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Anatomy & Physiology

OpenStax College
Rice University
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ISBN-10 1938168135

ISBN-13

978-1-938168-13-0

Revision

AP-1-001-DW




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1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
-45?8 B9 CBAG8AGF
)E89468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
.A<G 1: %8I8?F B9 (E:4A<M4G<BA
C;4CG8E 1: AA "AGEB7H6G<BA GB G;8 !H@4A BB7L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1 ,M<IM@<N F= AE8KFDP 8E; -?PJ@FCF>P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2 0KIL:KLI8C ,I>8E@Q8K@FE F= K?< %LD8E BF;P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3 #LE:K@FEJ F= %LD8E )@=< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4 /<HL@I<D<EKJ =FI %LD8E )@=< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 %FD<FJK8J@J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6 AE8KFD@:8C 1<ID@EFCF>P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.7 *<;@:8C &D8>@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
C;4CG8E 2: -;8 C;8@<64? %8I8? B9 (E:4A<M4G<BA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1 "C<D<EKJ 8E; AKFDJ: 1?< BL@C;@E> BCF:BJ F= *8KK<I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2 ?<D@:8C BFE;J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3 ?<D@:8C /<8:K@FEJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4 &EFI>8E@: FDGFLE;J "JJ<EK@8C KF %LD8E #LE:K@FE@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5 ,I>8E@: FDGFLE;J "JJ<EK@8C KF %LD8E #LE:K@FE@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
C;4CG8E 3: -;8 C8??H?4E %8I8? B9 (E:4A<M4G<BA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.1 1?< <CC *<D9I8E< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2 1?< PKFGC8JD 8E; <CCLC8I ,I>8E<CC<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3 1?< +L:C<LJ 8E; !+A /<GC@:8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.4 -IFK<@E 0PEK?<J@J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5 <CC $IFNK? 8E; !@M@J@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.6 <CCLC8I !@==<I<EK@8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C;4CG8E 4: -;8 -<FFH8 %8I8? B9 (E:4A<M4G<BA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.1 1PG<J F= 1@JJL<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.2 "G@K?<C@8C 1@JJL< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.3 FEE<:K@M< 1@JJL< 0LGGFIKJ 8E; -IFK<:KJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.4 *LJ:C< 1@JJL< 8E; *FK@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.5 +<IMFLJ 1@JJL< *<;@8K<J -<I:<GK@FE 8E; /<JGFEJ< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.6 1@JJL< &EALIP 8E; A>@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
.A<G 2: ,HCCBEG 4A7 &BI8@8AG
C;4CG8E 5: -;8 "AG8:H@8AG4EL ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.1 )8P<IJ F= K?< 0B@E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.2 A::<JJFIP 0KIL:KLI<J F= K?< 0B@E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.3 #LE:K@FEJ F= K?< &EK<>LD<EK8IP 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.4 !@J<8J<J, !@JFI;<IJ, 8E; &EALI@<J F= K?< &EK<>LD<EK8IP 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
C;4CG8E 6: BBA8 -<FFH8 4A7 G;8 ,>8?8G4? ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.1 1?< #LE:K@FEJ F= K?< 0B<C<K8C 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.2 BFE< C8JJ@=@:8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.3 BFE< 0KIL:KLI< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4 BFE< #FID8K@FE 8E; !<M<CFGD<EK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.5 #I8:KLI<J: BFE< /<G8@I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.6 "O<I:@J<, +LKI@K@FE, %FIDFE<J, 8E; BFE< 1@JJL< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.7 8C:@LD %FD<FJK8J@J: &EK<I8:K@FEJ F= K?< 0B<C<K8C 0PJK<D 8E; ,K?<I ,I>8E 0PJK<DJ . 231
C;4CG8E 7: AK<4? ,>8?8GBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.1 !@M@J@FEJ F= K?< 0B<C<K8C 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
7.2 1?< 0BLCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.3 1?< 3<IK<9I8C FCLDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.4 1?< 1?FI8:@: 8>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.5 "D9IPFE@: !<M<CFGD<EK F= K?< AO@8C 0B<C<KFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
C;4CG8E 8: -;8 ACC8A7<6H?4E ,>8?8GBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.1 1?< -<:KFI8C $@I;C< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.2 BFE<J F= K?< 2GG<I )@D9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.3 1?< -<CM@: $@I;C< 8E; -<CM@J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.4 BFE<J F= K?< )FN<I )@D9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.5 !<M<CFGD<EK F= K?< AGG<E;@:LC8I 0B<C<KFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
C;4CG8E 9: #B<AGF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
9.1 C8JJ@=@:8K@FE F= 'F@EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.2 #@9IFLJ 'F@EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
9.3 8IK@C8>@EFLJ 'F@EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.4 0PEFM@8C 'F@EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
3
9.5 1PG<J F= BF;P *FM<D<EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
9.6 AE8KFDP F= 0<C<:K<; 0PEFM@8C 'F@EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
9.7 !<M<CFGD<EK F= 'F@EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
C;4CG8E 10: &HF6?8 -<FFH8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
10.1 ,M<IM@<N F= *LJ:C< 1@JJL<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
10.2 0B<C<K8C *LJ:C< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
10.3 *LJ:C< #@9<I FEKI8:K@FE 8E; /<C8O8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
10.4 +<IMFLJ 0PJK<D FEKIFC F= *LJ:C< 1<EJ@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
10.5 1PG<J F= *LJ:C< #@9<IJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
10.6 "O<I:@J< 8E; *LJ:C< -<I=FID8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
10.7 8I;@8: *LJ:C< 1@JJL< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
10.8 0DFFK? *LJ:C< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
10.9 !<M<CFGD<EK 8E; /<><E<I8K@FE F= *LJ:C< 1@JJL< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
C;4CG8E 11: -;8 &HF6H?4E ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
11.1 &EK<I8:K@FEJ F= 0B<C<K8C *LJ:C<J, 1?<@I #8J:@:C< AII8E><D<EK, 8E; 1?<@I )<M<I 0PJK<DJ 416
11.2 +8D@E> 0B<C<K8C *LJ:C<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
11.3 AO@8C *LJ:C<J F= K?< %<8;, +<:B, 8E; B8:B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
11.4 AO@8C *LJ:C<J F= K?< A9;FD@E8C 48CC 8E; 1?FI8O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
11.5 *LJ:C<J F= K?< -<:KFI8C $@I;C< 8E; 2GG<I )@D9J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.6 AGG<E;@:LC8I *LJ:C<J F= K?< -<CM@: $@I;C< 8E; )FN<I )@D9J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
.A<G 3: +8:H?4G<BA, "AG8:E4G<BA, 4A7 CBAGEB?
C;4CG8E 12: -;8 '8EIBHF ,LFG8@ 4A7 '8EIBHF -<FFH8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
12.1 B8J@: 0KIL:KLI< 8E; #LE:K@FE F= K?< +<IMFLJ 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
12.2 +<IMFLJ 1@JJL< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
12.3 1?< #LE:K@FE F= +<IMFLJ 1@JJL< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
12.4 1?< A:K@FE -FK<EK@8C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
12.5 FDDLE@:8K@FE B<KN<<E +<LIFEJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
C;4CG8E 13: AA4GB@L B9 G;8 '8EIBHF ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
13.1 1?< "D9IPFCF>@: -<IJG<:K@M< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
13.2 1?< <EKI8C +<IMFLJ 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
13.3 @I:LC8K@FE 8E; K?< <EKI8C +<IMFLJ 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
13.4 1?< -<I@G?<I8C +<IMFLJ 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
C;4CG8E 14: -;8 BE4<A 4A7 CE4A<4? '8EI8F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
14.1 0<EJFIP -<I:<GK@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
14.2 <EKI8C -IF:<JJ@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
14.3 *FKFI /<JGFEJ<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
C;4CG8E 15: -;8 AHGBAB@<6 '8EIBHF ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
15.1 !@M@J@FEJ F= K?< ALKFEFD@: +<IMFLJ 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
15.2 ALKFEFD@: /<=C<O<J 8E; %FD<FJK8J@J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
15.3 <EKI8C FEKIFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
15.4 !IL>J K?8K A==<:K K?< ALKFEFD@: 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
C;4CG8E 16: -;8 '8HEB?B:<64? EK4@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
16.1 ,M<IM@<N F= K?< +<LIFCF>@:8C "O8D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
16.2 1?< *<EK8C 0K8KLJ "O8D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
16.3 1?< I8E@8C +<IM< "O8D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
16.4 1?< 0<EJFIP 8E; *FKFI "O8DJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
16.5 1?< FFI;@E8K@FE 8E; $8@K "O8DJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
C;4CG8E 17: -;8 EA7B6E<A8 ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
17.1 AE ,M<IM@<N F= K?< "E;F:I@E< 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
17.2 %FIDFE<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
17.3 1?< -@KL@K8IP $C8E; 8E; %PGFK?8C8DLJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
17.4 1?< 1?PIF@; $C8E; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
17.5 1?< -8I8K?PIF@; $C8E;J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
17.6 1?< A;I<E8C $C8E;J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
17.7 1?< -@E<8C $C8E; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
17.8 $FE8;8C 8E; -C8:<EK8C %FIDFE<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
17.9 1?< "E;F:I@E< -8E:I<8J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
17.10 ,I>8EJ N@K? 0<:FE;8IP "E;F:I@E< #LE:K@FEJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
17.11 !<M<CFGD<EK 8E; A>@E> F= K?< "E;F:I@E< 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
.A<G 4: F?H<7F 4A7 -E4AFCBEG
C;4CG8E 18: -;8 C4E7<BI4F6H?4E ,LFG8@: B?BB7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
18.1 AE ,M<IM@<N F= BCFF; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
18.2 -IF;L:K@FE F= K?< #FID<; "C<D<EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
4
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
18.3 "IPK?IF:PK<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
18.4 )<LBF:PK<J 8E; -C8K<C<KJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
18.5 %<DFJK8J@J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
18.6 BCFF; 1PG@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
C;4CG8E 19: -;8 C4E7<BI4F6H?4E ,LFG8@: -;8 !84EG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
19.1 %<8IK AE8KFDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
19.2 8I;@8: *LJ:C< 8E; "C<:KI@:8C A:K@M@KP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
19.3 8I;@8: P:C< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
19.4 8I;@8: -?PJ@FCF>P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
19.5 !<M<CFGD<EK F= K?< %<8IK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
C;4CG8E 20: -;8 C4E7<BI4F6H?4E ,LFG8@: B?BB7 /8FF8?F 4A7 C<E6H?4G<BA . . . . . . . . . . . 837
20.1 0KIL:KLI< 8E; #LE:K@FE F= BCFF; 3<JJ<CJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
20.2 BCFF; #CFN, BCFF; -I<JJLI<, 8E; /<J@JK8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
20.3 8G@CC8IP "O:?8E>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
20.4 %FD<FJK8K@: /<>LC8K@FE F= K?< 38J:LC8I 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
20.5 @I:LC8KFIP -8K?N8PJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
20.6 !<M<CFGD<EK F= BCFF; 3<JJ<CJ 8E; #<K8C @I:LC8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
C;4CG8E 21: -;8 %L@C;4G<6 4A7 "@@HA8 ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
21.1 AE8KFDP F= K?< )PDG?8K@: 8E; &DDLE< 0PJK<DJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
21.2 B8II@<I !<=<EJ<J 8E; K?< &EE8K< &DDLE< /<JGFEJ< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
21.3 1?< A;8GK@M< &DDLE< /<JGFEJ<: 1 CPDG?F:PK<J 8E; 1?<@I #LE:K@FE8C 1PG<J . . . . . 938
21.4 1?< A;8GK@M< &DDLE< /<JGFEJ<: B-CPDG?F:PK<J 8E; AEK@9F;@<J . . . . . . . . . . . 946
21.5 1?< &DDLE< /<JGFEJ< 8>8@EJK -8K?F><EJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
21.6 !@J<8J<J AJJF:@8K<; N@K? !<GI<JJ<; FI ,M<I8:K@M< &DDLE< /<JGFEJ<J . . . . . . . . 954
21.7 1I8EJGC8EK8K@FE 8E; 8E:<I &DDLEFCF>P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
.A<G 5: EA8E:L, &4<AG8A4A68, 4A7 EAI<EBA@8AG4? EK6;4A:8
C;4CG8E 22: -;8 +8FC<E4GBEL ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
22.1 ,I>8EJ 8E; 0KIL:KLI<J F= K?< /<JG@I8KFIP 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974
22.2 1?< )LE>J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
22.3 1?< -IF:<JJ F= BI<8K?@E> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
22.4 $8J "O:?8E>< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
22.5 1I8EJGFIK F= $8J<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
22.6 *F;@=@:8K@FEJ @E /<JG@I8KFIP #LE:K@FEJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
22.7 "D9IPFE@: !<M<CFGD<EK F= K?< /<JG@I8KFIP 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
C;4CG8E 23: -;8 D<:8FG<I8 ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
23.1 ,M<IM@<N F= K?< !@><JK@M< 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
23.2 !@><JK@M< 0PJK<D -IF:<JJ<J 8E; /<>LC8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
23.3 1?< *FLK?, -?8IPEO, 8E; "JFG?8>LJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
23.4 1?< 0KFD8:? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
23.5 1?< 0D8CC 8E; )8I>< &EK<JK@E<J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046
23.6 A::<JJFIP ,I>8EJ @E !@><JK@FE: 1?< )@M<I, -8E:I<8J, 8E; $8CC9C8;;<I . . . . . . . . 1056
23.7 ?<D@:8C !@><JK@FE 8E; A9JFIGK@FE: A CFJ<I )FFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
C;4CG8E 24: &8G45B?<F@ 4A7 'HGE<G<BA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
24.1 ,M<IM@<N F= *<K89FC@: /<8:K@FEJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080
24.2 8I9F?P;I8K< *<K89FC@JD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
24.3 )@G@; *<K89FC@JD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
24.4 -IFK<@E *<K89FC@JD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
24.5 *<K89FC@: 0K8K<J F= K?< BF;P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108
24.6 "E<I>P 8E; %<8K B8C8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
24.7 +LKI@K@FE 8E; !@<K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
C;4CG8E 25: -;8 .E<A4EL ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
25.1 -?PJ@:8C ?8I8:K<I@JK@:J F= 2I@E< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
25.2 $IFJJ AE8KFDP F= 2I@E< 1I8EJGFIK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
25.3 $IFJJ AE8KFDP F= K?< (@;E<P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
25.4 *@:IFJ:FG@: AE8KFDP F= K?< (@;E<P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140
25.5 -?PJ@FCF>P F= 2I@E< #FID8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
25.6 1L9LC8I /<89JFIGK@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
25.7 /<>LC8K@FE F= /<E8C BCFF; #CFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
25.8 "E;F:I@E< /<>LC8K@FE F= (@;E<P #LE:K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
25.9 /<>LC8K@FE F= #CL@; 3FCLD< 8E; FDGFJ@K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
25.10 1?< 2I@E8IP 0PJK<D 8E; %FD<FJK8J@J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
C;4CG8E 26: F?H<7, E?86GEB?LG8, 4A7 A6<7-B4F8 B4?4A68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
26.1 BF;P #CL@;J 8E; #CL@; FDG8IKD<EKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
5
26.2 48K<I B8C8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182
26.3 "C<:KIFCPK< B8C8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
26.4 A:@;-B8J< B8C8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189
26.5 !@JFI;<IJ F= A:@;-B8J< B8C8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194
.A<G 6: !H@4A D8I8?BC@8AG 4A7 G;8 CBAG<AH<GL B9 %<98
C;4CG8E 27: -;8 +8CEB7H6G<I8 ,LFG8@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203
27.1 AE8KFDP 8E; -?PJ@FCF>P F= K?< *8C< /<GIF;L:K@M< 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204
27.2 AE8KFDP 8E; -?PJ@FCF>P F= K?< #<D8C< /<GIF;L:K@M< 0PJK<D . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214
27.3 !<M<CFGD<EK F= K?< *8C< 8E; #<D8C< /<GIF;L:K@M< 0PJK<DJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229
C;4CG8E 28: D8I8?BC@8AG 4A7 "A;8E<G4A68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239
28.1 #<IK@C@Q8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240
28.2 "D9IPFE@: !<M<CFGD<EK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
28.3 #<K8C !<M<CFGD<EK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
28.4 *8K<IE8C ?8E><J !LI@E> -I<>E8E:P, )89FI, 8E; B@IK? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260
28.5 A;ALJKD<EKJ F= K?< &E=8EK 8K B@IK? 8E; -FJKE8K8C 0K8><J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266
28.6 )8:K8K@FE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268
28.7 -8KK<IEJ F= &E?<I@K8E:< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271
"A78K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312
6
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
-/"#A"
7BI@LJB QL H-&a' A'a,(&1 a'd P!1+"(%(1, >K /MBK3Q>U #LIIBDB OBPLRO@B. 7B @OB>QBA QEFP QBUQ?LLH TFQE PBSBO>I DL>IP
FK JFKA: >@@BPPF?FIFQV, @RPQLJFW>QFLK, >KA PQRABKQ BKD>DBJBKQjEBIMFKD PQRABKQP OB>@E EFDE IBSBIP LC >@>ABJF@ P@ELI>OPEFM.
)KPQOR@QLOP >KA PQRABKQP >IFHB TFII CFKA QE>Q QEFP QBUQ?LLH LCCBOP > QELOLRDE FKQOLAR@QFLK QL QEB @LKQBKQ FK >K >@@BPPF?IB
CLOJ>Q.
A5BHG (C8A,G4K CB??8:8
/MBK3Q>U #LIIBDB FP > KLKMOLCFQ LOD>KFW>QFLK @LJJFQQBA QL FJMOLSFKD PQRABKQ >@@BPP QL NR>IFQV IB>OKFKD J>QBOF>IP. /RO
COBB QBUQ?LLHP >OB ABSBILMBA >KA MBBO-OBSFBTBA ?V BAR@>QLOP QL BKPROB QE>Q QEBV >OB OB>A>?IB, >@@RO>QB, >KA LOD>KFWBA FK
>@@LOA>K@B TFQE QEB P@LMB >KA PBNRBK@B OBNRFOBJBKQP LC QLA>VlP @LIIBDB @LROPBP. 5KIFHB QO>AFQFLK>I QBUQ?LLHP, /MBK3Q>U
#LIIBDB OBPLRO@BP IFSB LKIFKB >KA >OB LTKBA ?V QEB @LJJRKFQV LC BAR@>QLOP RPFKD QEBJ. 4EOLRDE M>OQKBOPEFMP TFQE
@LJM>KFBP >KA CLRKA>QFLKP @LJJFQQBA QL OBAR@FKD @LPQP CLO PQRABKQP, TB >OB TLOHFKD QL FJMOLSB >@@BPP QL EFDEBO BAR@>QFLK
CLO >II. /MBK3Q>U #LIIBDB FP >K FKFQF>QFSB LC 2F@B 5KFSBOPFQV >KA FP J>AB MLPPF?IB QEOLRDE QEB DBKBOLRP PRMMLOQ LC PBSBO>I
MEFI>KQEOLMF@ CLRKA>QFLKP.
A5BHG (C8A,G4K CB??8:8UF +8FBHE68F
/MBK3Q>U #LIIBDB OBPLRO@BP MOLSFAB NR>IFQV >@>ABJF@ FKPQOR@QFLK. 4EOBB HBV CB>QROBP PBQ LRO J>QBOF>IP >M>OQ COLJ LQEBOP:
1) 4EBV @>K ?B B>PFIV @RPQLJFWBA ?V FKPQOR@QLOP CLO B>@E @I>PP, 2) QEBV >OB mIFSFKDn OBPLRO@BP QE>Q DOLT LKIFKB QEOLRDE
@LKQOF?RQFLKP COLJ P@FBK@B BAR@>QLOP, >KA 3) QEBV >OB >S>FI>?IB CLO COBB LO CLO > JFKFJ>I @LPQ.
CHFGB@<M4G<BA
/MBK3Q>U #LIIBDB IB>OKFKD OBPLRO@BP >OB @LK@BFSBA >KA TOFQQBK TFQE CIBUF?FIFQV FK JFKA PL QE>Q QEBV @>K ?B @RPQLJFWBA CLO
B>@E @LROPB. /RO QBUQ?LLHP MOLSFAB > PLIFA CLRKA>QFLK LK TEF@E FKPQOR@QLOP @>K ?RFIA QEBFO LTK QBUQP. )KPQOR@QLOP @>K PBIB@Q
QEB PB@QFLKP QE>Q >OB JLPQ OBIBS>KQ QL QEBFO @ROOF@RI> >KA @OB>QB > QBUQ?LLH QE>Q PMB>HP AFOB@QIV QL QEB KBBAP LC QEBFO PQRABKQP.
)KPQOR@QLOP >OB BK@LRO>DBA QL BUM>KA LK BUFPQFKD BU>JMIBP FK QEB QBUQ ?V >AAFKD RKFNRB @LKQBUQ SF> DBLDO>MEF@>IIV IL@>IFWBA
>MMIF@>QFLKP >KA QLMF@>I @LKKB@QFLKP.
H-&a' A'a,(&1 a'd P!1+"(%(1 @>K ?B B>PFIV @RPQLJFWBA RPFKD LRO LKIFKB MI>QCLOJ (EQQMP://LMBKPQ>U@LIIBDB.LOD/
QBUQ?LLHP/>K>QLJV->KA-MEVPFLILDV/>A>MQ). 4EB QBUQ FP >OO>KDBA FK > JLARI>O @E>MQBO CLOJ>Q. 3FJMIV PBIB@Q QEB @LKQBKQ JLPQ
OBIBS>KQ QL VLRO PVII>?RP >KA @OB>QB > QBUQ?LLH QE>Q >AAOBPPBP QEB KBBAP LC VLRO @I>PP. 4EFP @RPQLJFW>QFLK CB>QROB TFII BKPROB
QE>Q VLRO QBUQ?LLH OBCIB@QP QEB DL>IP LC VLRO @LROPB.
CHE4G<BA
4L ?OL>ABK >@@BPP >KA BK@LRO>DB @LJJRKFQV @RO>QFLK, H-&a' A'a,(&1 a'd P!1+"(%(1 FP mLMBK PLRO@Bn RKABO > #OB>QFSB
#LJJLKP !QQOF?RQFLK (## "9) IF@BKPB. -BJ?BOP LC QEB P@FBKQFCF@ @LJJRKFQV >OB FKSFQBA QL PR?JFQ BU>JMIBP, BJBODFKD
OBPB>O@E, >KA LQEBO CBBA?>@H QL BKE>K@B >KA PQOBKDQEBK QEB J>QBOF>I, HBBMFKD FQ @ROOBKQ >KA OBIBS>KQ CLO QLA>VlP PQRABKQP.
3R?JFQ VLRO PRDDBPQFLKP QL FKCLLMBKPQ>U@LIIBDB.LOD, >KA @EB@H FK LK BAFQFLK PQ>QRP, >IQBOK>QB SBOPFLKP, BOO>Q>, >KA KBTP
LK QEB 3Q>U$>PE >Q EQQM://LMBKPQ>U@LIIBDB.LOD.
CBFG
/RO QBUQ?LLHP >OB >S>FI>?IB CLO COBB LKIFKB, >KA FK ILT-@LPQ MOFKQ >KA Q>?IBQ BAFQFLKP.
A5BHG Human Anatomy and Physiology
H-&a' A'a,(&1 a'd P!1+"(%(1 FP ABPFDKBA CLO QEB QTL-PBJBPQBO >K>QLJV >KA MEVPFLILDV @LROPB Q>HBK ?V IFCB P@FBK@B
>KA >IIFBA EB>IQE PQRABKQP. )Q PRMMLOQP BCCB@QFSB QB>@EFKD >KA IB>OKFKD, >KA MOBM>OBP PQRABKQP CLO CROQEBO IB>OKFKD >KA CRQROB
@>OBBOP. 4EB QBUQ CL@RPBP LK QEB JLPQ FJMLOQ>KQ @LK@BMQP >KA >FJP QL JFKFJFWB AFPQO>@QFKD PQRABKQP TFQE JLOB JFKLO ABQ>FIP.
4EB ABSBILMJBKQ @ELF@BP CLO QEFP QBUQ?LLH TBOB J>AB TFQE QEB DRFA>K@B LC ERKAOBAP LC C>@RIQV TEL >OB ABBMIV
FKSLISBA FK QB>@EFKD QEFP @LROPB. 4EBPB @ELF@BP IBA QL FKKLS>QFLKP FK >OQ, QBOJFKLILDV, @>OBBO LOFBKQ>QFLK, MO>@QF@>I
>MMIF@>QFLKP, >KA JRIQFJBAF>-?>PBA IB>OKFKD, >II TFQE > DL>I LC FK@OB>PFKD OBIBS>K@B QL PQRABKQP. 7B PQOLSB QL J>HB QEB
AFP@FMIFKB JB>KFKDCRI >KA JBJLO>?IB QL PQRABKQP, PL QE>Q QEBV @>K AO>T COLJ FQ > TLOHFKD HKLTIBADB QE>Q TFII BKOF@E QEBFO
CRQROB PQRAFBP.
CBI8E4:8 4A7 ,6BC8
4EB RKFQP LC LRO H-&a' A'a,(&1 a'd P!1+"(%(1 QBUQ?LLH >AEBOB QL QEB P@LMB >KA PBNRBK@B CLIILTBA ?V JLPQ QTL-PBJBPQBO
@LROPBP K>QFLKTFAB.
.A<G 1: %8I8?F B9 (E:4A<M4G<BA
#E>MQBOP 1i4 MOLSFAB PQRABKQP TFQE > ?>PF@ RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC ERJ>K >K>QLJV >KA MEVPFLILDV, FK@IRAFKD FQP I>KDR>DB, QEB
IBSBIP LC LOD>KFW>QFLK, >KA QEB ?>PF@P LC @EBJFPQOV >KA @BII ?FLILDV. 4EBPB @E>MQBOP MOLSFAB > CLRKA>QFLK CLO QEB CROQEBO PQRAV
-/"#A" 7
LC QEB ?LAV. 4EBV >IPL CL@RP M>OQF@RI>OIV LK ELT QEB ?LAVlP OBDFLKP, FJMLOQ>KQ @EBJF@>IP, >KA @BIIP J>FKQ>FK ELJBLPQ>PFP.
#E>MQBO 1 !K )KQOLAR@QFLK QL QEB (RJ>K "LAV
#E>MQBO 2 4EB #EBJF@>I ,BSBI LC /OD>KFW>QFLK
#E>MQBO 3 4EB #BIIRI>O ,BSBI LC /OD>KFW>QFLK
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GRPQ LKB LO QTL BIB@QOLK M>FOP, QELRDE I>ODBO PE>OFKDP >OB MLPPF?IB. 4EB FJMLOQ>KQ @LK@BMQ QL Q>HB COLJ QEFP FP QE>Q FK @LS>IBKQ
?LKAP, BIB@QOLKP FK QEB LRQBOJLPQ S>IBK@B PEBII >OB PE>OBA QL CFII QEB S>IBK@B PEBIIP LC ?LQE >QLJP, RIQFJ>QBIV PQ>?FIFWFKD ?LQE
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4EB JLPQ C>JFIF>O BU>JMIB LC > MLI>O JLIB@RIB FP T>QBO (F97EB5 2.10). 4EB JLIB@RIB E>P QEOBB M>OQP: LKB >QLJ LC
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ERJ>KP. 4EBPB >OB PR@OLPB, @LJJLKIV OBCBOOBA QL >P Q>?IB PRD>O; I>@QLPB, LO JFIH PRD>O; >KA J>IQLPB, LO J>IQ PRD>O. !P VLR
@>K QBII COLJ QEBFO @LJJLK K>JBP, VLR @LKPRJB QEBPB FK VLRO AFBQ; ELTBSBO, VLRO ?LAV @>KKLQ RPB QEBJ AFOB@QIV. )KPQB>A,
FK QEB AFDBPQFSB QO>@Q, QEBV >OB PMIFQ FKQL QEBFO @LJMLKBKQ JLKLP>@@E>OFABP SF> EVAOLIVPFP.
68 %A-1"/ 2 R 1%" %"*&A) )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 2.19 -;E88 "@CBEG4AG D<F466;4E<78F ACC K?I<< @DGFIK8EK ;@J8::?8I@;<J =FID 9P ;<?P;I8K@FE JPEK?<J@J.
%A-1"/ 2 R 1%" %"*&A) )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+ 69
7>Q@E QEFP F945? (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</49C13381B945) QL L?PBOSB QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC > AFP>@@E>OFAB. 7E>Q
E>MMBKP TEBK T>QBO BK@LRKQBOP > DIV@LPFAF@ ?LKA?
)B?LF466;4E<78F
0LIVP>@@E>OFABP @>K @LKQ>FK > CBT QL > QELRP>KA LO JLOB JLKLP>@@E>OFABP. 4EOBB >OB FJMLOQ>KQ QL QEB ?LAV (F97EB5 2.20):
c 3Q>O@EBP >OB MLIVJBOP LC DIR@LPB. 4EBV L@@RO FK ILKD @E>FKP @>IIBA >JVILPB LO ?O>K@EBA @E>FKP @>IIBA >JVILMB@QFK,
?LQE LC TEF@E >OB PQLOBA FK MI>KQ-?>PBA CLLAP >KA >OB OBI>QFSBIV B>PV QL AFDBPQ.
c 'IV@LDBK FP >IPL > MLIVJBO LC DIR@LPB, ?RQ FQ FP PQLOBA FK QEB QFPPRBP LC >KFJ>IP, BPMB@F>IIV FK QEB JRP@IBP >KA IFSBO. )Q FP
KLQ @LKPFABOBA > AFBQ>OV @>O?LEVAO>QB ?B@>RPB SBOV IFQQIB DIV@LDBK OBJ>FKP FK >KFJ>I QFPPRBP >CQBO PI>RDEQBO; ELTBSBO,
QEB ERJ>K ?LAV PQLOBP BU@BPP DIR@LPB >P DIV@LDBK, >D>FK, FK QEB JRP@IBP >KA IFSBO.
c #BIIRILPB, > MLIVP>@@E>OFAB QE>Q FP QEB MOFJ>OV @LJMLKBKQ LC QEB @BII T>II LC DOBBK MI>KQP, FP QEB @LJMLKBKQ LC MI>KQ
CLLA OBCBOOBA QL >P mCF?BOn. )K ERJ>KP, @BIIRILPB/CF?BO FP KLQ AFDBPQF?IB; ELTBSBO, AFBQ>OV CF?BO E>P J>KV EB>IQE ?BKBCFQP.
)Q EBIMP VLR CBBI CRII PL VLR B>Q IBPP, FQ MOLJLQBP > EB>IQEV AFDBPQFSB QO>@Q, >KA > AFBQ EFDE FK CF?BO FP QELRDEQ QL OBAR@B
QEB OFPH LC EB>OQ AFPB>PB >KA MLPPF?IV PLJB CLOJP LC @>K@BO.
F<:HE8 2.20 -;E88 "@CBEG4AG )B?LF466;4E<78F 1?I<< @DGFIK8EK GFCPJ8::?8I@;<J 8I< JK8I:?<J, >CP:F><E, 8E; =@9<I.
FHA6G<BAF B9 C4E5B;L7E4G8F
4EB ?LAV L?Q>FKP @>O?LEVAO>QBP COLJ MI>KQ-?>PBA CLLAP. 'O>FKP, CORFQP, >KA IBDRJBP >KA LQEBO SBDBQ>?IBP MOLSFAB JLPQ LC
QEB @>O?LEVAO>QB FK QEB ERJ>K AFBQ, >IQELRDE I>@QLPB FP CLRKA FK A>FOV MOLAR@QP.
!IQELRDE JLPQ ?LAV @BIIP @>K ?OB>H ALTK LQEBO LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKAP CLO CRBI, >II ?LAV @BIIP @>K RPB DIR@LPB. -LOBLSBO,
KBOSB @BIIP (KBROLKP) FK QEB ?O>FK, PMFK>I @LOA, >KA QEOLRDE QEB MBOFMEBO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, >P TBII >P OBA ?ILLA @BIIP, @>K RPB
LKIV DIR@LPB CLO CRBI. )K QEB ?OB>HALTK LC DIR@LPB CLO BKBODV, JLIB@RIBP LC >ABKLPFKB QOFMELPME>QB, ?BQQBO HKLTK >P !40,
>OB MOLAR@BA. A45>?C9>5 DB9@8?C@81D5 (A*&) FP @LJMLPBA LC > OF?LPB PRD>O, >K >ABKFKB ?>PB, >KA QEOBB MELPME>QB DOLRMP.
!40 OBIB>PBP COBB BKBODV TEBK FQP MELPME>QB ?LKAP >OB ?OLHBK, >KA QERP PRMMIFBP OB>AV BKBODV QL QEB @BII. -LOB !40 FP
MOLAR@BA FK QEB MOBPBK@B LC LUVDBK (/
2
) QE>K FK M>QET>VP QE>Q AL KLQ RPB LUVDBK. 4EB LSBO>II OB>@QFLK CLO QEB @LKSBOPFLK
LC QEB BKBODV FK DIR@LPB QL BKBODV PQLOBA FK !40 @>K ?B TOFQQBK:
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O + ATP
)K >AAFQFLK QL ?BFKD > @OFQF@>I CRBI PLRO@B, @>O?LEVAO>QBP >OB MOBPBKQ FK SBOV PJ>II >JLRKQP FK @BIIPl PQOR@QROB. &LO
FKPQ>K@B, PLJB @>O?LEVAO>QB JLIB@RIBP ?FKA TFQE MOLQBFKP QL MOLAR@B DIV@LMOLQBFKP, >KA LQEBOP @LJ?FKB TFQE IFMFAP QL
MOLAR@B DIV@LIFMFAP, ?LQE LC TEF@E >OB CLRKA FK QEB JBJ?O>KB QE>Q BK@ILPBP QEB @LKQBKQP LC ?LAV @BIIP.
