3.6 LLDF Design Example Using Method 2
The AASHTO-LRFD Specifications allow the use of advanced methods of
analysis to determine the live load distribution factors. However, for typical
bridges, the specifications list equations to calculate the distribution factors for
different types of bridge superstructures. The types of superstructures covered
by these equations are described in Table 4.6.2.2.1-1. From this table, bridges
with concrete decks supported on precast concrete I or bulb-tee girders are des-
ignated as cross-section K. Other tables in 4.6.2.2.2 list the distribution fac-
tors for interior and exterior girders, including cross-section K.
The distribution factor equations are largely based on work conducted in the
NCHRP Project 12-26 and have been verified to give accurate results com-
pared to 3-dimensional bridge analysis and field measurements. The multiple
presence factors are already included in the distribution factor equations, ex-
cept when the tables call for the use of the lever rule. In those cases, the com-
putations need to account for the multiple presence factors. The user is provid-
ing those as part of the Design Request definition together with wheel spacing,
curb to wheel distance, and lane width.
Notice that the distribution factor tables include a column with the heading
range of applicability. The ranges of applicability listed for each equation are
based on the range for each parameter used in the study leading to the devel-
opment of the equation. When any of the parameters exceeds the listed value in
the range of applicability column, SAP2000/Bridge reports the incompliance
and excludes the section from design.
Article 4.6.2.2.2d of the specifications states: In beam-slab bridge cross-
sections with diaphragms or cross-frames, the distribution factor for the exte-
rior beam shall not be taken less than that which would be obtained by assum-
ing that the cross-section deflects and rotates as a rigid cross-section. That
provision was added to the specifications because the original study that devel-
oped the distribution factor equations did not consider intermediate dia-
phragms. Application of the provision requires the presence of a sufficient
number of intermediate diaphragms whose stiffness is adequate to force the
cross-section to act as a rigid section. For prestressed girders, different jurisdic-
tions use different types and numbers of intermediate diaphragms. Depending
on the number and stiffness of the intermediate diaphragms, the provisions of
4.6.2.2.2d may not be applicable. If the user specifies Yes in the Dia-

3 - 8 LLDF Design Example Using Method 2
phragms Present option, the program follows the procedure outlined in the
provision 4.6.2.2.2d.
For this example, one deep reinforced concrete diaphragm is located at the
midspan of each span. The stiffness of the diaphragm was deemed sufficient to
force the cross-section to act as a rigid section; therefore, the provisions of
S4.6.2.2.2d apply.
Required information:
AASHTO Type I-Beam (28/72)
Noncomposite beam area, A
g
= 1,085 in
2

Noncomposite beam moment of inertia, I
g
= 733,320 in
4

Deck slab thickness, t
s
= 8 in.
Span length, L = 110 ft.
Girder spacing, S = 9 ft.-8 in.
Modulus of elasticity of the beam, E
B
= 4,696 ksi
Modulus of elasticity of the deck, E
D
= 3,834 ksi
C.G. to top of the basic beam = 35.62 in.
C.G. to bottom of the basic beam = 36.38 in.
1. Calculate n, the modular ratio between the beam and the deck.
n =
B D
E E (4.6.2.2.1-2)
= 4696 3834 = 1.225
2. Calculate e
g
, the distance between the center of gravity of the noncompo-
site beam and the deck. Ignore the thickness of the haunch in determin-
ing e
g

e
g
= NAYT + 2
s
t = 35.62 + 8 2 = 39.62 in.
3. Calculate K
g
, the longitudinal stiffness parameter.
K
g
=
( )
2
g
n I Ae + (4.6.2.2.1-1)
=
( )
2
4
1.225 733 320 1085 39.62 2 984 704 in
(
+ =

4. Interior girder. Calculate the moment distribution factor for an interior
beam with two or more design lanes loaded using Table S4.6.2.2.2b-1.
D
M
= ( ) ( ) ( )
0.1
0.6 0.2
3
0.075 9.5 12.0
g s
S S L K Lt +
( ) ( )
( )( )
{ }
0.1
0.6 0.2 3
0.075 9.667 9.5 9.667 110 2 984 704 12 110 8
(
= +
(

= 0.796 lane (eq. 1)
5. In accordance with 4.6.2.2.2e, a skew correction factor for moment may
be applied for bridge skews greater than 30 degrees. The bridge in this
example is skewed 20 degrees, and therefore, no skew correction factor
for moment is allowed.
Calculate the moment distribution factor for an interior beam with one
design lane loaded using Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1.
D
M
= ( ) ( ) ( )
0.1
0.4 0.3
3
0.06 14 12.0
g s
S S L K Lt +
= ( ) ( )
( )( )
{ }
0.1
0.4 0.3 3
0.06 9.667 14 9.667 110 2984704 12 100 8
(
+
(

= 0.542 lane (eq. 2)
Notice that the distribution factor calculated above for a single lane
loaded already includes the 1.2 multiple presence factor for a single lane,
therefore, this value may be used for the service and strength limit states.
However, multiple presence factors should not be used for the fatigue
limit state. Therefore, the multiple presence factor of 1.2 for the single
lane is required to be removed from the value calculated above to deter-
mine the factor used for the fatigue limit state.
6. Skew correction factor for shear.
In accordance with 4.6.2.2.3c, a skew correction factor for support shear
at the obtuse corner must be applied to the distribution factor of all
skewed bridges. The value of the correction factor is calculated using
Table 4.6.2.2.3c-1.

S
C
=
( )
0.3
3
1.0 0.20 12.0 tan
s g
Lt K u +
=
( )( ) ( )
0.3
3
1.0 0.20 12.0 110 8 2 984 704 tan20 +
= 1.047
7. Calculate the shear distribution factor for an interior beam with two or
more design lanes loaded using Table S4.6.2.2.3a-1.
D
V
= ( ) ( )
2
0.2 12 35 S S +
= ( ) ( )
2
0.2 9.667 12 9.667 35 +
= 0.929 lane
Apply the skew correction factor:
D
V
=
( )
1.047 0.929 0.973 = lane (eq. 4)
8. Calculate the shear distribution factor for an interior beam with one de-
sign lane loaded using Table S4.6.2.2.3a-1.
D
V
= ( ) 0.36 25.0 S +
= ( ) 0.36 9.667 25.0 +
= 0.747 lane
Apply the skew correction factor:
D
V
=
( )
1.047 0.747
= 0.782 lane (eq. 5)
9. From (1) and (2), the service and strength limit state moment distribution
factor for the interior girder is equal to the larger of 0.796 and 0.542 lane.
Therefore, the moment distribution factor is 0.796 lane.
From (4) and (5), the service and strength limit state shear distribution
factor for the interior girder is equal to the larger of 0.973 and 0.782 lane.
Therefore, the shear distribution factor is 0.973 lane.
10. Exterior girder

Figure 3-1 Lever Rule

11. Calculate the moment distribution factor for an exterior beam with two
or more design lanes using Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1.
D
M
= e
DVinterior

e = 0.77 9.1 de +
where de is the distance from the centerline of the exterior girder to the
inside face of the curb or barrier.
e = 0.77 + 1.83/9.1 = 0.97
D
M
= 0.97(0.796) = 0.772 lane (eq. (7)
12. Calculate the moment distribution factor for an exterior beam with one
design lane using the lever rule in accordance with Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1.
D
M
=
( ) | | 3.5 6 3.5 9.667 1.344 wheels 2 + + =

= 0.672 lane (eq. 8)
Notice that this value does not include the multiple presence factor,
therefore, it is adequate for use with the fatigue limit state. For service
and strength limit states, the multiple presence factor for a single lane
loaded needs to be included.
D
M
=
( )
0.672 1.2
= 0.806 lane (eq. 9) (Strength and Service)
13. Calculate the shear distribution factor for an exterior beam with two or
more design lanes loaded using Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1.
D
V
= e
DVinterior

where:
e = 0.6 10 de +
= 0.6 1.83 10 +
= 0.783
D
V
=
( )
0.783 0.973
= 0.762 lane (eq. 10)
14. Calculate the shear distribution factor for an exterior beam with one de-
sign lane loaded using the lever rule in accordance with Table 4.6.2.2.3b-
1. This value will be the same as the moment distribution factor with the
skew correction factor applied.
D
V
=
( )
1.047 0.806
= 0.845 lane (eq. 12) (Strength and Service)
Notice that 4.6.2.2.2d includes additional requirements for the calcula-
tion of the distribution factors for exterior girders when the girders are
connected with relatively stiff cross-frames that force the cross-section to
act as a rigid section. As indicated in the introduction, these provisions
are applied to this example; the calculations are shown below.
15. Additional check for rigidly connected girders (4.6.2.2.2d)
The multiple presence factor, m, is applied to the reaction of the exterior
beam (Table 3.6.1.1.2-1)
m
1
= 1.20
m
2
= 1.00
m
3
= 0.85
R =
( )
2
L b ext
N N X e x +

(4.6.2.2.2d-1)
where:
R = reaction on exterior beam in terms of lanes
N
L
= number of loaded lanes under consideration
e = eccentricity of a design truck or a design land load from
the center of gravity of the pattern of girders (ft.)
x = horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pat-
tern of girders to each girder (ft.)
X
ext
= horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pat-
tern to the exterior girder (ft.) See Figure 1 for dimen-
sions.
One lane loaded (only the leftmost lane applied):
R =
( ) ( ) | | 1 6 24.167 21 2 24.1672 14.52 4.8332 + + +
= 0.1667 + 0.310
= 0.477 (Fatigue)
Add the multiple presence factor of 1.2 for a single lane:
R =
( )
1.2 0.477
= 0.572 (Strength)
Two lanes loaded:
R =
( ) ( ) | | 2 6 24.167 21 9 2 24.1672 14.52 4.8332 + + + +

= 0.333 + 0.443
= 0.776
Add the multiple presence factor of 1.0 for two lanes loaded:
R =
( )
1.0 0.776
= 0.776 (Strength)
Three lanes loaded:
R =
( ) ( ) | | 3 6 24.167 21 9 3 2 24.1672 14.52 4.8332 + + + +
= 0.5 + 0.399
= 0.899
Add the multiple presence factor of 0.85 for three or more lanes loaded:
R =
( )
0.85 0.899
= 0.764 (Strength)
These values do not control the distribution factors summarized in
Design Step 16.