%<C<7F
! <9@94 FP LKB LC > EFDEIV AFSBOPB DOLRM LC @LJMLRKAP J>AB RM JLPQIV LC EVAOL@>O?LKP. 4EB CBT LUVDBK >QLJP QEBV @LKQ>FK
>OB LCQBK >Q QEB MBOFMEBOV LC QEB JLIB@RIB. 4EBFO KLKMLI>O EVAOL@>O?LKP J>HB >II IFMFAP EVAOLMEL?F@. )K T>QBO, IFMFAP AL KLQ
CLOJ > QORB PLIRQFLK, ?RQ QEBV J>V CLOJ >K BJRIPFLK, TEF@E FP QEB QBOJ CLO > JFUQROB LC PLIRQFLKP QE>Q AL KLQ JFU TBII.
70 %A-1"/ 2 R 1%" %"*&A) )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
-E<:?L68E<78F
! DB97<I35B945 FP LKB LC QEB JLPQ @LJJLK AFBQ>OV IFMFA DOLRMP, >KA QEB QVMB CLRKA JLPQ >?RKA>KQIV FK ?LAV QFPPRBP. 4EFP
@LJMLRKA, TEF@E FP @LJJLKIV OBCBOOBA QL >P > C>Q, FP CLOJBA COLJ QEB PVKQEBPFP LC QTL QVMBP LC JLIB@RIBP (F97EB5 2.21):
c ! DIV@BOLI ?>@H?LKB >Q QEB @LOB LC QOFDIV@BOFABP, @LKPFPQP LC QEOBB @>O?LK >QLJP.
c 4EOBB C>QQV >@FAP, ILKD @E>FKP LC EVAOL@>O?LKP TFQE > @>O?LUVI DOLRM >KA > JBQEVI DOLRM >Q LMMLPFQB BKAP, BUQBKA COLJ
B>@E LC QEB @>O?LKP LC QEB DIV@BOLI.
F<:HE8 2.21 -E<:?L68E<78F 1I@>CP:<I@;<J 8I< :FDGFJ<; F= >CP:<IFC 8KK8:?<; KF K?I<< =8KKP 8:@;J M@8 ;<?P;I8K@FE
JPEK?<J@J. +FK@:< K?8K >CP:<IFC >@M<J LG 8 ?P;IF><E 8KFD, 8E; K?< :8I9FOPC >IFLGJ FE K?< =8KKP 8:@;J <8:? >@M< LG 8
?P;IFOPC >IFLG.
4OFDIV@BOFABP CLOJ SF> ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP. 'IV@BOLI DFSBP RM EVAOLDBK >QLJP COLJ FQP EVAOLUVI DOLRMP >Q B>@E
?LKA, >KA QEB @>O?LUVI DOLRM LK B>@E C>QQV >@FA @E>FK DFSBP RM > EVAOLUVI DOLRM. ! QLQ>I LC QEOBB T>QBO JLIB@RIBP >OB
QEBOB?V OBIB>PBA.
&>QQV >@FA @E>FKP QE>Q E>SB KL ALR?IB @>O?LK ?LKAP >KVTEBOB >ILKD QEBFO IBKDQE >KA QEBOBCLOB @LKQ>FK QEB J>UFJRJ
KRJ?BO LC EVAOLDBK >QLJP >OB @>IIBA P>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP. 4EBPB PQO>FDEQ, OFDFA @E>FKP M>@H QFDEQIV QLDBQEBO >KA >OB PLIFA LO
PBJF-PLIFA >Q OLLJ QBJMBO>QROB (F97EB5 2.221). "RQQBO >KA I>OA >OB BU>JMIBP, >P FP QEB C>Q CLRKA LK > PQB>H LO FK VLRO LTK
?LAV. )K @LKQO>PQ, C>QQV >@FAP TFQE LKB ALR?IB @>O?LK ?LKA >OB HFKHBA >Q QE>Q ?LKA (F97EB5 2.222). 4EBPB JLKLRKP>QRO>QBA
C>QQV >@FAP >OB QEBOBCLOB RK>?IB QL M>@H QLDBQEBO QFDEQIV, >KA >OB IFNRFA >Q OLLJ QBJMBO>QROB. 0LIVRKP>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP
@LKQ>FK QTL LO JLOB ALR?IB @>O?LK ?LKAP, >KA >OB >IPL IFNRFA >Q OLLJ QBJMBO>QROB. 0I>KQ LFIP PR@E >P LIFSB LFI QVMF@>IIV
@LKQ>FK ?LQE JLKL- >KA MLIVRKP>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP.
F<:HE8 2.22 F4GGL A6<7 ,;4C8F 1?< C<M<C F= J8KLI8K@FE F= 8 =8KKP 8:@; 8==<:KJ @KJ J?8G<. (8) 08KLI8K<; =8KKP 8:@; :?8@EJ
8I< JKI8@>?K. (9) 2EJ8KLI8K<; =8KKP 8:@; :?8@EJ 8I< B@EB<;.
7EBOB>P > AFBQ EFDE FK P>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP FK@OB>PBP QEB OFPH LC EB>OQ AFPB>PB, > AFBQ EFDE FK RKP>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP FP
QELRDEQ QL OBAR@B QEB OFPH. 4EFP FP BPMB@F>IIV QORB CLO QEB LJBD>-3 RKP>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP CLRKA FK @LIA-T>QBO CFPE PR@E >P
P>IJLK. 4EBPB C>QQV >@FAP E>SB QEBFO CFOPQ ALR?IB @>O?LK ?LKA >Q QEB QEFOA EVAOL@>O?LK COLJ QEB JBQEVI DOLRM (OBCBOOBA QL >P
QEB LJBD> BKA LC QEB JLIB@RIB).
&FK>IIV, ,*a'+ C>QQV >@FAP CLRKA FK PLJB MOL@BPPBA CLLAP, FK@IRAFKD PLJB PQF@H >KA QR? J>OD>OFKBP, >OB QELRDEQ QL ?B
BSBK JLOB E>OJCRI QL QEB EB>OQ >KA ?ILLA SBPPBIP QE>K P>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP. T*a'+ C>QP >OB @OB>QBA COLJ RKP>QRO>QBA C>QQV
>@FAP (PR@E >P @LOK LFI) TEBK @EBJF@>IIV QOB>QBA QL MOLAR@B M>OQF>IIV EVAOLDBK>QBA C>QP.
!P > DOLRM, QOFDIV@BOFABP >OB > J>GLO CRBI PLRO@B CLO QEB ?LAV. 7EBK VLR >OB OBPQFKD LO >PIBBM, > J>GLOFQV LC QEB BKBODV
RPBA QL HBBM VLR >IFSB FP ABOFSBA COLJ QOFDIV@BOFABP PQLOBA FK VLRO C>Q (>AFMLPB) QFPPRBP. 4OFDIV@BOFABP >IPL CRBI ILKD, PILT
MEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV PR@E >P D>OABKFKD LO EFHFKD, >KA @LKQOF?RQB > JLABPQ MBO@BKQ>DB LC BKBODV CLO SFDLOLRP MEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV.
$FBQ>OV C>Q >IPL >PPFPQP QEB >?PLOMQFLK >KA QO>KPMLOQ LC QEB KLKMLI>O C>Q-PLIR?IB SFQ>JFKP !, $, %, >KA +. !AAFQFLK>IIV, PQLOBA
?LAV C>Q MOLQB@QP >KA @RPEFLKP QEB ?LAVlP ?LKBP >KA FKQBOK>I LOD>KP, >KA >@QP >P FKPRI>QFLK QL OBQ>FK ?LAV EB>Q.
%A-1"/ 2 R 1%" %"*&A) )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+ 71
&>QQV >@FAP >OB >IPL @LJMLKBKQP LC DIV@LIFMFAP, TEF@E >OB PRD>O-C>Q @LJMLRKAP CLRKA FK QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB.
,FMLMOLQBFKP >OB @LJMLRKAP FK TEF@E QEB EVAOLMEL?F@ QOFDIV@BOFABP >OB M>@H>DBA FK MOLQBFK BKSBILMBP CLO QO>KPMLOQ FK ?LAV
CIRFAP.
);BFC;B?<C<7F
!P FQP K>JB PRDDBPQP, > @8?C@8?<9@94 FP > ?LKA ?BQTBBK QEB DIV@BOLI @LJMLKBKQ LC > IFMFA >KA > MELPMELOLRP JLIB@RIB.
)K C>@Q, MELPMELIFMFAP >OB PFJFI>O FK PQOR@QROB QL QOFDIV@BOFABP. (LTBSBO, FKPQB>A LC E>SFKD QEOBB C>QQV >@FAP, > MELPMELIFMFA
FP DBKBO>QBA COLJ > AFDIV@BOFAB, > DIV@BOLI TFQE GRPQ QTL C>QQV >@FA @E>FKP (F97EB5 2.23). 4EB QEFOA ?FKAFKD PFQB LK QEB
DIV@BOLI FP Q>HBK RM ?V QEB MELPME>QB DOLRM, TEF@E FK QROK FP >QQ>@EBA QL > MLI>O mEB>An OBDFLK LC QEB JLIB@RIB. 2B@>II QE>Q
QOFDIV@BOFABP >OB KLKMLI>O >KA EVAOLMEL?F@. 4EFP PQFII ELIAP CLO QEB C>QQV >@FA MLOQFLK LC > MELPMELIFMFA @LJMLRKA. (LTBSBO,
QEB MELPME>QB-@LKQ>FKFKD DOLRM >Q QEB EB>A LC QEB @LJMLRKA FP MLI>O >KA QEBOB?V EVAOLMEFIF@. )K LQEBO TLOAP, LKB BKA LC
QEB JLIB@RIB @>K FKQBO>@Q TFQE LFI, >KA QEB LQEBO BKA TFQE T>QBO. 4EFP J>HBP MELPMELIFMFAP FAB>I BJRIPFCFBOP, @LJMLRKAP
QE>Q EBIM AFPMBOPB C>QP FK >NRBLRP IFNRFAP, >KA BK>?IBP QEBJ QL FKQBO>@Q TFQE ?LQE QEB T>QBOV FKQBOFLO LC @BIIP >KA QEB T>QBOV
PLIRQFLK LRQPFAB LC @BIIP >P @LJMLKBKQP LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB.
F<:HE8 2.23 (G;8E "@CBEG4AG %<C<7F (8) -?FJG?FC@G@;J 8I< :FDGFJ<; F= KNF =8KKP 8:@;J, >CP:<IFC, 8E; 8 G?FJG?8K<
>IFLG. (9) 0K<IFCJ 8I< I@E>-J?8G<; C@G@;J. 0?FNE ?<I< @J :?FC<JK<IFC. (:) -IFJK8>C8E;@EJ 8I< ;<I@M<; =IFD LEJ8KLI8K<;
=8KKP 8:@;J. -IFJK8>C8E;@E "2 (-$"2) @E:CL;<J ?P;IFOPC 8E; :8I9FOPC >IFLGJ.
,G8EB<7F
! CD5B?94 @LJMLRKA (OBCBOOBA QL >P > PQBOLI) E>P >P FQP CLRKA>QFLK > PBQ LC CLRO EVAOL@>O?LK OFKDP ?LKABA QL > S>OFBQV LC
LQEBO >QLJP >KA JLIB@RIBP (PBB F97EB5 2.232). !IQELRDE ?LQE MI>KQP >KA >KFJ>IP PVKQEBPFWB PQBOLIP, QEB QVMB QE>Q J>HBP QEB
JLPQ FJMLOQ>KQ @LKQOF?RQFLK QL ERJ>K PQOR@QROB >KA CRK@QFLK FP @ELIBPQBOLI, TEF@E FP PVKQEBPFWBA ?V QEB IFSBO FK ERJ>KP >KA
>KFJ>IP >KA FP >IPL MOBPBKQ FK JLPQ >KFJ>I-?>PBA CLLAP. ,FHB LQEBO IFMFAP, @ELIBPQBOLIlP EVAOL@>O?LKP J>HB FQ EVAOLMEL?F@;
72 %A-1"/ 2 R 1%" %"*&A) )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
ELTBSBO, FQ E>P > MLI>O EVAOLUVI EB>A QE>Q FP EVAOLMEFIF@. #ELIBPQBOLI FP >K FJMLOQ>KQ @LJMLKBKQ LC ?FIB >@FAP, @LJMLRKAP
QE>Q EBIM BJRIPFCV AFBQ>OV C>QP. )K C>@Q, QEB TLOA OLLQ @ELIB- OBCBOP QL ?FIB. #ELIBPQBOLI FP >IPL > ?RFIAFKD ?IL@H LC J>KV
ELOJLKBP, PFDK>IFKD JLIB@RIBP QE>Q QEB ?LAV OBIB>PBP QL OBDRI>QB MOL@BPPBP >Q AFPQ>KQ PFQBP. &FK>IIV, IFHB MELPMELIFMFAP,
@ELIBPQBOLI JLIB@RIBP >OB CLRKA FK QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB, TEBOB QEBFO EVAOLMEL?F@ >KA EVAOLMEFIF@ OBDFLKP EBIM OBDRI>QB QEB
CILT LC PR?PQ>K@BP FKQL >KA LRQ LC QEB @BII.
)EBFG4:?4A7<AF
,FHB > ELOJLKB, > @B?CD17<1>49> FP LKB LC > DOLRM LC PFDK>IFKD JLIB@RIBP, ?RQ MOLPQ>DI>KAFKP >OB ABOFSBA COLJ RKP>QRO>QBA
C>QQV >@FAP (PBB F97EB5 2.233). /KB OB>PLK QE>Q QEB LJBD>-3 C>QQV >@FAP CLRKA FK CFPE >OB ?BKBCF@F>I FP QE>Q QEBV PQFJRI>QB
QEB MOLAR@QFLK LC @BOQ>FK MOLPQ>DI>KAFKP QE>Q EBIM OBDRI>QB >PMB@QP LC ?ILLA MOBPPROB >KA FKCI>JJ>QFLK, >KA QEBOB?V OBAR@B
QEB OFPH CLO EB>OQ AFPB>PB. 0OLPQ>DI>KAFKP >IPL PBKPFQFWB KBOSBP QL M>FK. /KB @I>PP LC M>FK-OBIFBSFKD JBAF@>QFLKP @>IIBA
KLKPQBOLFA>I >KQF-FKCI>JJ>QLOV AORDP (.3!)$P) TLOHP ?V OBAR@FKD QEB BCCB@QP LC MOLPQ>DI>KAFKP.
)EBG8<AF
9LR JFDEQ >PPL@F>QB MOLQBFKP TFQE JRP@IB QFPPRB, ?RQ FK C>@Q, MOLQBFKP >OB @OFQF@>I @LJMLKBKQP LC >II QFPPRBP >KA LOD>KP.
! @B?D59> FP >K LOD>KF@ JLIB@RIB @LJMLPBA LC >JFKL >@FAP IFKHBA ?V MBMQFAB ?LKAP. 0OLQBFKP FK@IRAB QEB HBO>QFK FK QEB
BMFABOJFP LC PHFK QE>Q MOLQB@QP RKABOIVFKD QFPPRBP, QEB @LII>DBK CLRKA FK QEB ABOJFP LC PHFK, FK ?LKBP, >KA FK QEB JBKFKDBP
QE>Q @LSBO QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA. 0OLQBFKP >OB >IPL @LJMLKBKQP LC J>KV LC QEB ?LAVlP CRK@QFLK>I @EBJF@>IP, FK@IRAFKD
AFDBPQFSB BKWVJBP FK QEB AFDBPQFSB QO>@Q, >KQF?LAFBP, QEB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBOP QE>Q KBROLKP RPB QL @LJJRKF@>QB TFQE LQEBO @BIIP,
>KA QEB MBMQFAB-?>PBA ELOJLKBP QE>Q OBDRI>QB @BOQ>FK ?LAV CRK@QFLKP (CLO FKPQ>K@B, DOLTQE ELOJLKB). 7EFIB @>O?LEVAO>QBP
>KA IFMFAP >OB @LJMLPBA LC EVAOL@>O?LKP >KA LUVDBK, >II MOLQBFKP >IPL @LKQ>FK KFQOLDBK (.), >KA J>KV @LKQ>FK PRICRO (3),
FK >AAFQFLK QL @>O?LK, EVAOLDBK, >KA LUVDBK.
&<6EBFGEH6GHE8 B9 )EBG8<AF
0OLQBFKP >OB MLIVJBOP J>AB RM LC KFQOLDBK-@LKQ>FKFKD JLKLJBOP @>IIBA >JFKL >@FAP. !K 1=9>? 1394 FP > JLIB@RIB
@LJMLPBA LC >K >JFKL DOLRM >KA > @>O?LUVI DOLRM, QLDBQEBO TFQE > S>OF>?IB PFAB @E>FK. *RPQ 20 AFCCBOBKQ >JFKL >@FAP
@LKQOF?RQB QL KB>OIV >II LC QEB QELRP>KAP LC AFCCBOBKQ MOLQBFKP FJMLOQ>KQ FK ERJ>K PQOR@QROB >KA CRK@QFLK. "LAV MOLQBFKP
@LKQ>FK > RKFNRB @LJ?FK>QFLK LC > CBT ALWBK QL > CBT ERKAOBA LC QEBPB 20 >JFKL >@FA JLKLJBOP. !II 20 LC QEBPB >JFKL
>@FAP PE>OB > PFJFI>O PQOR@QROB (F97EB5 2.24). !II @LKPFPQ LC > @BKQO>I @>O?LK >QLJ QL TEF@E QEB CLIILTFKD >OB ?LKABA:
c > EVAOLDBK >QLJ
c >K >IH>IFKB (?>PF@) >JFKL DOLRM .(
2
(PBB *12<5 2.1)
c >K >@FAF@ @>O?LUVI DOLRM #//( (PBB *12<5 2.1)
c > S>OF>?IB DOLRM
F<:HE8 2.24 ,GEH6GHE8 B9 4A A@<AB A6<7
.LQF@B QE>Q >II >JFKL >@FAP @LKQ>FK ?LQE >K >@FA (QEB @>O?LUVI DOLRM) >KA > ?>PB (QEB >JFKL DOLRM) (>JFKB = mKFQOLDBK-
@LKQ>FKFKDn). &LO QEFP OB>PLK, QEBV J>HB BU@BIIBKQ ?RCCBOP, EBIMFKD QEB ?LAV OBDRI>QB >@FAi?>PB ?>I>K@B. 7E>Q AFPQFKDRFPEBP
QEB 20 >JFKL >@FAP COLJ LKB >KLQEBO FP QEBFO S>OF>?IB DOLRM, TEF@E FP OBCBOOBA QL >P > PFAB @E>FK LO >K 2-DOLRM. 4EFP DOLRM
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). 4EFP EVAOLIVPFP OB>@QFLK @>K ?B TOFQQBK:
ATP + H
2
O ADP + P
i
+ energy
2BJLS>I LC > PB@LKA MELPME>QB IB>SBP >ABKLPFKB JLKLMELPME>QB (!-0) >KA QTL MELPME>QB DOLRMP. !D>FK, QEBPB
OB>@QFLKP >IPL IF?BO>QB QEB BKBODV QE>Q E>A ?BBK PQLOBA FK QEB MELPME>QB-MELPME>QB ?LKAP. 4EBV >OB OBSBOPF?IB, QLL, >P TEBK
!$0 RKABODLBP MELPMELOVI>QFLK. &8?C@8?BI<1D9?> FP QEB >AAFQFLK LC > MELPME>QB DOLRM QL >K LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKA, FK QEFP
@>PB, OBPRIQFKD FK !40. )K PR@E @>PBP, QEB P>JB IBSBI LC BKBODV QE>Q E>A ?BBK OBIB>PBA AROFKD EVAOLIVPFP JRPQ ?B OBFKSBPQBA
QL MLTBO ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP.
#BIIP @>K >IPL QO>KPCBO > MELPME>QB DOLRM COLJ !40 QL >KLQEBO LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKA. &LO BU>JMIB, TEBK DIR@LPB CFOPQ
BKQBOP > @BII, > MELPME>QB DOLRM FP QO>KPCBOOBA COLJ !40, CLOJFKD DIR@LPB MELPME>QB (#
6
(
12
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FP MELPMELOVI>QBA FK QEFP T>V, FQ @>K ?B PQLOBA >P DIV@LDBK LO JBQ>?LIFWBA CLO FJJBAF>QB BKBODV.
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6;8@<64? 8A8E:L
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6BI4?8AG 5BA7
786B@CBF<G<BA E846G<BA
78A4GHE4G<BA
78BKLE<5BAH6?8<6 46<7 (D'A)
7<F466;4E<78
7<FH?9<78 5BA7
8?86GEBA F;8??
8?86GEBA
8?8@8AG
8AML@8
8K6;4A:8 E846G<BA
$E2 -E+&,
@LJMLRKA QE>Q OBIB>PBP EVAOLDBK FLKP ((
+
) FK PLIRQFLK
>JLRKQ LC BKBODV DOB>QBO QE>K QEB BKBODV @LKQ>FKBA FK QEB OB>@Q>KQP, TEF@E JRPQ ?B LSBO@LJB CLO >
OB>@QFLK QL MOL@BBA
KR@IBLQFAB @LKQ>FKFKD OF?LPB >KA >K >ABKFKB ?>PB QE>Q FP BPPBKQF>I FK BKBODV QO>KPCBO
?RFIAFKD ?IL@H LC MOLQBFKP; @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V >K >JFKL >KA @>O?LUVI CRK@QFLK>I DOLRMP >KA > S>OF>?IB PFAB-
@E>FK
>QLJ TFQE > KBD>QFSB @E>ODB
PJ>IIBPQ RKFQ LC >K BIBJBKQ QE>Q OBQ>FKP QEB RKFNRB MOLMBOQFBP LC QE>Q BIBJBKQ
KRJ?BO LC MOLQLKP FK QEB KR@IBRP LC >K >QLJ
@LJMLRKA QE>Q >@@BMQP EVAOLDBK FLKP ((
+
) FK PLIRQFLK
BIB@QOF@>I CLO@B IFKHFKD >QLJP
PLIRQFLK @LKQ>FKFKD > TB>H >@FA LO > TB>H ?>PB QE>Q LMMLPBP TFAB CIR@QR>QFLKP FK QEB M( LC ?LAV CIRFAP
@I>PP LC LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKAP ?RFIQ COLJ PRD>OP, JLIB@RIBP @LKQ>FKFKD @>O?LK, EVAOLDBK, >KA LUVDBK FK >
1-2-1 O>QFL
PR?PQ>K@B QE>Q FK@OB>PBP QEB O>QB LC > @EBJF@>I OB>@QFLK TFQELRQ FQPBIC ?BFKD @E>KDBA FK QEB MOL@BPP
>QLJ TFQE > MLPFQFSB @E>ODB
CLOJ LC BKBODV QE>Q FP >?PLO?BA >P @EBJF@>I ?LKAP CLOJ, PQLOBA >P QEBV >OB J>FKQ>FKBA, >KA OBIB>PBA
>P QEBV >OB ?OLHBK
IFNRFA JFUQROB FK TEF@E QEB PLIRQB M>OQF@IBP @LKPFPQ LC @IRJMP LC JLIB@RIBP I>ODB BKLRDE QL P@>QQBO IFDEQ
PR?PQ>K@B @LJMLPBA LC QTL LO JLOB AFCCBOBKQ BIBJBKQP GLFKBA ?V @EBJF@>I ?LKAP
KRJ?BO LC M>OQF@IBP TFQEFK > DFSBK PM>@B
@EBJF@>I ?LKA FK TEF@E QTL >QLJP PE>OB BIB@QOLKP, QEBOB?V @LJMIBQFKD QEBFO S>IBK@B PEBIIP
QVMB LC @>Q>?LIF@ OB>@QFLK FK TEF@E LKB LO JLOB ?LKAP TFQEFK > I>ODBO JLIB@RIB >OB ?OLHBK,
OBPRIQFKD FK QEB OBIB>PB LC PJ>IIBO JLIB@RIBP LO >QLJP
@E>KDB FK QEB PQOR@QROB LC > JLIB@RIB QEOLRDE MEVPF@>I LO @EBJF@>I JB>KP
ABLUVOF?LPB-@LKQ>FKFKD KR@IBLQFAB QE>Q PQLOBP DBKBQF@ FKCLOJ>QFLK
M>FO LC @>O?LEVAO>QB JLKLJBOP ?LKABA ?V ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP SF> > DIV@LPFAF@ ?LKA
@LS>IBKQ ?LKA CLOJBA TFQEFK > MLIVMBMQFAB ?BQTBBK PRICFAB DOLRMP LC PRICRO-@LKQ>FKFKD >JFKL >@FAP,
CLO BU>JMIB, @VPQBFKB
>OB> LC PM>@B > DFSBK AFPQ>K@B COLJ >K >QLJlP KR@IBRP FK TEF@E BIB@QOLKP >OB DOLRMBA
PR?>QLJF@ M>OQF@IB E>SFKD > KBD>QFSB @E>ODB >KA KB>OIV KL J>PP; CLRKA LO?FQFKD QEB >QLJlP KR@IBRP
PR?PQ>K@B QE>Q @>KKLQ ?B @OB>QBA LO ?OLHBK ALTK ?V LOAFK>OV @EBJF@>I JB>KP
MOLQBFK LO 2.! QE>Q @>Q>IVWBP @EBJF@>I OB>@QFLKP
QVMB LC @EBJF@>I OB>@QFLK FK TEF@E ?LKAP >OB ?LQE CLOJBA >KA ?OLHBK, OBPRIQFKD FK QEB QO>KPCBO LC
@LJMLKBKQP
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;L7EB:8A 5BA7
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DOLRM LC >QLJP IFKHBA ?V PQOLKD @LS>IBKQ ?LKAP QE>Q QBKAP QL ?BE>SB >P > AFPQFK@Q RKFQ FK @EBJF@>I
OB>@QFLKP TFQE LQEBO >QLJP
AFMLIB-AFMLIB ?LKA FK TEF@E > EVAOLDBK >QLJ @LS>IBKQIV ?LKABA QL >K BIB@QOLKBD>QFSB >QLJ FP TB>HIV
>QQO>@QBA QL > PB@LKA BIB@QOLKBD>QFSB >QLJ
PR?PQ>K@B QE>Q ALBP KLQ @LKQ>FK ?LQE @>O?LK >KA EVAOLDBK
>QQO>@QFLK ?BQTBBK >K >KFLK >KA > @>QFLK
>QLJ TFQE >K LSBO>II MLPFQFSB LO KBD>QFSB @E>ODB
LKB LC QEB S>OF>QFLKP LC >K BIBJBKQ FK TEF@E QEB KRJ?BO LC KBRQOLKP AFCCBO COLJ B>@E LQEBO
BKBODV QE>Q J>QQBO MLPPBPPBP ?B@>RPB LC FQP JLQFLK
@I>PP LC KLKMLI>O LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKAP ?RFIQ COLJ EVAOL@>O?LKP >KA AFPQFKDRFPEBA ?V QEB C>@Q QE>Q QEBV >OB KLQ
PLIR?IB FK T>QBO
I>ODB JLIB@RIB CLOJBA ?V @LS>IBKQ ?LKAFKD
PRJ LC QEB KRJ?BO LC MOLQLKP >KA KBRQOLKP FK QEB KR@IBRP LC >K >QLJ
MEVPF@>I PR?PQ>K@B; QE>Q TEF@E L@@RMFBP PM>@B >KA E>P J>PP
QTL LO JLOB >QLJP @LS>IBKQIV ?LKABA QLDBQEBO
JLKLJBO LC @>O?LEVAO>QB; >IPL HKLTK >P > PFJMIB PRD>O
EB>SV PR?>QLJF@ M>OQF@IB E>SFKD KL BIB@QOF@>I @E>ODB >KA CLRKA FK QEB >QLJlP KR@IBRP
@I>PP LC LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKAP @LJMLPBA LC LKB LO JLOB MELPME>QB DOLRMP, > MBKQLPB PRD>O, >KA > ?>PB
PR?PQ>K@B QE>Q @LKQ>FKP ?LQE @>O?LK >KA EVAOLDBK
KBD>QFSB ILD>OFQEJ LC QEB EVAOLDBK FLK ((
+
) @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC > PLIRQFLK
@LS>IBKQ ?LKA CLOJBA ?V ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP ?BQTBBK QTL >JFKL >@FAP
>OO>KDBJBKQ LC QEB BIBJBKQP FK > Q>?IB >@@LOAFKD QL QEBFO >QLJF@ KRJ?BO; BIBJBKQP
E>SFKD PFJFI>O MOLMBOQFBP ?B@>RPB LC QEBFO BIB@QOLK >OO>KDBJBKQP @LJMLPB @LIRJKP FK QEB Q>?IB, TEFIB BIBJBKQP
E>SFKD QEB P>JB KRJ?BO LC S>IBK@B PEBIIP @LJMLPB OLTP FK QEB Q>?IB
> IFMFA @LJMLRKA FK TEF@E > MELPME>QB DOLRM FP @LJ?FKBA TFQE > AFDIV@BOFAB
>AAFQFLK LC LKB LO JLOB MELPME>QB DOLRMP QL >K LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKA
JLIB@RIB TFQE OBDFLKP QE>Q E>SB LMMLPFQB @E>ODBP OBPRIQFKD COLJ RKBSBK KRJ?BOP LC BIB@QOLKP FK QEB
KR@IBF LC QEB >QLJP M>OQF@FM>QFKD FK QEB @LS>IBKQ ?LKA
@LJMLRKA @LKPFPQFKD LC JLOB QE>K QTL @>O?LEVAO>QB JLKLJBOP ?LKABA ?V ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP SF>
DIV@LPFAF@ ?LKAP
PQLOBA BKBODV J>QQBO MLPPBPPBP ?B@>RPB LC QEB MLPFQFLKFKD LO PQOR@QROB LC FQP @LJMLKBKQP
LKB LO JLOB PR?PQ>K@BP MOLAR@BA ?V > @EBJF@>I OB>@QFLK
IFMFA @LJMLRKA ABOFSBA COLJ C>QQV >@FA @E>FKP >KA FJMLOQ>KQ FK OBDRI>QFKD PBSBO>I ?LAV MOL@BPPBP
@I>PP LC LOD>KF@ @LJMLRKAP QE>Q >OB @LJMLPBA LC J>KV >JFKL >@FAP IFKHBA QLDBQEBO ?V MBMQFAB ?LKAP
EB>SV PR?>QLJF@ M>OQF@IB E>SFKD > MLPFQFSB @E>ODB >KA CLRKA FK QEB >QLJlP KR@IBRP
KFQOLDBK-@LKQ>FKFKD ?>PB TFQE > ALR?IB OFKD PQOR@QROB; >ABKFKB >KA DR>KFKB
KFQOLDBK-@LKQ>FKFKD ?>PB TFQE > PFKDIB OFKD PQOR@QROB; @VQLPFKB, QEF>JFKB, >KA RO>@FI
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I4?8A68 F;8??
RKPQ>?IB, EB>SV FPLQLMB QE>Q DFSBP LCC PR?>QLJF@ M>OQF@IBP, LO BIB@QOLJ>DKBQF@ BKBODV, >P FQ AB@>VP;
>IPL @>IIBA O>AFLFPLQLMBP
LKB LO JLOB PR?PQ>K@BP QE>Q BKQBO FKQL QEB OB>@QFLK
OF?LPB-@LKQ>FKFKD KR@IBLQFAB QE>Q EBIMP J>KFCBPQ QEB DBKBQF@ @LAB >P MOLQBFK
ELJLDBKBLRP IFNRFA JFUQROB FK TEF@E > PLIRQB FP AFPPLISBA FKQL JLIB@RIBP TFQEFK > PLISBKQ
(>IPL, PQBOLI) IFMFA @LJMLRKA @LJMLPBA LC CLRO EVAOL@>O?LK OFKDP ?LKABA QL > S>OFBQV LC LQEBO >QLJP >KA
JLIB@RIBP
OB>@Q>KQ FK >K BKWVJ>QF@ OB>@QFLK
IFNRFA JFUQROB FK TEF@E M>OQF@IBP AFPQOF?RQBA FK QEB IFNRFA PBQQIB LRQ LSBO QFJB
QVMB LC >K>?LIF@ OB>@QFLK FK TEF@E QTL LO JLOB >QLJP LO JLIB@RIBP ?LKA, OBPRIQFKD FK QEB
CLOJ>QFLK LC > I>ODBO JLIB@RIB
IFMFA @LJMLRKA @LJMLPBA LC > DIV@BOLI JLIB@RIB ?LKABA TFQE QEOBB C>QQV >@FA @E>FKP
LRQBOJLPQ BIB@QOLK PEBII LC >K >QLJ
C!A)-E+ +E/"E0
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4EB ERJ>K ?LAV FP @LJMLPBA LC BIBJBKQP, QEB JLPQ >?RKA>KQ LC TEF@E >OB LUVDBK (/), @>O?LK (#), EVAOLDBK (() >KA
KFQOLDBK (.). 9LR L?Q>FK QEBPB BIBJBKQP COLJ QEB CLLAP VLR B>Q >KA QEB >FO VLR ?OB>QEB. 4EB PJ>IIBPQ RKFQ LC >K BIBJBKQ QE>Q
OBQ>FKP >II LC QEB MOLMBOQFBP LC QE>Q BIBJBKQ FP >K >QLJ. "RQ, >QLJP QEBJPBISBP @LKQ>FK J>KV PR?>QLJF@ M>OQF@IBP, QEB QEOBB
JLPQ FJMLOQ>KQ LC TEF@E >OB MOLQLKP, KBRQOLKP, >KA BIB@QOLKP. 4EBPB M>OQF@IBP AL KLQ S>OV FK NR>IFQV COLJ LKB BIBJBKQ QL
>KLQEBO; O>QEBO, TE>Q DFSBP >K BIBJBKQ FQP AFPQFK@QFSB FABKQFCF@>QFLK FP QEB NR>KQFQV LC FQP MOLQLKP, @>IIBA FQP >QLJF@ KRJ?BO.