Figure 3-2 General Dimensions
16. From (7) and (9), the service and strength limit state moment distribution
factor for the exterior girder is equal to the larger of 0.772 and 0.806
lane. Therefore, the moment distribution factor is 0.806 lane.
From (10) and (12), the service and strength limit state shear distribution
factor for the exterior girder is equal to the larger of 0.762 and 0.845
lane. Therefore, the shear distribution factor is 0.845 lane.
Table 3.1 Summary of Service and Strength Limit State Distribution Factors

Load Case
Moment
interior
beams
Moment
exterior
beams
Shear
interior
beams
Shear
exterior
beams
Multiple lanes loaded 0.796 0.772 0.973 0.762
Distribution factors from
Tables in 4.6.2.2.2
Single lane loaded 0.542 0.806 0.782 0.845
Multiple lanes loaded NA 0.776 NA 0.776
Additional check for rigidly
connected girders
Single lane loaded NA 0.572 NA 0.572
Design Value 0.796 0.806 0.973 0.845
Value reported by SAP2000 0.796 0.807 0.973 0.845

Name and Bridge Object 4 - 1
Chapter 4
Define a Bridge Design Request
This chapter describes the Bridge Design Request, which is defined using the
Define menu > Bridge Design > Define Design Request command.
Each Bridge Design Request is unique and specifies which bridge object is to
be designed, the type of check to be performed (e.g., concrete box stress, pre-
cast composite stress, and so on), the station range (i.e., the particular zone or
portion of the bridge that is to be designed), the design parameters (i.e., pa-
rameters that may be used to overwrite the default values automatically set by
the program) and demand sets (i.e., the load combination[s] to be considered).
Multiple Bridge Design Requests may be defined for the same bridge object.
Before defining a design request, the applicable code should be specified using
the Design menu > Bridge Design > View/Revise Preferences command.
Currently, the AASHTO STD 2002 or AASHTO LRFD 2007 code is available
for the design of a concrete box girder or the AASHTO 2007 LRFD code is
available for the design of a Precast I or U Beam with Composite Slab super-
structure.
Figure 4-1 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for
a concrete box girder bridge, and the check type is concrete box stress. Figure
4-2 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for a
Composite I or U girder bridge and the check type is precast composite stress.
4 - 2 Name and Bridge Object

Figure 4-1 Bridge Design Request - Concrete Box Girder Bridges

Figure 4-2 Bridge Design Request - Composite I or U Girder Bridges
Chapter 4 - Define a Bridge Design Request
Name and Bridge Object 4 - 3
4.1 Name and Bridge Object
Each Bridge Design Request must have unique name. Any name can be used.
If multiple Bridge Objects are used to define a bridge model, select the bridge
object to be designed for the Design Request. If a bridge model contains only a
single bridge object, the name of that bridge object will be the only item avail-
able from the Bridge Object drop-down list.
4.2 Check Type
The Check Type refers to the type of design to be performed and the available
options depend on the type of bridge deck being modeled.
For a Concrete Box Girder bridge, SAP2000/Bridge provides the following
check type options:
AASHTO STD 2002
Concrete Box Stress
AASHTO LRFD 2007
Concrete Box Stress
Concrete Box Flexure
Concrete Box Shear and Torsion
Concrete Box Principal
For Multi-Cell Concrete Box Girder bridge, SAP2000/Bridge provides the fol-
lowing check type options:
Concrete Box Stress
Concrete Box Shear
4 - 4 Station Range
For bridge models with precast I or U Beams with Composite Slabs,
SAP2000/Bridge provides three check type options, as followings:
AASHTO LRFD 2007
Precast Comp Stress
Precast Comp Shear
Precast Comp Flexure
The bold type denotes the name that appears in the check type drop-down list.
A detailed description of the design algorithm can be found in Chapter 5 for
concrete box girder bridges, in Chapter 6 for multi-cell box girder bridges, and
in Chapter 7 for precast I or U beam with composite slabs.
4.3 Station Range
The station range refers to the particular zone or portion of the bridge that is to
be designed. The user may choose the entire length of the bridge, or specify
specific zones using station ranges. Multiple zones (i.e., station ranges) may be
specified as part of a single design request.
When defining a station range, the user specifies the Location Type, which de-
termines if the superstructure forces are to be considered before or at a station
point. The user may choose the location type as before the point, after the point
or both.
4.4 Design Parameters
Design parameters are overwrites that can be used to change the default values
set automatically by the program. The parameters are specific to each code,
deck type, and check type. Figure 4-3 shows the Superstructure Design Pa-
rameters form.

Design Parameters 4 - 5

Figure 4-3 Superstructure Design Request Parameters form

Table 4-1 shows the parameters for concrete box girder bridges. Table 4-2
shows the parameters for multi-cell concrete box bridges. Table 4-3 shows the
parameters applicable when the superstructure has a deck that includes precast
I or U girders with composite slabs.
Table 4-1 Design Request Parameters for Concrete Box Girders
AASHTO STD 2002

Concrete Box Stress
Resistance Factor - multiplies both compression and tension
stress limits
Multiplier on
c
f to calculate the compression stress limit
Multiplier on sqrt(
c
f ) to calculate the tension stress limit, given
in the units specified
The tension limit factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi
units for
c
f and the resulting tension limit
4 - 6 Design Parameters
Table 4-1 Design Request Parameters for Concrete Box Girders
AASHTO LRFD 2007
Concrete Box Stress

Concrete Box Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies
both compression and tension stress limits
Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier on
c
f
to calculate the compression stress limit
Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Multiplier on
sqrt(
c
f ) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in the units
specified
Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension limit fac-
tor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for
c
f and the
resulting tension limit
Concrete Box Shear Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies
Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, Lightweight Resistance Factor that
multiplies nominal shear resistance to obtain factored resistance
for light-weight concrete
Include Resal (Hunching-girder) shear effects Yes or No. Speci-
fies whether the component of inclined flexural compression or
tension, in the direction of the applied shear, in variable depth
members shall or shall not be considered when determining the
design factored shear force in accordance with Article 5.8.6.2.
Concrete Box Shear Rebar Material - A previously defined rebar
material label that will be used to determine the area of shear
rebar required
Longitudinal Torsional Rebar Material - A previously defined
rebar material that will be used to determine the area of longi-
tudinal torsional rebar required

Concrete Box Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies
Concrete Box Principal See the Box Stress design parameter specifications

Table 4-2 Design Request Parameters for Multi-Cell Concrete Box
AASHTO LRFD 2007
Multi-Cell Concrete Box
Stress
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that
multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multi-
plier on
c
f to calculate the compression stress limit
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Mul-
tiplier on sqrt(
c
f ) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in
the units specified
Design Parameters 4 - 7
Table 4-2 Design Request Parameters for Multi-Cell Concrete Box
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension
limit factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for
c
f
and the resulting tension limit
Shear
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that mul-
tiplies both compression and tension stress limits
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, Lightweight Resistance Fac-
tor that multiplies nominal shear resistance to obtain factored
resistance for light-weight concrete
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement in accordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value =
-0.4x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 0 to -0.4x10
-3

Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforce-
ment - in accordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value =
6.0x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 6.0x10
-3

PhiC for Nu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; De-
fault Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
Phif for Mu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default
Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.9 to 1.0
Specifies which method for shear design will be used either
Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accordance with
5.8.3.4.2 or Vci Vcw method in accordance with 5.8.3.4.3. Cur-
rently only the MCFT option is available.
A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to
determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
A previously defined rebar material that will be used to deter-
mine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
Flexure
Multi-Cell Concrete Box Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that
multiplies both compression and tension stress limits

Table 4-3 Design Request Parameters for Precast I or U Beams
AASHTO
Precast Comp Stress
Precast Comp Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both
compression and tension stress limits
Precast Comp Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier on fc
to calculate the compression stress limit
Precast Comp Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Multiplier on
sqrt(fc) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in the units
specified
Precast Comp Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension limit fac-
tor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for fc and the
resulting tension limit
4 - 8 Demand Sets
Table 4-3 Design Request Parameters for Precast I or U Beams
AASHTO
Precast Comp Shear
PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression and
tension stress limits
PhiC, Lightweight Resistance Factor that multiplies nominal shear
resistance to obtain factored resistance for light-weight concrete
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement in accordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = -
0.4x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 0 to -0.4x10
-3

Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforce-
ment - in accordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value =
6.0x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 6.0x10
-3

PhiC for Nu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default
Phif for Mu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default
Specifies what method for shear design will be used - either
Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accordance with
5.8.3.4.2 or Vci Vcw method in accordance with 5.8.3.4.3 Currently
only the MCFT option is available.
A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to de-
termine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder
A previously defined rebar material that will be used to determine
the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
Precast Comp Flexure
Precast Comp Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies
4.5 Demand Sets
A demand set name is required for each load combination that is to be consid-
ered in a design request. The load combinations may be selected from a list of
user defined or default load combinations that are program determined (See
Chapter 2).
4.6 Live Load Distribution Factors
When the superstructure has a deck that includes precast I or U girders with
composite slabs or multi-cell boxes, Live Load Distribution Factors can be
specified. LLD factors are described in Chapter 3.

Stress Design AASHTO-STD-2002 5 - 1
Chapter 5
Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the AASHTO
STD-2002, LRFD 07 code for design and stress check of the superstructure of
a concrete box type bridge deck section.
In SAP2000, ConcBox design differs from MulticellConcBox design (Chapter
6) with respect to the distribution of loads and the method for checking shear
and torsion. In distributing loads for concrete box design, the section is always
treated as one beam, all load demands (permanent and transient) are distributed
evenly to the webs for stress and flexure and proportionally to the slope of the
web for shear. Torsion effects are always considered and assigned to the outer
webs and the top and bottom slab.
With respect to shear and torsion check, in accordance with Article 5.8.6 of the
code, torsion is considered.
5.1 Stress Design AASHTO-STD-2002
5.1.1 Capacity Parameters
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0
The compression and tension limits are multiplied by the |
C
factor.
5 - 2 Stress Design AASHTO-STD-2002
FactorCompLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical value(s): 0.4 to
0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain the compression
limit.
FactorTensLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.19 (ksi) 0.5(MPa);
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa)
The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorTensLim to obtain the tension limit.
5.1.2 Demand Parameters
FactorCompLim percentage of the basic unit stress for compression service
design; Default value = 1.0; Typical values 1.0 to 1.5
The demand compressive stresses are divided by the FactorCompLim factor.
This way the controlling stress can be selected and compared against one com-
pression limit.
FactorTensLim percentage of the basic unit stress for tension service design;
Default value = 1.0; Typical values 1.0 to 1.5
The demand tensile stresses are divided by the FactorCompLim factor. This
way the controlling stress can be selected and compared against one tension
limit.
5.1.3 Algorithm
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber and three points at the
bottom fiber. The location of the points are extreme left, Bridge Layout Line
and extreme right. The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account
axial (P) and both bending moments (M2 and M3).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. If the demand set contains live
load, the program positions the load to capture extreme stress at each of the
evaluation points.
The stresses are divided by the appropriate demand parameter. Then extremes
are found for each point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the Capacity Parameters (see Sec-
tion 5.1.1).
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Stress Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 3
5.2 Stress Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression limit.
FactorTensLim
c
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa)
The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
5.2.2 Algorithm
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber and three points at the
bottom fiber. The location of the points are extreme left, Bridge Layout Line
and extreme right. The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account
axial (P) and both bending moments (M2 and M3).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. If the demand set contains live
load, the program positions the load to capture extreme stress at each of the
evaluation points.
Extremes are found for each point and the controlling demand set name is re-
corded.
tion 5.2.1).
5.2.3 Stress Design Example
Cross Section: AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48 as shown in Figure 5-1
Concrete unit weight, w
c
= 0.150 kcf
Concrete strength at 28 days,
c
f ' = 5.0 ksi
5 - 4 Stress Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
Design span = 95.0 ft
Prestressing strands: in. dia., seven wire, low relaxation
Area of one strand = 0.153 in
2

Ultimate strength f
pu
= 270.0 ksi
Yield strength f
py
= 0.9 ksi
f
pu
= 243 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, E
p
= 28 500 ksi

Figure 5-1 LRFD 2007 Stress Design, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48

Stress Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 5

Figure 5-2 Reinforcement, LRFD 2007 Stress Design
AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48

Reinforcing bars:
yield strength, f
y
= 60.0 ksi
Section Properties
A = area of cross-section of beam = 826 in
2

h = overall depth of precast beam = 39 in
I = moment of inertia about centroid of the beam = 170812 in
4

y
b
,y
t
= distance from centroid to the extreme
bottom (top) fiber of the beam = 19.5 in

Demand forces from Dead and PT (COMB1) at station 570:
P = 856.51 kip
M3 = 897.599 kip-in
Top fiber stress =

3
top top
856 51 897 599
19 5 0 9344 ksi
826 170812
P M . .
y . .
A I
o

= = =

5 - 6 Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
Bottom fiber stress =

3
top bot
856 51 897 599
19 5 1 139ksi
826 170812
P M . .
y . .
A I
o

= + = + =
Stresses reported by SAP2000/Bridge:
top fiber stress envelope = 0.9345 ksi
bottom fiber stress envelope = 1.13945 ksi