0OLQLKP >KA KBRQOLKP @LKQOF?RQB KB>OIV >II LC >K >QLJlP J>PP; QEB KRJ?BO LC MOLQLKP >KA KBRQOLKP FP >K BIBJBKQlP J>PP
KRJ?BO. (B>SFBO >KA IFDEQBO SBOPFLKP LC QEB P>JB BIBJBKQ @>K L@@RO FK K>QROB ?B@>RPB QEBPB SBOPFLKP E>SB AFCCBOBKQ KRJ?BOP
LC KBRQOLKP. $FCCBOBKQ SBOPFLKP LC >K BIBJBKQ >OB @>IIBA FPLQLMBP.
4EB QBKABK@V LC >K >QLJ QL ?B PQ>?IB LO QL OB>@Q OB>AFIV TFQE LQEBO >QLJP FP I>ODBIV ARB QL QEB ?BE>SFLO LC QEB BIB@QOLKP
TFQEFK QEB >QLJlP LRQBOJLPQ BIB@QOLK PEBII, @>IIBA FQP S>IBK@B PEBII. (BIFRJ, >P TBII >P I>ODBO >QLJP TFQE BFDEQ BIB@QOLKP FK
QEBFO S>IBK@B PEBII, FP RKIFHBIV QL M>OQF@FM>QB FK @EBJF@>I OB>@QFLKP ?B@>RPB QEBV >OB PQ>?IB. !II LQEBO >QLJP QBKA QL >@@BMQ,
ALK>QB, LO PE>OB BIB@QOLKP FK > MOL@BPP QE>Q ?OFKDP QEB BIB@QOLKP FK QEBFO S>IBK@B PEBII QL BFDEQ (LO FK QEB @>PB LC EVAOLDBK, QL
QTL).
2.2 C;8@<64? BBA7F
%>@E JLJBKQ LC IFCB, >QLJP LC LUVDBK, @>O?LK, EVAOLDBK, >KA QEB LQEBO BIBJBKQP LC QEB ERJ>K ?LAV >OB J>HFKD >KA
?OB>HFKD @EBJF@>I ?LKAP. )LKP >OB @E>ODBA >QLJP QE>Q CLOJ TEBK >K >QLJ ALK>QBP LO >@@BMQP LKB LO JLOB KBD>QFSBIV @E>ODBA
BIB@QOLKP. #>QFLKP (FLKP TFQE > MLPFQFSB @E>ODB) >OB >QQO>@QBA QL >KFLKP (FLKP TFQE > KBD>QFSB @E>ODB). 4EFP >QQO>@QFLK FP @>IIBA
>K FLKF@ ?LKA. )K @LS>IBKQ ?LKAP, QEB M>OQF@FM>QFKD >QLJP AL KLQ ILPB LO D>FK BIB@QOLKP, ?RQ O>QEBO PE>OB QEBJ. -LIB@RIBP
TFQE KLKMLI>O @LS>IBKQ ?LKAP >OB BIB@QOF@>IIV ?>I>K@BA, >KA E>SB > IFKB>O QEOBB-AFJBKPFLK>I PE>MB. -LIB@RIBP TFQE MLI>O
@LS>IBKQ ?LKAP E>SB mMLIBPnjOBDFLKP LC TB>HIV MLPFQFSB >KA KBD>QFSB @E>ODBj>KA E>SB > QOF>KDRI>O QEOBB-AFJBKPFLK>I
PE>MB. !K >QLJ LC LUVDBK >KA QTL >QLJP LC EVAOLDBK CLOJ T>QBO JLIB@RIBP ?V JB>KP LC MLI>O @LS>IBKQ ?LKAP. (VAOLDBK
?LKAP IFKH EVAOLDBK >QLJP >IOB>AV M>OQF@FM>QFKD FK MLI>O @LS>IBKQ ?LKAP QL >KFLKP LO BIB@QOLKBD>QFSB OBDFLKP LC LQEBO MLI>O
JLIB@RIBP. (VAOLDBK ?LKAP IFKH T>QBO JLIB@RIBP, OBPRIQFKD FK QEB MOLMBOQFBP LC T>QBO QE>Q >OB FJMLOQ>KQ QL IFSFKD QEFKDP.
2.3 C;8@<64? +846G<BAF
#EBJF@>I OB>@QFLKP, FK TEF@E @EBJF@>I ?LKAP >OB ?OLHBK >KA CLOJBA, OBNRFOB >K FKFQF>I FKSBPQJBKQ LC BKBODV. +FKBQF@ BKBODV,
QEB BKBODV LC J>QQBO FK JLQFLK, CRBIP QEB @LIIFPFLKP LC >QLJP, FLKP, >KA JLIB@RIBP QE>Q >OB KB@BPP>OV FC QEBFO LIA ?LKAP >OB QL
?OB>H >KA KBT LKBP QL CLOJ. !II JLIB@RIBP PQLOB MLQBKQF>I BKBODV, TEF@E FP OBIB>PBA TEBK QEBFO ?LKAP >OB ?OLHBK.
&LRO CLOJP LC BKBODV BPPBKQF>I QL ERJ>K CRK@QFLKFKD >OB: @EBJF@>I BKBODV, TEF@E FP PQLOBA >KA OBIB>PBA >P @EBJF@>I
?LKAP >OB CLOJBA >KA ?OLHBK; JB@E>KF@>I BKBODV, TEF@E AFOB@QIV MLTBOP MEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV; O>AF>KQ BKBODV, BJFQQBA >P T>SBP
PR@E >P FK PRKIFDEQ; >KA BIB@QOF@>I BKBODV, QEB MLTBO LC JLSFKD BIB@QOLKP.
#EBJF@>I OB>@QFLKP ?BDFK TFQE OB>@Q>KQP >KA BKA TFQE MOLAR@QP. 3VKQEBPFP OB>@QFLKP ?LKA OB>@Q>KQP QLDBQEBO, > MOL@BPP
QE>Q OBNRFOBP BKBODV, TEBOB>P AB@LJMLPFQFLK OB>@QFLKP ?OB>H QEB ?LKAP TFQEFK > OB>@Q>KQ >KA QEBOB?V OBIB>PB BKBODV. )K
BU@E>KDB OB>@QFLKP, ?LKAP >OB ?LQE ?OLHBK >KA CLOJBA, >KA BKBODV FP BU@E>KDBA.
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1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
4EB O>QB >Q TEF@E @EBJF@>I OB>@QFLKP L@@RO FP FKCIRBK@BA ?V PBSBO>I MOLMBOQFBP LC QEB OB>@Q>KQP: QBJMBO>QROB,
@LK@BKQO>QFLK >KA MOBPPROB, >KA QEB MOBPBK@B LO >?PBK@B LC > @>Q>IVPQ. !K BKWVJB FP > @>Q>IVQF@ MOLQBFK QE>Q PMBBAP RM
@EBJF@>I OB>@QFLKP FK QEB ERJ>K ?LAV.
2.4 "ABE:4A<6 CB@CBHA7F EFF8AG<4? GB !H@4A FHA6G<BA<A:
)KLOD>KF@ @LJMLRKAP BPPBKQF>I QL ERJ>K CRK@QFLKFKD FK@IRAB T>QBO, P>IQP, >@FAP, >KA ?>PBP. 4EBPB @LJMLRKAP >OB FKLOD>KF@;
QE>Q FP, QEBV AL KLQ @LKQ>FK ?LQE EVAOLDBK >KA @>O?LK. 7>QBO FP > IR?OF@>KQ >KA @RPEFLK, > EB>Q PFKH, > @LJMLKBKQ LC IFNRFA
JFUQROBP, > ?VMOLAR@Q LC ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP OB>@QFLKP, >KA > OB>@Q>KQ FK EVAOLIVPFP OB>@QFLKP. 3>IQP >OB @LJMLRKAP QE>Q,
TEBK AFPPLISBA FK T>QBO, AFPPL@F>QB FKQL FLKP LQEBO QE>K (
+
LO /(
i
. )K @LKQO>PQ, >@FAP OBIB>PB (
+
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>@FAF@. ">PBP >@@BMQ (
+
, QEBOB?V J>HFKD QEB PLIRQFLK JLOB >IH>IFKB (@>RPQF@).
4EB M( LC >KV PLIRQFLK FP FQP OBI>QFSB @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC (
+
. ! PLIRQFLK TFQE M( 7 FP KBRQO>I. 3LIRQFLKP TFQE M( ?BILT 7
>OB >@FAP, >KA PLIRQFLKP TFQE M( >?LSB 7 >OB ?>PBP. ! @E>KDB FK > PFKDIB AFDFQ LK QEB M( P@>IB (B.D., COLJ 7 QL 8) OBMOBPBKQP
> QBK-CLIA FK@OB>PB LO AB@OB>PB FK QEB @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC (
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MBOCRJB TBOB PMO>VBA, QEB P@BKQ JLIB@RIBP TLRIA K>QRO>IIV AFCCRPB COLJ QEB PMLQ TEBOB QEBV IBCQ QEB ?LQQIB QL >II @LOKBOP LC
QEB ?>QEOLLJ, >KA QEFP AFCCRPFLK TLRIA DL LK RKQFI KL JLOB @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ OBJ>FKP. !KLQEBO BU>JMIB FP > PMLLKCRI
LC PRD>O MI>@BA FK > @RM LC QB>. %SBKQR>IIV QEB PRD>O TFII AFCCRPB QEOLRDELRQ QEB QB> RKQFI KL @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ OBJ>FKP.
)K ?LQE @>PBP, FC QEB OLLJ FP T>OJBO LO QEB QB> ELQQBO, AFCCRPFLK L@@ROP BSBK C>PQBO >P QEB JLIB@RIBP >OB ?RJMFKD FKQL B>@E
LQEBO >KA PMOB>AFKD LRQ C>PQBO QE>K >Q @LLIBO QBJMBO>QROBP. (>SFKD >K FKQBOK>I ?LAV QBJMBO>QROB >OLRKA 98.6
Z
& QERP >IPL
>FAP FK AFCCRPFLK LC M>OQF@IBP TFQEFK QEB ?LAV.
6FPFQ QEFP <9>; (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</4966EC9?>) QL PBB AFCCRPFLK >KA ELT FQ FP MOLMBIIBA ?V QEB HFKBQF@ BKBODV
LC JLIB@RIBP FK PLIRQFLK. (LT ALBP QBJMBO>QROB >CCB@Q AFCCRPFLK O>QB, >KA TEV?
7EBKBSBO > PR?PQ>K@B BUFPQP FK DOB>QBO @LK@BKQO>QFLK LK LKB PFAB LC > PBJFMBOJB>?IB JBJ?O>KB, PR@E >P QEB @BII
JBJ?O>KBP, >KV PR?PQ>K@B QE>Q @>K JLSB ALTK FQP @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ >@OLPP QEB JBJ?O>KB TFII AL PL. #LKPFABO
PR?PQ>K@BP QE>Q @>K B>PFIV AFCCRPB QEOLRDE QEB IFMFA ?FI>VBO LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB, PR@E >P QEB D>PBP LUVDBK (/
2
) >KA #/
2
. /
2
DBKBO>IIV AFCCRPBP FKQL @BIIP ?B@>RPB FQ FP JLOB @LK@BKQO>QBA LRQPFAB LC QEBJ, >KA #/
2
QVMF@>IIV AFCCRPBP LRQ LC @BIIP ?B@>RPB
FQ FP JLOB @LK@BKQO>QBA FKPFAB LC QEBJ. .BFQEBO LC QEBPB BU>JMIBP OBNRFOBP >KV BKBODV LK QEB M>OQ LC QEB @BII, >KA QEBOBCLOB
QEBV RPB M>PPFSB QO>KPMLOQ QL JLSB >@OLPP QEB JBJ?O>KB.
"BCLOB JLSFKD LK, VLR KBBA QL OBSFBT QEB D>PBP QE>Q @>K AFCCRPB >@OLPP > @BII JBJ?O>KB. "B@>RPB @BIIP O>MFAIV RPB RM
LUVDBK AROFKD JBQ>?LIFPJ, QEBOB FP QVMF@>IIV > ILTBO @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC /
2
FKPFAB QEB @BII QE>K LRQPFAB. !P > OBPRIQ, LUVDBK
TFII AFCCRPB COLJ QEB FKQBOPQFQF>I CIRFA AFOB@QIV QEOLRDE QEB IFMFA ?FI>VBO LC QEB JBJ?O>KB >KA FKQL QEB @VQLMI>PJ TFQEFK
QEB @BII. /K QEB LQEBO E>KA, ?B@>RPB @BIIP MOLAR@B #/
2
>P > ?VMOLAR@Q LC JBQ>?LIFPJ, #/
2
@LK@BKQO>QFLKP OFPB TFQEFK
QEB @VQLMI>PJ; QEBOBCLOB, #/
2
TFII JLSB COLJ QEB @BII QEOLRDE QEB IFMFA ?FI>VBO >KA FKQL QEB FKQBOPQFQF>I CIRFA, TEBOB FQP
@LK@BKQO>QFLK FP ILTBO. 4EFP JB@E>KFPJ LC JLIB@RIBP PMOB>AFKD COLJ TEBOB QEBV >OB JLOB @LK@BKQO>QBA QL TEBOB QEBV >OB
IBPP @LK@BKQO>QFLK FP > CLOJ LC M>PPFSB QO>KPMLOQ @>IIBA PFJMIB AFCCRPFLK (F97EB5 3.5).
F<:HE8 3.5 ,<@C?8 D<99HF<BA 46EBFF G;8 C8?? ()?4F@4) &8@5E4A8 1?< JKIL:KLI< F= K?< C@G@; 9@C8P<I 8CCFNJ FECP
JD8CC, EFE-GFC8I JL9JK8E:<J JL:? 8J FOP><E 8E; :8I9FE ;@FO@;< KF G8JJ K?IFL>? K?< :<CC D<D9I8E<, ;FNE K?<@I
:FE:<EKI8K@FE >I8;@<EK, 9P J@DGC< ;@==LJ@FE.
3LIRQBP AFPPLISBA FK T>QBO LK BFQEBO PFAB LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB TFII QBKA QL AFCCRPB ALTK QEBFO @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQP,
?RQ ?B@>RPB JLPQ PR?PQ>K@BP @>KKLQ M>PP COBBIV QEOLRDE QEB IFMFA ?FI>VBO LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB, QEBFO JLSBJBKQ FP OBPQOF@QBA
QL MOLQBFK @E>KKBIP >KA PMB@F>IFWBA QO>KPMLOQ JB@E>KFPJP FK QEB JBJ?O>KB. F139<9D1D54 4966EC9?> FP QEB AFCCRPFLK MOL@BPP
RPBA CLO QELPB PR?PQ>K@BP QE>Q @>KKLQ @OLPP QEB IFMFA ?FI>VBO ARB QL QEBFO PFWB >KA/LO MLI>OFQV (F97EB5 3.6). ! @LJJLK
BU>JMIB LC C>@FIFQ>QBA AFCCRPFLK FP QEB JLSBJBKQ LC DIR@LPB FKQL QEB @BII, TEBOB FQ FP RPBA QL J>HB !40. !IQELRDE DIR@LPB
@>K ?B JLOB @LK@BKQO>QBA LRQPFAB LC > @BII, FQ @>KKLQ @OLPP QEB IFMFA ?FI>VBO SF> PFJMIB AFCCRPFLK ?B@>RPB FQ FP ?LQE I>ODB >KA
MLI>O. 4L OBPLISB QEFP, > PMB@F>IFWBA @>OOFBO MOLQBFK @>IIBA QEB DIR@LPB QO>KPMLOQBO TFII QO>KPCBO DIR@LPB JLIB@RIBP FKQL QEB @BII
QL C>@FIFQ>QB FQP FKT>OA AFCCRPFLK.
%A-1"/ 3 R 1%" "))2)A/ )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+ 91
F<:HE8 3.6 F46<?<G4G87 D<99HF<BA (8) #8:@C@K8K<; ;@==LJ@FE F= JL9JK8E:<J :IFJJ@E> K?< :<CC (GC8JD8) D<D9I8E< K8B<J
GC8:< N@K? K?< ?<CG F= GIFK<@EJ JL:? 8J :?8EE<C GIFK<@EJ 8E; :8II@<I GIFK<@EJ. ?8EE<C GIFK<@EJ 8I< C<JJ J<C<:K@M< K?8E
:8II@<I GIFK<@EJ, 8E; LJL8CCP D@C;CP ;@J:I@D@E8K< 9<KN<<E K?<@I :8I>F 98J<; FE J@Q< 8E; :?8I><. (9) 8II@<I GIFK<@EJ 8I<
DFI< J<C<:K@M<, F=K<E FECP 8CCFN@E> FE< G8IK@:LC8I KPG< F= DFC<:LC< KF :IFJJ.
)K PLJB @>PBP, C>@FIFQ>QBA AFCCRPFLK JFDEQ JLSB QTL PR?PQ>K@BP FK QEB P>JB AFOB@QFLK >@OLPP QEB JBJ?O>KB, @>IIBA >
mPVJMLOQ.n &LO BU>JMIB, FK FKQBPQFK>I @BIIP, PLAFRJ FLKP >KA DIR@LPB JLIB@RIBP >OB @L-QO>KPMLOQBA FKQL QEB @BIIP. )K LQEBO
@>PBP, QEB C>@FIFQ>QBA AFCCRPFLK JFDEQ LKIV OBNRFOB > QRKKBI-IFHB @E>KKBI CLO M>OQF@RI>O PLIRQBP, PR@E >P BIB@QOLIVQBP (PJ>II
@E>ODBA FLKP), QL M>PP QEOLRDE QEB JBJ?O>KB (QEFP FP @>IIBA > mRKFMLOQn). !P >K BU>JMIB, BSBK QELRDE PLAFRJ FLKP (.>
+
)
>OB EFDEIV @LK@BKQO>QBA LRQPFAB LC @BIIP, QEBPB BIB@QOLIVQBP >OB MLI>OFWBA >KA @>KKLQ M>PP QEOLRDE QEB KLKMLI>O IFMFA ?FI>VBO
LC QEB JBJ?O>KB. 4EBFO AFCCRPFLK FP C>@FIFQ>QBA ?V JBJ?O>KB MOLQBFKP QE>Q CLOJ PLAFRJ @E>KKBIP (LO mMLOBPn), PL QE>Q .>
+
FLKP @>K JLSB ALTK QEBFO @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ COLJ LRQPFAB QEB @BIIP QL FKPFAB QEB @BIIP. 4EBOB >OB J>KV LQEBO PLIRQBP QE>Q
JRPQ RKABODL C>@FIFQ>QBA AFCCRPFLK QL JLSB FKQL > @BII, PR@E >P >JFKL >@FAP, LO QL JLSB LRQ LC > @BII, PR@E >P T>PQBP. "B@>RPB
C>@FIFQ>QBA AFCCRPFLK FP > M>PPFSB MOL@BPP, FQ ALBP KLQ OBNRFOB BKBODV BUMBKAFQROB ?V QEB @BII.
7>QBO >IPL @>K JLSB COBBIV >@OLPP QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB LC >II @BIIP, BFQEBO QEOLRDE MOLQBFK @E>KKBIP LO ?V PIFMMFKD
?BQTBBK QEB IFMFA Q>FIP LC QEB JBJ?O>KB FQPBIC. %C=?C9C FP QEB AFCCRPFLK LC T>QBO QEOLRDE > PBJFMBOJB>?IB JBJ?O>KB
(F97EB5 3.7).
F<:HE8 3.7 (F@BF<F ,JDFJ@J @J K?< ;@==LJ@FE F= N8K<I K?IFL>? 8 J<D@G<ID<89C< D<D9I8E< ;FNE @KJ :FE:<EKI8K@FE
>I8;@<EK. &= 8 D<D9I8E< @J G<ID<89C< KF N8K<I, K?FL>? EFK KF 8 JFCLK<, N8K<I N@CC <HL8C@Q< @KJ FNE :FE:<EKI8K@FE 9P
;@==LJ@E> KF K?< J@;< F= CFN<I N8K<I :FE:<EKI8K@FE (8E; K?LJ K?< J@;< F= ?@>?<I JFCLK< :FE:<EKI8K@FE). &E K?< 9<8B<I FE
K?< C<=K, K?< JFCLK@FE FE K?< I@>?K J@;< F= K?< D<D9I8E< @J ?PG<IKFE@:.
4EB JLSBJBKQ LC T>QBO JLIB@RIBP FP KLQ FQPBIC OBDRI>QBA ?V @BIIP, PL FQ FP FJMLOQ>KQ QE>Q @BIIP >OB BUMLPBA QL >K
BKSFOLKJBKQ FK TEF@E QEB @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC PLIRQBP LRQPFAB LC QEB @BIIP (FK QEB BUQO>@BIIRI>O CIRFA) FP BNR>I QL QEB @LK@BKQO>QFLK
92 %A-1"/ 3 R 1%" "))2)A/ )"3") ,# ,/$A+&7A1&,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
LC PLIRQBP FKPFAB QEB @BIIP (FK QEB @VQLMI>PJ). 4TL PLIRQFLKP QE>Q E>SB QEB P>JB @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC PLIRQBP >OB P>FA QL ?B
9C?D?>93 (BNR>I QBKPFLK). 7EBK @BIIP >KA QEBFO BUQO>@BIIRI>O BKSFOLKJBKQP >OB FPLQLKF@, QEB @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC T>QBO JLIB@RIBP
FP QEB P>JB LRQPFAB >KA FKPFAB QEB @BIIP, >KA QEB @BIIP J>FKQ>FK QEBFO KLOJ>I PE>MB (>KA CRK@QFLK).
/PJLPFP L@@ROP TEBK QEBOB FP >K FJ?>I>K@B LC PLIRQBP LRQPFAB LC > @BII SBOPRP FKPFAB QEB @BII. ! PLIRQFLK QE>Q E>P >
EFDEBO @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC PLIRQBP QE>K >KLQEBO PLIRQFLK FP P>FA QL ?B 8I@5BD?>93, >KA T>QBO JLIB@RIBP QBKA QL AFCCRPB FKQL >
EVMBOQLKF@ PLIRQFLK (F97EB5 3.8). #BIIP FK > EVMBOQLKF@ PLIRQFLK TFII PEOFSBI >P T>QBO IB>SBP QEB @BII SF> LPJLPFP. )K @LKQO>PQ,
> PLIRQFLK QE>Q E>P > ILTBO @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC PLIRQBP QE>K >KLQEBO PLIRQFLK FP P>FA QL ?B 8I@?D?>93, >KA T>QBO JLIB@RIBP QBKA
QL AFCCRPB LRQ LC > EVMLQLKF@ PLIRQFLK. #BIIP FK > EVMLQLKF@ PLIRQFLK TFII Q>HB LK QLL JR@E T>QBO >KA PTBII, TFQE QEB OFPH LC
BSBKQR>IIV ?ROPQFKD. ! @OFQF@>I >PMB@Q LC ELJBLPQ>PFP FK IFSFKD QEFKDP FP QL @OB>QB >K FKQBOK>I BKSFOLKJBKQ FK TEF@E >II LC QEB
?LAVlP @BIIP >OB FK >K FPLQLKF@ PLIRQFLK. 6>OFLRP LOD>K PVPQBJP, M>OQF@RI>OIV QEB HFAKBVP, TLOH QL J>FKQ>FK QEFP ELJBLPQ>PFP.
F<:HE8 3.8 CBA68AGE4G<BA B9 ,B?HG<BAF A ?PG<IKFE@: JFCLK@FE ?8J 8 JFCLK< :FE:<EKI8K@FE ?@>?<I K?8E 8EFK?<I
JFCLK@FE. AE @JFKFE@: JFCLK@FE ?8J 8 JFCLK< :FE:<EKI8K@FE <HL8C KF 8EFK?<I JFCLK@FE. A ?PGFKFE@: JFCLK@FE ?8J 8 JFCLK<
:FE:<EKI8K@FE CFN<I K?8E 8EFK?<I JFCLK@FE.
!KLQEBO JB@E>KFPJ ?BPFABP AFCCRPFLK QL M>PPFSBIV QO>KPMLOQ J>QBOF>IP ?BQTBBK @LJM>OQJBKQP FP CFIQO>QFLK. 5KIFHB
AFCCRPFLK LC > PR?PQ>K@B COLJ TEBOB FQ FP JLOB @LK@BKQO>QBA QL IBPP @LK@BKQO>QBA, CFIQO>QFLK RPBP > EVAOLPQ>QF@ MOBPPROB
DO>AFBKQ QE>Q MRPEBP QEB CIRFAj>KA QEB PLIRQBP TFQEFK FQjCOLJ > EFDEBO MOBPPROB >OB> QL > ILTBO MOBPPROB >OB>. &FIQO>QFLK
FP >K BUQOBJBIV FJMLOQ>KQ MOL@BPP FK QEB ?LAV. &LO BU>JMIB, QEB @FO@RI>QLOV PVPQBJ RPBP CFIQO>QFLK QL JLSB MI>PJ> >KA
PR?PQ>K@BP >@OLPP QEB BKALQEBIF>I IFKFKD LC @>MFII>OFBP >KA FKQL PROOLRKAFKD QFPPRBP, PRMMIVFKD @BIIP TFQE QEB KRQOFBKQP.
&FIQO>QFLK MOBPPROB FK QEB HFAKBVP MOLSFABP QEB JB@E>KFPJ QL OBJLSB T>PQBP COLJ QEB ?ILLAPQOB>J.
A6G<I8 -E4AFCBEG
&LO >II LC QEB QO>KPMLOQ JBQELAP ABP@OF?BA >?LSB, QEB @BII BUMBKAP KL BKBODV. -BJ?O>KB MOLQBFKP QE>Q >FA FK QEB M>PPFSB
QO>KPMLOQ LC PR?PQ>K@BP AL PL TFQELRQ QEB RPB LC !40. $ROFKD >@QFSB QO>KPMLOQ, !40 FP OBNRFOBA QL JLSB > PR?PQ>K@B >@OLPP >
JBJ?O>KB, LCQBK TFQE QEB EBIM LC MOLQBFK @>OOFBOP, >KA RPR>IIV aa"'+, FQP @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ.
/KB LC QEB JLPQ @LJJLK QVMBP LC >@QFSB QO>KPMLOQ FKSLISBP MOLQBFKP QE>Q PBOSB >P MRJMP. 4EB TLOA mMRJMn MOL?>?IV
@LKGROBP RM QELRDEQP LC RPFKD BKBODV QL MRJM RM QEB QFOB LC > ?F@V@IB LO > ?>PHBQ?>II. 3FJFI>OIV, BKBODV COLJ !40 FP
OBNRFOBA CLO QEBPB JBJ?O>KB MOLQBFKP QL QO>KPMLOQ PR?PQ>K@BPjJLIB@RIBP LO FLKPj>@OLPP QEB JBJ?O>KB, RPR>IIV >D>FKPQ
QEBFO @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQP (COLJ >K >OB> LC ILT @LK@BKQO>QFLK QL >K >OB> LC EFDE @LK@BKQO>QFLK).
4EB C?49E=-@?D1CC9E= @E=@, TEF@E FP >IPL @>IIBA .
+
/+
+
!40>PB, QO>KPMLOQP PLAFRJ LRQ LC > @BII TEFIB JLSFKD
MLQ>PPFRJ FKQL QEB @BII. 4EB .>
+
/+
+
MRJM FP >K FJMLOQ>KQ FLK MRJM CLRKA FK QEB JBJ?O>KBP LC J>KV QVMBP LC @BIIP. 4EBPB
MRJMP >OB M>OQF@RI>OIV >?RKA>KQ FK KBOSB @BIIP, TEF@E >OB @LKPQ>KQIV MRJMFKD LRQ PLAFRJ FLKP >KA MRIIFKD FK MLQ>PPFRJ FLKP
QL J>FKQ>FK >K BIB@QOF@>I DO>AFBKQ >@OLPP QEBFO @BII JBJ?O>KBP. !K 5<53DB931< 7B1495>D FP > AFCCBOBK@B FK BIB@QOF@>I @E>ODB
>@OLPP > PM>@B. )K QEB @>PB LC KBOSB @BIIP, CLO BU>JMIB, QEB BIB@QOF@>I DO>AFBKQ BUFPQP ?BQTBBK QEB FKPFAB >KA LRQPFAB LC QEB
@BII, TFQE QEB FKPFAB ?BFKD KBD>QFSBIV-@E>ODBA (>Q >OLRKA -70 J6) OBI>QFSB QL QEB LRQPFAB. 4EB KBD>QFSB BIB@QOF@>I DO>AFBKQ
FP J>FKQ>FKBA ?B@>RPB B>@E .>
+
/+
+
MRJM JLSBP QEOBB .>
+
FLKP LRQ LC QEB @BII >KA QTL +
+
FLKP FKQL QEB @BII CLO B>@E !40
JLIB@RIB QE>Q FP RPBA (F97EB5 3.9). 4EFP MOL@BPP FP PL FJMLOQ>KQ CLO KBOSB @BIIP QE>Q FQ >@@LRKQP CLO QEB J>GLOFQV LC QEBFO !40
RP>DB.
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F<:HE8 3.9 ,B7<H@-)BG4FF<H@ )H@C 1?< JF;@LD-GFK8JJ@LD GLDG @J =FLE; @E D8EP :<CC (GC8JD8) D<D9I8E<J.
-FN<I<; 9P A1-, K?< GLDG DFM<J JF;@LD 8E; GFK8JJ@LD @FEJ @E FGGFJ@K< ;@I<:K@FEJ, <8:? 8>8@EJK @KJ :FE:<EKI8K@FE
>I8;@<EK. &E 8 J@E>C< :P:C< F= K?< GLDG, K?I<< JF;@LD @FEJ 8I< <OKIL;<; =IFD 8E; KNF GFK8JJ@LD @FEJ 8I< @DGFIK<; @EKF
K?< :<CC.
/QEBO CLOJP LC >@QFSB QO>KPMLOQ AL KLQ FKSLISB JBJ?O>KB @>OOFBOP. E>4?3ID?C9C (?OFKDFKD mFKQL QEB @BIIn) FP QEB
MOL@BPP LC > @BII FKDBPQFKD J>QBOF>I ?V BKSBILMFKD FQ FK > MLOQFLK LC FQP @BII JBJ?O>KB, >KA QEBK MFK@EFKD LCC QE>Q
MLOQFLK LC JBJ?O>KB (F97EB5 3.10). /K@B MFK@EBA LCC, QEB MLOQFLK LC JBJ?O>KB >KA FQP @LKQBKQP ?B@LJBP >K FKABMBKABKQ,
FKQO>@BIIRI>O SBPF@IB. ! F5C93<5 FP > JBJ?O>KLRP P>@j> PMEBOF@>I >KA ELIILT LOD>KBIIB ?LRKABA ?V > IFMFA ?FI>VBO
JBJ?O>KB. %KAL@VQLPFP LCQBK ?OFKDP J>QBOF>IP FKQL QEB @BII QE>Q JRPQ QL ?B ?OLHBK ALTK LO AFDBPQBA. &817?3ID?C9C (m@BII
B>QFKDn) FP QEB BKAL@VQLPFP LC I>ODB M>OQF@IBP. ->KV FJJRKB @BIIP BKD>DB FK ME>DL@VQLPFP LC FKS>AFKD M>QELDBKP. ,FHB IFQQIB
0>@-JBK, QEBFO GL? FP QL M>QOLI ?LAV QFPPRBP CLO RKT>KQBA J>QQBO, PR@E >P FKS>AFKD ?>@QBOF>I @BIIP, ME>DL@VQFWB QEBJ, >KA
AFDBPQ QEBJ. )K @LKQO>PQ QL ME>DL@VQLPFP, @9>?3ID?C9C (m@BII AOFKHFKDn) ?OFKDP CIRFA @LKQ>FKFKD AFPPLISBA PR?PQ>K@BP FKQL >
@BII QEOLRDE JBJ?O>KB SBPF@IBP.
F<:HE8 3.10 -;E88 FBE@F B9 EA7B6LGBF<F "E;F:PKFJ@J @J 8 =FID F= 8:K@M< KI8EJGFIK @E N?@:? 8 :<CC <EM<CFG<J
<OKI8:<CCLC8I D8K<I@8CJ LJ@E> @KJ :<CC D<D9I8E<. (8) &E G?8>F:PKFJ@J, N?@:? @J I<C8K@M<CP EFEJ<C<:K@M<, K?< :<CC K8B<J @E 8
C8I>< G8IK@:C<. (9) &E G@EF:PKFJ@J, K?< :<CC K8B<J @E JD8CC G8IK@:C<J @E =CL@;. (:) &E :FEKI8JK, I<:<GKFI-D<;@8K<; <E;F:PKFJ@J
@J HL@K< J<C<:K@M<. 4?<E <OK<IE8C I<:<GKFIJ 9@E; 8 JG<:@=@: C@>8E;, K?< :<CC I<JGFE;J 9P <E;F:PKFJ@E> K?< C@>8E;.