5.3 Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
The nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain
factored resistance.
5.3.2 Variables
| Resistance factor for flexure
M
n
Nominal flexural resistance
M
r
Factored flexural resistance
t
slabeq
Equivalent thickness of slab
b
slab
Effective flange width = horizontal width of slab, measured from out to
out
b
webeq
Equivalent thickness of all webs in section
A
slab
Area of slab
A
PT
Area of PT in tension zone
y
PT
Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
prestressing tendons
f
pu
Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average
of all tendons in tensile zone)
Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 7
f
py
Yield tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average of all
tendons in tensile zone)
f
ps
Average stress in prestressing steel (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1)
k PT material constant (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
1
| Stress block factor is as specified in Section 5.7.2.2.
5.3.3 Design Process
The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on approximate
stress distribution specified in Article 5.7.2.2. The natural relationship between
concrete stress and strain is considered satisfied by an equivalent rectangular
concrete compressive stress block of 0.85
c
f ' over a zone bounded by the
edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis
at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is
measured perpendicular to the neutral axis. The factor
1
is taken as 0.85 for
concrete strengths not exceeding 4.0 ksi. For concrete strengths exceeding 4.0
ksi,
1
is reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in excess of 4.0
ksi, except that
1
is not to be taken to be less than 0.65.
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with Paragraph 5.7.3.2.
The resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate
capacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based
only on bonded tendons defined in the Bridge Object. Mild steel reinforcement
is not considered. If there is no prestressing in the tension zone of the section,
the capacity is reported as zero. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a sec-
tion, stressed or not, have f
pe
(effective stress after loses) larger than 0.5 f
pu
(specified tensile strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for the
flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being reported
in the section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the flange
(slab) in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
5.3.4 Algorithm
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model units
to N, mm.
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on slab area and slab width
assuming rectangular shape.
slab
slabeq
slab
A
t
b
=
The equivalent web thickness is evaluated as the summation of all web hori-
zontal thicknesses
web
webeq web
1
n
b b =

|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on sec-
tion
c
f '
if
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05; 0.65
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .

else
1
0 85 . | =
The tendon location, area, and material are read. Only bonded tendons are
processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons are split into two groups depending on what sign of moment they
resistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive mo-
ment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block and
is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the
bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends
over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line lo-
cated parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral
axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
- sum of tendon areas A
PT

- center of gravity of tendons y
PT

- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel f
pu

- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
2(1.04 )
py
pu
f
k
f
=
The distance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated in
accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
1 slab
0.85
PT pu
pu
c PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +

The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if
the section is a T-section or rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
, c t | > the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance with
(eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85 ( )
0.85
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
=
' +

Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-1).
(1 )
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
=
Nominal flexural resistance M
n
5.7.3.2.2-1)
If the section is a T-section,
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .

else
1
2
n PT ps PT
c
M A f y
| | |
=
|
\ .

Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by |.
M
r
= |M
n

Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets and
the controlling demand set name is recorded.
5.3.5 Flexure Design Example
Cross Section: AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48, as shown in Figure 5-3.

Figure 5-3 LRFD 2007 Flexure Design
Cross-Section, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48

Figure 5-4 Reinforcement, LRFD 2007 Flexure Design
Cross-Section, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48

c
= 0.150 kcf
Concrete strength at 28 days, f

'
c
= 5.0 ksi (~34.473 MPa)
2

Ultimate strength f
pu
= 270.0 ksi
Yield strength f
py
= 0.9 ksi
f
pu
= 243 ksi
p
= 28 500 ksi
Reinforcing bars:
yield strength, f
y
= 60.0 ksi
Section Properties
2

h = overall depth of precast beam = 39 in
I = moment of inertia about centroid of the beam = 170812 in
4

y
b
, y
t
= distance from centroid to the extreme
bottom (top) fiber of the beam = 19.5 in
Demand forces from Dead and PT (COMB1) at station 570:
P = 856.51 kip
M3 = 897.599 kip-in
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on slab area and slab width
assuming rectangular shape.
slab
slabeq
slab
48 5.5
5.5in
48
A
t
b
= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 5.5 in
The equivalent web thickness is evaluated as summation of all web horizon-
tal thicknesses
web
webeq web
1
5 5 10in
n
b b = = + =

Tendons are split into two groups depending on which sign of moment they
ment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block and
is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the
1
c from the extreme
axis.
determined:
- sum of tendon areas
( )
2
bottom
0.153 6 23 4.437in
PT
A = + =
2

- distance from center of gravity of tendons to extreme compression fiber
bottom
23 2 6 4
39 36.586in
23 6
PT
y
+
= =
+

Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 19.5 + 17.0862 = 36.586 in
- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel 270kip
pu
f =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 270 kip
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)

243
2 1.04 2 1.04 0.28
270
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .

Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.28

1
| stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on sec-
tion
c
f '

If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05;0.65
7
34.473 28
max 0.85 0.05;0.65 0.80376
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .

Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.8037 (not reported)
accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).

1 slab
270
36.586
0.85
4.437 270
6.91in
0.85 5 0.8037 48 0.28 4.437
PT pu
pu
c PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +
= =
+

Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 6.919 in (not reported)
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if
the section is a T-section or a rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
6.91 0.80376 5.56in 5.5in c t | > = > , the section is a
T-section.
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge, section = T-section
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance
with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).

slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
270
36.586
0.85 ( )
0.85
4.437 270 0.85 5(48 10)5.5
7.149in
0.85 5 0.8037 10 0.28 4.437
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
= =
' +

=
+

ps
5.7.3.1.1-1).

7.149
1 270 1 0.28 255.23ksi
36.586
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| | | |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 255.228 ksi
n
is calculated in accordance with (5.7.3.2.2-1)
If the section is a T-section, then

( )
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
7.149 0.80376
4.437 255.228 36.586
2
7.149 0.80376 5.5
0.85 5 48 10 5.5
2 2
38287.42kip-in
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |

|
\ .
=

Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 38287.721 kip-in (not reported)
n
by |.
1.0 38287.42 38287.42kip-in
r n
M M | = = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 38287.721 kip-in
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 15
5.4 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9
The nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multiplied by
the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight concrete; Default
The nominal shear capacity of light-weight concrete sections is multiplied by
the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance
Include Resal (haunched girder) Shear Effect Typical value: Yes
Specifies whether the component of inclined flexural compression or tension,
in the direction of the applied shear, in variable depth members shall or shall
not be considered when determining the design factored shear force.
Shear Rebar Material
A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to determine the
area of shear rebar required.
Longitudinal Torsional Rebar Material
A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to determine the
area of longitudinal torsional rebar required.
5.4.2 Variables
| Resistance factor for shear
u u u u
T M V P , ,
3 2 ,
Factored demand forces and moments per section
o
web
Web angle of inclination from the vertical
A Gross area of section
A
O
Area enclosed by shear flow path, including area of holes if any
CG
top
, CG
bot
Distance from the center of gravity of the section to the top and
bottom fiber
5 - 16 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
p
h
Perimeter of the polygon defined by the centroids of the longitudinal
chords of the space truss resisting torsion
b Minimum horizontal gross width of web (not adjusted for ducts)
t Minimum normal gross width of web (not adjusted for ducts) =
( )
web
cos b o
b
v
Minimum effective horizontal width of web adjusted for presence
ducts
b
e
Minimum effective normal width of shear flow path adjusted to ac-
count for presence of ducts
t
v
Minimum effective normal width of web = ( )
web
cos
v
b o
k
web
Distribution factor for web
h Vertical height of section
d
v
Effective vertical height of section = max(0.8h, distance from ex-
treme compression fiber to center of gravity of tensile PT)
Normal or light-weight concrete factor
A
vsweb
Area of shear reinforcement in web per unit length
A
vtweb
Area of transverse torsion reinforcement in web per unit length
A
l
Area of longitudinal torsion reinforcement
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with Paragraph 5.8.6 (Shear
and Torsion for Segmental Box Girder Bridges). The procedure is not applica-
ble to discontinuity regions and applies only to sections where it is reasonable
to assume that plane sections remain plane after loading. The user should select
for design only those sections that comply with the preceding assumptions by
defining appropriate station ranges in the Bridge Design Request.
If the option to consider resal effects is activated, the component of inclined
flexural compression or tension, in the direction of the demand shear, in vari-
able depth members is considered when determining the design section shear
force (paragraph 5.8.6.1).
The section design shear force is distributed into individual webs assuming that
the vertical shear that is carried by a web decreases with increased inclination
of the web from vertical. Section torsion moments are assigned to external
webs and slabs.
The rebar area and ratio are calculated using measurements normal to the web.
Thus, vertical shear forces are divided by cos(alpha_web). The rebar area cal-
culated is the actual, normal cross-section of the bars. The rebar ratio is calcu-
lated using the normal width of the web, t
web
= b
web
cos(alpha_web).
The effects of ducts in members are considered in accordance with paragraph
5.8.6.1. In determining the web or flange effective thickness, b
e
,

one-half of the
diameters of ducts is subtracted. All defined tendons in a section, stressed or
not, are assumed to be grouted. Each tendon at a section is checked for pres-
ence in the web or flange and the minimum controlling effective web and
flange thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered as having effect on the web or flange effective
thickness even if only part of the duct is within the element boundaries. In such
cases, the entire one-half of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the ele-
ment thickness
If several tendon ducts overlap in one flange or web (when projected on the
horizontal axis for flange, or when projected on vertical axis for the web), the
diameters of ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the effective thick-
ness. In the web, the effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bottom
of each duct; in the flange, the effective thickness is evaluated at the left and
right side of the duct.
The Shear and Torsion Design is completed first on a per web basis. Rebar
needed for individual webs is then summed and reported for the entire section.
The D/C ratio is calculated for each web. Then the shear area of all webs is
summed and the entire section D/C is calculated. Therefore, the controlling
section D/C does not have to necessarily match the controlling web D/C (in
other words, other webs can make up the capacity for a weak web).
5.4.4 Algorithm
to N, mm.
If the option to consider resal effects is activated, the component of inclined
flexural compression or tension, in the direction of the demand shear, in vari-
able depth members is evaluated as follows:
Inclination angles of the top and bottom slabs are determined
slabtop2 slabtop1
slabtop
2 1
arctan
y y
Stat Stat
o
| |
=
|
\ .

slabbot 2 slabbot1
slabbot
2 1
arctan
y y
Stat Stat
o
| |
=
|
\ .

where
slabtop2 slabtop1
, y y vertical coordinate of the center of gravity of the
top slab at stations 1 and 2. The Y origin is assumed to be at the
top of the section and the + direction is up.
1 2
, Stat Stat stations of adjacent sections. When the section being
analyzed is Before, the current section station is Stat
2
; when
the section being analyzed is After, the current section station
is Stat
1
. Therefore, the statement
1 2
Stat Stat < is always valid.

The magnitudes of normal forces in slabs are determined as follows:
3
slabtop slabtop slabtop
3
u u
P M
P A d
A I
| |
=
|
\ .