0E>DL@VQLPFP >KA MFKL@VQLPFP Q>HB FK I>ODB MLOQFLKP LC BUQO>@BIIRI>O J>QBOF>I, >KA QEBV >OB QVMF@>IIV KLQ EFDEIV PBIB@QFSB
FK QEB PR?PQ>K@BP QEBV ?OFKD FK. #BIIP OBDRI>QB QEB BKAL@VQLPFP LC PMB@FCF@ PR?PQ>K@BP SF> OB@BMQLO-JBAF>QBA BKAL@VQLPFP.
(535@D?B-=5491D54 5>4?3ID?C9C FP BKAL@VQLPFP ?V > MLOQFLK LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB QE>Q @LKQ>FKP J>KV OB@BMQLOP QE>Q >OB
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MOLAR@Q FP > QTL-PQBM MOL@BPP, TFQE >K 2.! JLIB@RIB >P QEB FKQBOJBAF>QB.
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QEFP PB@QFLK LC QEB $.! JLIB@RIB >OB RPBA >P QEB QBJMI>QB QL QO>KP@OF?B QEB @LJMIBJBKQ>OV PQO>KA LC 2.! (F97EB5 3.26). !
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@LAFKD OBDFLKP. 4EB OBJLSBA PBDJBKQ LC QEB QO>KP@OFMQ FP @>IIBA >K 9>DB?>. 4EB OBJ>FKFKD BULKP >OB M>PQBA QLDBQEBO.
!K 5H?> FP > PBDJBKQ LC 2.! QE>Q OBJ>FKP >CQBO PMIF@FKD. )KQBOBPQFKDIV, PLJB FKQOLKP QE>Q >OB OBJLSBA COLJ J2.! >OB
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7EBK >K J2.! JLIB@RIB FP OB>AV QL ?B QO>KPI>QBA, QEB QTL PR?RKFQP @LJB QLDBQEBO >KA >QQ>@E QL QEB J2.!. 4EB OF?LPLJB
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#C8K 1?@E 8E; :LIM<;
-F@EKJ F= 8KK8:?D<EK =FI
DLJ:C<J; GIFK<:KFIJ F=
@EK<IE8C FI>8EJ
0K<IELD, I@9J, J:8GLC8<, :I8E@8C
9FE<J
&II<>LC8I FDGC<O J?8G< -IFK<:K @EK<IE8C FI>8EJ 3<IK<9I8<, =8:@8C 9FE<J
0<J8DF@;
0D8CC 8E; IFLE;; <D9<;;<;
@E K<E;FEJ
-IFK<:K K<E;FEJ =IFD
:FDGI<JJ@M< =FI:<J
-8K<CC8<
-45?8 6.1
6.3 N BBA8 ,GEH6GHE8
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c )ABKQFCV QEB >K>QLJF@>I CB>QROBP LC > ?LKB
c $BCFKB >KA IFPQ BU>JMIBP LC ?LKB J>OHFKDP
c $BP@OF?B QEB EFPQLILDV LC ?LKB QFPPRB
c #LJM>OB >KA @LKQO>PQ @LJM>@Q >KA PMLKDV ?LKB
c )ABKQFCV QEB PQOR@QROBP QE>Q @LJMLPB @LJM>@Q >KA PMLKDV ?LKB
c $BP@OF?B ELT ?LKBP >OB KLROFPEBA >KA FKKBOS>QBA
"LKB QFPPRB (LPPBLRP QFPPRB) AFCCBOP DOB>QIV COLJ LQEBO QFPPRBP FK QEB ?LAV. "LKB FP E>OA >KA J>KV LC FQP CRK@QFLKP ABMBKA LK
QE>Q @E>O>@QBOFPQF@ E>OAKBPP. ,>QBO AFP@RPPFLKP FK QEFP @E>MQBO TFII PELT QE>Q ?LKB FP >IPL AVK>JF@ FK QE>Q FQP PE>MB >AGRPQP QL
>@@LJJLA>QB PQOBPPBP. 4EFP PB@QFLK TFII BU>JFKB QEB DOLPP >K>QLJV LC ?LKB CFOPQ >KA QEBK JLSB LK QL FQP EFPQLILDV.
%A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"* 209
EBFF AA4GB@L B9 BBA8
4EB PQOR@QROB LC > ILKD ?LKB >IILTP CLO QEB ?BPQ SFPR>IFW>QFLK LC >II LC QEB M>OQP LC > ?LKB (F97EB5 6.7). ! ILKD ?LKB E>P QTL
M>OQP: QEB 491@8IC9C >KA QEB 5@9@8IC9C. 4EB AF>MEVPFP FP QEB QR?RI>O PE>CQ QE>Q ORKP ?BQTBBK QEB MOLUFJ>I >KA AFPQ>I BKAP LC
QEB ?LKB. 4EB ELIILT OBDFLK FK QEB AF>MEVPFP FP @>IIBA QEB =54E<<1BI 31F9DI, TEF@E FP CFIIBA TFQE VBIILT J>OOLT. 4EB T>IIP
LC QEB AF>MEVPFP >OB @LJMLPBA LC ABKPB >KA E>OA 3?=@13D 2?>5.
F<:HE8 6.7 AA4GB@L B9 4 %BA: BBA8 A KPG@:8C CFE> 9FE< J?FNJ K?< >IFJJ 8E8KFD@:8C :?8I8:K<I@JK@:J F= 9FE<.
4EB TFABO PB@QFLK >Q B>@E BKA LC QEB ?LKB FP @>IIBA QEB BMFMEVPFP (MIRO>I = BMFMEVPBP), TEF@E FP CFIIBA TFQE PMLKDV ?LKB.
2BA J>OOLT CFIIP QEB PM>@BP FK QEB PMLKDV ?LKB. %>@E BMFMEVPFP JBBQP QEB AF>MEVPFP >Q QEB JBQ>MEVPFP, QEB K>OOLT >OB> QE>Q
@LKQ>FKP QEB 5@9@8IC51< @<1D5 (DOLTQE MI>QB), > I>VBO LC EV>IFKB (QO>KPM>OBKQ) @>OQFI>DB FK > DOLTFKD ?LKB. 7EBK QEB ?LKB
PQLMP DOLTFKD FK B>OIV >ARIQELLA (>MMOLUFJ>QBIV 18i21 VB>OP), QEB @>OQFI>DB FP OBMI>@BA ?V LPPBLRP QFPPRB >KA QEB BMFMEVPB>I
MI>QB ?B@LJBP >K BMFMEVPB>I IFKB.
4EB JBARII>OV @>SFQV E>P > ABIF@>QB JBJ?O>KLRP IFKFKD @>IIBA QEB 5>4?CD5E= (BKA- = mFKPFABn; LPQB- = m?LKBn), TEBOB
?LKB DOLTQE, OBM>FO, >KA OBJLABIFKD L@@RO. 4EB LRQBO PROC>@B LC QEB ?LKB FP @LSBOBA TFQE > CF?OLRP JBJ?O>KB @>IIBA QEB
@5B9?CD5E= (MBOF- = m>OLRKAn LO mPROOLRKAFKDn). 4EB MBOFLPQBRJ @LKQ>FKP ?ILLA SBPPBIP, KBOSBP, >KA IVJME>QF@ SBPPBIP QE>Q
KLROFPE @LJM>@Q ?LKB. 4BKALKP >KA IFD>JBKQP >IPL >QQ>@E QL ?LKBP >Q QEB MBOFLPQBRJ. 4EB MBOFLPQBRJ @LSBOP QEB BKQFOB LRQBO
PROC>@B BU@BMQ TEBOB QEB BMFMEVPBP JBBQ LQEBO ?LKBP QL CLOJ GLFKQP (F97EB5 6.8). )K QEFP OBDFLK, QEB BMFMEVPBP >OB @LSBOBA
TFQE 1BD93E<1B 31BD9<175, > QEFK I>VBO LC @>OQFI>DB QE>Q OBAR@BP COF@QFLK >KA >@QP >P > PEL@H >?PLO?BO.
210 %A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 6.8 )8E<BFG8H@ 4A7 EA7BFG8H@ 1?< G<I@FJK<LD =FIDJ K?< FLK<I JLI=8:< F= 9FE<, 8E; K?< <E;FJK<LD C@E<J
K?< D<;LCC8IP :8M@KP.
&I>Q ?LKBP, IFHB QELPB LC QEB @O>KFRJ, @LKPFPQ LC > I>VBO LC 49@<?K (PMLKDV ?LKB), IFKBA LK BFQEBO PFAB ?V > I>VBO LC
@LJM>@Q ?LKB (F97EB5 6.9). 4EB QTL I>VBOP LC @LJM>@Q ?LKB >KA QEB FKQBOFLO PMLKDV ?LKB TLOH QLDBQEBO QL MOLQB@Q QEB
FKQBOK>I LOD>KP. )C QEB LRQBO I>VBO LC > @O>KF>I ?LKB CO>@QROBP, QEB ?O>FK FP PQFII MOLQB@QBA ?V QEB FKQ>@Q FKKBO I>VBO.
F<:HE8 6.9 AA4GB@L B9 4 F?4G BBA8 1?@J :IFJJ-J<:K@FE F= 8 =C8K 9FE< J?FNJ K?< JGFE>P 9FE< (;@GCFW) C@E<; FE <@K?<I
J@;< 9P 8 C8P<I F= :FDG8:K 9FE<.
BBA8 &4E><A:F
4EB PROC>@B CB>QROBP LC ?LKBP S>OV @LKPFABO>?IV, ABMBKAFKD LK QEB CRK@QFLK >KA IL@>QFLK FK QEB ?LAV. *12<5 6.2 ABP@OF?BP QEB
?LKB J>OHFKDP, TEF@E >OB FIIRPQO>QBA FK (F97EB5 6.10). 4EBOB >OB QEOBB DBKBO>I @I>PPBP LC ?LKB J>OHFKDP: (1) >OQF@RI>QFLKP,
(2) MOLGB@QFLKP, >KA (3) ELIBP. !P QEB K>JB FJMIFBP, >K 1BD93E<1D9?> FP TEBOB QTL ?LKB PROC>@BP @LJB QLDBQEBO (>OQF@RIRP =
mGLFKQn). 4EBPB PROC>@BP QBKA QL @LKCLOJ QL LKB >KLQEBO, PR@E >P LKB ?BFKD OLRKABA >KA QEB LQEBO @RMMBA, QL C>@FIFQ>QB QEB
CRK@QFLK LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK. ! @B?:53D9?> FP >K >OB> LC > ?LKB QE>Q MOLGB@QP >?LSB QEB PROC>@B LC QEB ?LKB. 4EBPB >OB QEB
>QQ>@EJBKQ MLFKQP CLO QBKALKP >KA IFD>JBKQP. )K DBKBO>I, QEBFO PFWB >KA PE>MB FP >K FKAF@>QFLK LC QEB CLO@BP BUBOQBA QEOLRDE
QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ QL QEB ?LKB. ! 8?<5 FP >K LMBKFKD LO DOLLSB FK QEB ?LKB QE>Q >IILTP ?ILLA SBPPBIP >KA KBOSBP QL BKQBO QEB
?LKB. !P TFQE QEB LQEBO J>OHFKDP, QEBFO PFWB >KA PE>MB OBCIB@Q QEB PFWB LC QEB SBPPBIP >KA KBOSBP QE>Q MBKBQO>QB QEB ?LKB >Q
QEBPB MLFKQP.
BBA8 &4E><A:F
&4E><A: D8F6E<CG<BA EK4@C?8
AIK@:LC8K@FEJ 4?<I< KNF 9FE<J D<<K (E<< AF@EK
-45?8 6.2
%A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"* 211
BBA8 &4E><A:F
&4E><A: D8F6E<CG<BA EK4@C?8
%<8; -IFD@E<EK IFLE;<; JLI=8:< %<8; F= =<DLI
#8:<K #C8K JLI=8:< 3<IK<9I8<
FE;PC< /FLE;<; JLI=8:< ,::@G@K8C :FE;PC<J
-IFA<:K@FEJ /8@J<; D8IB@E>J 0G@EFLJ GIF:<JJ F= K?< M<IK<9I8<
-IFKL9<I8E:< -IFKIL;@E> ?@E
-IF:<JJ -IFD@E<E:< =<8KLI< 1I8EJM<IJ< GIF:<JJ F= M<IK<9I8
0G@E< 0?8IG GIF:<JJ &J:?@8C JG@E<
1L9<I:C< 0D8CC, IFLE;<; GIF:<JJ 1L9<I:C< F= ?LD<ILJ
1L9<IFJ@KP /FL>? JLI=8:< !<CKF@; KL9<IFJ@KP
)@E< 0C@>?K, <CFE>8K<; I@;>< 1<DGFI8C C@E<J F= K?< G8I@<K8C 9FE<J
I<JK /@;>< &C@8: :I<JK
%FC<J %FC<J 8E; ;<GI<JJ@FEJ #FI8D<E (?FC<J K?IFL>? N?@:? 9CFF; M<JJ<CJ :8E G8JJ K?IFL>?)
#FJJ8 "CFE>8K<; 98J@E *8E;@9LC8I =FJJ8
#FM<8 0D8CC G@K #FM<8 :8G@K@J FE K?< ?<8; F= K?< =<DLI
0LC:LJ $IFFM< 0@>DF@; JLC:LJ F= K?< K<DGFI8C 9FE<J
8E8C -8JJ8>< @E 9FE< AL;@KFIP :8E8C
#@JJLI< 0C@K K?IFL>? 9FE< ALI@:LC8I =@JJLI<
#FI8D<E %FC< K?IFL>? 9FE< #FI8D<E D8>ELD @E K?< F::@G@K8C 9FE<
*<8KLJ ,G<E@E> @EKF :8E8C "OK<IE8C 8L;@KFIP D<8KLJ
0@ELJ A@I-=@CC<; JG8:< @E 9FE< +8J8C J@ELJ
-45?8 6.2
212 %A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 6.10 BBA8 F84GHE8F 1?< JLI=8:< =<8KLI<J F= 9FE<J ;<G<E; FE K?<@I =LE:K@FE, CF:8K@FE, 8KK8:?D<EK F=
C@>8D<EKJ 8E; K<E;FEJ, FI K?< G<E<KI8K@FE F= 9CFF; M<JJ<CJ 8E; E<IM<J.
BBA8 C8??F 4A7 -<FFH8
"LKB @LKQ>FKP > OBI>QFSBIV PJ>II KRJ?BO LC @BIIP BKQOBK@EBA FK > J>QOFU LC @LII>DBK CF?BOP QE>Q MOLSFAB > PROC>@B CLO
FKLOD>KF@ P>IQ @OVPQ>IP QL >AEBOB. 4EBPB P>IQ @OVPQ>IP CLOJ TEBK @>I@FRJ MELPME>QB >KA @>I@FRJ @>O?LK>QB @LJ?FKB QL @OB>QB
EVAOLUV>M>QFQB, TEF@E FK@LOMLO>QBP LQEBO FKLOD>KF@ P>IQP IFHB J>DKBPFRJ EVAOLUFAB, CIRLOFAB, >KA PRIC>QB >P FQ @OVPQ>IIFWBP,
LO @>I@FCFBP, LK QEB @LII>DBK CF?BOP. 4EB EVAOLUV>M>QFQB @OVPQ>IP DFSB ?LKBP QEBFO E>OAKBPP >KA PQOBKDQE, TEFIB QEB @LII>DBK
CF?BOP DFSB QEBJ CIBUF?FIFQV PL QE>Q QEBV >OB KLQ ?OFQQIB.
!IQELRDE ?LKB @BIIP @LJMLPB > PJ>II >JLRKQ LC QEB ?LKB SLIRJB, QEBV >OB @OR@F>I QL QEB CRK@QFLK LC ?LKBP. &LRO QVMBP
LC @BIIP >OB CLRKA TFQEFK ?LKB QFPPRB: LPQBL?I>PQP, LPQBL@VQBP, LPQBLDBKF@ @BIIP, >KA LPQBL@I>PQP (F97EB5 6.11).
%A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"* 213
F<:HE8 6.11 BBA8 C8??F #FLI KPG<J F= :<CCJ 8I< =FLE; N@K?@E 9FE< K@JJL<. ,JK<F><E@: :<CCJ 8I< LE;@==<I<EK@8K<;
8E; ;<M<CFG @EKF FJK<F9C8JKJ. 4?<E FJK<F9C8JKJ ><K KI8GG<; N@K?@E K?< :8C:@=@<; D8KI@O, K?<@I JKIL:KLI< 8E; =LE:K@FE
:?8E><J, 8E; K?<P 9<:FD< FJK<F:PK<J. ,JK<F:C8JKJ ;<M<CFG =IFD DFEF:PK<J 8E; D8:IFG?8><J 8E; ;@==<I @E
8GG<8I8E:< =IFD FK?<I 9FE< :<CCJ.
4EB ?CD5?2<1CD FP QEB ?LKB @BII OBPMLKPF?IB CLO CLOJFKD KBT ?LKB >KA FP CLRKA FK QEB DOLTFKD MLOQFLKP LC ?LKB,
FK@IRAFKD QEB MBOFLPQBRJ >KA BKALPQBRJ. /PQBL?I>PQP, TEF@E AL KLQ AFSFAB, PVKQEBPFWB >KA PB@OBQB QEB @LII>DBK J>QOFU >KA
@>I@FRJ P>IQP. !P QEB PB@OBQBA J>QOFU PROOLRKAFKD QEB LPQBL?I>PQ @>I@FCFBP, QEB LPQBL?I>PQ ?B@LJB QO>MMBA TFQEFK FQ; >P >
OBPRIQ, FQ @E>KDBP FK PQOR@QROB >KA ?B@LJBP >K ?CD5?3ID5, QEB MOFJ>OV @BII LC J>QROB ?LKB >KA QEB JLPQ @LJJLK QVMB LC
?LKB @BII. %>@E LPQBL@VQB FP IL@>QBA FK > PM>@B @>IIBA > <13E>1 >KA FP PROOLRKABA ?V ?LKB QFPPRB. /PQBL@VQBP J>FKQ>FK QEB
JFKBO>I @LK@BKQO>QFLK LC QEB J>QOFU SF> QEB PB@OBQFLK LC BKWVJBP. ,FHB LPQBL?I>PQP, LPQBL@VQBP I>@H JFQLQF@ >@QFSFQV. 4EBV @>K
@LJJRKF@>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO >KA OB@BFSB KRQOFBKQP SF> ILKD @VQLMI>PJF@ MOL@BPPBP QE>Q BUQBKA QEOLRDE 31>1<93E<9 (PFKDRI>O
= @>K>IF@RIRP), @E>KKBIP TFQEFK QEB ?LKB J>QOFU.
)C LPQBL?I>PQP >KA LPQBL@VQBP >OB FK@>M>?IB LC JFQLPFP, QEBK ELT >OB QEBV OBMIBKFPEBA TEBK LIA LKBP AFB? 4EB >KPTBO
IFBP FK QEB MOLMBOQFBP LC > QEFOA @>QBDLOV LC ?LKB @BIIPjQEB ?CD5?75>93 35<<. 4EBPB LPQBLDBKF@ @BIIP >OB RKAFCCBOBKQF>QBA TFQE
EFDE JFQLQF@ >@QFSFQV >KA QEBV >OB QEB LKIV ?LKB @BIIP QE>Q AFSFAB. )JJ>QROB LPQBLDBKF@ @BIIP >OB CLRKA FK QEB ABBM I>VBOP LC
QEB MBOFLPQBRJ >KA QEB J>OOLT. 4EBV AFCCBOBKQF>QB >KA ABSBILM FKQL LPQBL?I>PQP.
4EB AVK>JF@ K>QROB LC ?LKB JB>KP QE>Q KBT QFPPRB FP @LKPQ>KQIV CLOJBA, >KA LIA, FKGROBA, LO RKKB@BPP>OV ?LKB FP
AFPPLISBA CLO OBM>FO LO CLO @>I@FRJ OBIB>PB. 4EB @BII OBPMLKPF?IB CLO ?LKB OBPLOMQFLK, LO ?OB>HALTK, FP QEB ?CD5?3<1CD. 4EBV
>OB CLRKA LK ?LKB PROC>@BP, >OB JRIQFKR@IB>QBA, >KA LOFDFK>QB COLJ JLKL@VQBP >KA J>@OLME>DBP, QTL QVMBP LC TEFQB ?ILLA
@BIIP, KLQ COLJ LPQBLDBKF@ @BIIP. /PQBL@I>PQP >OB @LKQFKR>IIV ?OB>HFKD ALTK LIA ?LKB TEFIB LPQBL?I>PQP >OB @LKQFKR>IIV
CLOJFKD KBT ?LKB. 4EB LKDLFKD ?>I>K@B ?BQTBBK LPQBL?I>PQP >KA LPQBL@I>PQP FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO QEB @LKPQ>KQ ?RQ PR?QIB
OBPE>MFKD LC ?LKB. *12<5 6.3 OBSFBTP QEB ?LKB @BIIP, QEBFO CRK@QFLKP, >KA IL@>QFLKP.
BBA8 C8??F
C8?? GLC8 FHA6G<BA %B64G<BA
,JK<F><E@:
:<CCJ
!<M<CFG @EKF FJK<F9C8JKJ !<<G C8P<IJ F= K?< G<I@FJK<LD 8E; K?< D8IIFN
,JK<F9C8JKJ BFE< =FID8K@FE
$IFN@E> GFIK@FEJ F= 9FE<, @E:CL;@E> G<I@FJK<LD 8E;
<E;FJK<LD
,JK<F:PK<J
*8@EK8@E D@E<I8C :FE:<EKI8K@FE F=
D8KI@O
"EKI8GG<; @E D8KI@O
,JK<F:C8JKJ BFE< I<JFIGK@FE
BFE< JLI=8:<J 8E; 8K J@K<J F= FC;, @EALI<;, FI LEE<<;<;
9FE<
-45?8 6.3
214 %A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
CB@C46G 4A7 ,CBA:L BBA8
4EB AFCCBOBK@BP ?BQTBBK @LJM>@Q >KA PMLKDV ?LKB >OB ?BPQ BUMILOBA SF> QEBFO EFPQLILDV. -LPQ ?LKBP @LKQ>FK @LJM>@Q >KA
PMLKDV LPPBLRP QFPPRB, ?RQ QEBFO AFPQOF?RQFLK >KA @LK@BKQO>QFLK S>OV ?>PBA LK QEB ?LKBlP LSBO>II CRK@QFLK. #LJM>@Q ?LKB FP
ABKPB PL QE>Q FQ @>K TFQEPQ>KA @LJMOBPPFSB CLO@BP, TEFIB PMLKDV (@>K@BIILRP) ?LKB E>P LMBK PM>@BP >KA PRMMLOQP PEFCQP FK
TBFDEQ AFPQOF?RQFLK.
CB@C46G BBA8
#LJM>@Q ?LKB FP QEB ABKPBO, PQOLKDBO LC QEB QTL QVMBP LC ?LKB QFPPRB (F97EB5 6.12). )Q @>K ?B CLRKA RKABO QEB MBOFLPQBRJ
>KA FK QEB AF>MEVPBP LC ILKD ?LKBP, TEBOB FQ MOLSFABP PRMMLOQ >KA MOLQB@QFLK.
F<:HE8 6.12 D<4:E4@ B9 CB@C46G BBA8 (8) 1?@J :IFJJ-J<:K@FE8C M@<N F= :FDG8:K 9FE< J?FNJ K?< 98J@: JKIL:KLI8C
LE@K, K?< FJK<FE. (9) &E K?@J D@:IF>I8G? F= K?< FJK<FE, PFL :8E :C<8ICP J<< K?< :FE:<EKI@: C8D<CC8< 8E; :<EKI8C :8E8CJ.
)* T 40. (*@:IF>I8G? GIFM@;<; 9P K?< /<><EKJ F= 2E@M<IJ@KP F= *@:?@>8E *<;@:8C 0:?FFC S 2012)
4EB JF@OLP@LMF@ PQOR@QRO>I RKFQ LC @LJM>@Q ?LKB FP @>IIBA >K ?CD5?>, LO (>SBOPF>K PVPQBJ. %>@E LPQBLK FP @LJMLPBA
LC @LK@BKQOF@ OFKDP LC @>I@FCFBA J>QOFU @>IIBA I>JBII>B (PFKDRI>O = I>JBII>). 2RKKFKD ALTK QEB @BKQBO LC B>@E LPQBLK FP QEB
35>DB1< 31>1<, LO (>SBOPF>K @>K>I, TEF@E @LKQ>FKP ?ILLA SBPPBIP, KBOSBP, >KA IVJME>QF@ SBPPBIP. 4EBPB SBPPBIP >KA KBOSBP
?O>K@E LCC >Q OFDEQ >KDIBP QEOLRDE > @5B6?B1D9>7 31>1<, >IPL HKLTK >P 6LIHJ>KKlP @>K>IP, QL BUQBKA QL QEB MBOFLPQBRJ >KA
BKALPQBRJ.
4EB LPQBL@VQBP >OB IL@>QBA FKPFAB PM>@BP @>IIBA I>@RK>B (PFKDRI>O = I>@RK>), CLRKA >Q QEB ?LOABOP LC >AG>@BKQ I>JBII>B.
!P ABP@OF?BA B>OIFBO, @>K>IF@RIF @LKKB@Q TFQE QEB @>K>IF@RIF LC LQEBO I>@RK>B >KA BSBKQR>IIV TFQE QEB @BKQO>I @>K>I. 4EFP
PVPQBJ >IILTP KRQOFBKQP QL ?B QO>KPMLOQBA QL QEB LPQBL@VQBP >KA T>PQBP QL ?B OBJLSBA COLJ QEBJ.
%A-1"/ 6 R B,+" 1&002" A+! 1%" 0(")"1A) 0601"* 215
,CBA:L (C4A68??BHF) BBA8
,FHB @LJM>@Q ?LKB, C@?>7I 2?>5, >IPL HKLTK >P @>K@BIILRP ?LKB, @LKQ>FKP LPQBL@VQBP ELRPBA FK I>@RK>B, ?RQ QEBV >OB KLQ
>OO>KDBA FK @LK@BKQOF@ @FO@IBP. )KPQB>A, QEB I>@RK>B >KA LPQBL@VQBP >OB CLRKA FK > I>QQF@B-IFHB KBQTLOH LC J>QOFU PMFHBP @>IIBA
DB1253E<15 (PFKDRI>O = QO>?B@RI>) (F97EB5 6.13). 4EB QO>?B@RI>B J>V >MMB>O QL ?B > O>KALJ KBQTLOH, ?RQ B>@E QO>?B@RI>
CLOJP >ILKD IFKBP LC PQOBPP QL MOLSFAB PQOBKDQE QL QEB ?LKB. 4EB PM>@BP LC QEB QO>?B@RI>QBA KBQTLOH MOLSFAB ?>I>K@B QL QEB
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TEBOB QTL ?LKB PROC>@BP JBBQ
E>OA, ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q CLOJP QEB PQOR@QRO>I BIBJBKQP LC QEB PHBIBQLK
(PFKDRI>O = @>K>IF@RIRP) @E>KKBIP TFQEFK QEB ?LKB J>QOFU QE>Q ELRPB LKB LC >K LPQBL@VQBlP J>KV @VQLMI>PJF@
BUQBKPFLKP QE>Q FQ RPBP QL @LJJRKF@>QB >KA OB@BFSB KRQOFBKQP
PBJF-OFDFA @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB CLRKA LK QEB PHBIBQLK FK >OB>P TEBOB CIBUF?FIFQV >KA PJLLQE PROC>@BP PRMMLOQ
JLSBJBKQ
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>IPL HKLTK >P QEB (>SBOPF>K @>K>I
J>KR>I J>KFMRI>QFLK LC > ?OLHBK ?LKB QL PBQ FQ FKQL FQP K>QRO>I MLPFQFLK TFQELRQ PRODBOV
ABKPB LPPBLRP QFPPRB QE>Q @>K TFQEPQ>KA @LJMOBPPFSB CLO@BP
QR?RI>O PE>CQ QE>Q ORKP ?BQTBBK QEB MOLUFJ>I >KA AFPQ>I BKAP LC > ILKD ?LKB
I>VBO LC PMLKDV ?LKB, QE>Q FP P>KATF@EBA ?BQTBBK QTL QEB I>VBOP LC @LJM>@Q ?LKB CLRKA FK CI>Q ?LKBP
MOL@BPP FK TEF@E ?LKB CLOJP ?V OBMI>@FKD EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB
ABIF@>QB JBJ?O>KLRP IFKFKD LC > ?LKBlP JBARII>OV @>SFQV
@LJMIBQBIV LPPFCFBA OBJK>KQ LC QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB
(>IPL, DOLTQE MI>QB) PEBBQ LC EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB FK QEB JBQ>MEVPFP LC >K FJJ>QROB ?LKB; OBMI>@BA ?V
?LKB QFPPRB >P QEB LOD>K DOLTP FK IBKDQE
TFAB PB@QFLK >Q B>@E BKA LC > ILKD ?LKB; CFIIBA TFQE PMLKDV ?LKB >KA OBA J>OOLT
@LII>O LC EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB >KA ?LKB QE>Q CLOJP >OLRKA QEB LRQPFAB LC > CO>@QROB
QEFK >KA @ROSBA ?LKB; PBOSBP >P > MLFKQ LC >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO JRP@IBP >KA MOLQB@QP FKQBOK>I LOD>KP
?ILLA @ILQ QE>Q CLOJP >Q QEB PFQB LC > ?OLHBK ?LKB
?OLHBK ?LKB
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LMBKFKD LO ABMOBPPFLK FK > ?LKB
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@LKAFQFLK @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V >?KLOJ>IIV ILT IBSBIP LC @>I@FRJ
CF?OL@>OQFI>DFKLRP J>QOFU, FK QEB BKALPQB>I OBDFLK, ?BQTBBK QEB QTL BKAP LC > ?OLHBK ?LKB
MOL@BPP ?V TEF@E ?LKB CLOJP AFOB@QIV COLJ JBPBK@EVJ>I QFPPRB
?LKB LC @LJMIBU PE>MB; MOLQB@QP FKQBOK>I LOD>KP COLJ @LJMOBPPFSB CLO@BP
(PFKDRI>O = I>@RK>) PM>@BP FK > ?LKB QE>Q ELRPB >K LPQBL@VQB
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ELIILT OBDFLK LC QEB AF>MEVPFP; CFIIBA TFQE VBIILT J>OOLT
MOL@BPP, AROFKD ?LKB DOLTQE, ?V TEF@E ?LKB FP OBPLO?BA LK LKB PROC>@B LC > ?LKB >KA ABMLPFQBA LK >KLQEBO
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?LKB QFPPRB; > E>OA, ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q CLOJP QEB PQOR@QRO>I BIBJBKQP LC QEB PHBIBQLK
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MOFJ>OV @BII FK J>QROB ?LKB; OBPMLKPF?IB CLO J>FKQ>FKFKD QEB J>QOFU
RKAFCCBOBKQF>QBA @BII TFQE EFDE JFQLQF@ >@QFSFQV; QEB LKIV ?LKB @BIIP QE>Q AFSFAB; QEBV AFCCBOBKQF>QB >KA
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O>QB LC ?LKB CLOJ>QFLK, > @LJJLK L@@ROOBK@B >P QEB ?LAV >DBP
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OBDFLK, ABBM FK QEB MBOFLPQB>I @LII>O, TEBOB ?LKB ABSBILMJBKQ PQ>OQP AROFKD
BKAL@ELKAO>I LPPFCF@>QFLK
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IFD>JBKQP >QQ>@E
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AF>MEVPB>I BKA LC QEB MI>QB >KA @LKQOF?RQBP QL ILKDFQRAFK>I DOLTQE LC QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB FK QEB FKQBOFLO @>SFQV LC > ?LKB TEBOB EBJ>QLMLFBPFP Q>HBP MI>@B
MOL@BPP ?V TEF@E LPQBL@I>PQP OBPLO? LIA LO A>J>DBA ?LKB >Q QEB P>JB QFJB >P >KA LK QEB P>JB PROC>@B
TEBOB LPQBL?I>PQP CLOJ KBT ?LKB QL OBMI>@B QE>Q TEF@E FP OBPLO?BA
OBDFLK LC QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB QE>Q >K@ELOP QEB MI>QB QL QEB LPPBLRP QFPPRB LC QEB BMFMEVPFP
OBDFLK LC ?LKB ABSBILMJBKQ FK QEB BMFMEVPBP
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LOD>K PVPQBJ @LJMLPBA LC ?LKBP >KA @>OQFI>DB QE>Q MOLSFABP CLO JLSBJBKQ, PRMMLOQ, >KA MOLQB@QFLK
(>IPL, @>K@BIILRP ?LKB) QO>?B@RI>QBA LPPBLRP QFPPRB QE>Q PRMMLOQP PEFCQP FK TBFDEQ AFPQOF?RQFLK
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BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB QL QEB AF>MEVPFP
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PR@E >P QEB @>OM>IP, >OB >MMOLUFJ>QBIV BNR>I FK IBKDQE, TFAQE, >KA QEF@HKBPP. &I>Q ?LKBP >OB QEFK, ?RQ >OB LCQBK @ROSBA, PR@E
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AF>MEVPFP >OB @LJM>@Q ?LKB. 4EB BMFMEVPBP, TEF@E >OB TFABO PB@QFLKP >Q B>@E BKA LC > ILKD ?LKB, >OB CFIIBA TFQE PMLKDV
?LKB >KA OBA J>OOLT. 4EB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB, > I>VBO LC EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB, FP OBMI>@BA ?V LPPBLRP QFPPRB >P QEB LOD>K DOLTP FK
IBKDQE. 4EB JBARII>OV @>SFQV E>P > ABIF@>QB JBJ?O>KLRP IFKFKD @>IIBA QEB BKALPQBRJ. 4EB LRQBO PROC>@B LC ?LKB, BU@BMQ FK
OBDFLKP @LSBOBA TFQE >OQF@RI>O @>OQFI>DB, FP @LSBOBA TFQE > CF?OLRP JBJ?O>KB @>IIBA QEB MBOFLPQBRJ. &I>Q ?LKBP @LKPFPQ LC QTL
I>VBOP LC @LJM>@Q ?LKB PROOLRKAFKD > I>VBO LC PMLKDV ?LKB. "LKB J>OHFKDP ABMBKA LK QEB CRK@QFLK >KA IL@>QFLK LC ?LKBP.