3
slabbot slabbot slabbot
3
u u
P M
P A d
A I
| |
= +
|
\ .

where
slabtop slabbot
, d d are distances from center of gravity of the section
to center of gravity of the slab (positive)

The magnitudes of vertical components of slab normal forces are determined
as follows:
resal top slabtop slabtop
tan P P o =
resal bot slabbot slabbot
tan P P o =

On the basis of the location and inclination of each web, the per-web demand
values are evaluated
Outer Web Inner Web
Location
V
uweb
T
uweb
V
uweb
T
uweb

Shear and
Torsion
Check
2 resal top resal bot
web
abs( )
cos
u
V P P k
o
+ +

Abs(T
u
)
web
abs( )
cos
u
V P P k
o
+ +

0

where
( )
( )
web
web
web
web
1
cos | |
cos | |
n
o
k
o
=

Evaluate effective thicknesses
Evaluate d
v
b
v
b
e
t
v

If b
v
s 0, then
web web flag flag
2, 0; 0; 0; 2; 2
vs vt vs vt
D
WebPassFlag A A A A
C
= = = = = =
proceed to report web results

If b
e
< 0 then SectionPassFlag = 2
Evaluate design
c
f '
c
f ' min( ,
c
f ' 8.3 MPa)
Evaluate stress variable K
Calculate extreme fiber stress
bot bot
3
33
P M
CG
A I
o = +
top top
3
33
P M
CG
A I
o =
( ) tens top bot
max , o o o =
If
tens
0.5 ,
c c
f o ' > then K = 1 else
| |
1
0.166
c
P
A
K
f
= +
'

where K < 2
Evaluate V
c
per web (shear capacity of concrete)

web
0.1663
c c v v
V K f b d ' = (5.8.6.5-3)
Evaluate V
s
per web (shear force that is left to be carried by rebar)
web web
web
u c
s
V V
V
|
|
=
If
web
0
s
V < then
web
0
vs
A =
else
web
web
s
vs
y v
V
A
f d
=
Verify minimum reinforcement requirement
If
web
0.35
vs y
A t f < (eq. 5.8.2.5-2), then
web
0.35
vs y
A t f = and
webflag
0
s
A =
else
webflag
1
vs
A =
Evaluate nominal capacities
web web s vs y v
V A f d =
web web web n c s
V V V = +
Evaluate shear D/C for web

web
web
u
s
v v c
V
D
C
b d f
| | |
=
|
\ . '

Evaluate T
cr
(eq. 5.8.6.3-2)

0
0.166 2
cr c e
T K f A b ' =
Evaluate torsion rebar
If
web
1
,
3
u cr
T T | < then:

flag
0
vt
A =

web
0
vt
A =
0
l
A =
TorsionEffectsFlag=0
else:
flag
1
vt
A =
web
web
0
2
u
vt
y
T
A
A f |
=
web
0 long
2
u h
l
y
T p
A
A f |
=
Evaluate combined shear and torsion D/C for web
web web
0
web
2
1.25
u u
v v e
t
c
V T
D b d A b
C
f
| |
+
| |
=
|
\ . '

Evaluate controlling D/C for web
If
web web s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0
else
RatioFlag=1
web web
max ,
s t
D D D
C C C
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

If 1,
D
C
> then WebPassFlag=1
else
WebPassFlag = 0
Assign web rebar flags where rebar flag convention is:
Flag = 0 rebar governed by minimum code requirement
Flag = 1 rebar governed by demand
Flag = 2 rebar not calculated since web b
v
< 0
Flag = 3 rebar not calculated since web not part of shear flow path for
torsion
Evaluate entire section values
section web c c
V V =

section web s s
V V =

section web n n
V V =

section web vs vs
A A =

section web vt vt
A A =

section l l
A A =

Evaluate entire section D/C
web
web
1
web
1
section
n
u
v
v v
n
v
s
c
V
t
b d
t
D
C
f
|
| |
=
|
\ . '

This is equivalent to:
web
1
sec
| |
u
n
v v
s tion
c
V
t d
D
C
f
|
| |
=
|
\ . '

and
web
0
1
section
| | | |
2
1.25
u u
n
e
v v
t
c
V T
A b
t d
D
C
f
|
|
+
| |
=
|
\ . '

Evaluate controlling D/C for section
If
section section
,
s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0 else RatioFlag = 1
section section
max ,
s t
D D D
C C C
| |
| | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

If 1,
D
C
> then SectionPassFlag=1
else
SectionPassFlag = 0
Assign section design flags where flag convention is:
Flag = 0 Section Passed all code checks
Flag = 1 Section D/C >1
Flag = 2 Section b
e
< 0 (section invalid)
5.4.5 Shear Design Example
Cross Section: AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48, as shown in Figure 5-5.

Figure 5-5 Shear Design Example, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48

Figure 5-6 Shear Design Example Reinforcement
AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48
= 0.9
c
= 0.150 kcf
=1.0
Concrete strength at 28 days, f

'
c
= 5.0 ksi (~34.473 MPa)
2

Ultimate strength f
pu
= 270.0 ksi
Yield strength f
py
= 0.9
f
pu
= 243 ksi
p
= 28 500 ksi
Reinforcing bars: yield strength, fy = 60.0 ksi (~413.68 MPa)
Section Properties
2
(~532902 mm
2
)
h = overall depth of precast beam = 39 in (~990.6 mm)
I = moment of inertia about
centroid of the beam = 170812 in
4
(~71097322269 mm
4
)
y
b
,y
t
= distance from centroid to the
extreme bottom (top) fiber of
the beam = 19.5 in (~495.3 mm)
A
slabtop
= A
slabbot
= 485.5 = 264 in
2
(~170322 mm
2
)
A
o
= (48 5) (39 5.5) = 1440.5 in
2
(~929353 mm
2
)
P
h
= 2 (48 5 + 39 5.5) = 153 in (~3886.2 mm)
Demand forces from Dead and PT (COMB1) at station 114 before:
P = 800 kip (~ 3560 E+03 N)
M3 = 7541 kip-in (~ 852 E+06 Nmm)
V2 = 33 kip (~ 148.3 E+03 N)
T = 4560 kip-in (515.2 E+06 Nmm)
to N, mm.
On the basis of the location and inclination of each web, the per-web demand
values are evaluated.

Outer Web Inner Web
Location
V
uweb
T
uweb
V
uweb
T
uweb

Shear and
Torsion
Check
web
abs( )
cos
abs(148.3 03 0 0) 1
74151.9
cos0
u
V P P
E
N
k
o
+ +
=
+ + +
=

Abs(T
u
)=515.2E+06 N/A 0
N/A

where
( )
( )
( )
( )
web
web
web 2
web
1 1
cos | | cos | 0 |
0.5
cos | | cos | 0 |
n
o
k
o
= = =

Evaluate effective shear flow path thicknesses
firstweb lastweb topslab botslab
min( , , , )
min(127,127,139.7,139.7) 127mm
e v v
b t t t t =
= =

Evaluate effective web width and normal thickness
Since the web is vertical, b
v
= t
v
= 127 mm
Evaluate effective depth
Since M3 < 0 then
bot top
max(0.8 , )
max(0.8 990.6, 495.3 419.1) 914.4mm
v PT
d h y y = +
= + =

Evaluate design
c
f '
( )
( ) min ,8.3MPa min 34.473,8.3MPa 5.871
c c
f f ' ' = = =
Evaluate stress variable K
Calculate extreme fiber stress
bot bot
3 3560 03 852 E 06
495.3 12.616MPa.
33 532902 71097322269
P M E
CG
A I
o
+ +
= + = + =
3 3560 03 852 E 06
495.3 0.745MPa
33 532902 71097322269
top top
P M E
CG
A I
o
+ +
= = =
tens top bot
max( , ) max( 12.61, 0.745) 0.745MPa o o o = = =
If
tens
0.5
c
f o ' > then K = 1 false
else
| 3560 03| | |
532902
1 1 2.8
0.166 5.871
0.166
c
E P
A
K
f
+
= + = + =
'

where K < 2, therefore K = 2
Evaluate V
c
per web (shear capacity of concrete) (5.8.6.5-3)
web
0.1663 0.1663 2 1.0 5.871 127 914.4
226781N.
c c v v
V K f b d ' = =
=

Evaluate V
s
per web (shear force that is left to be carried by rebar)
web web
web
74151.9 0.9 226781
144392N
0.9
u c
s
V V
V
|
|

= = =
If
web
0,
s
V < then
web
0
vs
A = True
else
web
web
s
vs
y v
V
A
f d
=
Verify minimum reinforcement requirement
If
web
0.35
vs y
A t f < (eq. 5.8.2.5-2) then true
2
web
0.35 127
0.35 0.10745mm / mm
413.68
vs y
A t f

= = = and
webflag
0
s
A =
Else
webflag
1
vs
A =
Evaluate nominal capacities
web web
0.10745 413.68 914.4 40645N
s vs y v
V A f d = = =
web web web
226781 40645 267426N
n c s
V V V = + = + =
Evaluate shear D/C for web
web
web
74151.9
0.9
0.1208
127 914.4 5.871
u
s
v v c
V
D
C
b d f
| | |
= = =
|
\ . '

Evaluate T
cr
(eq. 5.8.6.3-2)
0
0.166 2 0.166 2 5.871 2 929353 127
460 147 419 Nmm
cr c e
T K f A b ' = =
=

Evaluate torsion rebar
If
web
1 1
515.2 6 0.9 460 6
3 3
u cr
T T E E | < => < false, then:
flag
1
vt
A =
2 web
web
0
515.2 6
0.7444mm / mm
2 0.9 929352 2 413.68
u
vt
y
T E
A
A f |
= = =

2 web
0 long
515.2 6 3886.2
2893mm
2 0.9 929352 2 413.68
u h
l
y
T p e
A
A f |

= = =

Evaluate combined shear and torsion D/C for web
web web
0
web
74151.9 515.2 6
2
0.9 127 914.4 0.9 2 929352 127
1.25 5.871
1.25
0.427
u u
v v e
t
c
V T
E
D b d A b
C
f
| |
+
+
| |

= =
|
\ . '
=

Evaluate controlling D/C for web
If
web web
,
s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0 false
else
RatioFlag =1 true
( )
web web
max , max 0.1208, 0.427 0.427
s t
D D D
C C C
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

If 1,
D
C
> then WebPassFlag =1 true
else
WebPassFlag = 0
Assign web rebar flags where rebar flag convention is:
Flag = 0 rebar governed by minimum code requirement
Flag = 1 rebar governed by demand => true
Flag = 2 rebar not calculated since web b
v
< 0
Flag = 3 rebar not calculated since the web is not part of the shear flow
path for torsion
Evaluate entire section values
section web
2 226781 453562N
c c
V V = = =

section web
2 40645 81290N
s s
V V = = =

section web
2 267426 534852 N
n n
V V = = =

2
section web
2 0.10745 0.2149 mm / mm
vs vs
A A = = =

2
section web
2 0.7444887 1.48898mm / mm
vt vt
A A = = =

2
section
2893mm
l l
A A = =
Evaluate entire section D/C
web
web
1
web
1
section
n
u
v
v v
n
v
s
c
V
t
b d
t
D
C
f
|
| |
=
|
\ . '
This is equivalent to:

web 2
1 1
section
| | 148.3 3
0.9 127 914.4
0.1208
5.871
u
n
v v
s
c
V E
t d
D
C
f
|
| |
= = =
|
\ . '

and
web
0
1
section
2
1
| | | |
2
1.25
148.3 3 515.2 6
0.9 2 929352 127
0.9 127 914.4
0.427
1.25 5.871
u u
n
e
v v
t
c
V T
A b
t d
D
C
f
E E
|
|
+
| |
=
|
\ . '
+

= =

Evaluate controlling D/C for section
If
section section
,
s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0 false
else RatioFlag = 1 true
( )
section section
max , max 0.1208,0.427 0.427
s t
D D D
C C C
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

If 1,
D
C
> then SectionPassFlag = 1 true
else
SectionPassFlag = 0
Assign section design flags where flag convention is:
Flag = 0 Section Passed all code checks true
Flag = 1 Section D/C >1
Flag = 2 Section b
e
< 0 (section invalid)
Principal Stress Design, AASHTO LRFD 2007 5 - 31
5.5 Principal Stress Design, AASHTO LRFD 2007
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0.
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression limit
FactorTensLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.19 (ksi) 0.5(MPa); Typi-
cal value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa). The
c
f ' is multiplied by the
FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
5.5.2 Demand Parameters
FactorCompLim Percentage of the basic unit stress for compression service
design; Default value = 1.0; Typical values 1.0 to 1.5. The demand compres-
sive stresses are divided by the FactorCompLim factor. This way the control-
ling stress can be selected and compared against one compression limit.
FactorTensLim Percentage of the basic unit stress for tension service design;
Default value = 1.0; Typical values 1.0 to 1.5. The demand tensile stresses are
divided by the FactorCompLim factor. This way the controlling stress can be
selected and compared against one tension limit.
5.5.3 Algorithm
The principal stresses are evaluated at three points at each web: the web cen-
terline at the bottom of the top slab; web centerline at the top of the bottom
slab; and web centerline at the section neutral axis.
The principal stresses are evaluated for each demand set using the Mohr circle
to combine bending, shear, and torsion stresses. The bending stresses assume
linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and both bending moments
(M2 and M3). The shear flow is calculated internally by the program taking
into account section properties at the elevation of the stress point. A shear scale
factor is used to convert the total shear flow acting at an elevation (y-
coordinate) to tangential shear stress in the web. The scale factor is equal to the
5 - 32 Principal Stress Design, AASHTO LRFD 2007
web shear-distribution factor divided by the cosine of the angle of inclination
of the web from vertical, and divided again by the design width of the web.
web
web web
ShearScaleFactor
cos b
k
o
=
where
web
web
web
web
1
cos(| |)
cos(| |)
n
o
k
o
=
and
web
b is the horizontal width of web
A torsion scale factor is used to convert the total torque acting on the section
to tangential shear stress in the web. For interior webs, this is equal to zero.
For exterior webs, this is equal to one divided by the plastic torsional
modulus.
1
TorsionScaleFactor
t
W
=
where
min 0
2 t A W
t
=
0
A = area enclosed by shear flow path, including area of holes if any
t
min
= minimum normal width of shear flow path
If the demand set contains live load, the program positions the load to cap-
ture extreme stress at each of the evaluation points.
The stresses are divided by the appropriate demand parameter. Then the ex-
tremes are found for each point and the controlling demand set name is re-
corded.
tion 5.6.1).

Stress Design 6 - 1

Chapter 6
Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the
AASHTO-LRFD-07 code for design checks when the superstructure has a deck
that includes cast-in-place multi-cell concrete box design and uses the Ap-
proximate Method of Analysis, as described in Section 4.6.2.2 of the code.
In SAP2000, MulticellConcBox design differs from ConcBox design (Chapter
5) with respect to the distribution of loads and the method for checking shear
and torsion. In distributing loads for cast-in-place multi-cell concrete box de-
sign, each web and its tributary slabs are designed separately, and live loads
are distributed to webs using the Approximate Methods of Analysis in accor-
dance with AASHTO Article 4.6.2.2. Torsion effects are always ignored. When
SAP2000 calculates the Live Load Distribution Factors (LLDFs), the section
and span qualification criteria stated in AASHTO 4.6.2.2 are verified and non-
compliant sections are not designed.
With respect to shear and torsion check, in accordance with Article 5.8.3.4.2 of
the code, torsion is ignored
When the multi-cell concrete box design option is used, moments and shears
due to live load are distributed to individual webs in accordance with the fac-
tors specified in Articles 4.6.2.2.2 and 4.6.2.2.3 of the code. Torsion effects are
6 - 2 Stress Design
ignored. The user can control if the section is designed as a whole-width
structure in accordance with Article 4.6.2.2.1 of the code by selecting Yes
for the Diaphragms Present option.
6.1 Stress Design
The following parameters are considered during stress design:

PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0. The
compression and tension limits are multiplied by the |
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical value(s):
0.4 to 0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain com-
pression limit
FactorTensLim
c
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa). The
c
f ' is multiplied
by the FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the top slab and
three points at the bottom fiber of the bottom slab: the left corner, the center-
line web and the right corner of the relevant slab tributary area. The location is
labeled in the output plots and tables. See Chapter 9, Section 9.1.1.
Concrete strength
c
f ' is read at every point, and compression and tension limits
are evaluated using the FactorCompLim -
c
f ' multiplier and FactorTensLim -
c
f ' multiplier.
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and ei-
ther both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining LLDF has been specified in the design request
(see Chapters 3 and 4).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. Extremes are found for each
point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the preceding parameters.
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Shear Design 6 - 3
6.2 Shear Design
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9.
The nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multi-
plied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear capacity of
light-weight concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to ob-
tain factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which method for shear
design will be used: either Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT)
in accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2 of the code; or the Vci/Vcw method in
accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.3 of the code. Currently only the MCFT
option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in
accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2 of the code; Default Value = 0.4x10
-3
,
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.4x10
-3

Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in ac-
cordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2 of the code; Default Value = 6.0x10
-3
,
Typical value(s): 6.0x10
-3

PhiC for N
u
Resistance Factor used in Equation 5.8.3.5-1 of the code; De-
fault Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
Phif for M
u
Resistance Factor used in Equation 5.8.3.5-1 of the code; De-
fault Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.9 to 1.0.
Shear Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that will
be used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
Longitudinal Rebar Material - A previously defined rebar material label
that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the
girder.
6 - 4 Shear Design
6.2.1 Variables
V
P
| Resistance factor for axial load
F
| Resistance factor for moment
u
V Factored shear demand per girder excluding force in tendons
u
N Applied factored axial force, taken as positive if tensile
u
M Factored moment at the section
c
V
2
Shear in Section Cut excluding force in tendons
2Tot
V Shear in Section Cut including force in tendons
V
p
Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective
prestressing force; if V
p
has the same sign as V
u
, the component is re-
sisting the applied shear
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with Section 5.7.3.2.2
of the code. Varies for positive and negative moment.
v
d Effective shear depth in accordance with 5.8.2.9 of the code.
girder
d Depth of girder
Bot PT
d Distance from top of top slab to center of gravity of tendons in the
bottom of the precast beam
b Minimum web width
b
v
Effective web width adjusted for presence of prestressing ducts in
accordance with Section 5.8.2.9 of the code
ps
A Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member
Shear Design 6 - 5
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
p
E Pestressing steel Youngs modulus
vl
A Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the mem-
ber at the section under consideration
s
E Reinforcement Youngs modulus
s
c Strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement (eq.
5.8.3.4.2-4 of the code)
c c
LimitPos LimitNeg
,
s s
= Max and min value of strain in nonprestressed longitudinal
tension reinforcement as specified in the Design Request
c
E Youngs modulus of concrete
c
A Area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member
VS
A Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
min VS
A Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length in
accordance with Equation 5.8.2.5 of the code
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.8.3.4.2 of
the code (derived from Modified Compression Field Theory). The procedure
assumes that the concrete shear stresses are distributed uniformly over an area
b
v
wide and d
v
deep, that the direction of principal compressive stresses (de-
fined by angle and shown as D) remains constant over d
v
, and that the shear
strength of the section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress con-
ditions at just one location in the web. For design, the user should select only
those sections that comply with these assumptions by defining appropriate sta-
tion ranges in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
The effective web width is taken as the minimum web width, measured parallel
to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces
6 - 6 Shear Design
as a result of flexure. In determining the effective web width at a particular
level, one-quarter the diameter of grouted ducts at that level is subtracted from
the web width.
All defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, are assumed to be grouted.
Each tendon at a section is checked for presence in the web and the minimum
controlling effective web thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered as having effect on the web effective thickness
even if only part of the duct is within the web boundaries. In such cases, the en-
tire one-quarter of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the element
thickness.
If several tendon ducts overlap in one web (when projected on the vertical
axis), the diameters of the ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the ef-
fective thickness. The effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bot-
tom of each duct.
Shear design is completed on a per-web basis. Please refer to Chapter 3 for a
description of the live load distribution to individual girders.
6.2.3 Algorithms
to N, mm.
For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
a new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is built up
from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum absolute values of
V2 and M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and Min) present in the envelope
COMBO case. The StepType of this new force demand set is named ABS and
the signs of the P, V2 and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the indus-
try practice where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments that
are not necessarily corresponding to the same design vehicle position. The
section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the COMBOMax, Min
and ABSand the controlling StepType is reported.
In cases where the demand moment <
u u p v
M V V d , two new force demand
sets are generated where
pos pos u u p v
M V V d = and
neg neg
.
u u p v
M V V d = The ac-
Shear Design 6 - 7
ronyms -CodeMinMuPos and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the end of
the StepType name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.
The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
ing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
2 2Tot
girders
c
p
V V
V
n
=
The depth of the equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative
moment is evaluated in accordance with Equation 5.7.3.1.1 of the code.
Effective shear depth is evaluated.
If M
u
> 0, then
girder Bot Bot
max 0 72 0 9 0 5
v PT PT
d ( . d , . d ,d . a) =
If M
u
< 0, then
( ) girder girder compslab girder compslab
max 0.72 , 0.9 ( 0.5 ),( 0.5 ) 0.5
v
d d d d d d a =

The demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on the maximum per-
missible shear capacity at a section in accordance with Section 5.8.3.2-2 of
the code
0 25
u
p
V
c v
V
V
D
C . f ' b d
|

=

(5.8.3.2-2)
Evaluate numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
0 5 0 7
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
. N V V A . f
d
c = + +
denominator s p ps s vl
E A E A c = +
Adjust denominator values as follows
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0
s
c > then
LimitPos s s
c c = and
6 - 8 Shear Design

numerator s
p ps
s
vl
s
E A
A
E
c
c

=
If
numerator
0
s
c < then
denominator s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A c = + +
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
s
s
s
c
c
c
=
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section.
If
girder
0 52
u
c
N
. f '
A
> then 2
s s
c c =
Check against the limit on the strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension
reinforcement specified in the Design Request, and if necessary, recalculate
how much longitudinal rebar is needed to reach the EpsSpos tension limit.
LimitNeg
max( , )
s s s
c c c = and
LimitPos
min( , )
s s s
c c c =
Evaluate the angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as de-
termined in Article 5.8.3.4.
18 29 3500 45
s
c s + s (5.8.3.4)
Evaluate the factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension and shear, as specified in Article 5.8.3.4.
4 8
1 750
s
.
|
c
=
+
(5.8.3.4)
Evaluate the nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the con-
crete (eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
0 083
c c v
V . f ' b d | =
Evaluate how much shear demand is left to be carried by rebar.
Shear Design 6 - 9
c p
s
u
S
V V
V
V =
|

if 0 <
S
V , then 0 =
VS
A else
1
s
VS
y v
V
A .
f d
tanu
=

(eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
Check against minimum transverse shear reinforcement.
If 0 5
u s c p
V . V V , | > + then
min
0 083
c
VS
y
. f ' b
A
f