!OQF@RI>QFLKP >OB MI>@BP TEBOB QTL ?LKBP JBBQ. 0OLGB@QFLKP PQF@H LRQ COLJ QEB PROC>@B LC QEB ?LKB >KA MOLSFAB >QQ>@EJBKQ
MLFKQP CLO QBKALKP >KA IFD>JBKQP. (LIBP >OB LMBKFKDP LO ABMOBPPFLKP FK QEB ?LKBP.
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P>IQP. /PQBLDBKF@ @BIIP ABSBILM FKQL LPQBL?I>PQP. /PQBL?I>PQP >OB @BIIP QE>Q J>HB KBT ?LKB. 4EBV ?B@LJB LPQBL@VQBP, QEB @BIIP
LC J>QROB ?LKB, TEBK QEBV DBQ QO>MMBA FK QEB J>QOFU. /PQBL@I>PQP BKD>DB FK ?LKB OBPLOMQFLK. #LJM>@Q ?LKB FP ABKPB >KA
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2BJLABIFKD L@@ROP >P ?LKB FP OBPLO?BA >KA OBMI>@BA ?V KBT ?LKB. /PQBLDBKBPFP FJMBOCB@Q> FP > DBKBQF@ AFPB>PB FK TEF@E
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4EB PHBIBQLK FP PR?AFSFABA FKQL QTL J>GLO AFSFPFLKPjQEB >UF>I >KA >MMBKAF@RI>O.
-;8 AK<4? ,>8?8GBA
4EB PHBIBQLK FP PR?AFSFABA FKQL QTL J>GLO AFSFPFLKPjQEB >UF>I >KA >MMBKAF@RI>O. 4EB 1H91< C;5<5D?> CLOJP QEB SBOQF@>I,
@BKQO>I >UFP LC QEB ?LAV >KA FK@IRABP >II ?LKBP LC QEB EB>A, KB@H, @EBPQ, >KA ?>@H (F97EB5 7.2). )Q PBOSBP QL MOLQB@Q QEB ?O>FK,
PMFK>I @LOA, EB>OQ, >KA IRKDP. )Q >IPL PBOSBP >P QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ PFQB CLO JRP@IBP QE>Q JLSB QEB EB>A, KB@H, >KA ?>@H, >KA CLO
JRP@IBP QE>Q >@Q >@OLPP QEB PELRIABO >KA EFM GLFKQP QL JLSB QEBFO @LOOBPMLKAFKD IFJ?P.
4EB >UF>I PHBIBQLK LC QEB >ARIQ @LKPFPQP LC 80 ?LKBP, FK@IRAFKD QEB C;E<<, QEB F5BD52B1< 3?<E=>, >KA QEB D8?B1393 3175.
4EB PHRII FP CLOJBA ?V 22 ?LKBP. !IPL >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB EB>A >OB >K >AAFQFLK>I PBSBK ?LKBP, FK@IRAFKD QEB 8I?94 2?>5
>KA QEB 51B ?CC93<5C (QEOBB PJ>II ?LKBP CLRKA FK B>@E JFAAIB B>O). 4EB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK @LKPFPQP LC 24 ?LKBP, B>@E @>IIBA >
F5BD52B1, MIRP QEB C13BE= >KA 3?33IH. 4EB QELO>@F@ @>DB FK@IRABP QEB 12 M>FOP LC B92C, >KA QEB CD5B>E=, QEB CI>QQBKBA ?LKB
LC QEB >KQBOFLO @EBPQ.
240 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 7.2 AK<4? 4A7 ACC8A7<6H?4E ,>8?8GBA 1?< 8O@8C JB<C<KFE JLGGFIKJ K?< ?<8;, E<:B, 98:B, 8E; :?<JK 8E; K?LJ
=FIDJ K?< M<IK@:8C 8O@J F= K?< 9F;P. &K :FEJ@JKJ F= K?< JBLCC, M<IK<9I8C :FCLDE (@E:CL;@E> K?< J8:ILD 8E; :F::PO), 8E; K?<
K?FI8:@: :8><, =FID<; 9P K?< I@9J 8E; JK<IELD. 1?< 8GG<E;@:LC8I JB<C<KFE @J D8;< LG F= 8CC 9FE<J F= K?< LGG<I 8E;
CFN<I C@D9J.
-;8 ACC8A7<6H?4E ,>8?8GBA
4EB 1@@5>493E<1B C;5<5D?> FK@IRABP >II ?LKBP LC QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO IFJ?P, MIRP QEB ?LKBP QE>Q >QQ>@E B>@E IFJ? QL QEB >UF>I
PHBIBQLK. 4EBOB >OB 126 ?LKBP FK QEB >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK LC >K >ARIQ. 4EB ?LKBP LC QEB >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK >OB @LSBOBA
FK > PBM>O>QB @E>MQBO.
7.2 N -;8 ,>H??
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c ,FPQ >KA FABKQFCV QEB ?LKBP LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB >KA C>@B
c ,L@>QB QEB J>GLO PRQROB IFKBP LC QEB PHRII >KA K>JB QEB ?LKBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE B>@E
c ,L@>QB >KA ABCFKB QEB ?LRKA>OFBP LC QEB >KQBOFLO, JFAAIB, >KA MLPQBOFLO @O>KF>I CLPP>B, QEB QBJMLO>I CLPP>, >KA
FKCO>QBJMLO>I CLPP>
c $BCFKB QEB M>O>K>P>I PFKRPBP >KA FABKQFCV QEB IL@>QFLK LC B>@E
c .>JB QEB ?LKBP QE>Q J>HB RM QEB T>IIP LC QEB LO?FQ >KA FABKQFCV QEB LMBKFKDP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB LO?FQ
c )ABKQFCV QEB ?LKBP >KA PQOR@QROBP QE>Q CLOJ QEB K>P>I PBMQRJ >KA K>P>I @LK@E>B, >KA IL@>QB QEB EVLFA ?LKB
c )ABKQFCV QEB ?LKV LMBKFKDP LC QEB PHRII
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 241
4EB 3B1>9E= (PHRII) FP QEB PHBIBQ>I PQOR@QROB LC QEB EB>A QE>Q PRMMLOQP QEB C>@B >KA MOLQB@QP QEB ?O>FK. )Q FP PR?AFSFABA FKQL
QEB 61391< 2?>5C >KA QEB 2B19> 31C5, LO @O>KF>I S>RIQ (F97EB5 7.3). 4EB C>@F>I ?LKBP RKABOIFB QEB C>@F>I PQOR@QROBP, CLOJ QEB
K>P>I @>SFQV, BK@ILPB QEB BVB?>IIP, >KA PRMMLOQ QEB QBBQE LC QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO G>TP. 4EB OLRKABA ?O>FK @>PB PROOLRKAP >KA
MOLQB@QP QEB ?O>FK >KA ELRPBP QEB JFAAIB >KA FKKBO B>O PQOR@QROBP.
)K QEB >ARIQ, QEB PHRII @LKPFPQP LC 22 FKAFSFAR>I ?LKBP, 21 LC TEF@E >OB FJJL?FIB >KA RKFQBA FKQL > PFKDIB RKFQ. 4EB 22KA
?LKB FP QEB =1>492<5 (ILTBO G>T), TEF@E FP QEB LKIV JLSB>?IB ?LKB LC QEB PHRII.
F<:HE8 7.3 )4EGF B9 G;8 ,>H?? 1?< JBLCC :FEJ@JKJ F= K?< IFLE;<; 9I8@E :8J< K?8K ?FLJ<J K?< 9I8@E 8E; K?< =8:@8C 9FE<J
K?8K =FID K?< LGG<I 8E; CFN<I A8NJ, EFJ<, FI9@KJ, 8E; FK?<I =8:@8C JKIL:KLI<J.
7>Q@E QEFP F945? (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</C;E<<1) QL SFBT > OLQ>QFKD >KA BUMILABA PHRII, TFQE @LILO-@LABA ?LKBP.
7EF@E ?LKB (VBIILT) FP @BKQO>IIV IL@>QBA >KA GLFKP TFQE JLPQ LC QEB LQEBO ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII?
AAG8E<BE /<8J B9 ,>H??
4EB >KQBOFLO PHRII @LKPFPQP LC QEB C>@F>I ?LKBP >KA MOLSFABP QEB ?LKV PRMMLOQ CLO QEB BVBP >KA PQOR@QROBP LC QEB C>@B. 4EFP
SFBT LC QEB PHRII FP ALJFK>QBA ?V QEB LMBKFKDP LC QEB LO?FQP >KA QEB K>P>I @>SFQV. !IPL PBBK >OB QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO G>TP,
TFQE QEBFO OBPMB@QFSB QBBQE (F97EB5 7.4).
4EB ?B29D FP QEB ?LKV PL@HBQ QE>Q ELRPBP QEB BVB?>II >KA JRP@IBP QE>Q JLSB QEB BVB?>II LO LMBK QEB RMMBO BVBIFA. 4EB
RMMBO J>ODFK LC QEB >KQBOFLO LO?FQ FP QEB CE@B1?B29D1< =1B79>. ,L@>QBA KB>O QEB JFAMLFKQ LC QEB PRMO>LO?FQ>I J>ODFK FP >
PJ>II LMBKFKD @>IIBA QEB CE@B1?B29D1< 6?B1=5>. 4EFP MOLSFABP CLO M>PP>DB LC > PBKPLOV KBOSB QL QEB PHFK LC QEB CLOBEB>A.
"BILT QEB LO?FQ FP QEB 9>6B1?B29D1< 6?B1=5>, TEF@E FP QEB MLFKQ LC BJBODBK@B CLO > PBKPLOV KBOSB QE>Q PRMMIFBP QEB >KQBOFLO
C>@B ?BILT QEB LO?FQ.
242 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 7.4 AAG8E<BE /<8J B9 ,>H?? AE 8EK<I@FI M@<N F= K?< JBLCC J?FNJ K?< 9FE<J K?8K =FID K?< =FI<?<8;, FI9@KJ (<P<
JF:B<KJ), E8J8C :8M@KP, E8J8C J<GKLD, 8E; LGG<I 8E; CFN<I A8NJ.
)KPFAB QEB K>P>I >OB> LC QEB PHRII, QEB >1C1< 31F9DI FP AFSFABA FKQL E>ISBP ?V QEB >1C1< C5@DE=. 4EB RMMBO MLOQFLK LC QEB
K>P>I PBMQRJ FP CLOJBA ?V QEB @5B@5>493E<1B @<1D5 ?6 D85 5D8=?94 2?>5 >KA QEB ILTBO MLOQFLK FP QEB F?=5B 2?>5. %>@E
PFAB LC QEB K>P>I @>SFQV FP QOF>KDRI>O FK PE>MB, TFQE > ?OL>A FKCBOFLO PM>@B QE>Q K>OOLTP PRMBOFLOIV. 7EBK ILLHFKD FKQL QEB
K>P>I @>SFQV COLJ QEB COLKQ LC QEB PHRII, QTL ?LKV MI>QBP >OB PBBK MOLGB@QFKD COLJ B>@E I>QBO>I T>II. 4EB I>ODBO LC QEBPB FP QEB
9>65B9?B >1C1< 3?>381, >K FKABMBKABKQ ?LKB LC QEB PHRII. ,L@>QBA GRPQ >?LSB QEB FKCBOFLO @LK@E> FP QEB =944<5 >1C1< 3?>381,
TEF@E FP M>OQ LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB. ! QEFOA ?LKV MI>QB, >IPL M>OQ LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB, FP QEB CE@5B9?B >1C1< 3?>381. )Q FP JR@E
PJ>IIBO >KA LRQ LC PFDEQ, >?LSB QEB JFAAIB @LK@E>. 4EB PRMBOFLO K>P>I @LK@E> FP IL@>QBA GRPQ I>QBO>I QL QEB MBOMBKAF@RI>O
MI>QB, FK QEB RMMBO K>P>I @>SFQV.
%4G8E4? /<8J B9 ,>H??
! SFBT LC QEB I>QBO>I PHRII FP ALJFK>QBA ?V QEB I>ODB, OLRKABA ?O>FK @>PB >?LSB >KA QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO G>TP TFQE QEBFO
QBBQE ?BILT (F97EB5 7.5). 3BM>O>QFKD QEBPB >OB>P FP QEB ?OFADB LC ?LKB @>IIBA QEB WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E. 4EB JI7?=1D93 1B38 FP QEB
?LKV >O@E LK QEB PFAB LC PHRII QE>Q PM>KP COLJ QEB >OB> LC QEB @EBBH QL GRPQ >?LSB QEB B>O @>K>I. )Q FP CLOJBA ?V QEB GRK@QFLK
LC QTL ?LKV MOL@BPPBP: > PELOQ >KQBOFLO @LJMLKBKQ, QEB D5=@?B1< @B?35CC ?6 D85 JI7?=1D93 2?>5 (QEB @EBBH?LKB) >KA >
ILKDBO MLPQBOFLO MLOQFLK, QEB JI7?=1D93 @B?35CC ?6 D85 D5=@?B1< 2?>5, BUQBKAFKD CLOT>OA COLJ QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB. 4ERP
QEB QBJMLO>I MOL@BPP (>KQBOFLOIV) >KA QEB WVDLJ>QF@ MOL@BPP (MLPQBOFLOIV) GLFK QLDBQEBO, IFHB QEB QTL BKAP LC > AO>T?OFADB, QL
CLOJ QEB WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E. /KB LC QEB J>GLO JRP@IBP QE>Q MRIIP QEB J>KAF?IB RMT>OA AROFKD ?FQFKD >KA @EBTFKD >OFPBP COLJ
QEB WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E.
/K QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB, >?LSB QEB IBSBI LC QEB WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E, FP > PE>IILT PM>@B @>IIBA QEB D5=@?B1<
6?CC1. "BILT QEB IBSBI LC QEB WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E >KA ABBM QL QEB SBOQF@>I MLOQFLK LC QEB J>KAF?IB FP >KLQEBO PM>@B @>IIBA QEB
9>6B1D5=@?B1< 6?CC1. "LQE QEB QBJMLO>I CLPP> >KA FKCO>QBJMLO>I CLPP> @LKQ>FK JRP@IBP QE>Q >@Q LK QEB J>KAF?IB AROFKD
@EBTFKD.
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 243
F<:HE8 7.5 %4G8E4? /<8J B9 ,>H?? 1?< C8K<I8C JBLCC J?FNJ K?< C8I>< IFLE;<; 9I8@E :8J<, QP>FD8K@: 8I:?, 8E; K?< LGG<I
8E; CFN<I A8NJ. 1?< QP>FD8K@: 8I:? @J =FID<; AF@EKCP 9P K?< QP>FD8K@: GIF:<JJ F= K?< K<DGFI8C 9FE< 8E; K?< K<DGFI8C
GIF:<JJ F= K?< QP>FD8K@: 9FE<. 1?< J?8CCFN JG8:< 89FM< K?< QP>FD8K@: 8I:? @J K?< K<DGFI8C =FJJ8. 1?< JG8:< @E=<I@FI
KF K?< QP>FD8K@: 8I:? 8E; ;<<G KF K?< GFJK<I@FI D8E;@9C< @J K?< @E=I8K<DGFI8C =FJJ8.
BBA8F B9 G;8 BE4<A C4F8
4EB ?O>FK @>PB @LKQ>FKP >KA MOLQB@QP QEB ?O>FK. 4EB FKQBOFLO PM>@B QE>Q FP >IJLPQ @LJMIBQBIV L@@RMFBA ?V QEB ?O>FK FP @>IIBA
QEB 3B1>91< 31F9DI. 4EFP @>SFQV FP ?LRKABA PRMBOFLOIV ?V QEB OLRKABA QLM LC QEB PHRII, TEF@E FP @>IIBA QEB 31<F1B91 (PHRII@>M),
>KA QEB I>QBO>I >KA MLPQBOFLO PFABP LC QEB PHRII. 4EB ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ QEB QLM >KA PFABP LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB >OB RPR>IIV OBCBOOBA
QL >P QEB mCI>Qn ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII.
4EB CILLO LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB FP OBCBOOBA QL >P QEB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII. 4EFP FP > @LJMIBU >OB> QE>Q S>OFBP FK ABMQE >KA
E>P KRJBOLRP LMBKFKDP CLO QEB M>PP>DB LC @O>KF>I KBOSBP, ?ILLA SBPPBIP, >KA QEB PMFK>I @LOA. )KPFAB QEB PHRII, QEB ?>PB FP
PR?AFSFABA FKQL QEOBB I>ODB PM>@BP, @>IIBA QEB 1>D5B9?B 3B1>91< 6?CC1, =944<5 3B1>91< 6?CC1, >KA @?CD5B9?B 3B1>91< 6?CC1
(CLPP> = mQOBK@E LO AFQ@En) (F97EB5 7.6). &OLJ >KQBOFLO QL MLPQBOFLO, QEB CLPP>B FK@OB>PB FK ABMQE. 4EB PE>MB >KA ABMQE LC B>@E
CLPP> @LOOBPMLKAP QL QEB PE>MB >KA PFWB LC QEB ?O>FK OBDFLK QE>Q B>@E ELRPBP. 4EB ?LRKA>OFBP >KA LMBKFKDP LC QEB @O>KF>I
CLPP>B (PFKDRI>O = CLPP>) TFII ?B ABP@OF?BA FK > I>QBO PB@QFLK.
244 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 7.6 CE4A<4? FBFF48 1?< 9FE<J F= K?< 9I8@E :8J< JLIIFLE; 8E; GIFK<:K K?< 9I8@E, N?@:? F::LG@<J K?< :I8E@8C
:8M@KP. 1?< 98J< F= K?< 9I8@E :8J<, N?@:? =FIDJ K?< =CFFI F= :I8E@8C :8M@KP, @J JL9;@M@;<; @EKF K?< J?8CCFN 8EK<I@FI :I8E@8C
=FJJ8, K?< D@;;C< :I8E@8C =FJJ8, 8E; K?< ;<<G GFJK<I@FI :I8E@8C =FJJ8.
4EB ?O>FK @>PB @LKPFPQP LC BFDEQ ?LKBP. 4EBPB FK@IRAB QEB M>FOBA M>OFBQ>I >KA QBJMLO>I ?LKBP, MIRP QEB RKM>FOBA COLKQ>I,
L@@FMFQ>I, PMEBKLFA, >KA BQEJLFA ?LKBP.
)4E<8G4? BBA8
4EB @1B95D1< 2?>5 CLOJP JLPQ LC QEB RMMBO I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB PHRII (PBB F97EB5 7.5). 4EBPB >OB M>FOBA ?LKBP, TFQE QEB OFDEQ
>KA IBCQ M>OFBQ>I ?LKBP GLFKFKD QLDBQEBO >Q QEB QLM LC QEB PHRII. %>@E M>OFBQ>I ?LKB FP >IPL ?LRKABA >KQBOFLOIV ?V QEB COLKQ>I
?LKB, FKCBOFLOIV ?V QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB, >KA MLPQBOFLOIV ?V QEB L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB.
-8@CBE4? BBA8
4EB D5=@?B1< 2?>5 CLOJP QEB ILTBO I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB PHRII (PBB F97EB5 7.5). #LJJLK TFPALJ E>P FQ QE>Q QEB QBJMLO>I
?LKB (QBJMLO>I = mQFJBn) FP PL K>JBA ?B@>RPB QEFP >OB> LC QEB EB>A (QEB QBJMIB) FP TEBOB E>FO QVMF@>IIV CFOPQ QROKP DO>V,
FKAF@>QFKD QEB M>PP>DB LC QFJB.
4EB QBJMLO>I ?LKB FP PR?AFSFABA FKQL PBSBO>I OBDFLKP (F97EB5 7.7). 4EB CI>QQBKBA, RMMBO MLOQFLK FP QEB PNR>JLRP MLOQFLK
LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB. "BILT QEFP >OB> >KA MOLGB@QFKD >KQBOFLOIV FP QEB WVDLJ>QF@ MOL@BPP LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB, TEF@E CLOJP
QEB MLPQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E. 0LPQBOFLOIV FP QEB J>PQLFA MLOQFLK LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB. 0OLGB@QFKD FKCBOFLOIV
COLJ QEFP OBDFLK FP > I>ODB MOLJFKBK@B, QEB =1CD?94 @B?35CC, TEF@E PBOSBP >P > JRP@IB >QQ>@EJBKQ PFQB. 4EB J>PQLFA MOL@BPP
@>K B>PFIV ?B CBIQ LK QEB PFAB LC QEB EB>A GRPQ ?BEFKA VLRO B>OIL?B. /K QEB FKQBOFLO LC QEB PHRII, QEB MBQOLRP MLOQFLK LC B>@E
QBJMLO>I ?LKB CLOJP QEB MOLJFKBKQ, AF>DLK>IIV LOFBKQBA @5DB?EC B9475 FK QEB CILLO LC QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV. ,L@>QBA FKPFAB B>@E
MBQOLRP OFADB >OB PJ>II @>SFQFBP QE>Q ELRPB QEB PQOR@QROBP LC QEB JFAAIB >KA FKKBO B>OP.
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 245
F<:HE8 7.7 -8@CBE4? BBA8 A C8K<I8C M@<N F= K?< @JFC8K<; K<DGFI8C 9FE< J?FNJ K?< JHL8DFLJ, D8JKF@;, 8E;
QP>FD8K@: GFIK@FEJ F= K?< K<DGFI8C 9FE<.
)JMLOQ>KQ I>KAJ>OHP LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB, >P PELTK FK F97EB5 7.8, FK@IRAB QEB CLIILTFKD:
c EHD5B>1< 13?ECD93 =51DEC (B>O @>K>I)j4EFP FP QEB I>ODB LMBKFKD LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB PHRII QE>Q FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE
QEB B>O.
c I>D5B>1< 13?ECD93 =51DECj4EFP LMBKFKD FP IL@>QBA FKPFAB QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV, LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB MBQOLRP OFADB.
)Q @LKKB@QP QL QEB JFAAIB >KA FKKBO B>O @>SFQFBP LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB.
c #1>492E<1B 6?CC1j4EFP FP QEB ABBM, LS>I-PE>MBA ABMOBPPFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB BUQBOK>I ?>PB LC QEB PHRII, GRPQ FK
COLKQ LC QEB BUQBOK>I >@LRPQF@ JB>QRP. 4EB J>KAF?IB (ILTBO G>T) GLFKP TFQE QEB PHRII >Q QEFP PFQB >P M>OQ LC QEB
QBJMLOLJ>KAF?RI>O GLFKQ, TEF@E >IILTP CLO JLSBJBKQP LC QEB J>KAF?IB AROFKD LMBKFKD >KA @ILPFKD LC QEB JLRQE.
c ABD93E<1B DE25B3<5j4EB PJLLQE OFADB IL@>QBA FJJBAF>QBIV >KQBOFLO QL QEB J>KAF?RI>O CLPP>. "LQE QEB >OQF@RI>O
QR?BO@IB >KA J>KAF?RI>O CLPP> @LKQOF?RQB QL QEB QBJMLOLJ>KAF?RI>O GLFKQ, QEB GLFKQ QE>Q MOLSFABP CLO JLSBJBKQP
?BQTBBK QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB LC QEB PHRII >KA QEB J>KAF?IB.
c )DI<?94 @B?35CCj0LPQBOFLO QL QEB J>KAF?RI>O CLPP> LK QEB BUQBOK>I ?>PB LC QEB PHRII FP >K BILKD>QBA, ALTKT>OA ?LKV
MOLGB@QFLK @>IIBA QEB PQVILFA MOL@BPP, PL K>JBA ?B@>RPB LC FQP OBPBJ?I>K@B QL > PQVIRP (> MBK LO TOFQFKD QLLI). 4EFP
PQOR@QROB PBOSBP >P >K >QQ>@EJBKQ PFQB CLO PBSBO>I PJ>II JRP@IBP >KA CLO > IFD>JBKQ QE>Q PRMMLOQP QEB EVLFA ?LKB LC QEB
KB@H. (3BB >IPL F97EB5 7.7.)
c )DI<?=1CD?94 6?B1=5>j4EFP PJ>II LMBKFKD FP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB PQVILFA MOL@BPP >KA J>PQLFA MOL@BPP. 4EFP FP QEB
MLFKQ LC BUFQ CLO QEB @O>KF>I KBOSB QE>Q PRMMIFBP QEB C>@F>I JRP@IBP.
c C1B?D94 31>1<j4EB @>OLQFA @>K>I FP > WFD-W>D PE>MBA QRKKBI QE>Q MOLSFABP M>PP>DB QEOLRDE QEB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII CLO
LKB LC QEB J>GLO >OQBOFBP QE>Q PRMMIFBP QEB ?O>FK. )QP BKQO>K@B FP IL@>QBA LK QEB LRQPFAB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII, >KQBOLJBAF>I QL
QEB PQVILFA MOL@BPP. 4EB @>K>I QEBK ORKP >KQBOLJBAF>IIV TFQEFK QEB ?LKV ?>PB LC QEB PHRII, >KA QEBK QROKP RMT>OA QL FQP
BUFQ FK QEB CILLO LC QEB JFAAIB @O>KF>I @>SFQV, >?LSB QEB CLO>JBK I>@BORJ.
246 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 7.8 EKG8EA4? 4A7 "AG8EA4? /<8JF B9 B4F8 B9 ,>H?? (8) 1?< ?8I; G8C8K< @J =FID<; 8EK<I@FICP 9P K?< G8C8K@E<
GIF:<JJ<J F= K?< D8O@CC8 9FE<J 8E; GFJK<I@FICP 9P K?< ?FI@QFEK8C GC8K< F= K?< G8C8K@E< 9FE<J. (9) 1?< :FDGC<O =CFFI F=
K?< :I8E@8C :8M@KP @J =FID<; 9P K?< =IFEK8C, <K?DF@;, JG?<EF@;, K<DGFI8C, 8E; F::@G@K8C 9FE<J. 1?< C<JJ<I N@E> F= K?<
JG?<EF@; 9FE< J<G8I8K<J K?< 8EK<I@FI 8E; D@;;C< :I8E@8C =FJJ8<. 1?< G<KIFLJ I@;>< (G<KIFLJ GFIK@FE F= K<DGFI8C 9FE<)
J<G8I8K<J K?< D@;;C< 8E; GFJK<I@FI :I8E@8C =FJJ8<.
FEBAG4? BBA8
4EB 6B?>D1< 2?>5 FP QEB PFKDIB ?LKB QE>Q CLOJP QEB CLOBEB>A. !Q FQP >KQBOFLO JFAIFKB, ?BQTBBK QEB BVB?OLTP, QEBOB FP > PIFDEQ
ABMOBPPFLK @>IIBA QEB 7<125<<1 (PBB F97EB5 7.5). 4EB COLKQ>I ?LKB >IPL CLOJP QEB PRMO>LO?FQ>I J>ODFK LC QEB LO?FQ. .B>O QEB
JFAAIB LC QEFP J>ODFK, FP QEB PRMO>LO?FQ>I CLO>JBK, QEB LMBKFKD QE>Q MOLSFABP M>PP>DB CLO > PBKPLOV KBOSB QL QEB CLOBEB>A.
4EB COLKQ>I ?LKB FP QEF@HBKBA GRPQ >?LSB B>@E PRMO>LO?FQ>I J>ODFK, CLOJFKD OLRKABA ?OLT OFADBP. 4EBPB >OB IL@>QBA GRPQ
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 247
?BEFKA VLRO BVB?OLTP >KA S>OV FK PFWB >JLKD FKAFSFAR>IP, >IQELRDE QEBV >OB DBKBO>IIV I>ODBO FK J>IBP. )KPFAB QEB @O>KF>I
@>SFQV, QEB COLKQ>I ?LKB BUQBKAP MLPQBOFLOIV. 4EFP CI>QQBKBA OBDFLK CLOJP ?LQE QEB OLLC LC QEB LO?FQ ?BILT >KA QEB CILLO LC QEB
>KQBOFLO @O>KF>I @>SFQV >?LSB (PBB F97EB5 7.82).
(66<C<G4? BBA8
4EB ?339@9D1< 2?>5 FP QEB PFKDIB ?LKB QE>Q CLOJP QEB MLPQBOFLO PHRII >KA MLPQBOFLO ?>PB LC QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV (F97EB5 7.9;
PBB >IPL F97EB5 7.8). /K FQP LRQPFAB PROC>@B, >Q QEB MLPQBOFLO JFAIFKB, FP > PJ>II MOLQORPFLK @>IIBA QEB 5HD5B>1< ?339@9D1<
@B?DE25B1>35, TEF@E PBOSBP >P >K >QQ>@EJBKQ PFQB CLO > IFD>JBKQ LC QEB MLPQBOFLO KB@H. ,>QBO>I QL BFQEBO PFAB LC QEFP ?RJM FP
> CE@5B9?B >E381< <9>5 (KR@E>I = mK>MBn LO mMLPQBOFLO KB@Hn). 4EB KR@E>I IFKBP OBMOBPBKQ QEB JLPQ PRMBOFLO MLFKQ >Q TEF@E
JRP@IBP LC QEB KB@H >QQ>@E QL QEB PHRII, TFQE LKIV QEB P@>IM @LSBOFKD QEB PHRII >?LSB QEBPB IFKBP. /K QEB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII, QEB
L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB @LKQ>FKP QEB I>ODB LMBKFKD LC QEB 6?B1=5> =17>E=, TEF@E >IILTP CLO M>PP>DB LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA >P FQ BUFQP
QEB PHRII. /K BFQEBO PFAB LC QEB CLO>JBK J>DKRJ FP >K LS>I-PE>MBA ?339@9D1< 3?>4I<5. 4EBPB @LKAVIBP CLOJ GLFKQP TFQE QEB
CFOPQ @BOSF@>I SBOQB?O> >KA QERP PRMMLOQ QEB PHRII LK QLM LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK.
F<:HE8 7.9 )BFG8E<BE /<8J B9 ,>H?? 1?@J M@<N F= K?< GFJK<I@FI JBLCC J?FNJ 8KK8:?D<EK J@K<J =FI DLJ:C<J 8E; AF@EKJ
K?8K JLGGFIK K?< JBLCC.
,C;8AB<7 BBA8
4EB C@85>?94 2?>5 FP > PFKDIB, @LJMIBU ?LKB LC QEB @BKQO>I PHRII (F97EB5 7.10). )Q PBOSBP >P > mHBVPQLKBn ?LKB, ?B@>RPB
FQ GLFKP TFQE >IJLPQ BSBOV LQEBO ?LKB LC QEB PHRII. 4EB PMEBKLFA CLOJP JR@E LC QEB ?>PB LC QEB @BKQO>I PHRII (PBB F97EB5
7.8) >KA >IPL BUQBKAP I>QBO>IIV QL @LKQOF?RQB QL QEB PFABP LC QEB PHRII (PBB F97EB5 7.5). )KPFAB QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV, QEB OFDEQ
>KA IBCQ <5CC5B G9>7C ?6 D85 C@85>?94 2?>5, TEF@E OBPBJ?IB QEB TFKDP LC > CIVFKD ?FOA, CLOJ QEB IFM LC > MOLJFKBKQ OFADB
QE>Q J>OHP QEB ?LRKA>OV ?BQTBBK QEB >KQBOFLO >KA JFAAIB @O>KF>I CLPP>B. 4EB C5<<1 DEB3931 (m4ROHFPE P>AAIBn) FP IL@>QBA >Q
QEB JFAIFKB LC QEB JFAAIB @O>KF>I CLPP>. 4EFP ?LKV OBDFLK LC QEB PMEBKLFA ?LKB FP K>JBA CLO FQP OBPBJ?I>K@B QL QEB ELOPB
P>AAIBP RPBA ?V QEB /QQLJ>K 4ROHP, TFQE > EFDE ?>@H >KA > Q>II COLKQ. 4EB OLRKABA ABMOBPPFLK FK QEB CILLO LC QEB PBII> QRO@F@>
FP QEB 8I@?@8IC51< (@9DE9D1BI) 6?CC1, TEF@E ELRPBP QEB MB>-PFWBA MFQRFQ>OV (EVMLMEVPB>I) DI>KA. 4EB 7B51D5B G9>7C ?6 D85
C@85>?94 2?>5 BUQBKA I>QBO>IIV QL BFQEBO PFAB >T>V COLJ QEB PBII> QRO@F@>, TEBOB QEBV CLOJ QEB >KQBOFLO CILLO LC QEB JFAAIB
@O>KF>I CLPP>. 4EB DOB>QBO TFKD FP ?BPQ PBBK LK QEB LRQPFAB LC QEB I>QBO>I PHRII, TEBOB FQ CLOJP > OB@Q>KDRI>O >OB> FJJBAF>QBIV
>KQBOFLO QL QEB PNR>JLRP MLOQFLK LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB.
/K QEB FKCBOFLO >PMB@Q LC QEB PHRII, B>@E E>IC LC QEB PMEBKLFA ?LKB CLOJP QTL QEFK, SBOQF@>IIV LOFBKQBA ?LKV MI>QBP.