= in accor-
dance with (eq. 5.8.2.5-1), else
min
0.
VS
A =
If 0,
S
V < then
min VS VS
A A = else
min
max
VS VS VS
A ( A , A ). =
Recalculate V
s
in accordance with (eq. 5.8.3.3-4).
1
S VS y v
V A f d .
tanu
=
Evaluate the longitudinal rebar on the flexure tension side in accordance with
(eq. 5.8.3.5-1).
req
0 5 min
1
0 5
u
U
P S
U S U
SL p ps
v f P y
V
V
V . V ,
M
N
A . E A
d tan f
| |
| | u
| |
| |
|
|
\ . |
= + +
|
\ .
=
req
max( , )
VL VL SL
A A A
Assign longitudinal rebar to the top or bottom side of the girder based on the
moment sign.
If 0,
U
M < then =
CompSlab VL U VL
A A and
BeamBotFlange
0,
VL
A =
else =
CompSlab
0
VL U
A and
BeamBotFlange
.
VL VL
A A =
6 - 10 Flexure Design
6.3 Flexure Design
The following parameter is used in the design of flexure:

nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain fac-
tored resistance
6.3.1 Variables
n
M Nominal flexural resistance
r
M Factored flexural resistance
slabeq
t Thickness of composite slab
slab
b Effective flange width = horizontal width of slab tributary area,
measured from out to out
webeq
b Thickness of beam web
slab
A Tributary area of slab
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2.
PT
A Area of PT in tension zone
PT
y Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted aver-
age of all tendons in tensile zone)
py
f Yield tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average if
all tendons in tensile zone)
ps
f Average stress in prestressing steel (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1)
Flexure Design 6 - 11
|
1
Stress block factor is as specified in Section 5.7.2.2.
The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on approximate
stress distribution specified in Article 5.7.2.2. The natural relationship between
concrete stress and strain is considered satisfied by an equivalent rectangular
concrete compressive stress block of 0.85
c
f ' over a zone bounded by the edges
of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the
distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is meas-
ured perpendicular to the neutral axis. The factor
1
is taken as 0.85 for con-
crete strengths not exceeding 4.0 ksi. For concrete strengths exceeding 4.0 ksi,
1
is reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in excess of 4.0 ksi,
except that
1
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.7.3.2. The
resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate ca-
pacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based
pe
pu
in the section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the flange
(slab) in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
6.3.3 Algorithms
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model
units to N, mm.
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the tributary slab area
and the slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
slab
slabeq
slab
A
t
b
=
|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based
on section
c
f '
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05; 0.65
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .

else
1
0 85 | = .
Tendons are split into two groups depending on the sign of moment they
resistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive
moment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block
and is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of
the bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block
extends over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from
the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to
the neutral axis.
determined:
sum of tendon areas
PT
A
center of gravity of tendons
PT
y
specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
pu
f
constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
Flexure Design 6 - 13
2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .

Positive moment resistance first it is assumed that the equivalent com-
pression stress block is within the top slab. Distance c between the neu-
tral axis and the compressive face is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-4)

1 slab
0.85
PT pu
pu
c PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +

The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine
if the section is a T-section or rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
, c t | > the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance
with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).

slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85 ( )
0.85
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
=
' +

ps
5.7.3.1.1-1)
1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .

n
5.7.3.2.2-1)
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .

else
1
2
n PT ps PT
c
M A f y
| | |
=
|
\ .

n
by | .
n r
M M | =
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets
and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analogous.

Design Stress 7 - 1
Chapter 7
Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the
AASHTO-LRFD-07 code for design and stress check when the superstructure
has a deck that includes precast I or U girders with composite slabs.
7.1 Design Stress
The following parameters are considered during stress design:

compression and tension limits are multiplied by the |
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical value(s): 0.4
to 0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression
limit
FactorTensLim
c
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa). The
c
f ' is multiplied by
the FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the composite slab:
the left corner, the centerline beam, and the right corner of the composite slab
7 - 2 Design Shear
tributary area. The location of stress output points at the slab bottom fiber and
beam top and bottom fiber depends on the type of precast beam present in the
section cut. The location is labeled in the output plots and tables.
Concrete strength
c
f ' is read at every point and compression and tension limits
are evaluated using the FactorCompLim -
c
f ' multiplier and FactorTensLim -
c
f ' multiplier.
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and ei-
ther both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining LLDF has been specified in the Design Request
(see Chapters 3 and 4).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. Extremes are found for each
point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the preceding Parameters.
7.2 Design Shear
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9.
The nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multiplied
by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear capacity of
light-weight concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain
factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which method for shear
design will be used: Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accor-
dance with 5.8.3.4.2; or Vci/Vcw method in accordance with 5.8.3.4.3 Cur-
rently only the MCFT option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in ac-
cordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 0.4x10
-3
, Typical value(s):
0 to 0.4x10
-3

Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 3
Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in ac-
cordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 6.0x10
-3
, Typical value(s):
6.0x10
-3

PhiC for N
u
Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default Value =
1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
Phif for M
u
Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default Value =
0.9, Typical value(s): 0.9 to 1.0. Shear Rebar Material. A previously defined
rebar material label that will be used to determine the required area of trans-
verse rebar in the girder
Longitudinal Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that
will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
7.2.1 Variables
V
P
| Resistance factor for axial load
F
| Resistance factor for moment
u
V Factored shear demand per girder excluding force in tendons
u
N Applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile
u
M Factored moment at the section
c
V
2
Shear in Section Cut excluding force in tendons
Tot
V
2
Shear in Section Cut including force in tendons
V
p
Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective
prestressing force; if V
p
has the same sign as V
u
, the component is re-
sisting the applied shear
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2. Varies
for positive and negative moment.
7 - 4 Design Shear
v
d Effective shear depth in accordance with 5.8.2.9
girder
d Depth of girder
compslab
d Depth of composite slab (includes concrete haunch t2)
Bot PT
d Distance from top of composite slab to center of gravity of tendons
in the bottom of the precast beam
b Minimum web width of beam
ps
A Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member,
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
p
E Pestressing steel Youngs modulus
vl
A Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the mem-
ber at the section under consideration
s
E Reinforcement Youngs modulus
s
c Strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement (eq.
5.8.3.4.2-4)
LimitPos LimitNeg
,
s s
c c = Max and min value of strain in nonprestressed longitudinal
tension reinforcement as specified in the Design Request
c
E Youngs modulus of concrete
c
A Area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member
VS
A Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
min VS
A Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length in
accordance with (eq. 5.8.2.5)
Design Shear 7 - 5
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.8.3.4.2 (de-
rived from Modified Compression Field Theory). The procedure assumes that
the concrete shear stresses are distributed uniformly over an area b
v
wide and d
v

deep, that the direction of principal compressive stresses (defined by angle
and shown as D) remains constant over d
v
, and that the shear strength of the
section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress conditions at just
one location in the web. The user should select for design only those sections
that comply with these assumptions by defining appropriate station ranges in
the design request (see Chapter 4).
It is assumed that the precast beams are pre-tensioned, and therefore, no ducts
are present in webs. The effective web width is taken as the minimum web
width, measured parallel to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the ten-
sile and compressive forces as a result of flexure.
Shear design is completed on a per-girder basis. Please refer to Chapter 3 for a
description of the live load distribution to individual girders.
7.2.3 Algorithms
to N, mm.
For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
two new force demand sets are generated. The new force demand sets are
built up from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum and mini-
mum values of V2 and minimum values of M3 of the two StepTypes (Max
and Min) present in the envelope COMBO case. The StepType of these new
force demand sets are named MaxM3MinV2 and MinM3MaxV2, respec-
tively. The signs of all force components are preserved. The two new cases
are added to comply with industry practice where sections are designed for
extreme shear and moments that are not necessarily corresponding to the
same design vehicle position. The section cut is designed for all four Step-
Types in the COMBOMax, Min, MaxM3MinV2, and MinM3MaxV2and the
controlling StepType is reported.
7 - 6 Design Shear
In cases where the demand moment <
u u p v
M V V d , two new force demand
sets are generated where
vpos p u upos
d V V M =
and
vneg p u uneg
d V V M =
.
The acronyms -CodeMinMuPos and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the
end of the StepType name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.The
component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing
force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
girders
Tot c
p
n
V V
V
2 2

=
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is
evaluated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1).
If M
u
> 0, then
( ) girder Bot Bot
max 0 72 0 9 0 5
v PT PT
d . d , . d ,d . a =
If M
u
< 0, then
( ) girder girder compslab girder compslab
max 0.72 , 0.9 ( 0.5 ),( 0.5 ) 0.5
v
d d d d d d a =

If
u u p v
M V V d , < then
u u p v
M (V V ) d . =
The demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on the maximum per-
missible shear capacity at a section in accordance with 5.8.3.2-2
0 25
u
p
V
c v
V
V
D
C . f ' b d
|

=

(5.8.3.2-2)
Evaluate numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
0 5 0 7
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
. N V V A . f
d
c = + +
denominator s p ps s vl
E A E A c = +
Design Shear 7 - 7
Adjust denominator values as follows
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0
s
, c > then
LimitPos s s
c c = and

numerator s
p ps
s
vl
s
E A
A
E
c
c

=
If
numerator
0
s
, c < then
denominator s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A . c = + +
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
s
s
s
c
c
c
=
of the section.
If
girder
0 52
u
c
N
. f ' ,
A
> then 2
s s
. c c =
Check against the limit on the strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension
reinforcement specified in the Design Request, and if necessary, recalculate
how much longitudinal rebar is needed to reach the EpsSpos tension limit.
LimitNeg
max( , )
s s s
c c c = and
LimitPos
min( , )
s s s
c c c =
Evaluate the angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as de-
termined in Article 5.8.3.4.
18 29 3500 45
s
c s + s (5.8.3.4)
Evaluate the factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension and shear, as specified in Article 5.8.3.4
4 8
1 750
s
.
|
c
=
+
(5.8.3.4)
Evaluate nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete
(eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
7 - 8 Design Shear
0 083
c c v
V . f ' b d | =
c p
s
u
S
V V
V
V =
|

If 0,
S
V < then 0;
VS
A = else
1
s
VS
y v
V
A .
f d
tanu
=

(eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
If 0 5
u s c p
V . V V , | > + then
min
0 083
c
VS
y
. f ' b
A
f

= in accor-
dance with (eq. 5.8.2.5-1); else
min
0.
VS
A =
If 0,
S
V < then
min
;
VS VS
A A = else
min
max( ).
VS VS VS
A A , A =
Recalculate V
s
1
S VS y v
V A f d
tanu
=
Evaluate longitudinal rebar on flexure tension side in accordance with (eq.
5.8.3.5-1).
req
0 5 min
1
0 5
u
U
P S
U S U
SL p ps
v f P y
V
V
V . V ,
M
N
A . E A
d tan f
| |
| | u
| |
| |
|
|
\ . |
= + +
|
\ .
req
max( , )
VL VL SL
A A A =
Assign longitudinal rebar to top or bottom side of girder based on moment
sign.
If 0,
U
M < then
CompSlab VL U VL
A A = and
BeamBotFlange
0;
VL
A =
else
CompSlab
0
VL U
A = and
BeamBotFlange
.
VL VL
A A =
Design Shear 7 - 9
7.2.4 Shear Design Example
The girder spacing is 9-8. The girder type is AASHTO Type VI Girders, 72-
inch-deep, 42-inch-wide top flange, and 28-inch-wide bottom flange
(AASHTO 28/72 Girders). The concrete deck is 8 inches thick, with the
haunch thickness assumed = 0.
Materials
Concrete strength
Prestressed girders 28-day strength,
c
f ' = 6 ksi,
Girder final elastic modulus, E
c
= 4,415 ksi
Deck slab: 4.0 ksi, Deck slab elastic modulus, E
s
= 3,834 ksi
Reinforcing steel Yield strength, f
y
= 60 ksi
Prestressing strands 0.5-inch-diameter low relaxation strands Grade 270
Strand area, A
ps
= 0.153 in
2

Steel yield strength, f
py
= 243 ksi
Steel ultimate strength, f
pu
= 270 ksi
Prestressing steel modulus, E
p
= 28,500 ksi
Basic beam section properties
Depth = 72 in.
Thickness of web = 8 in.
Area, A
g
= 1,085 in
2

A
c
= Area of concrete on the flexural
tension side of the member (bordered
at mid depth of the beam + slab height) = 551 in
2