4EBPB >OB QEB =5491< @D5BI7?94 @<1D5 >KA <1D5B1< @D5BI7?94 @<1D5 (MQBOVDLFA = mTFKD-PE>MBAn). 4EB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ JBAF>I
MQBOVDLFA MI>QBP CLOJ QEB MLPQBOFLO, I>QBO>I T>IIP LC QEB K>P>I @>SFQV. 4EB PLJBTE>Q I>ODBO I>QBO>I MQBOVDLFA MI>QBP PBOSB >P
>QQ>@EJBKQ PFQBP CLO @EBTFKD JRP@IBP QE>Q CFII QEB FKCO>QBJMLO>I PM>@B >KA >@Q LK QEB J>KAF?IB.
248 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 7.10 ,C;8AB<7 BBA8 0?FNE @E @JFC8K@FE @E (8) JLG<I@FI 8E; (9) GFJK<I@FI M@<NJ, K?< JG?<EF@; 9FE< @J 8 J@E>C<
D@;C@E< 9FE< K?8K =FIDJ K?< 8EK<I@FI N8CCJ 8E; =CFFI F= K?< D@;;C< :I8E@8C =FJJ8. &K ?8J 8 G8@I F= C<JJ<I N@E>J 8E; 8 G8@I
F= >I<8K<I N@E>J. 1?< J<CC8 KLI:@:8 JLIIFLE;J K?< ?PGFG?PJ<8C =FJJ8. -IFA<:K@E> ;FNEN8I; 8I< K?< D<;@8C 8E; C8K<I8C
GK<IP>F@; GC8K<J. 1?< JG?<EF@; ?8J DLCK@GC< FG<E@E>J =FI K?< G8JJ8>< F= E<IM<J 8E; 9CFF; M<JJ<CJ, @E:CL;@E> K?< FGK@:
:8E8C, JLG<I@FI FI9@K8C =@JJLI<, =FI8D<E IFKLE;LD, =FI8D<E FM8C<, 8E; =FI8D<E JG@EFJLD.
EG;@B<7 BBA8
4EB 5D8=?94 2?>5 FP > PFKDIB, JFAIFKB ?LKB QE>Q CLOJP QEB OLLC >KA I>QBO>I T>IIP LC QEB RMMBO K>P>I @>SFQV, QEB RMMBO MLOQFLK
LC QEB K>P>I PBMQRJ, >KA @LKQOF?RQBP QL QEB JBAF>I T>II LC QEB LO?FQ (F97EB5 7.11 >KA F97EB5 7.12). /K QEB FKQBOFLO LC QEB
PHRII, QEB BQEJLFA >IPL CLOJP > MLOQFLK LC QEB CILLO LC QEB >KQBOFLO @O>KF>I @>SFQV (PBB F97EB5 7.82).
7FQEFK QEB K>P>I @>SFQV, QEB MBOMBKAF@RI>O MI>QB LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB CLOJP QEB RMMBO MLOQFLK LC QEB K>P>I PBMQRJ. 4EB
BQEJLFA ?LKB >IPL CLOJP QEB I>QBO>I T>IIP LC QEB RMMBO K>P>I @>SFQV. %UQBKAFKD COLJ B>@E I>QBO>I T>II >OB QEB PRMBOFLO K>P>I
@LK@E> >KA JFAAIB K>P>I @LK@E>, TEF@E >OB QEFK, @ROSBA MOLGB@QFLKP QE>Q BUQBKA FKQL QEB K>P>I @>SFQV (F97EB5 7.13).
)K QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV, QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB CLOJP > PJ>II >OB> >Q QEB JFAIFKB FK QEB CILLO LC QEB >KQBOFLO @O>KF>I CLPP>. 4EFP
OBDFLK >IPL CLOJP QEB K>OOLT OLLC LC QEB RKABOIVFKD K>P>I @>SFQV. 4EFP MLOQFLK LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB @LKPFPQP LC QTL M>OQP, QEB
@OFPQ> D>IIF >KA @OF?OFCLOJ MI>QBP. 4EB 3B9CD1 71<<9 (mOLLPQBOlP @LJ? LO @OBPQn) FP > PJ>II RMT>OA ?LKV MOLGB@QFLK IL@>QBA >Q
QEB JFAIFKB. )Q CRK@QFLKP >P >K >KQBOFLO >QQ>@EJBKQ MLFKQ CLO LKB LC QEB @LSBOFKD I>VBOP LC QEB ?O>FK. 4L BFQEBO PFAB LC QEB @OFPQ>
D>IIF FP QEB 3B92B96?B= @<1D5 (@OF?ORJ = mPFBSBn), > PJ>II, CI>QQBKBA >OB> TFQE KRJBOLRP PJ>II LMBKFKDP QBOJBA LIC>@QLOV
CLO>JFK>. 3J>II KBOSB ?O>K@EBP COLJ QEB LIC>@QLOV >OB>P LC QEB K>P>I @>SFQV M>PP QEOLRDE QEBPB LMBKFKDP QL BKQBO QEB ?O>FK.
4EB I>QBO>I MLOQFLKP LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB >OB IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB LO?FQ >KA RMMBO K>P>I @>SFQV, >KA QERP CLOJ QEB I>QBO>I
K>P>I @>SFQV T>II >KA > MLOQFLK LC QEB JBAF>I LO?FQ T>II. ,L@>QBA FKPFAB QEFP MLOQFLK LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB >OB PBSBO>I PJ>II,
>FO-CFIIBA PM>@BP QE>Q >OB M>OQ LC QEB M>O>K>P>I PFKRP PVPQBJ LC QEB PHRII.
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 249
F<:HE8 7.11 ,4:<GG4? ,86G<BA B9 ,>H?? 1?@J D@;C@E< M@<N F= K?< J8>@KK8CCP J<:K@FE<; JBLCC J?FNJ K?< E8J8C J<GKLD.
F<:HE8 7.12 EG;@B<7 BBA8 1?< LEG8@I<; <K?DF@; 9FE< @J CF:8K<; 8K K?< D@;C@E< N@K?@E K?< :<EKI8C JBLCC. &K ?8J 8E
LGN8I; GIFA<:K@FE, K?< :I@JK8 >8CC@, 8E; 8 ;FNEN8I; GIFA<:K@FE, K?< G<IG<E;@:LC8I GC8K<, N?@:? =FIDJ K?< LGG<I E8J8C
J<GKLD. 1?< :I@9I@=FID GC8K<J =FID 9FK? K?< IFF= F= K?< E8J8C :8M@KP 8E; 8 GFIK@FE F= K?< 8EK<I@FI :I8E@8C =FJJ8 =CFFI. 1?<
C8K<I8C J@;<J F= K?< <K?DF@; 9FE< =FID K?< C8K<I8C N8CCJ F= K?< LGG<I E8J8C :8M@KP, G8IK F= K?< D<;@8C FI9@K N8CC, 8E; >@M<
I@J< KF K?< JLG<I@FI 8E; D@;;C< E8J8C :FE:?8<. 1?< <K?DF@; 9FE< 8CJF :FEK8@EJ K?< <K?DF@; 8@I :<CCJ.
250 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 7.13 %4G8E4? 04?? B9 '4F4? C4I<GL 1?< K?I<< E8J8C :FE:?8< 8I< :LIM<; 9FE<J K?8K GIFA<:K =IFD K?< C8K<I8C
N8CCJ F= K?< E8J8C :8M@KP. 1?< JLG<I@FI E8J8C :FE:?8 8E; D@;;C< E8J8C :FE:?8 8I< G8IKJ F= K?< <K?DF@; 9FE<. 1?<
@E=<I@FI E8J8C :FE:?8 @J 8E @E;<G<E;<EK 9FE< F= K?< JBLCC.
,HGHE8F B9 G;8 ,>H??
! CEDEB5 FP >K FJJL?FIB GLFKQ ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII. 4EB K>OOLT D>M ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP FP CFIIBA TFQE ABKPB,
CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q RKFQBP QEB ?LKBP. 4EB ILKD PRQROBP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB >OB KLQ PQO>FDEQ,
?RQ FKPQB>A CLIILT FOOBDRI>O, QFDEQIV QTFPQFKD M>QEP. 4EBPB QTFPQFKD IFKBP PBOSB QL QFDEQIV FKQBOIL@H QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP, QERP
>AAFKD PQOBKDQE QL QEB PHRII CLO ?O>FK MOLQB@QFLK.
4EB QTL PRQROB IFKBP PBBK LK QEB QLM LC QEB PHRII >OB QEB @LOLK>I >KA P>DFQQ>I PRQROBP. 4EB 3?B?>1< CEDEB5 ORKP COLJ PFAB
QL PFAB >@OLPP QEB PHRII, TFQEFK QEB @LOLK>I MI>KB LC PB@QFLK (PBB F97EB5 7.5). )Q GLFKP QEB COLKQ>I ?LKB QL QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ
M>OFBQ>I ?LKBP. 4EB C179DD1< CEDEB5 BUQBKAP MLPQBOFLOIV COLJ QEB @LOLK>I PRQROB, ORKKFKD >ILKD QEB JFAIFKB >Q QEB QLM LC QEB
PHRII FK QEB P>DFQQ>I MI>KB LC PB@QFLK (PBB F97EB5 7.9). )Q RKFQBP QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ M>OFBQ>I ?LKBP. /K QEB MLPQBOFLO PHRII, QEB
P>DFQQ>I PRQROB QBOJFK>QBP ?V GLFKFKD QEB I>J?ALFA PRQROB. 4EB <1=24?94 CEDEB5 BUQBKAP ALTKT>OA >KA I>QBO>IIV QL BFQEBO
PFAB >T>V COLJ FQP GRK@QFLK TFQE QEB P>DFQQ>I PRQROB. 4EB I>J?ALFA PRQROB GLFKP QEB L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB QL QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ M>OFBQ>I
>KA QBJMLO>I ?LKBP. 4EFP PRQROB FP K>JBA CLO FQP RMPFAB-ALTK "6" PE>MB, TEF@E OBPBJ?IBP QEB @>MFQ>I IBQQBO SBOPFLK LC QEB
'OBBH IBQQBO I>J?A> (c). 4EB CAE1=?EC CEDEB5 FP IL@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I PHRII. )Q RKFQBP QEB PNR>JLRP MLOQFLK LC QEB QBJMLO>I
?LKB TFQE QEB M>OFBQ>I ?LKB (PBB F97EB5 7.5). !Q QEB FKQBOPB@QFLK LC CLRO ?LKBP FP QEB @D5B9?>, > PJ>II, @>MFQ>I-(-PE>MBA
PRQROB IFKB OBDFLK QE>Q RKFQBP QEB COLKQ>I ?LKB, M>OFBQ>I ?LKB, PNR>JLRP MLOQFLK LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB, >KA DOB>QBO TFKD LC
QEB PMEBKLFA ?LKB. )Q FP QEB TB>HBPQ M>OQ LC QEB PHRII. 4EB MQBOFLK FP IL@>QBA >MMOLUFJ>QBIV QTL CFKDBO TFAQEP >?LSB QEB
WVDLJ>QF@ >O@E >KA > QERJ?lP TFAQE MLPQBOFLO QL QEB RMT>OA MLOQFLK LC QEB WVDLJ>QF@ ?LKB.
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 251
,>8?8G4? ,LFG8@
(B>A >KA QO>RJ>QF@ ?O>FK FKGROFBP >OB J>GLO @>RPBP LC FJJBAF>QB AB>QE >KA AFP>?FIFQV, TFQE ?IBBAFKD >KA FKCB@QFLKP >P
MLPPF?IB >AAFQFLK>I @LJMIF@>QFLKP. !@@LOAFKD QL QEB #BKQBOP CLO $FPB>PB #LKQOLI >KA 0OBSBKQFLK (2010), >MMOLUFJ>QBIV
30 MBO@BKQ LC >II FKGROV-OBI>QBA AB>QEP FK QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP >OB @>RPBA ?V EB>A FKGROFBP. 4EB J>GLOFQV LC EB>A FKGROFBP
FKSLISB C>IIP. 4EBV >OB JLPQ @LJJLK >JLKD VLRKD @EFIAOBK (>DBP 0i4 VB>OP), >ALIBP@BKQP (15i19 VB>OP), >KA QEB
BIABOIV (LSBO 65 VB>OP). !AAFQFLK>I @>RPBP S>OV, ?RQ MOLJFKBKQ >JLKD QEBPB >OB >RQLJL?FIB >KA JLQLO@V@IB >@@FABKQP.
3QOLKD ?ILTP QL QEB ?O>FK-@>PB MLOQFLK LC QEB PHRII @>K MOLAR@B CO>@QROBP. 4EBPB J>V OBPRIQ FK ?IBBAFKD FKPFAB QEB
PHRII TFQE PR?PBNRBKQ FKGROV QL QEB ?O>FK. 4EB JLPQ @LJJLK FP > IFKB>O PHRII CO>@QROB, FK TEF@E CO>@QROB IFKBP O>AF>QB
COLJ QEB MLFKQ LC FJM>@Q. /QEBO CO>@QROB QVMBP FK@IRAB > @LJJFKRQBA CO>@QROB, FK TEF@E QEB ?LKB FP ?OLHBK FKQL PBSBO>I
MFB@BP >Q QEB MLFKQ LC FJM>@Q, LO > ABMOBPPBA CO>@QROB, FK TEF@E QEB CO>@QROBA ?LKB FP MRPEBA FKT>OA. )K > @LKQOB@LRM
(@LRKQBO?ILT) CO>@QROB, QEB ?LKB >Q QEB MLFKQ LC FJM>@Q FP KLQ ?OLHBK, ?RQ FKPQB>A > CO>@QROB L@@ROP LK QEB LMMLPFQB PFAB
LC QEB PHRII. &O>@QROBP LC QEB L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII @>K L@@RO FK QEFP J>KKBO, MOLAR@FKD > ?>PFI>O CO>@QROB
QE>Q @>K A>J>DB QEB >OQBOV QE>Q M>PPBP QEOLRDE QEB @>OLQFA @>K>I.
! ?ILT QL QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB EB>A J>V CO>@QROB QEB ?LKBP LC QEB MQBOFLK. 4EB MQBOFLK FP >K FJMLOQ>KQ @IFKF@>I
I>KAJ>OH ?B@>RPB IL@>QBA FJJBAF>QBIV ABBM QL FQ LK QEB FKPFAB LC QEB PHRII FP > J>GLO ?O>K@E LC >K >OQBOV QE>Q PRMMIFBP
QEB PHRII >KA @LSBOFKD I>VBOP LC QEB ?O>FK. ! PQOLKD ?ILT QL QEFP OBDFLK @>K CO>@QROB QEB ?LKBP >OLRKA QEB MQBOFLK.
)C QEB RKABOIVFKD >OQBOV FP A>J>DBA, ?IBBAFKD @>K @>RPB QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC > EBJ>QLJ> (@LIIB@QFLK LC ?ILLA) ?BQTBBK
QEB ?O>FK >KA FKQBOFLO LC QEB PHRII. !P ?ILLA >@@RJRI>QBP, FQ TFII MRQ MOBPPROB LK QEB ?O>FK. 3VJMQLJP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE
> EBJ>QLJ> J>V KLQ ?B >MM>OBKQ FJJBAF>QBIV CLIILTFKD QEB FKGROV, ?RQ FC RKQOB>QBA, ?ILLA >@@RJRI>QFLK TFII BUBOQ
FK@OB>PFKD MOBPPROB LK QEB ?O>FK >KA @>K OBPRIQ FK AB>QE TFQEFK > CBT ELROP.
6FBT QEFP 1>9=1D9?> (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</85142<?G) QL PBB ELT > ?ILT QL QEB EB>A J>V MOLAR@B >
@LKQOB@LRM (@LRKQBO?ILT) CO>@QROB LC QEB ?>PFI>O MLOQFLK LC QEB L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB LK QEB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII. 7EV J>V >
?>PFI>O CO>@QROB ?B IFCB QEOB>QBKFKD?
F46<4? BBA8F B9 G;8 ,>H??
4EB C>@F>I ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII CLOJ QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO G>TP, QEB KLPB, K>P>I @>SFQV >KA K>P>I PBMQRJ, >KA QEB LO?FQ. 4EB
C>@F>I ?LKBP FK@IRAB 14 ?LKBP, TFQE PFU M>FOBA ?LKBP >KA QTL RKM>FOBA ?LKBP. 4EB M>FOBA ?LKBP >OB QEB J>UFII>, M>I>QFKB,
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VB>O $L@QLO LC #EFOLMO>@QF@ ($.#.) ABDOBB MOLDO>J, >KA M>PP > IF@BKPROB BU>JFK>QFLK QL ?B IF@BKPBA CLO MO>@QF@B FK QEBFO
PQ>QB. 7FQE QEB >DFKD LC QEB ?>?V-?LLJ DBKBO>QFLK, BJMILVJBKQ CLO @EFOLMO>@QLOP FP BUMB@QBA QL FK@OB>PB.
7.4 N -;8 -;BE46<6 C4:8
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $FP@RPP QEB @LJMLKBKQP QE>Q J>HB RM QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB
c )ABKQFCV QEB M>OQP LC QEB PQBOKRJ >KA ABCFKB QEB PQBOK>I >KDIB
c $FP@RPP QEB M>OQP LC > OF? >KA OF? @I>PPFCF@>QFLKP
4EB QELO>@F@ @>DB (OF? @>DB) CLOJP QEB QELO>U (@EBPQ) MLOQFLK LC QEB ?LAV. )Q @LKPFPQP LC QEB 12 M>FOP LC OF?P TFQE QEBFO @LPQ>I
@>OQFI>DBP >KA QEB PQBOKRJ (F97EB5 7.32). 4EB OF?P >OB >K@ELOBA MLPQBOFLOIV QL QEB 12 QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B (41i412). 4EB
QELO>@F@ @>DB MOLQB@QP QEB EB>OQ >KA IRKDP.
F<:HE8 7.32 -;BE46<6 C4:8 1?< K?FI8:@: :8>< @J =FID<; 9P K?< (8) JK<IELD 8E; (9) 12 G8@IJ F= I@9J N@K? K?<@I :FJK8C
:8IK@C8><J. 1?< I@9J 8I< 8E:?FI<; GFJK<I@FICP KF K?< 12 K?FI8:@: M<IK<9I8<. 1?< JK<IELD :FEJ@JKJ F= K?< D8EL9I@LD,
9F;P, 8E; O@G?F@; GIF:<JJ. 1?< I@9J 8I< :C8JJ@=@<; 8J KIL< I@9J (1^7) 8E; =8CJ< I@9J (8^12). 1?< C8JK KNF G8@IJ F= =8CJ<
I@9J 8I< 8CJF BEFNE 8J =CF8K@E> I@9J (11^12).
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 271
,G8EAH@
4EB PQBOKRJ FP QEB BILKD>QBA ?LKV PQOR@QROB QE>Q >K@ELOP QEB >KQBOFLO QELO>@F@ @>DB. )Q @LKPFPQP LC QEOBB M>OQP: QEB J>KR?OFRJ,
?LAV, >KA UFMELFA MOL@BPP. 4EB =1>E2B9E= FP QEB TFABO, PRMBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB PQBOKRJ. 4EB QLM LC QEB J>KR?OFRJ E>P
> PE>IILT, 5-PE>MBA ?LOABO @>IIBA QEB :E7E<1B (CE@B1CD5B>1<) >?D38. 4EFP @>K ?B B>PFIV CBIQ >Q QEB >KQBOFLO ?>PB LC QEB
KB@H, ?BQTBBK QEB JBAF>I BKAP LC QEB @I>SF@IBP. 4EB 3<1F93E<1B >?D38 FP QEB PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK IL@>QBA LK BFQEBO PFAB >Q QEB
PRMBOFLO-I>QBO>I J>ODFKP LC QEB J>KR?OFRJ. 4EFP FP QEB PFQB LC QEB PQBOKL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ, ?BQTBBK QEB PQBOKRJ >KA @I>SF@IB.
4EB CFOPQ OF?P >IPL >QQ>@E QL QEB J>KR?OFRJ.
4EB BILKD>QBA, @BKQO>I MLOQFLK LC QEB PQBOKRJ FP QEB ?LAV. 4EB J>KR?OFRJ >KA ?LAV GLFK QLDBQEBO >Q QEB CD5B>1< 1>7<5,
PL @>IIBA ?B@>RPB QEB GRK@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEBPB QTL @LJMLKBKQP FP KLQ CI>Q, ?RQ CLOJP > PIFDEQ ?BKA. 4EB PB@LKA OF? >QQ>@EBP QL
QEB PQBOKRJ >Q QEB PQBOK>I >KDIB. 3FK@B QEB CFOPQ OF? FP EFAABK ?BEFKA QEB @I>SF@IB, QEB PB@LKA OF? FP QEB EFDEBPQ OF? QE>Q @>K ?B
FABKQFCFBA ?V M>IM>QFLK. 4ERP, QEB PQBOK>I >KDIB >KA PB@LKA OF? >OB FJMLOQ>KQ I>KAJ>OHP CLO QEB FABKQFCF@>QFLK >KA @LRKQFKD
LC QEB ILTBO OF?P. 2F?P 3i7 >QQ>@E QL QEB PQBOK>I ?LAV.
4EB FKCBOFLO QFM LC QEB PQBOKRJ FP QEB H9@8?94 @B?35CC. 4EFP PJ>II PQOR@QROB FP @>OQFI>DFKLRP B>OIV FK IFCB, ?RQ DO>AR>IIV
?B@LJBP LPPFCFBA PQ>OQFKD AROFKD JFAAIB >DB.
+<5F
%>@E OF? FP > @ROSBA, CI>QQBKBA ?LKB QE>Q @LKQOF?RQBP QL QEB T>II LC QEB QELO>U. 4EB OF?P >OQF@RI>QB MLPQBOFLOIV TFQE QEB 41i412
QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B, >KA JLPQ >QQ>@E >KQBOFLOIV SF> QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP QL QEB PQBOKRJ. 4EBOB >OB 12 M>FOP LC OF?P. 4EB OF?P
>OB KRJ?BOBA 1i12 FK >@@LOA>K@B TFQE QEB QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B.
)4EGF B9 4 -LC<64? +<5
4EB MLPQBOFLO BKA LC > QVMF@>I OF? FP @>IIBA QEB 8514 ?6 D85 B92 (PBB F97EB5 7.27). 4EFP OBDFLK >OQF@RI>QBP MOFJ>OFIV TFQE
QEB @LPQ>I C>@BQ IL@>QBA LK QEB ?LAV LC QEB P>JB KRJ?BOBA QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O> >KA QL > IBPPBO ABDOBB, TFQE QEB @LPQ>I C>@BQ
IL@>QBA LK QEB ?LAV LC QEB KBUQ EFDEBO SBOQB?O>. ,>QBO>I QL QEB EB>A FP QEB K>OOLTBA >53; ?6 D85 B92. ! PJ>II ?RJM LK QEB
MLPQBOFLO OF? PROC>@B FP QEB DE25B3<5 ?6 D85 B92, TEF@E >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB C>@BQ IL@>QBA LK QEB QO>KPSBOPB MOL@BPP LC QEB P>JB
KRJ?BOBA SBOQB?O>. 4EB OBJ>FKABO LC QEB OF? FP QEB 2?4I ?6 D85 B92 (PE>CQ). *RPQ I>QBO>I QL QEB QR?BO@IB FP QEB 1>7<5 ?6 D85 B92,
QEB MLFKQ >Q TEF@E QEB OF? E>P FQP DOB>QBPQ ABDOBB LC @ROS>QROB. 4EB >KDIBP LC QEB OF?P CLOJ QEB JLPQ MLPQBOFLO BUQBKQ LC QEB
QELO>@F@ @>DB. )K QEB >K>QLJF@>I MLPFQFLK, QEB >KDIBP >IFDK TFQE QEB JBAF>I ?LOABO LC QEB P@>MRI>. ! PE>IILT 3?CD1< 7B??F5
CLO QEB M>PP>DB LC ?ILLA SBPPBIP >KA > KBOSB FP CLRKA >ILKD QEB FKCBOFLO J>ODFK LC B>@E OF?.
+<5 C?4FF<9<64G<BAF
4EB ?LKV OF?P AL KLQ BUQBKA >KQBOFLOIV @LJMIBQBIV >OLRKA QL QEB PQBOKRJ. )KPQB>A, B>@E OF? BKAP FK > 3?CD1< 31BD9<175. 4EBPB
@>OQFI>DBP >OB J>AB LC EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB >KA @>K BUQBKA CLO PBSBO>I FK@EBP. -LPQ OF?P >OB QEBK >QQ>@EBA, BFQEBO AFOB@QIV LO
FKAFOB@QIV, QL QEB PQBOKRJ SF> QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB (PBB F97EB5 7.32). 4EB OF?P >OB @I>PPFCFBA FKQL QEOBB DOLRMP ?>PBA LK QEBFO
OBI>QFLKPEFM QL QEB PQBOKRJ.
2F?P 1i7 >OB @I>PPFCFBA >P DBE5 B92C (SBOQB?OLPQBOK>I OF?P). 4EB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB COLJ B>@E LC QEBPB OF?P >QQ>@EBP AFOB@QIV
QL QEB PQBOKRJ. 2F?P 8i12 >OB @>IIBA 61<C5 B92C (SBOQB?OL@ELKAO>I OF?P). 4EB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP COLJ QEBPB OF?P AL KLQ >QQ>@E
AFOB@QIV QL QEB PQBOKRJ. &LO OF?P 8i10, QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP >OB >QQ>@EBA QL QEB @>OQFI>DB LC QEB KBUQ EFDEBO OF?. 4ERP, QEB
@>OQFI>DB LC OF? 10 >QQ>@EBP QL QEB @>OQFI>DB LC OF? 9, OF? 9 QEBK >QQ>@EBP QL OF? 8, >KA OF? 8 FP >QQ>@EBA QL OF? 7. 4EB I>PQ QTL
C>IPB OF?P (11i12) >OB >IPL @>IIBA 6<?1D9>7 B92C (SBOQB?O>I OF?P). 4EBPB >OB PELOQ OF?P QE>Q AL KLQ >QQ>@E QL QEB PQBOKRJ >Q >II.
)KPQB>A, QEBFO PJ>II @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP QBOJFK>QB TFQEFK QEB JRP@RI>QROB LC QEB I>QBO>I >?ALJFK>I T>II.
7.5 N E@5ELBA<6 D8I8?BC@8AG B9 G;8 AK<4? ,>8?8GBA
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $FP@RPP QEB QTL QVMBP LC BJ?OVLKF@ ?LKB ABSBILMJBKQ TFQEFK QEB PHRII
c $BP@OF?B QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK >KA QELO>@F@ @>DB
4EB >UF>I PHBIBQLK ?BDFKP QL CLOJ AROFKD B>OIV BJ?OVLKF@ ABSBILMJBKQ. (LTBSBO, DOLTQE, OBJLABIFKD, >KA LPPFCF@>QFLK
(?LKB CLOJ>QFLK) @LKQFKRB CLO PBSBO>I AB@>ABP >CQBO ?FOQE ?BCLOB QEB >ARIQ PHBIBQLK FP CRIIV CLOJBA. +KLTIBADB LC QEB
ABSBILMJBKQ>I MOL@BPPBP QE>Q DFSB OFPB QL QEB PHBIBQLK FP FJMLOQ>KQ CLO RKABOPQ>KAFKD QEB >?KLOJ>IFQFBP QE>Q J>V >OFPB FK
PHBIBQ>I PQOR@QROBP.
D8I8?BC@8AG B9 G;8 ,>H??
$ROFKD QEB QEFOA TBBH LC BJ?OVLKF@ ABSBILMJBKQ, > OLA-IFHB PQOR@QROB @>IIBA QEB >?D?38?B4 ABSBILMP ALOP>IIV >ILKD QEB
IBKDQE LC QEB BJ?OVL. 4EB QFPPRB LSBOIVFKD QEB KLQL@ELOA BKI>ODBP >KA CLOJP QEB KBRO>I QR?B, TEF@E TFII DFSB OFPB QL QEB
?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA. "V QEB CLROQE TBBH, JBPLABOJ QFPPRB IL@>QBA LK BFQEBO PFAB LC QEB KLQL@ELOA QEF@HBKP >KA PBM>O>QBP
FKQL > OBMB>QFKD PBOFBP LC ?IL@H-IFHB QFPPRB PQOR@QROBP, B>@E LC TEF@E FP @>IIBA > C?=9D5. !P QEB PLJFQBP BKI>ODB, B>@E LKB
272 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
TFII PMIFQ FKQL PBSBO>I M>OQP. 4EB JLPQ JBAF>I LC QEBPB M>OQP FP @>IIBA > C3<5B?D?=5. 4EB P@IBOLQLJBP @LKPFPQ LC >K BJ?OVLKF@
QFPPRB @>IIBA JBPBK@EVJB, TEF@E TFII DFSB OFPB QL QEB CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRBP, @>OQFI>DBP, >KA ?LKBP LC QEB ?LAV.
4EB ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII >OFPB COLJ JBPBK@EVJB AROFKD BJ?OVLKF@ ABSBILMJBKQ FK QTL AFCCBOBKQ T>VP. 4EB CFOPQ
JB@E>KFPJ MOLAR@BP QEB ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ QEB QLM >KA PFABP LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB. 4EFP FKSLISBP QEB IL@>I >@@RJRI>QFLK LC
JBPBK@EVJ>I @BIIP >Q QEB PFQB LC QEB CRQROB ?LKB. 4EBPB @BIIP QEBK AFCCBOBKQF>QB AFOB@QIV FKQL ?LKB MOLAR@FKD @BIIP, TEF@E CLOJ
QEB PHRII ?LKBP QEOLRDE QEB MOL@BPP LC FKQO>JBJ?O>KLRP LPPFCF@>QFLK. !P QEB ?O>FK @>PB ?LKBP DOLT FK QEB CBQ>I PHRII, QEBV
OBJ>FK PBM>O>QBA COLJ B>@E LQEBO ?V I>ODB >OB>P LC ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB, B>@E LC TEF@E FP @>IIBA > 6?>D1>5<<5 (F97EB5
7.33). 4EB CLKQ>KBIIBP >OB QEB PLCQ PMLQP LK >K FKC>KQlP EB>A. 4EBV >OB FJMLOQ>KQ AROFKD ?FOQE ?B@>RPB QEBPB >OB>P >IILT QEB
PHRII QL @E>KDB PE>MB >P FQ PNRBBWBP QEOLRDE QEB ?FOQE @>K>I. !CQBO ?FOQE, QEB CLKQ>KBIIBP >IILT CLO @LKQFKRBA DOLTQE >KA
BUM>KPFLK LC QEB PHRII >P QEB ?O>FK BKI>ODBP. 4EB I>ODBPQ CLKQ>KBIIB FP IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO EB>A, >Q QEB GRK@QFLK LC QEB
COLKQ>I >KA M>OFBQ>I ?LKBP. 4EB CLKQ>KBIIBP AB@OB>PB FK PFWB >KA AFP>MMB>O ?V >DB 2. (LTBSBO, QEB PHRII ?LKBP OBJ>FKBA
PBM>O>QBA COLJ B>@E LQEBO >Q QEB PRQROBP, TEF@E @LKQ>FK ABKPB CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q RKFQBP QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP. 4EB
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB LC QEB PRQROBP >IILTP CLO @LKQFKRBA DOLTQE LC QEB PHRII ?LKBP >P QEB ?O>FK BKI>ODBP AROFKD @EFIAELLA
DOLTQE.
4EB PB@LKA JB@E>KFPJ CLO ?LKB ABSBILMJBKQ FK QEB PHRII MOLAR@BP QEB C>@F>I ?LKBP >KA CILLO LC QEB ?O>FK @>PB. 4EFP
>IPL ?BDFKP TFQE QEB IL@>IFWBA >@@RJRI>QFLK LC JBPBK@EVJ>I @BIIP. (LTBSBO, QEBPB @BIIP AFCCBOBKQF>QB FKQL @>OQFI>DB @BIIP,
TEF@E MOLAR@B > EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB JLABI LC QEB CRQROB ?LKB. !P QEFP @>OQFI>DB JLABI DOLTP, FQ FP DO>AR>IIV @LKSBOQBA FKQL
?LKB QEOLRDE QEB MOL@BPP LC BKAL@ELKAO>I LPPFCF@>QFLK. 4EFP FP > PILT MOL@BPP >KA QEB @>OQFI>DB FP KLQ @LJMIBQBIV @LKSBOQBA
QL ?LKB RKQFI QEB PHRII >@EFBSBP FQP CRII >ARIQ PFWB.
!Q ?FOQE, QEB ?O>FK @>PB >KA LO?FQP LC QEB PHRII >OB AFPMOLMLOQFLK>IIV I>ODB @LJM>OBA QL QEB ?LKBP LC QEB G>TP >KA ILTBO
C>@B. 4EFP OBCIB@QP QEB OBI>QFSB RKABOABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB J>UFII> >KA J>KAF?IB, TEF@E I>@H QBBQE, >KA QEB PJ>II PFWBP LC QEB
M>O>K>P>I PFKRPBP >KA K>P>I @>SFQV. $ROFKD B>OIV @EFIAELLA, QEB J>PQLFA MOL@BPP BKI>ODBP, QEB QTL E>ISBP LC QEB J>KAF?IB
>KA COLKQ>I ?LKB CRPB QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ PFKDIB ?LKBP, >KA QEB M>O>K>P>I PFKRPBP BKI>ODB. 4EB G>TP >IPL BUM>KA >P QEB QBBQE
?BDFK QL >MMB>O. 4EBPB @E>KDBP >II @LKQOF?RQB QL QEB O>MFA DOLTQE >KA BKI>ODBJBKQ LC QEB C>@B AROFKD @EFIAELLA.