Moment of inertia, Ig = 733,320 in
4

N.A. to top, y
t
= 35.62 in.
N.A. to bottom, y
b
= 36.38 in.
P/S force eccentricity e = 31.380 in.
In accordance with AASHTO LRFD 2007 4.6.2.6, the effective flange
width of concrete deck slab is taken as the tributary width. For the interior
beam, the
slab
9' 8" 116 in. b = =
Demands at interior girder Section 2 = station 10,
after girder Section 2, V
u
= 319.1 kip; M
u
= 3678 kip-ft

7 - 10 Design Shear

Figure 7-1 Shear design example deck section

Figure 7-2 Shear design example beam section
Design Shear 7 - 11

The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
ing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:

2 2Tot
girders
c
p
V V
V
n
= V
p
= 0 since no inclined tendons are present.
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is
evaluated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1).
Since M
u
> 0, then (for calculation of the depth of the compression block,
refer to the Ultimate Flexure example in Section 6.3.4 of this manual)
girder Bot Bot
max(0.72 , 0.9 , 0.5 )
max(0.72 80", 0.9 75", 75" 0.5 5.314 0.85)
v PT PT
d d d d a =
=
" 74 . 72 ) " 74 . 72 , " 5 . 67 , " 6 . 57 max( = =
v
d
Check if .
u u p v
M V V d <
3678 12 44136kip-in (319 0) 72.74 23204kip-in
u
M = = > =
D/C is calculated based on maximum permissible shear capacity at a section
in accordance with 5.8.3.2-2.
319
0
0.9
0.406
0.25 ' 0.25 6 8 72.74
u
p
V
c v
V
V
D
C f b d
|

= = =

Evaluate the numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
7 - 12 Design Shear
numerator
0.5 0.7
3678 12
0.5 0 319 0 6.73 0.7 270 346.2 kip
72.74
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
N V V A f
d
c = + +
= + + =

2
denominator
28500 ksi 6.73 in 191805 kip
s p ps s vl
E A E A c = + = =
Adjust denominator values as follows.
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0,
s
c > then
LimitPos s s
c c = and
numerator s
p ps
s
vl
s
E A
A
E
c
c

= not applicable
If
numerator
0,
s
c < then
denominator
28500 6.73 4415 551.4 26263461 kip.
s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A c = + +
= + =

Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
346.2
1.318e-4
2626346
s
s
s
c
c
c

= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 1.318e-4
of the section.
If
girder
0.52 ' ,
u
c
N
f
A
> then 2
s s
c c = ; not applicable since N
u
= 0.
Check against limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension rein-
forcement as specified in the Design Request and recalculate A
vl
.
4 -4 4
LimitPos
max( , ) max( 1.318 , 1.318e 4) 1.318
s s s
c c c

= = =
Evaluate angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as deter-
mined in Article 5.8.3.4.
Design Shear 7 - 13
18 29 3500 45
s
u c s = + s
4
29 3500 1.318 28.5deg u

= + =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 28.5 deg
Evaluate factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit
tension and shear as specified in Article 5.8.3.4.
4
4.8 4.8
5.3265
1 750 1 750 1.318
s
|
c

= = =
+ +

Evaluate nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete
(eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
0.0316 '
0.0316 5.32 1.0 6 8 72.74 239.92 kip
c c v
V f b d | =
= =

Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 240.00 kip
319
0 239.6 114.8 kip
0.9
u
S p c
s
V
V V V
|
= = =
If 0,
S
V < then 0,
VS
A = else
2 2
114.8
1.43 in /in
1 1
60 72.74
tan tan28.5
s
VS
y v
V
A
f d
u
= = =

(eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
If 0.5 319.1 kip 0.5 239.6 119.8 kip
u s c p
V V V | > + > > = is true,
2
min
0.0316 ' 0.0316 1.0 6 8
0.01032in /in
60
c
VS
y
f b
A
f

= = = (eq.
5.8.2.5-1)

If 0,
S
V < then
min
;
VS VS
A A = else
2 2
min
max( , ) 1.43 in /2
VS VS VS
A A A

= =
-2
in
2
/in
7 - 14 Design of Flexure
Recalculate V
s
1 1
0.0143 60 72.74 114.9kip
tan tan28.5
S VS y v
V A f d
u
= = =
Evaluate longitudinal rebar on flexure tension side in accordance with (eq.
5.8.3.5-1).
req
2
0.5 min ,
1
0.5
tan
319
0 0.5 114.9
3678 12
0 1 0.9
0.5 28500 6.73 3176.3 in
72.74 0.9 1.0 tan28.5 60
u
U
P S
U S S U
SL p ps
v f P y
V
V
V V
M
N
A E A
d f
| |
| | u
| | | |
| |
| \ .
= + +
|
\ .
| |

|
|
= + + =
|
\ .

2
no additional longitu-
dinal rebar required in beam bottom flange
7.3 Design of Flexure
The following parameters are used in the design of flexure:

nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain fac-
tored resistance
7.3.1 Variables
n
M Nominal flexural resistance
r
M Factored flexural resistance
slabeq
t Thickness of composite slab
slab
b Effective flange width = horizontal width of slab tributary area,
measured from out to out
Design of Flexure 7 - 15
webeq
b Thickness of beam web
slab
A Tributary area of slab
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2.
PT
A Area of PT in tension zone
PT
y Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted aver-
age of all tendons in tensile zone)
py
f Yield tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average if
all tendons in tensile zone)
ps
f Average stress in prestressing steel (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1)
|
1
Stress block factor is as specified in Section 5.7.2.2
The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on the ap-
proximate stress distribution specified in Article 5.7.2.2. The natural relation-
ship between concrete stress and strain is considered satisfied by an equivalent
rectangular concrete compressive stress block of 0.85
c
f ' over a zone bounded
by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neu-
tral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The dis-
tance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis. The factor
1
is taken as
0.85 for concrete strengths not exceeding 4.0 ksi. For concrete strengths ex-
ceeding 4.0 ksi,
1
is reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in ex-
cess of 4.0 ksi, except that
1
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.7.3.2. The
resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate ca-
pacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based
pe
pu
in section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the flange (slab)
in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
7.3.3 Algorithms
At each section:
to N, mm.
|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on sec-
tion '
c
f
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05; 0.65 ;
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .

else
1
0 85 | = .
Tendons are split into two groups depending on what sign of moment they
ment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block, and
it is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the
1
c from the extreme
axis.
determined:
PT
A
- center of gravity of tendons
PT
y
- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
pu
f
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .

Positive moment resistance first it is assumed that the equivalent compres-
sion stress block is within the top slab. Distance c between the neutral axis
and the compressive face is calculated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
1
0.85
PT pu
pu
c slab PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +

The distance c is compared to the slab thickness. If the distance to the neutral
axis c is larger than the composite slab thickness, the distance c is re-
evaluated. For this calculation, the beam flange width and area are converted
to their equivalents in slab concrete by multiplying the beam flange width by
the modular ratio between the precast girder concrete and the slab concrete.
The web width in the equation for c is substituted for the effective converted
girder flange width. The distance c is recalculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-3).
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85 ( )
0.85
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
=
' +

If the calculated value of c exceeds the sum of the deck thickness and the
equivalent precast girder flange thickness, the program assumes the neutral
axis is below the flange of the precast girder and recalculates c. The term
( ) 0.85
c w
f b b ' in the calculation is broken into two terms, one refers to the
contribution of the deck to the composite section flange and the second refers
to the contribution of the precast girder flange to the composite girder flange.
ps
is calculated in accordance with
5.7.3.1.1-1.
1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .

n
is calculated in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2-1.
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85 ;
2 2 2
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .

else
1
2
n PT ps PT
c
M A f y
| | |
=
|
\ .

n
by | .
n r
M M | =
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets and
the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analogous, except that
calculation of positive moment resistance is not applicable.
7.3.4 Flexure Capacity Design Example
Girder spacing: 9-8
Girder type: AASHTO Type VI Girders, 72 inches deep, 42-inch-wide top
flange and 28-inch-wide bottom flange (AASHTO 28/72 Girders)
Concrete deck: 8 inches thick, haunch thickness assumed = 0
Materials
Concrete strength
Prestressed girders 28-day strength, '
c
f = 6 ksi,
Girder final elastic modulus, E
c
= 4,696 ksi
Deck slab = 4.0 ksi,
Deck slab elastic modulus, E
s
= 3,834 ksi
Reinforcing steel Yield strength, f
y
= 60 ksi
Prestressing strands 0.5-inch-diameter low relaxation strands Grade 270
Strand area, A
ps
= 0.153 in
2

Steel yield strength, f
py
= 243 ksi
Steel ultimate strength, f
pu
= 270 ksi
Prestressing steel modulus, E
p
= 28,500 ksi
Basic beam section properties
Depth = 72 in.
Thickness of web = 8 in.
Area, A
g
= 1,085 in
2

Moment of inertia, I
g
= 733,320 in
4

N.A. to top, y
t
= 35.62 in.
N.A. to bottom, y
b
= 36.38 in.
P/S force eccentricity e = 31.380 in.

In accordance with AASHTO LRFD 2007 paragraph 4.6.2.6, the effec-
tive flange width of the concrete deck slab is taken as the tributary width.
For the interior beam, the
slab
9'8" 116in b = = .


Figure 7-3 Flexure capacity design example deck section

Figure 7-4 Flexure capacity design example beam section

Tendons are split into two groups depending on which sign of moment they re-
sistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive moment
when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block and is con-
sidered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the bottom fi-
ber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends over a
zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line located par-
allel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fi-
ber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
determined:
2
Bottom
44 0.153 6.732 in
PT
A = =
2

- distance from center of gravity of tendons to extreme compression fiber
Bottom
12 2 12 4 10 6 6 8 4 10
(72 8) 75 in
12 12 10 6 4
PT
y
+ + + +
= + =
+ + + +

- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel 270 kip
pu
f =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 270 kip
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
243
2 1.04 2 1.04 0.28
270
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .


1
| stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on the
composite slab
c
f '

1
| shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strength not exceeding 4.0 ksi. If
c
f ' >
4 ksi, then
1
| shall be reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in
excess of 4.0 ksi. Since '
c
f = 4 ksi,
1
| = 0.85.
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.85 (not reported)
accordance with 5.7.3.1.1-4.
Bottom
1 slab Bottom
Bottom
0 85
6 732 270
5 314 in
270
0 85 4 0 85 116 0 28 6 732
75
PT pu
pu
c PT
PT
A f
c
f
. f ' b k A
y
.
.
. . . .
|
=
+
= =
+

Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 5.314 in
The distance c is compared to the composite slab thickness to determine if
the c needs to be re-evaluated to include the precast beam flange in the
equivalent compression block.
Since c = 5.314 in < 8 in, the c is valid
ps
is calculated in accordance with
5.7.3.1.1-1.
Bottom
5.314
1 270 1 0.28 264.64 ksi
75
ps pu
PT
c
f f k
y
| | | |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 264.643 ksi
n
is calculated in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2-1.
Since the section is rectangular,
1
Bottom Bottom
5 314 0 85
6 732 264 64 75
2 2
129593 17 12 10799 4 kip-ft.
n PT ps PT
c . .
M A f y . .
. / .
| | | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =

Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 107 99 kip-ft (not reported)
n
by | .
| = = = 0.9 10799.4 9719.5 kip-ft
r n
M M
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 9719.5 kip-ft (116633.5 kip-in)

Description of Example Model 8- 1
Chapter 8
Run a Bridge Design Request
This chapter identifies the steps involved in running a Bridge Design Request.
(Chapter 4 explains how to define the Request.) Running the Request applies
the following to the specified Bridge Object:
Program defaults in accordance with the selected codethe Preferences
Type of design to be performedthe check type (Section 4.2.1)
Portion of the bridge to be designedthe station ranges (Section 4.1.3)
Overwrites of the Preferencesthe design request parameters (Section 4.1.4)
Load combinations the demand sets (Chapter 2)
Live Load Distribution factors, where applicable (Chapter 3)
For this example, the AASHTO LRFD 2007 code is applied to the model of a
concrete box-girder bridge shown in Figure 8-1.
It is assumed that the user is familiar with the steps that are necessary to create
a SAP2000/Bridge model of a concrete box girder bridge. If additional assis-
tance is needed to create the model, a 30-minute Watch and Learn video enti-
tled, Bridge Bridge Information Modeler is available at the CSI website
0www.csiberkeley.com. The tutorial video guides the user through the creation
of the bridge model referenced in this chapter.
8 - 2 Description of Example Model

Figure 8-1 3D view of example concrete box girder bridge model
8.1 Description of Example Model
The example bridge is a two-span prestressed concrete box girder bridge with
the following features:
Abutments: The abutments are skewed by 15 degrees and connected to the
bottom of the box girder only.
Prestress: The concrete box girder bridge is prestressed with four 10-in
2

tendons (one in each girder) and a jacking force of 2,160 kips per tendon.
Bents: The one interior bent has three 5-foot-square columns.
Deck: The concrete box girder has a nominal depth of 5 feet. The deck has
a parabolic variation in depth from 5 feet at the abutments to a maximum
of 10 feet at the interior bent support.
Spans: The two spans are each approximately 100 feet long.