F<:HE8 7.33 '8J5BEA ,>H?? 1?< 9FE<J F= K?< E<N9FIE JBLCC 8I< EFK =LCCP FJJ@=@<; 8E; 8I< J<G8I8K<; 9P C8I>< 8I<8J
:8CC<; =FEK8E<CC<J, N?@:? 8I< =@CC<; N@K? =@9IFLJ :FEE<:K@M< K@JJL<. 1?< =FEK8E<CC<J 8CCFN =FI :FEK@EL<; >IFNK? F= K?< JBLCC
8=K<I 9@IK?. AK K?< K@D< F= 9@IK?, K?< =8:@8C 9FE<J 8I< JD8CC 8E; LE;<I;<M<CFG<;, 8E; K?< D8JKF@; GIF:<JJ ?8J EFK P<K
=FID<;.
D8I8?BC@8AG B9 G;8 /8EG85E4? CB?H@A 4A7 -;BE46<6 64:8
$BSBILMJBKQ LC QEB SBOQB?O>B ?BDFKP TFQE QEB >@@RJRI>QFLK LC JBPBK@EVJB @BIIP COLJ B>@E P@IBOLQLJB >OLRKA QEB
KLQL@ELOA. 4EBPB @BIIP AFCCBOBKQF>QB FKQL > EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB JLABI CLO B>@E SBOQB?O>, TEF@E QEBK DOLT >KA BSBKQR>IIV
LPPFCV FKQL ?LKB QEOLRDE QEB MOL@BPP LC BKAL@ELKAO>I LPPFCF@>QFLK. !P QEB ABSBILMFKD SBOQB?O>B DOLT, QEB KLQL@ELOA I>ODBIV
AFP>MMB>OP. (LTBSBO, PJ>II >OB>P LC KLQL@ELOA QFPPRB MBOPFPQ ?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B >KA QEFP @LKQOF?RQBP QL QEB
CLOJ>QFLK LC B>@E FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@.
4EB OF?P >KA PQBOKRJ >IPL ABSBILM COLJ JBPBK@EVJB. 4EB OF?P FKFQF>IIV ABSBILM >P M>OQ LC QEB @>OQFI>DB JLABI CLO B>@E
SBOQB?O>, ?RQ FK QEB QELO>U OBDFLK, QEB OF? MLOQFLK PBM>O>QBP COLJ QEB SBOQB?O> ?V QEB BFDEQE TBBH. 4EB @>OQFI>DB JLABI LC
QEB OF? QEBK LPPFCFBP, BU@BMQ CLO QEB >KQBOFLO MLOQFLK, TEF@E OBJ>FKP >P QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB. 4EB PQBOKRJ FKFQF>IIV CLOJP >P
M>FOBA EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB JLABIP LK BFQEBO PFAB LC QEB >KQBOFLO JFAIFKB, ?BDFKKFKD AROFKD QEB CFCQE TBBH LC ABSBILMJBKQ. 4EB
@>OQFI>DB JLABIP LC QEB OF?P ?B@LJB >QQ>@EBA QL QEB I>QBO>I PFABP LC QEB ABSBILMFKD PQBOKRJ. %SBKQR>IIV, QEB QTL E>ISBP LC QEB
@>OQFI>DFKLRP PQBOKRJ CRPB QLDBQEBO >ILKD QEB JFAIFKB >KA QEBK LPPFCV FKQL ?LKB. 4EB J>KR?OFRJ >KA ?LAV LC QEB PQBOKRJ
>OB @LKSBOQBA FKQL ?LKB CFOPQ, TFQE QEB UFMELFA MOL@BPP OBJ>FKFKD >P @>OQFI>DB RKQFI I>QB FK IFCB.
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 273
6FBT QEFP F945? (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</C;E<<2?>5C) QL OBSFBT QEB QTL MOL@BPPBP QE>Q DFSB OFPB QL QEB ?LKBP LC
QEB PHRII >KA ?LAV. 7E>Q >OB QEB QTL JB@E>KFPJP ?V TEF@E QEB ?LKBP LC QEB ?LAV >OB CLOJBA >KA TEF@E ?LKBP >OB
CLOJBA ?V B>@E JB@E>KFPJ?
CE4A<BFLABFGBF<F
4EB MOBJ>QROB @ILPROB (CRPFLK) LC > PRQROB IFKB FP > @LKAFQFLK @>IIBA @O>KFLPVKLPQLPFP. 4EFP BOOLO FK QEB KLOJ>I
ABSBILMJBKQ>I MOL@BPP OBPRIQP FK >?KLOJ>I DOLTQE LC QEB PHRII >KA ABCLOJFQV LC QEB EB>A. )Q FP MOLAR@BA BFQEBO ?V
ABCB@QP FK QEB LPPFCF@>QFLK MOL@BPP LC QEB PHRII ?LKBP LO C>FIROB LC QEB ?O>FK QL MOLMBOIV BKI>ODB. 'BKBQF@ C>@QLOP >OB
FKSLISBA, ?RQ QEB RKABOIVFKD @>RPB FP RKHKLTK. )Q FP > OBI>QFSBIV @LJJLK @LKAFQFLK, L@@ROOFKD FK >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 1:2000
?FOQEP, TFQE J>IBP ?BFKD JLOB @LJJLKIV >CCB@QBA. 0OFJ>OV @O>KFLPVKLPQLPFP FKSLISBP QEB B>OIV CRPFLK LC LKB @O>KF>I
PRQROB, TEBOB>P @LJMIBU @O>KFLPVKLPQLPFP OBPRIQP COLJ QEB MOBJ>QROB CRPFLK LC PBSBO>I PRQROBP.
4EB B>OIV CRPFLK LC > PRQROB FK MOFJ>OV @O>KFLPVKLPQLPFP MOBSBKQP >KV >AAFQFLK>I BKI>ODBJBKQ LC QEB @O>KF>I ?LKBP
>KA PHRII >ILKD QEFP IFKB. #LKQFKRBA DOLTQE LC QEB ?O>FK >KA PHRII FP QEBOBCLOB AFSBOQBA QL LQEBO >OB>P LC QEB EB>A,
@>RPFKD >K >?KLOJ>I BKI>ODBJBKQ LC QEBPB OBDFLKP. &LO BU>JMIB, QEB B>OIV AFP>MMB>O>K@B LC QEB >KQBOFLO CLKQ>KBIIB
>KA MOBJ>QROB @ILPROB LC QEB P>DFQQ>I PRQROB MOBSBKQP DOLTQE >@OLPP QEB QLM LC QEB EB>A. 4EFP FP @LJMBKP>QBA ?V
RMT>OA DOLTQE ?V QEB ?LKBP LC QEB I>QBO>I PHRII, OBPRIQFKD FK > ILKD, K>OOLT, TBADB-PE>MBA EB>A. 4EFP @LKAFQFLK,
HKLTK >P P@>MEL@BME>IV, >@@LRKQP CLO >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 50 MBO@BKQ LC @O>KFLPVKLPQLPFP >?KLOJ>IFQFBP. !IQELRDE QEB PHRII
FP JFPPE>MBK, QEB ?O>FK PQFII E>P >ABNR>QB OLLJ QL DOLT >KA QERP QEBOB FP KL >@@LJM>KVFKD >?KLOJ>I KBROLILDF@>I
ABSBILMJBKQ.
)K @>PBP LC @LJMIBU @O>KFLPVKLPQLPFP, PBSBO>I PRQROBP @ILPB MOBJ>QROBIV. 4EB >JLRKQ >KA ABDOBB LC PHRII
ABCLOJFQV FP ABQBOJFKBA ?V QEB IL@>QFLK >KA BUQBKQ LC QEB PRQROBP FKSLISBA. 4EFP OBPRIQP FK JLOB PBSBOB @LKPQO>FKQP LK
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9. 12 SBOQB?O>B
:. CFSB SBOQB?O>B
;. > PFKDIB ?LKB ABOFSBA COLJ QEB CRPFLK LC CFSB
SBOQB?O>B
17. 4EB MOFJ>OV @ROS>QROBP LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK
========.
8. FK@IRAB QEB IRJ?>O @ROSB
9. >OB OBJK>KQP LC QEB LOFDFK>I CBQ>I @ROS>QROB
:. FK@IRAB QEB @BOSF@>I @ROSB
;. ABSBILM >CQBO QEB QFJB LC ?FOQE
18. ! QVMF@>I SBOQB?O> E>P ========.
8. > SBOQB?O>I CLO>JBK QE>Q M>PPBP QEOLRDE QEB ?LAV
9. > PRMBOFLO >OQF@RI>O MOL@BPP QE>Q MOLGB@QP
ALTKT>OA QL >OQF@RI>QB TFQE QEB PRMBOFLO MLOQFLK
LC QEB KBUQ ILTBO SBOQB?O>
:. I>JFK> QE>Q PM>KP ?BQTBBK QEB QO>KPSBOPB MOL@BPP
>KA PMFKLRP MOL@BPP
;. > M>FO LC I>QBO>IIV MOLGB@QFKD PMFKLRP MOL@BPPBP
19. ! QVMF@>I IRJ?>O SBOQB?O> E>P ========.
8. > PELOQ, OLRKABA PMFKLRP MOL@BPP
9. > ?FCFA PMFKLRP MOL@BPP
:. >OQF@RI>QFLK PFQBP CLO OF?P
;. > QO>KPSBOPB CLO>JBK
20. 7EF@E FP CLRKA LKIV FK QEB @BOSF@>I OBDFLK LC QEB
SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK?
8. KR@E>I IFD>JBKQ
9. IFD>JBKQRJ CI>SRJ
:. PRMO>PMFKLRP IFD>JBKQ
;. >KQBOFLO ILKDFQRAFK>I IFD>JBKQ
21. 4EB PQBOKRJ ========.
8. @LKPFPQP LC LKIV QTL M>OQP, QEB J>KR?OFRJ >KA
UFMELFA MOL@BPP
9. E>P QEB PQBOK>I >KDIB IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB
J>KR?OFRJ >KA ?LAV
:. OB@BFSBP AFOB@Q >QQ>@EJBKQP COLJ QEB @LPQ>I
@>OQFI>DBP LC >II 12 M>FOP LC OF?P
;. >OQF@RI>QBP AFOB@QIV TFQE QEB QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B
22. 4EB PQBOK>I >KDIB FP QEB ========.
8. GRK@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB ?LAV >KA UFMELFA MOL@BPP
9. PFQB CLO >QQ>@EJBKQ LC QEB @I>SF@IB
:. PFQB CLO >QQ>@EJBKQ LC QEB CIL>QFKD OF?P
;. GRK@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB J>KR?OFRJ >KA ?LAV
23. 4EB QR?BO@IB LC > OF? ========.
8. FP CLO >OQF@RI>QFLK TFQE QEB QO>KPSBOPB MOL@BPP LC >
QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>
9. FP CLO >OQF@RI>QFLK TFQE QEB ?LAV LC > QELO>@F@
SBOQB?O>
:. MOLSFABP CLO M>PP>DB LC ?ILLA SBPPBIP >KA > KBOSB
;. FP QEB >OB> LC DOB>QBPQ OF? @ROS>QROB
24. 4ORB OF?P >OB ========.
8. OF?P 8i12
9. >QQ>@EBA SF> QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB QL QEB KBUQ EFDEBO
OF?
:. J>AB BKQFOBIV LC ?LKB, >KA QERP AL KLQ E>SB >
@LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB
;. >QQ>@EBA SF> QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB AFOB@QIV QL QEB
PQBOKRJ
25. %J?OVLKF@ ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK FKSLISBP
========.
8. FKQO>JBJ?O>KLRP LPPFCF@>QFLK, TEF@E CLOJP QEB
C>@F>I ?LKBP.
9. BKAL@ELKAO>I LPPFCF@>QFLK, TEF@E CLOJP QEB OF?P
>KA PQBOKRJ
:. QEB KLQL@ELOA, TEF@E MOLAR@BP QEB @>OQFI>DB
JLABIP CLO QEB SBOQB?O>B
;. QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB JLABIP, TEF@E
DFSB OFPB QL QEB CI>Q ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII
26. ! CLKQ>KBIIB ========.
8. FP QEB @>OQFI>DB JLABI CLO > SBOQB?O> QE>Q I>QBO FP
@LKSBOQBA FKQL ?LKB
9. DFSBP OFPB QL QEB C>@F>I ?LKBP >KA SBOQB?O>B
:. FP QEB OLA-IFHB PQOR@QROB QE>Q ORKP QEB IBKDQE LC QEB
B>OIV BJ?OVL
;. FP QEB >OB> LC CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB CLRKA >Q
?FOQE ?BQTBBK QEB ?O>FK @>PB ?LKBP
C+"-"CA% -!"'$"' *.E,-"(',
27. $BCFKB QEB QTL AFSFPFLKP LC QEB PHBIBQLK.
28. $FP@RPP QEB CRK@QFLKP LC QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK.
29. $BCFKB >KA IFPQ QEB ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ QEB ?O>FK @>PB LO
PRMMLOQ QEB C>@F>I PQOR@QROBP.
30. )ABKQFCV QEB J>GLO PRQROBP LC QEB PHRII, QEBFO IL@>QFLKP,
>KA QEB ?LKBP RKFQBA ?V B>@E.
284 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
31. $BP@OF?B QEB >KQBOFLO, JFAAIB, >KA MLPQBOFLO @O>KF>I
CLPP>B >KA QEBFO ?LRKA>OFBP, >KA DFSB QEB JFAIFKB PQOR@QROB
QE>Q AFSFABP B>@E FKQL OFDEQ >KA IBCQ >OB>P.
32. $BP@OF?B QEB M>OQP LC QEB K>P>I PBMQRJ FK ?LQE QEB AOV
>KA IFSFKD PHRII.
33. $BP@OF?B QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK >KA ABCFKB B>@E OBDFLK.
34. $BP@OF?B > QVMF@>I SBOQB?O>.
35. $BP@OF?B QEB P>@ORJ.
36. $BP@OF?B QEB PQOR@QROB >KA CRK@QFLK LC >K FKQBOSBOQB?O>I
AFP@.
37. $BCFKB QEB IFD>JBKQP LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK.
38. $BCFKB QEB M>OQP >KA CRK@QFLKP LC QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB.
39. $BP@OF?B QEB M>OQP LC QEB PQBOKRJ.
40. $FP@RPP QEB M>OQP LC > QVMF@>I OF?.
41. $BCFKB QEB @I>PPBP LC OF?P.
42. $FP@RPP QEB MOL@BPPBP ?V TEF@E QEB ?O>FK-@>PB ?LKBP LC
QEB PHRII >OB CLOJBA >KA DOLT AROFKD PHRII BKI>ODBJBKQ.
43. $FP@RPP QEB MOL@BPP QE>Q DFSBP OFPB QL QEB ?>PB >KA C>@F>I
?LKBP LC QEB PHRII.
44. $FP@RPP QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB SBOQB?O>B, OF?P, >KA
PQBOKRJ.
%A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+ 285
286 %A-1"/ 7 R A5&A) 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
8 N -!E A))E'D"C.%A+
,$E%E-('
F<:HE8 8.1 D4A68E 1?< 8GG<E;@:LC8I JB<C<KFE :FEJ@JKJ F= K?< LGG<I 8E; CFN<I C@D9 9FE<J, K?< 9FE<J F= K?< ?8E;J
8E; =<<K, 8E; K?< 9FE<J K?8K 8E:?FI K?< C@D9J KF K?< 8O@8C JB<C<KFE. (:I<;@K: *<C@JJ8 !FFC<P/=C@:BI)
"AGEB7H6G<BA
C;4CG8E (5=86G<I8F
!CQBO PQRAVFKD QEFP @E>MQBO, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $FP@RPP QEB ?LKBP LC QEB MB@QLO>I >KA MBISF@ DFOAIBP, >KA ABP@OF?B ELT QEBPB RKFQB QEB IFJ?P TFQE QEB >UF>I
PHBIBQLK
c $BP@OF?B QEB ?LKBP LC QEB RMMBO IFJ?, FK@IRAFKD QEB ?LKBP LC QEB >OJ, CLOB>OJ, TOFPQ, >KA E>KA
c )ABKQFCV QEB CB>QROBP LC QEB MBISFP >KA BUMI>FK ELT QEBPB AFCCBO ?BQTBBK QEB >ARIQ J>IB >KA CBJ>IB MBISFP
c $BP@OF?B QEB ?LKBP LC QEB ILTBO IFJ?, FK@IRAFKD QEB ?LKBP LC QEB QEFDE, IBD, >KHIB, >KA CLLQ
c $BP@OF?B QEB BJ?OVLKF@ CLOJ>QFLK >KA DOLTQE LC QEB IFJ? ?LKBP
9LRO PHBIBQLK MOLSFABP QEB FKQBOK>I PRMMLOQFKD PQOR@QROB LC QEB ?LAV. 4EB >ARIQ >UF>I PHBIBQLK @LKPFPQP LC 80 ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ
QEB EB>A >KA ?LAV QORKH. !QQ>@EBA QL QEFP >OB QEB IFJ?P, TELPB 126 ?LKBP @LKPQFQRQB QEB >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK. 4EBPB ?LKBP
>OB AFSFABA FKQL QTL DOLRMP: QEB ?LKBP QE>Q >OB IL@>QBA TFQEFK QEB IFJ?P QEBJPBISBP, >KA QEB DFOAIB ?LKBP QE>Q >QQ>@E QEB
IFJ?P QL QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EB ?LKBP LC QEB PELRIABO OBDFLK CLOJ QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB, TEF@E >K@ELOP QEB RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB
QELO>@F@ @>DB LC QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EB ILTBO IFJ? FP >QQ>@EBA QL QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK ?V QEB MBISF@ DFOAIB.
%A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+ 287
"B@>RPB LC LRO RMOFDEQ PQ>K@B, AFCCBOBKQ CRK@QFLK>I ABJ>KAP >OB MI>@BA RMLK QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO IFJ?P. 4ERP, QEB
?LKBP LC QEB ILTBO IFJ?P >OB >A>MQBA CLO TBFDEQ-?B>OFKD PRMMLOQ >KA PQ>?FIFQV, >P TBII >P CLO ?LAV IL@LJLQFLK SF> T>IHFKD
LO ORKKFKD. )K @LKQO>PQ, LRO RMMBO IFJ?P >OB KLQ OBNRFOBA CLO QEBPB CRK@QFLKP. )KPQB>A, LRO RMMBO IFJ?P >OB EFDEIV JL?FIB >KA
@>K ?B RQFIFWBA CLO > TFAB S>OFBQV LC >@QFSFQFBP. 4EB I>ODB O>KDB LC RMMBO IFJ? JLSBJBKQP, @LRMIBA TFQE QEB >?FIFQV QL B>PFIV
J>KFMRI>QB L?GB@QP TFQE LRO E>KAP >KA LMMLP>?IB QERJ?P, E>P >IILTBA ERJ>KP QL @LKPQOR@Q QEB JLABOK TLOIA FK TEF@E TB
IFSB.
8.1 N -;8 )86GBE4? <E7?8
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B QEB ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB
c ,FPQ QEB CRK@QFLKP LC QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB
4EB >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK FK@IRABP >II LC QEB IFJ? ?LKBP, MIRP QEB ?LKBP QE>Q RKFQB B>@E IFJ? TFQE QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK (F97EB5
8.2). 4EB ?LKBP QE>Q >QQ>@E B>@E RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK CLOJ QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB (PELRIABO DFOAIB). 4EFP @LKPFPQP LC
QTL ?LKBP, QEB P@>MRI> >KA @I>SF@IB (F97EB5 8.3). 4EB @I>SF@IB (@LII>O?LKB) FP >K 3-PE>MBA ?LKB IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO PFAB
LC QEB PELRIABO. )Q FP >QQ>@EBA LK FQP JBAF>I BKA QL QEB PQBOKRJ LC QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB, TEF@E FP M>OQ LC QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EB
I>QBO>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB >OQF@RI>QBP (GLFKP) TFQE QEB P@>MRI> GRPQ >?LSB QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. 9LR @>K B>PFIV M>IM>QB, LO CBBI
TFQE VLRO CFKDBOP, QEB BKQFOB IBKDQE LC VLRO @I>SF@IB.
288 %A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 8.2 AK<4? 4A7 ACC8A7<6H?4E ,>8?8GBAF 1?< 8O@8C JB<C<KFE =FIDJ K?< :<EKI8C 8O@J F= K?< 9F;P 8E; :FEJ@JKJ F=
K?< JBLCC, M<IK<9I8C :FCLDE, 8E; K?FI8:@: :8><. 1?< 8GG<E;@:LC8I JB<C<KFE :FEJ@JKJ F= K?< G<:KFI8C 8E; G<CM@: >@I;C<J,
K?< C@D9 9FE<J, 8E; K?< 9FE<J F= K?< ?8E;J 8E; =<<K.
%A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+ 289
F<:HE8 8.3 )86GBE4? <E7?8 1?< G<:KFI8C >@I;C< :FEJ@JKJ F= K?< :C8M@:C< 8E; K?< J:8GLC8, N?@:? J<IM< KF 8KK8:? K?<
LGG<I C@D9 KF K?< JK<IELD F= K?< 8O@8C JB<C<KFE.
4EB C31@E<1 (PELRIABO ?I>AB) IFBP LK QEB MLPQBOFLO >PMB@Q LC QEB PELRIABO. )Q FP PRMMLOQBA ?V QEB 3<1F93<5, TEF@E >IPL
>OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB ERJBORP (>OJ ?LKB) QL CLOJ QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. 4EB P@>MRI> FP > CI>Q, QOF>KDRI>O-PE>MBA ?LKB TFQE >
MOLJFKBKQ OFADB ORKKFKD >@OLPP FQP MLPQBOFLO PROC>@B. 4EFP OFADB BUQBKAP LRQ I>QBO>IIV, TEBOB FQ CLOJP QEB ?LKV QFM LC QEB
PELRIABO >KA GLFKP TFQE QEB I>QBO>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB. "V CLIILTFKD >ILKD QEB @I>SF@IB, VLR @>K M>IM>QB LRQ QL QEB ?LKV QFM
LC QEB PELRIABO, >KA COLJ QEBOB, VLR @>K JLSB ?>@H >@OLPP VLRO MLPQBOFLO PELRIABO QL CLIILT QEB OFADB LC QEB P@>MRI>. -LSB
VLRO PELRIABO >OLRKA >KA CBBI ELT QEB @I>SF@IB >KA P@>MRI> JLSB QLDBQEBO >P > RKFQ. "LQE LC QEBPB ?LKBP PBOSB >P FJMLOQ>KQ
>QQ>@EJBKQ PFQBP CLO JRP@IBP QE>Q >FA TFQE JLSBJBKQP LC QEB PELRIABO >KA >OJ.
4EB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ MB@QLO>I DFOAIBP >OB KLQ GLFKBA QL B>@E LQEBO, >IILTFKD B>@E QL LMBO>QB FKABMBKABKQIV. )K >AAFQFLK,
QEB @I>SF@IB LC B>@E @53D?B1< 79B4<5 FP >K@ELOBA QL QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK ?V > PFKDIB, EFDEIV JL?FIB GLFKQ. 4EFP >IILTP CLO QEB
BUQBKPFSB JL?FIFQV LC QEB BKQFOB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB, TEF@E FK QROK BKE>K@BP JLSBJBKQP LC QEB PELRIABO >KA RMMBO IFJ?.
C?4I<6?8
4EB @I>SF@IB FP QEB LKIV ILKD ?LKB QE>Q IFBP FK > ELOFWLKQ>I MLPFQFLK FK QEB ?LAV (PBB F97EB5 8.3). 4EB @I>SF@IB E>P PBSBO>I
FJMLOQ>KQ CRK@QFLKP. &FOPQ, >K@ELOBA ?V JRP@IBP COLJ >?LSB, FQ PBOSBP >P > PQORQ QE>Q BUQBKAP I>QBO>IIV QL PRMMLOQ QEB P@>MRI>.
4EFP FK QROK ELIAP QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ PRMBOFLOIV >KA I>QBO>IIV COLJ QEB ?LAV QORKH, >IILTFKD CLO J>UFJ>I COBBALJ LC JLQFLK
CLO QEB RMMBO IFJ?. 4EB @I>SF@IB >IPL QO>KPJFQP CLO@BP >@QFKD LK QEB RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB PQBOKRJ >KA >UF>I PHBIBQLK. &FK>IIV, FQ
PBOSBP QL MOLQB@Q QEB RKABOIVFKD KBOSBP >KA ?ILLA SBPPBIP >P QEBV M>PP ?BQTBBK QEB QORKH LC QEB ?LAV >KA QEB RMMBO IFJ?.
290 %A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
4EB @I>SF@IB E>P QEOBB OBDFLKP: QEB JBAF>I BKA, QEB I>QBO>I BKA, >KA QEB PE>CQ. 4EB JBAF>I BKA, HKLTK >P QEB CD5B>1<
5>4 ?6 D85 3<1F93<5, E>P > QOF>KDRI>O PE>MB >KA >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB J>KR?OFRJ MLOQFLK LC QEB PQBOKRJ. 4EFP CLOJP
QEB CD5B>?3<1F93E<1B :?9>D, TEF@E FP QEB LKIV ?LKV >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? >KA QEB
>UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EFP GLFKQ >IILTP @LKPFABO>?IB JL?FIFQV, BK>?IFKD QEB @I>SF@IB >KA P@>MRI> QL JLSB FK RMT>OA/ALTKT>OA
>KA >KQBOFLO/MLPQBOFLO AFOB@QFLKP AROFKD PELRIABO JLSBJBKQP. 4EB PQBOKL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ FP FKAFOB@QIV PRMMLOQBA ?V QEB
3?CD?3<1F93E<1B <971=5>D (@LPQL- = mOF?n), TEF@E PM>KP QEB PQBOK>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB >KA QEB RKABOIVFKD CFOPQ OF?. 4EB I>QBO>I
LO 13B?=91< 5>4 ?6 D85 3<1F93<5 >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB >@OLJFLK LC QEB P@>MRI>, QEB MLOQFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> QE>Q CLOJP QEB ?LKV
QFM LC QEB PELRIABO. 4EBOB >OB PLJB PBU AFCCBOBK@BP FK QEB JLOMELILDV LC QEB @I>SF@IB. )K TLJBK, QEB @I>SF@IB QBKAP QL ?B
PELOQBO, QEFKKBO, >KA IBPP @ROSBA. )K JBK, QEB @I>SF@IB FP EB>SFBO >KA ILKDBO, >KA E>P > DOB>QBO @ROS>QROB >KA OLRDEBO PROC>@BP
TEBOB JRP@IBP >QQ>@E, CB>QROBP QE>Q >OB JLOB MOLKLRK@BA FK J>KR>I TLOHBOP.
4EB @I>SF@IB FP QEB JLPQ @LJJLKIV CO>@QROBA ?LKB FK QEB ?LAV. 3R@E ?OB>HP LCQBK L@@RO ?B@>RPB LC QEB CLO@B BUBOQBA
LK QEB @I>SF@IB TEBK > MBOPLK C>IIP LKQL EFP LO EBO LRQPQOBQ@EBA >OJP, LO TEBK QEB I>QBO>I PELRIABO OB@BFSBP > PQOLKD ?ILT.
"B@>RPB QEB PQBOKL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ FP PQOLKD >KA O>OBIV AFPIL@>QBA, BU@BPPFSB CLO@B OBPRIQP FK QEB ?OB>HFKD LC QEB @I>SF@IB,
RPR>IIV ?BQTBBK QEB JFAAIB >KA I>QBO>I MLOQFLKP LC QEB ?LKB. )C QEB CO>@QROB FP @LJMIBQB, QEB PELRIABO >KA I>QBO>I @I>SF@IB
CO>DJBKQ TFII AOLM ARB QL QEB TBFDEQ LC QEB RMMBO IFJ?, @>RPFKD QEB MBOPLK QL PRMMLOQ QEB P>DDFKD IFJ? TFQE QEBFO LQEBO
E>KA. -RP@IBP >@QFKD >@OLPP QEB PELRIABO TFII >IPL MRII QEB PELRIABO >KA I>QBO>I @I>SF@IB >KQBOFLOIV >KA JBAF>IIV, @>RPFKD
QEB @I>SF@IB CO>DJBKQP QL LSBOOFAB. 4EB @I>SF@IB LSBOIFBP J>KV FJMLOQ>KQ ?ILLA SBPPBIP >KA KBOSBP CLO QEB RMMBO IFJ?, ?RQ
CLOQRK>QBIV, ARB QL QEB >KQBOFLO AFPMI>@BJBKQ LC > ?OLHBK @I>SF@IB, QEBPB PQOR@QROBP >OB O>OBIV >CCB@QBA TEBK QEB @I>SF@IB FP
CO>@QROBA.
,64CH?4
4EB P@>MRI> FP >IPL M>OQ LC QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB >KA QERP MI>VP >K FJMLOQ>KQ OLIB FK >K@ELOFKD QEB RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB ?LAV. 4EB
P@>MRI> FP IL@>QBA LK QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB PELRIABO. )Q FP PROOLRKABA ?V JRP@IBP LK ?LQE FQP >KQBOFLO (ABBM) >KA MLPQBOFLO
(PRMBOCF@F>I) PFABP, >KA QERP ALBP KLQ >OQF@RI>QB TFQE QEB OF?P LC QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB.
4EB P@>MRI> E>P PBSBO>I FJMLOQ>KQ I>KAJ>OHP (F97EB5 8.4). 4EB QEOBB J>ODFKP LO ?LOABOP LC QEB P@>MRI>, K>JBA CLO
QEBFO MLPFQFLKP TFQEFK QEB ?LAV, >OB QEB CE@5B9?B 2?B45B ?6 D85 C31@E<1, QEB =5491< 2?B45B ?6 D85 C31@E<1, >KA QEB <1D5B1<
2?B45B ?6 D85 C31@E<1. 4EB CE@B1C31@E<1B >?D38 FP IL@>QBA I>QBO>I QL QEB JFAMLFKQ LC QEB PRMBOFLO ?LOABO. 4EB @LOKBOP
LC QEB QOF>KDRI>O P@>MRI>, >Q BFQEBO BKA LC QEB JBAF>I ?LOABO, >OB QEB CE@5B9?B 1>7<5 ?6 D85 C31@E<1, IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB
JBAF>I >KA PRMBOFLO ?LOABOP, >KA QEB 9>65B9?B 1>7<5 ?6 D85 C31@E<1, IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB JBAF>I >KA I>QBO>I ?LOABOP. 4EB
FKCBOFLO >KDIB FP QEB JLPQ FKCBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB P@>MRI>, >KA FP M>OQF@RI>OIV FJMLOQ>KQ ?B@>RPB FQ PBOSBP >P QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ
MLFKQ CLO PBSBO>I MLTBOCRI JRP@IBP FKSLISBA FK PELRIABO >KA RMMBO IFJ? JLSBJBKQP. 4EB OBJ>FKFKD @LOKBO LC QEB P@>MRI>,
?BQTBBK QEB PRMBOFLO >KA I>QBO>I ?LOABOP, FP QEB IL@>QFLK LC QEB 7<5>?94 31F9DI (DIBKLFA CLPP>). 4EFP PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK
>OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB ERJBORP ?LKB LC QEB >OJ QL CLOJ QEB 7<5>?8E=5B1< :?9>D (PELRIABO GLFKQ). 4EB PJ>II ?LKV ?RJMP
IL@>QBA FJJBAF>QBIV >?LSB >KA ?BILT QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV >OB QEB CE@B17<5>?94 DE25B3<5 >KA QEB 9>6B17<5>?94 DE25B3<5,
OBPMB@QFSBIV. 4EBPB MOLSFAB >QQ>@EJBKQP CLO JRP@IBP LC QEB >OJ.
F<:HE8 8.4 ,64CH?4 1?< @JFC8K<; J:8GLC8 @J J?FNE ?<I< =IFD @KJ 8EK<I@FI (;<<G) J@;< 8E; @KJ GFJK<I@FI (JLG<I=@:@8C)
J@;<.
4EB P@>MRI> >IPL E>P QTL MOLJFKBKQ MOLGB@QFLKP. 4LT>OA QEB I>QBO>I BKA LC QEB PRMBOFLO ?LOABO, ?BQTBBK QEB
PRMO>P@>MRI>O KLQ@E >KA DIBKLFA @>SFQV, FP QEB ELLH-IFHB 3?B13?94 @B?35CC (@LO>@LFA = mPE>MBA IFHB > @OLTlP ?B>Hn). 4EFP
MOL@BPP MOLGB@QP >KQBOFLOIV >KA @ROSBP I>QBO>IIV. !Q QEB PELRIABO, QEB @LO>@LFA MOL@BPP FP IL@>QBA FKCBOFLO QL QEB I>QBO>I BKA LC
%A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+ 291
QEB @I>SF@IB. )Q FP >K@ELOBA QL QEB @I>SF@IB ?V > PQOLKD IFD>JBKQ, >KA PBOSBP >P QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ PFQB CLO JRP@IBP LC QEB >KQBOFLO
@EBPQ >KA >OJ. /K QEB MLPQBOFLO >PMB@Q, QEB C@9>5 ?6 D85 C31@E<1 FP > ILKD >KA MOLJFKBKQ OFADB QE>Q ORKP >@OLPP FQP RMMBO
MLOQFLK. %UQBKAFKD I>QBO>IIV COLJ QEB PMFKB FP > CI>QQBKBA >KA BUM>KABA OBDFLK @>IIBA QEB 13B?=9?> LO 13B?=91< @B?35CC.