Figure 8-2 Elevation view of example bridge
Chapter 8 - Run a Bridge Design Request
Design Preferences 8 - 3

Figure 8-3 Plan view of the example bridge
8.2 Design Preferences
Use the Design menu > Bridge Design > View/Revise Preferences command
to select the AASHTO LRFD 2007 design code. The Bridge Design Prefer-
ences form shown in Figure 8-4 displays.

Figure 8-4 Bridge Design Preferences form
8.3 Load Combinations
For this example, the default design load combinations were activated using the
Define menu > Load Combination command. After the Add Default Design
Combos button is used and the Bridge option has been selected, the Code-
8 - 4 Load Combinations
Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form shown in Figure 8-5
displays. The form is used to specify the desired limit states. Only the Strength
II limit state was selected for this example. Normally, several limit states
would be selected.

Figure 8-5 Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form
The defined load combinations for this example are shown in Figure 8-6.

Chapter 8 - Run a Bridge Design Request
Bridge Design Request 8 - 5
The Str-II1, Str-II2, and StrIIGroup1 designations for the load combinations
are specified by the program and indicate that the limit state for the combina-
tions is Strength Level II.
8.4 Bridge Design Request
After the Design menu > Bridge Design > Define Design Request command
has been used, the Bridge Design Request form shown in Figure 8-7 displays.

The name given to this example Design Request is FLEX_1, the Check Type
is for Concrete Box Flexure and the Demand Set, DSet1, specifies the combi-
nation as StrII (Strength Level II).
8 - 6 Start Design/Check of the Bridge
The only Design Request Parameter option for a Concrete Box Flexural check
type is for PhiC. A value of 0.9 for PhiC is used.
8.5 Start Design/Check of the Bridge
After an analysis has been run, the bridge model is ready for a design/check.
Use the Design menu > Bridge Design > Start Design/Check of Bridge com-
mand to start the design process. Select the design to be run using the Perform
Bridge Design form shown in Figure 8-8:

Figure 8-8 Perform Bridge Design - Superstructure
The user may select the desired Design Request(s) and click on the Design
Now button. A plot of the bridge model, similar to that shown in Figure 8-9,
will display.
If several design requests
have been run, the indi-
vidual Design Requests can
be selected from the Design
Check options drop-down
list. This plot is described
further in Chapter 9.

Figure 8-9 Plot of flexure
check results

Display Results as a Plot 9 - 1
Chapter 9
Display Bridge Design Results
Bridge design results can be displayed on screen and as printed output. The
on-screen display can depict the bridge response graphically as a plot or in data
tables. SAP2000's Advanced Report Writer can be used to create the printed
output, which can include the graphical display as well as the database tables.
9.1 Display Results as a Plot
To view the forces, stresses, and design results graphically, click the Display
menu > Show Bridge Forces/Stresses command, which will display the Bridge
Object Response Display form shown in Figure 9-1.
The plot shows the design results for the FLEX_1 design request created using
the process described in the preceding chapters. The demand moments are en-
veloped and shown in the blue region, and the negative capacity moments are
shown with a brown line. If the demand moments do not exceed the capacity
moments, the superstructure may be deemed adequate in response to the flexure
design request. Move the mouse pointer onto the demand or capacity plot to
view the values for each nodal point. Move the pointer to the capacity moment
at station 1200 and 536981.722 kip-in is shown. A verification calculation that
shows agreement with this SAP2000/Bridge result is provided in Section 9.4.

Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 2 Display Results as a Plot

Figure 9-1 Plot of flexure check results for the example bridge design model
9.1.1 Additional Display Examples
Use the Display menu > Show Bridge Forces/Stresses command to select, on
the example form shown in Figure 9-2, the location along the top or bottom por-
tions of a beam or slab for which stresses are to be displayed. Figures 9-3
through 9-9 illustrate the left, middle, and right portions as they apply to Multi-
cell Concrete Box Sections. Location 1, as an example, refers to the top left se-
lection option while location 5 would refer to the bottom center selection option.
Locations 1, 2, and 3 refer to the top left, top center, and top right selection op-
tion while locations 4, 5, and 6 refer to the bottom left, bottom center, and bot-
tom right selection options.

Chapter 9 - Display Bridge Design Results
Display Results as a Plot 9- 3

Figure 9-2 Select the location on the beam or slab for which results are to be displayed

Figure 9-3 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Vertical
Top slab cut line
Bottom slab cut line
Centerline of the web Centerline of the web
1 2 3
4
5
6
4
5
6
1 2 3

Figure 9-4 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped

Figure 9-5 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Clipped
Top slab cut
Centerline of the web
4
5
6
1 2 3
1 2 3
4
5
6
Top slab cut
1 2 3
4
5 6
4
5
6
1 2
3
Display Results as a Plot 9- 5

Figure 9-6 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders and Radius

Figure 9-7 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped Max
4
5 6
1
3
2
1 2
6
3
5
4
1 2 3
4, 5
6
Top slab cut
Centerline of the web Centerline of the web
1 2 3
1 2
3
4
5
6
4
5 6
Top slab cut line

Figure 9-8 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - Advanced

Figure 9-9 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - AASHTO - PCI - ASBI Standard
Top slab cut line
Top slab cut line
1 2 3
1 2 3
4
5 6
1
2 3
4
5 6
4
5
6
Display Data Tables 9- 7
9.2 Display Data Tables
To view design results on screen in tables, click the Display menu > Show Ta-
bles command, which will display the Choose Tables for Display form shown in
Figure 9-10. Use the options on that form to select which data results are to be
viewed. Multiple selection may be made. When all selections have been made,
click the OK button and a database table similar to that shown in Figure 9-11
will display. Note the drop-down list in the upper right-hand corner of the table.
That drop-down list will include the various data tables that match the selections
made on the Choose Tables for Display form. Select from that list to change to a
different database table.

Figure 9-10 Choose Tables for Display form
9 - 8 Advanced Report Writer

Figure 9-11 Design database table for AASHTO LRFD 2007 flexure check
The scroll bar along the bottom of the form can be used to scroll to the right to
view additional data columns.
9.3 Advanced Report Writer
The File menu > Create Report command is a single button click output option
but it may not be suitable for bridge structures because of the size of the docu-
ment that is generated. Instead, the Advanced Report Writer feature within
SAP2000 is a simply and easy way to produce a custom output report.
To create a custom report that includes input and output, first export the files us-
ing one of the File menu > Export commands: SAP2000 MS Access Data-
base.mdb File; SAP2000 MS Excel Spreadsheet .xls File; or SAP2000 .s2k
Text File. When this command is executed, a form similar to that shown in Fig-
ure 9-12 displays.
Advanced Report Writer 9- 9

Figure 9-12 Choose Tables for Export to Access form
This important step allows control over the size of the report to be generated.
Export only those tables to be included in the final report. However, it is possi-
ble to export larger quantities of data and then use the Advanced Report Writer
to select only specific data sets for individual reports, thus creating multiple
smaller reports. For this example, only the Bridge Data (input) and Concrete
Box Flexure design (output) are exported.
After the data tables have been exported and saved to an appropriate location,
click the File menu > Advanced Report Writer command to display a form
similar to that show in Figure 9-13. Click the appropriate button (e.g., Find ex-
isting DB File, Convert Excel File, Convert Text File) and locate the exported
data tables. The tables within that Database, Excel, or Text file will be listed in
the List of Tables in Current Database File display box.
9 - 10 Advanced Report Writer

Figure 9-13 Create Custom Report form
Select the tables to be included in the report from that display box. The selected
items will then display in the Items Included in Report display box. Use the
various options on the form to control the order in which the selected tables ap-
pear in the report as well as the headers (i.e., Section names), page breaks, pic-
tures, and blanks required for final output in .rft, .txt, or .html format.
After the tables have been selected and the headers, pictures, and other format-
ting items have been addressed, click the Create Report button to generate the
report. The program will request a filename and the path to be used to store the
report. Figure 9-14 shows an example of the printed output generated by the
Report Writer.
Verification 9- 11
Values used in the
verification calculations.
Values used in the
verification calculations.

Figure 9-14 An example of the printed output
9.4 Verification
As a verification check of the design results, the output at station 1200 is exam-
ined. The following output for negative bending has been pulled from the Con-
BoxFlexure data table, a portion of which is shown in Figure 9-10:
Demand moment, DemandMax (kip-in) = 245973.481
Resisting moment, ResistingNeg (kip-in) = 536981.722
Total area of prestressing steel, AreaPTTop (in2) = 20.0
Top k factor, kFactorTop, = 0.2644444
Neutral axis depth, c, CDistForNeg (in) = 5.1286
Effective stress in prestressing, f
ps
, EqFpsForNeg (kip/in2) = 266.7879
A hand calculation verifies the results as follows:
For top k factor, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2),
245 1
2 1 04 2 1 04 0 26444
270
PY
PU
f .
k . . .
f
| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
(Results match)
9 - 12 Verification
For neutral axis depth, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4),
( )
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85
,
0.85
PT PU c
PU
c PT
PT
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
Y
|
'
=
' +
for a T-section
1 webeq
,
0.85
PT PU
PU
c PT
PT
A f
c
f
f b kA
Y
|
=
' +
when not a T-section
20.0(270)
5.1286
270
0.85(4)(0.85)(360) 0.26444(20)
114
c = =
| |
+
|
\ .
(Results match)
For effective stress in prestressing, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1),
5 1286
1 270 1 0 26444 266 788
144
PS PU
PT
c .
f f k . .
Y
| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
(Results match)
For resisting moment, from (eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1),
( )
slabeq
1 1
SLAB webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ .
\ .
N PT PS PT c
t
c c
M A f Y f b b t
1
2
| | |
=
|
\ .
N PT PS PT
c
M A f Y , when the box section is not a T-section
N
M
| |
= =
|
\ .
5.1286(0.85)
20.0(266.788) 144 596646.5
2
kip-in
R N
M M | = = = 0.85(596646.5) 536981.8 kip-in (Results match)
The preceding calculations are a check of the flexure design output. Other de-
sign results for concrete box stress, concrete box shear, and concrete box princi-
pal have not been included. The user is encouraged to perform a similar check
of these designs and to review Chapters 5, 6, and 7 for a detailed descriptions of
the design algorithms.

Bridge Superstructure Design

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