4EB >@OLJFLK CLOJP QEB ?LKV QFM LC QEB PRMBOFLO PELRIABO OBDFLK >KA >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB I>QBO>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB, CLOJFKD
QEB 13B?=9?3<1F93E<1B :?9>D (PBB F97EB5 8.3). 4LDBQEBO, QEB @I>SF@IB, >@OLJFLK, >KA PMFKB LC QEB P@>MRI> CLOJ > 6-PE>MBA
?LKV IFKB QE>Q MOLSFABP CLO QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ LC KB@H >KA ?>@H JRP@IBP QE>Q >@Q LK QEB PELRIABO, >P TBII >P JRP@IBP QE>Q M>PP
>@OLPP QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ QL >@Q LK QEB >OJ.
4EB P@>MRI> E>P QEOBB ABMOBPPFLKP, B>@E LC TEF@E FP @>IIBA > 6?CC1 (MIRO>I = CLPP>B). 4TL LC QEBPB >OB CLRKA LK QEB
MLPQBOFLO P@>MRI>, >?LSB >KA ?BILT QEB P@>MRI>O PMFKB. 3RMBOFLO QL QEB PMFKB FP QEB K>OOLT CE@B1C@9>?EC 6?CC1, >KA FKCBOFLO
QL QEB PMFKB FP QEB ?OL>A 9>6B1C@9>?EC 6?CC1. 4EB >KQBOFLO (ABBM) PROC>@B LC QEB P@>MRI> CLOJP QEB ?OL>A CE2C31@E<1B 6?CC1.
!II LC QEBPB CLPP>B MOLSFAB I>ODB PROC>@B >OB>P CLO QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ LC JRP@IBP QE>Q @OLPP QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ QL >@Q LK QEB
ERJBORP.
4EB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ QO>KPJFQP CLO@BP COLJ QEB RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB @I>SF@IB. 4EB IFD>JBKQP >OLRKA QEFP GLFKQ
>OB OBI>QFSBIV TB>H. ! E>OA C>II LKQL QEB BI?LT LO LRQPQOBQ@EBA E>KA @>K PQOBQ@E LO QB>O QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O IFD>JBKQP,
OBPRIQFKD FK > JLABO>QB FKGROV QL QEB GLFKQ. (LTBSBO, QEB MOFJ>OV PRMMLOQ CLO QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ @LJBP COLJ > SBOV
PQOLKD IFD>JBKQ @>IIBA QEB 3?B13?3<1F93E<1B <971=5>D (PBB F97EB5 8.3). 4EFP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB ?>KA >K@ELOP QEB @LO>@LFA
MOL@BPP LC QEB P@>MRI> QL QEB FKCBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB >@OLJF>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB >KA QERP MOLSFABP FJMLOQ>KQ FKAFOB@Q PRMMLOQ
CLO QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ. &LIILTFKD > PQOLKD ?ILT QL QEB I>QBO>I PELRIABO, PR@E >P TEBK > EL@HBV MI>VBO FP AOFSBK FKQL
QEB ?L>OAP, > @LJMIBQB AFPIL@>QFLK LC QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ @>K OBPRIQ. )K QEFP @>PB, QEB >@OLJFLK FP QEORPQ RKABO QEB
>@OLJF>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB, OBPRIQFKD FK ORMQROBP LC ?LQE QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O >KA @LO>@L@I>SF@RI>O IFD>JBKQP. 4EB P@>MRI>
QEBK PBM>O>QBP COLJ QEB @I>SF@IB, TFQE QEB TBFDEQ LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? MRIIFKD QEB PELRIABO ALTKT>OA. 4EFP AFPIL@>QFLK FKGROV
LC QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ FP HKLTK >P > mPELRIABO PBM>O>QFLKn >KA FP @LJJLK FK @LKQ>@Q PMLOQP PR@E >P EL@HBV, CLLQ?>II,
LO J>OQF>I >OQP.
8.2 N BBA8F B9 G;8 .CC8E %<@5
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c )ABKQFCV QEB AFSFPFLKP LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? >KA ABP@OF?B QEB ?LKBP FK B>@E OBDFLK
c ,FPQ QEB ?LKBP >KA ?LKV I>KAJ>OHP QE>Q >OQF@RI>QB >Q B>@E GLFKQ LC QEB RMMBO IFJ?
4EB RMMBO IFJ? FP AFSFABA FKQL QEOBB OBDFLKP. 4EBPB @LKPFPQ LC QEB 1B=, IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB PELRIABO >KA BI?LT GLFKQP; QEB
6?B51B=, TEF@E FP ?BQTBBK QEB BI?LT >KA TOFPQ GLFKQP; >KA QEB 81>4, TEF@E FP IL@>QBA AFPQ>I QL QEB TOFPQ. 4EBOB >OB 30 ?LKBP
FK B>@E RMMBO IFJ? (PBB F97EB5 8.2). 4EB 8E=5BEC FP QEB PFKDIB ?LKB LC QEB RMMBO >OJ, >KA QEB E<>1 (JBAF>IIV) >KA QEB
B149EC (I>QBO>IIV) >OB QEB M>FOBA ?LKBP LC QEB CLOB>OJ. 4EB ?>PB LC QEB E>KA @LKQ>FKP BFDEQ ?LKBP, B>@E @>IIBA > 31B@1< 2?>5,
>KA QEB M>IJ LC QEB E>KA FP CLOJBA ?V CFSB ?LKBP, B>@E @>IIBA > =5D131B@1< 2?>5. 4EB CFKDBOP >KA QERJ? @LKQ>FK > QLQ>I LC
14 ?LKBP, B>@E LC TEF@E FP > @81<1>H 2?>5 ?6 D85 81>4.
!H@8EHF
4EB ERJBORP FP QEB PFKDIB ?LKB LC QEB RMMBO >OJ OBDFLK (F97EB5 8.5). !Q FQP MOLUFJ>I BKA FP QEB 8514 ?6 D85 8E=5BEC.
4EFP FP QEB I>ODB, OLRKA, PJLLQE OBDFLK QE>Q C>@BP JBAF>IIV. 4EB EB>A >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV LC QEB P@>MRI> QL
CLOJ QEB DIBKLERJBO>I (PELRIABO) GLFKQ. 4EB J>ODFK LC QEB PJLLQE >OB> LC QEB EB>A FP QEB 1>1D?=931< >53; LC QEB ERJBORP.
,L@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB MOLUFJ>I ERJBORP FP >K BUM>KABA ?LKV >OB> @>IIBA QEB 7B51D5B DE25B3<5. 4EB PJ>IIBO
<5CC5B DE25B3<5 LC QEB ERJBORP FP CLRKA LK QEB >KQBOFLO >PMB@Q LC QEB ERJBORP. "LQE QEB DOB>QBO >KA IBPPBO QR?BO@IBP PBOSB >P
>QQ>@EJBKQ PFQBP CLO JRP@IBP QE>Q >@Q >@OLPP QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. 0>PPFKD ?BQTBBK QEB DOB>QBO >KA IBPPBO QR?BO@IBP FP QEB K>OOLT
9>D5BDE25B3E<1B 7B??F5 (CE<3EC), TEF@E FP >IPL HKLTK >P QEB 2939@9D1< 7B??F5 ?B@>RPB FQ MOLSFABP M>PP>DB CLO > QBKALK LC
QEB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF JRP@IB. 4EB CEB7931< >53; FP IL@>QBA >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB BUM>KABA, MOLUFJ>I BKA LC QEB ERJBORP, TEBOB
FQ GLFKP QEB K>OOLT C816D ?6 D85 8E=5BEC. 4EB PRODF@>I KB@H FP > @LJJLK PFQB LC >OJ CO>@QROBP. 4EB 45<D?94 DE25B?C9DI FP
> OLRDEBKBA, 6-PE>MBA OBDFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB FK QEB JFAAIB LC QEB ERJBORP PE>CQ. !P FQP K>JB FKAF@>QBP, FQ FP QEB
PFQB LC >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO QEB ABIQLFA JRP@IB.
292 %A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 8.5 !H@8EHF 4A7 E?5BJ #B<AG 1?< ?LD<ILJ @J K?< J@E>C< 9FE< F= K?< LGG<I 8ID I<>@FE. &K 8IK@:LC8K<J N@K? K?<
I8;@LJ 8E; LCE8 9FE<J F= K?< =FI<8ID KF =FID K?< <C9FN AF@EK.
$FPQ>IIV, QEB ERJBORP ?B@LJBP CI>QQBKBA. 4EB MOLJFKBKQ ?LKV MOLGB@QFLK LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB FP QEB =5491< 5@93?>4I<5 ?6
D85 8E=5BEC. 4EB JR@E PJ>IIBO <1D5B1< 5@93?>4I<5 ?6 D85 8E=5BEC FP CLRKA LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB AFPQ>I ERJBORP. 4EB
OLRDEBKBA OFADB LC ?LKB >?LSB QEB I>QBO>I BMF@LKAVIB FP QEB <1D5B1< CE@B13?>4I<1B B9475. !II LC QEBPB >OB>P >OB >QQ>@EJBKQ
MLFKQP CLO JRP@IBP QE>Q >@Q LK QEB CLOB>OJ, TOFPQ, >KA E>KA. 4EB MLTBOCRI DO>PMFKD JRP@IBP LC QEB >KQBOFLO CLOB>OJ >OFPB
COLJ QEB JBAF>I BMF@LKAVIB, TEF@E FP QERP I>ODBO >KA JLOB OL?RPQ QE>K QEB I>QBO>I BMF@LKAVIB QE>Q DFSBP OFPB QL QEB TB>HBO
MLPQBOFLO CLOB>OJ JRP@IBP.
4EB AFPQ>I BKA LC QEB ERJBORP E>P QTL >OQF@RI>QFLK >OB>P, TEF@E GLFK QEB RIK> >KA O>AFRP ?LKBP LC QEB CLOB>OJ QL CLOJ
QEB 5<2?G :?9>D. 4EB JLOB JBAF>I LC QEBPB >OB>P FP QEB DB?38<51, > PMFKAIB- LO MRIIBV-PE>MBA OBDFLK (QOL@EIB> = mMRIIBVn),
TEF@E >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB RIK> ?LKB. )JJBAF>QBIV I>QBO>I QL QEB QOL@EIB> FP QEB 31@9DE<E= (mPJ>II EB>An), > HKL?-IFHB
PQOR@QROB IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB AFPQ>I ERJBORP. 4EB @>MFQRIRJ >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB O>AFRP ?LKB LC QEB CLOB>OJ.
*RPQ >?LSB QEBPB ?LKV >OB>P >OB QTL PJ>II ABMOBPPFLKP. 4EBPB PM>@BP >@@LJJLA>QB QEB CLOB>OJ ?LKBP TEBK QEB BI?LT FP
CRIIV ?BKQ (CIBUBA). 3RMBOFLO QL QEB QOL@EIB> FP QEB 3?B?>?94 6?CC1, TEF@E OB@BFSBP QEB @LOLKLFA MOL@BPP LC QEB RIK>, >KA >?LSB
QEB @>MFQRIRJ FP QEB B1491< 6?CC1, TEF@E OB@BFSBP QEB EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP TEBK QEB BI?LT FP CIBUBA. 3FJFI>OIV, QEB MLPQBOFLO
ERJBORP E>P QEB ?<53B1>?> 6?CC1, > I>ODBO ABMOBPPFLK QE>Q OB@BFSBP QEB LIB@O>KLK MOL@BPP LC QEB RIK> TEBK QEB CLOB>OJ FP
CRIIV BUQBKABA.
.?A4
4EB RIK> FP QEB JBAF>I ?LKB LC QEB CLOB>OJ. )Q ORKP M>O>IIBI QL QEB O>AFRP, TEF@E FP QEB I>QBO>I ?LKB LC QEB CLOB>OJ (F97EB5
8.6). 4EB MOLUFJ>I BKA LC QEB RIK> OBPBJ?IBP > @OBP@BKQ TOBK@E TFQE FQP I>ODB, #-PE>MBA DB?38<51B >?D38. 4EFP OBDFLK
>OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB QOL@EIB> LC QEB ERJBORP >P M>OQ LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ. 4EB FKCBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB QOL@EIB>O KLQ@E FP CLOJBA
?V > MOLJFKBKQ IFM LC ?LKB @>IIBA QEB 3?B?>?94 @B?35CC ?6 D85 E<>1. *RPQ ?BILT QEFP LK QEB >KQBOFLO RIK> FP > OLRDEBKBA
>OB> @>IIBA QEB E<>1B DE25B?C9DI. 4L QEB I>QBO>I PFAB >KA PIFDEQIV FKCBOFLO QL QEB QOL@EIB>O KLQ@E FP > PJ>II, PJLLQE >OB>
@>IIBA QEB B1491< >?D38 ?6 D85 E<>1. 4EFP >OB> FP QEB PFQB LC >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB MOLUFJ>I O>AFRP >KA QEB RIK>, CLOJFKD
QEB @B?H9=1< B149?E<>1B :?9>D. 4EB MLPQBOFLO >KA PRMBOFLO MLOQFLKP LC QEB MOLUFJ>I RIK> J>HB RM QEB ?<53B1>?> @B?35CC,
TEF@E CLOJP QEB ?LKV QFM LC QEB BI?LT.
%A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+ 293
F<:HE8 8.6 .?A4 4A7 +47<HF 1?< LCE8 @J CF:8K<; FE K?< D<;@8C J@;< F= K?< =FI<8ID, 8E; K?< I8;@LJ @J FE K?< C8K<I8C
J@;<. 1?<J< 9FE<J 8I< 8KK8:?<; KF <8:? FK?<I 9P 8E @EK<IFJJ<FLJ D<D9I8E<.
-LOB AFPQ>I FP QEB C816D ?6 D85 E<>1. 4EB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB PE>CQ CLOJP > OFADB @>IIBA QEB 9>D5B?CC5?EC 2?B45B ?6 D85
E<>1. 4EFP FP QEB IFKB LC >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO QEB 9>D5B?CC5?EC =5=2B1>5 ?6 D85 6?B51B=, > PEBBQ LC ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q
RKFQBP QEB RIK> >KA O>AFRP ?LKBP. 4EB PJ>II, OLRKABA >OB> QE>Q CLOJP QEB AFPQ>I BKA FP QEB 8514 ?6 D85 E<>1. 0OLGB@QFKD COLJ
QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB RIK>O EB>A FP QEB CDI<?94 @B?35CC ?6 D85 E<>1, > PELOQ ?LKV MOLGB@QFLK. 4EFP PBOSBP >P >K >QQ>@EJBKQ
MLFKQ CLO > @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PQOR@QROB QE>Q RKFQBP QEB AFPQ>I BKAP LC QEB RIK> >KA O>AFRP.
)K QEB >K>QLJF@>I MLPFQFLK, TFQE QEB BI?LT CRIIV BUQBKABA >KA QEB M>IJP C>@FKD CLOT>OA, QEB >OJ >KA CLOB>OJ AL KLQ
CLOJ > PQO>FDEQ IFKB. )KPQB>A, QEB CLOB>OJ ABSF>QBP I>QBO>IIV ?V 5i15 ABDOBBP COLJ QEB IFKB LC QEB >OJ. 4EFP ABSF>QFLK FP @>IIBA
QEB @>OOVFKD >KDIB. )Q >IILTP QEB CLOB>OJ >KA E>KA QL PTFKD COBBIV LO QL @>OOV >K L?GB@Q TFQELRQ EFQQFKD QEB EFM. 4EB @>OOVFKD
>KDIB FP I>ODBO FK CBJ>IBP QL >@@LJJLA>QB QEBFO TFABO MBISFP.
+47<HF
4EB O>AFRP ORKP M>O>IIBI QL QEB RIK>, LK QEB I>QBO>I (QERJ?) PFAB LC QEB CLOB>OJ (PBB F97EB5 8.6). 4EB 8514 ?6 D85 B149EC
FP > AFP@-PE>MBA PQOR@QROB QE>Q CLOJP QEB MOLUFJ>I BKA. 4EB PJ>II ABMOBPPFLK LK QEB PROC>@B LC QEB EB>A >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB
@>MFQRIRJ LC QEB ERJBORP >P M>OQ LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ, TEBOB>P QEB PJLLQE, LRQBO J>ODFK LC QEB EB>A >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB O>AF>I
KLQ@E LC QEB RIK> >Q QEB MOLUFJ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ. 4EB >53; ?6 D85 B149EC FP QEB K>OOLTBA OBDFLK FJJBAF>QBIV ?BILT QEB
BUM>KABA EB>A. )KCBOFLO QL QEFP MLFKQ LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB FP QEB B1491< DE25B?C9DI, >K LS>I-PE>MBA, ?LKV MOLQR?BO>K@B QE>Q
PBOSBP >P > JRP@IB >QQ>@EJBKQ MLFKQ. 4EB C816D ?6 D85 B149EC FP PIFDEQIV @ROSBA >KA E>P > PJ>II OFADB >ILKD FQP JBAF>I PFAB.
4EFP OFADB CLOJP QEB 9>D5B?CC5?EC 2?B45B ?6 D85 B149EC, TEF@E, IFHB QEB PFJFI>O ?LOABO LC QEB RIK>, FP QEB IFKB LC >QQ>@EJBKQ
CLO QEB FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB QE>Q RKFQBP QEB QTL CLOB>OJ ?LKBP. 4EB AFPQ>I BKA LC QEB O>AFRP E>P > PJLLQE PROC>@B CLO
>OQF@RI>QFLK TFQE QTL @>OM>I ?LKBP QL CLOJ QEB B149?31B@1< :?9>D LO TOFPQ GLFKQ (F97EB5 8.7 >KA F97EB5 8.8). /K QEB JBAF>I
PFAB LC QEB AFPQ>I O>AFRP FP QEB E<>1B >?D38 ?6 D85 B149EC. 4EFP PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB EB>A LC QEB RIK>,
TEF@E QLDBQEBO CLOJ QEB 49CD1< B149?E<>1B :?9>D. 4EB I>QBO>I BKA LC QEB O>AFRP E>P > MLFKQBA MOLGB@QFLK @>IIBA QEB CDI<?94
@B?35CC ?6 D85 B149EC. 4EFP MOLSFABP >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO IFD>JBKQP QE>Q PRMMLOQ QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB TOFPQ GLFKQ. #LJM>OBA
QL QEB PQVILFA MOL@BPP LC QEB RIK>, QEB PQVILFA MOL@BPP LC QEB O>AFRP MOLGB@QP JLOB AFPQ>IIV, QEBOB?V IFJFQFKD QEB O>KDB LC
JLSBJBKQ CLO I>QBO>I ABSF>QFLKP LC QEB E>KA >Q QEB TOFPQ GLFKQ.
294 %A-1"/ 8 R 1%" A--"+!&2)A/ 0(")"1,+
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
7>Q@E QEFP F945? (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</6B13DEB5C) QL PBB ELT CO>@QROBP LC QEB AFPQ>I O>AFRP ?LKB @>K >CCB@Q
QEB TOFPQ GLFKQ. %UMI>FK QEB MOL?IBJP QE>Q J>V L@@RO FC > CO>@QROB LC QEB AFPQ>I O>AFRP FKSLISBP QEB GLFKQ PROC>@B LC QEB
O>AFL@>OM>I GLFKQ LC QEB TOFPQ.
C4EC4? BBA8F
4EB TOFPQ >KA ?>PB LC QEB E>KA >OB CLOJBA ?V > PBOFBP LC BFDEQ PJ>II @>OM>I ?LKBP (PBB F97EB5 8.7). 4EB @>OM>I ?LKBP >OB
>OO>KDBA FK QTL OLTP, CLOJFKD > MOLUFJ>I OLT LC CLRO @>OM>I ?LKBP >KA > AFPQ>I OLT LC CLRO @>OM>I ?LKBP. 4EB ?LKBP FK QEB
MOLUFJ>I OLT, ORKKFKD COLJ QEB I>QBO>I (QERJ?) PFAB QL QEB JBAF>I PFAB, >OB QEB C31@8?94 (m?L>Q-PE>MBAn), <E>1D5 (mJLLK-
PE>MBAn), DB9AE5DBE= (mQEOBB-@LOKBOBAn), >KA @9C96?B= (mMB>-PE>MBAn) ?LKBP. 4EB PJ>II, OLRKABA MFPFCLOJ ?LKB >OQF@RI>QBP
TFQE QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB QOFNRBQORJ ?LKB. 4EB MFPFCLOJ QERP MOLGB@QP >KQBOFLOIV, TEBOB FQ CLOJP QEB ?LKV ?RJM QE>Q
@>K ?B CBIQ >Q QEB JBAF>I ?>PB LC VLRO E>KA. 4EB AFPQ>I ?LKBP (I>QBO>I QL JBAF>I) >OB QEB DB1@5J9E= (mQ>?IBn), DB1@5J?94
(mOBPBJ?IBP > Q>?IBn), 31@9D1D5 (mEB>A-PE>MBAn), >KA 81=1D5 (mELLHBA ?LKBn) ?LKBP. 4EB E>J>QB ?LKB FP @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V
> MOLJFKBKQ ?LKV BUQBKPFLK LK FQP >KQBOFLO PFAB @>IIBA QEB 8??; ?6 D85 81=1D5 2?>5.
! EBIMCRI JKBJLKF@ CLO OBJBJ?BOFKD QEB >OO>KDBJBKQ LC QEB @>OM>I ?LKBP FP m3L ,LKD 4L 0FKHV, (BOB #LJBP 4EB
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(PBB F97EB5 8.13). 4EFP @ROSBA, PRMBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB FIFRJ FP QEB 9<913 3B5CD. 4EB OLRKABA, >KQBOFLO QBOJFK>QFLK LC QEB
FIF>@ @OBPQ FP QEB 1>D5B9?B CE@5B9?B 9<913 C@9>5. 4EFP FJMLOQ>KQ ?LKV I>KAJ>OH @>K ?B CBIQ >Q VLRO >KQBOLI>QBO>I EFM. )KCBOFLO
QL QEB >KQBOFLO PRMBOFLO FIF>@ PMFKB FP > OLRKABA MOLQR?BO>K@B @>IIBA QEB 1>D5B9?B 9>65B9?B 9<913 C@9>5. "LQE LC QEBPB FIF>@
PMFKBP PBOSB >P >QQ>@EJBKQ MLFKQP CLO JRP@IBP LC QEB QEFDE. 0LPQBOFLOIV, QEB FIF>@ @OBPQ @ROSBP ALTKT>OA QL QBOJFK>QB >P
QEB @?CD5B9?B CE@5B9?B 9<913 C@9>5. -RP@IBP >KA IFD>JBKQP PROOLRKA ?RQ AL KLQ @LSBO QEFP ?LKV I>KAJ>OH, QERP PLJBQFJBP
MOLAR@FKD > ABMOBPPFLK PBBK >P > mAFJMIBn IL@>QBA LK QEB ILTBO ?>@H. -LOB FKCBOFLOIV FP QEB @?CD5B9?B 9>65B9?B 9<913 C@9>5.
4EFP FP IL@>QBA >Q QEB FKCBOFLO BKA LC > I>ODB, OLRDEBKBA >OB> @>IIBA QEB 1EB93E<1B CEB6135 ?6 D85 9<9E=. 4EB >ROF@RI>O PROC>@B
>OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB >ROF@RI>O PROC>@B LC QEB P>@ORJ QL CLOJ QEB P>@OLFIF>@ GLFKQ. "LQE QEB MLPQBOFLO PRMBOFLO >KA MLPQBOFLO
FKCBOFLO FIF>@ PMFKBP PBOSB >P >QQ>@EJBKQ MLFKQP CLO QEB JRP@IBP >KA SBOV PQOLKD IFD>JBKQP QE>Q PRMMLOQ QEB P>@OLFIF>@ GLFKQ.
4EB PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOLJBAF>I (FKQBOK>I) PROC>@B LC QEB RMMBO FIFRJ FP @>IIBA QEB 9<913 6?CC1.
4EB FKCBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEFP PM>@B FP CLOJBA ?V QEB 1B3E1D5 <9>5 ?6 D85 9<9E=, QEB OFADB CLOJBA ?V QEB MOLKLRK@BA @E>KDB
FK @ROS>QROB ?BQTBBK QEB RMMBO >KA ILTBO MLOQFLKP LC QEB FIFRJ. 4EB I>ODB, FKSBOQBA 5-PE>MBA FKABKQ>QFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB
MLPQBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB ILTBO FIFRJ FP @>IIBA QEB 7B51D5B C391D93 >?D38.
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FP@EFRJ FP QEB 9C3891< DE25B?C9DI. 4EFP PBOSBP >P QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO QEB MLPQBOFLO QEFDE JRP@IBP >KA >IPL @>OOFBP QEB TBFDEQ
LC QEB ?LAV TEBK PFQQFKD. 9LR @>K CBBI QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV FC VLR TFDDIB VLRO MBISFP >D>FKPQ QEB PB>Q LC > @E>FO. 0OLGB@QFKD
PRMBOFLOIV >KA >KQBOFLOIV COLJ QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV FP > K>OOLT PBDJBKQ LC ?LKB @>IIBA QEB 9C3891< B1=EC. 4EB PIFDEQIV
@ROSBA MLPQBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB FP@EFRJ >?LSB QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV FP QEB <5CC5B C391D93 >?D38. 4EB ?LKV MOLGB@QFLK
PBM>O>QFKD QEB IBPPBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E >KA DOB>QBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E FP QEB 9C3891< C@9>5.
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4EB MR?FP CLOJP QEB >KQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB EFM ?LKB (PBB F97EB5 8.13). 4EB BKI>ODBA JBAF>I MLOQFLK LC QEB MR?FP FP QEB @E293
2?4I. ,L@>QBA PRMBOFLOIV LK QEB MR?F@ ?LAV FP > PJ>II ?RJM @>IIBA QEB @E293 DE25B3<5. 4EB CE@5B9?B @E293 B1=EC FP QEB
PBDJBKQ LC ?LKB QE>Q M>PPBP I>QBO>IIV COLJ QEB MR?F@ ?LAV QL GLFK QEB FIFRJ. 4EB K>OOLT OFADB ORKKFKD >ILKD QEB PRMBOFLO
J>ODFK LC QEB PRMBOFLO MR?F@ O>JRP FP QEB @53D9>51< <9>5 LC QEB MR?FP.
4EB MR?F@ ?LAV FP GLFKBA QL QEB MR?F@ ?LAV LC QEB LMMLPFQB EFM ?LKB ?V QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP. %UQBKAFKD ALTKT>OA >KA
I>QBO>IIV COLJ QEB ?LAV FP QEB 9>65B9?B @E293 B1=EC. 4EB @E293 1B38 FP QEB ?LKV PQOR@QROB CLOJBA ?V QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP,
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QEB FP@EF>I O>JRP. 4LDBQEBO, QEBPB CLOJ QEB PFKDIB 9C389?@E293 B1=EC, TEF@E BUQBKAP COLJ QEB MR?F@ ?LAV QL QEB FP@EF>I
QR?BOLPFQV. 4EB FKSBOQBA 6-PE>MB CLOJBA >P QEB FP@EFLMR?F@ O>JF COLJ ?LQE PFABP @LJB QLDBQEBO >Q QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP FP
@>IIBA QEB CE2@E293 1>7<5.
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E>P PBSBO>I FJMLOQ>KQ CRK@QFLKP. )QP MOFJ>OV OLIB FP QL PRMMLOQ QEB TBFDEQ LC QEB RMMBO ?LAV TEBK PFQQFKD >KA QL QO>KPCBO
QEFP TBFDEQ QL QEB ILTBO IFJ?P TEBK PQ>KAFKD. )Q PBOSBP >P >K >QQ>@EJBKQ MLFKQ CLO QORKH >KA ILTBO IFJ? JRP@IBP, >KA >IPL
MOLQB@QP QEB FKQBOK>I MBISF@ LOD>KP. 7EBK PQ>KAFKD FK QEB >K>QLJF@>I MLPFQFLK, QEB MBISFP FP QFIQBA >KQBOFLOIV. )K QEFP MLPFQFLK,
QEB >KQBOFLO PRMBOFLO FIF>@ PMFKBP >KA QEB MR?F@ QR?BO@IBP IFB FK QEB P>JB SBOQF@>I MI>KB, >KA QEB >KQBOFLO (FKQBOK>I) PROC>@B LC
QEB P>@ORJ C>@BP CLOT>OA >KA ALTKT>OA.
4EB QEOBB >OB>P LC B>@E EFM ?LKB, QEB FIFRJ, MR?FP, >KA FP@EFRJ, @LKSBODB @BKQO>IIV QL CLOJ > ABBM, @RM-PE>MBA @>SFQV
@>IIBA QEB 135D12E<E=. 4EFP FP IL@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB EFM ?LKB >KA FP M>OQ LC QEB EFM GLFKQ. 4EB I>ODB LMBKFKD FK
QEB >KQBOLFKCBOFLO EFM ?LKB ?BQTBBK QEB FP@EFRJ >KA MR?FP FP QEB ?2DEB1D?B 6?B1=5>. 4EFP PM>@B FP I>ODBIV CFIIBA FK ?V >
I>VBO LC @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >KA PBOSBP CLO QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ LC JRP@IBP LK ?LQE FQP FKQBOK>I >KA BUQBOK>I PROC>@BP.
3BSBO>I IFD>JBKQP RKFQB QEB ?LKBP LC QEB MBISFP (F97EB5 8.14). 4EB I>ODBIV FJJL?FIB P>@OLFIF>@ GLFKQ FP PRMMLOQBA ?V >
M>FO LC PQOLKD IFD>JBKQP QE>Q >OB >QQ>@EBA ?BQTBBK QEB P>@ORJ >KA FIFRJ MLOQFLKP LC QEB EFM ?LKB. 4EBPB >OB QEB 1>D5B9?B
C13B?9<913 <971=5>D LK QEB >KQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB GLFKQ >KA QEB @?CD5B9?B C13B?9<913 <971=5>D LK QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB. !IPL
PM>KKFKD QEB P>@ORJ >KA EFM ?LKB >OB QTL >AAFQFLK>I IFD>JBKQP. 4EB C13B?C@9>?EC <971=5>D ORKP COLJ QEB P>@ORJ QL QEB
FP@EF>I PMFKB, >KA QEB C13B?DE25B?EC <971=5>D ORKP COLJ QEB P>@ORJ QL QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV. 4EBPB IFD>JBKQP EBIM QL
PRMMLOQ >KA FJJL?FIFWB QEB P>@ORJ >P FQ @>OOFBP QEB TBFDEQ LC QEB ?LAV.
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7E>Q FP QEB I>ODB LMBKFKD FK QEB ?LKV MBISFP, IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB FP@EFRJ >KA MR?F@ OBDFLKP, >KA TE>Q QTL M>OQP LC QEB
MR?FP @LKQOF?RQB QL QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC QEFP LMBKFKD?
4EB P>@OLPMFKLRP >KA P>@OLQR?BOLRP IFD>JBKQP >IPL EBIM QL ABCFKB QTL LMBKFKDP LK QEB MLPQBOLI>QBO>I PFABP LC QEB MBISFP
QEOLRDE TEF@E JRP@IBP, KBOSBP, >KA ?ILLA SBPPBIP CLO QEB ILTBO IFJ? BUFQ. 4EB PRMBOFLO LMBKFKD FP QEB 7B51D5B C391D93
6?B1=5>. 4EFP I>ODB LMBKFKD FP CLOJBA ?V QEB DOB>QBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E LC QEB EFM ?LKB, QEB P>@ORJ, >KA QEB P>@OLPMFKLRP
IFD>JBKQ. 4EB PJ>IIBO, JLOB FKCBOFLO <5CC5B C391D93 6?B1=5> FP CLOJBA ?V QEB IBPPBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E LC QEB EFM ?LKB, QLDBQEBO
TFQE QEB P>@OLPMFKLRP >KA P>@OLQR?BOLRP IFD>JBKQP.
4EB PM>@B BK@ILPBA ?V QEB ?LKV MBISFP FP AFSFABA FKQL QTL OBDFLKP (F97EB5 8.15). 4EB ?OL>A, PRMBOFLO OBDFLK, ABCFKBA
I>QBO>IIV ?V QEB I>ODB, C>K-IFHB MLOQFLK LC QEB RMMBO EFM ?LKB, FP @>IIBA QEB 7B51D5B @5<F9C (DOB>QBO MBISF@ @>SFQV; C>IPB MBISFP).
4EFP ?OL>A >OB> FP L@@RMFBA ?V MLOQFLKP LC QEB PJ>II >KA I>ODB FKQBPQFKBP, >KA ?B@>RPB FQ FP JLOB @ILPBIV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB
>?ALJFK>I @>SFQV, FQ FP PLJBQFJBP OBCBOOBA QL >P QEB C>IPB MBISFP. -LOB FKCBOFLOIV, QEB K>OOLT, OLRKABA PM>@B LC QEB <5CC5B
@5<F9C (IBPPBO MBISF@ @>SFQV; QORB MBISFP) @LKQ>FKP QEB ?I>AABO >KA LQEBO MBISF@ LOD>KP, >KA QERP FP >IPL HKLTK >P QEB QORB
MBISFP. 4EB @5<F93 2B9= (>IPL HKLTK >P QEB @5<F93 9><5D) CLOJP QEB PRMBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB IBPPBO MBISFP, PBM>O>QFKD FQ COLJ
QEB DOB>QBO MBISFP. 4EB MBISF@ ?OFJ FP ABCFKBA ?V > IFKB CLOJBA ?V QEB RMMBO J>ODFK LC QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP >KQBOFLOIV, >KA
QEB MB@QFKB>I IFKB LC QEB MR?FP, QEB >O@R>QB IFKB LC QEB FIFRJ, >KA QEB P>@O>I MOLJLKQLOV (QEB >KQBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB PRMBOFLO
P>@ORJ) MLPQBOFLOIV. 4EB FKCBOFLO IFJFQ LC QEB IBPPBO MBISF@ @>SFQV FP @>IIBA QEB @5<F93 ?ED<5D. 4EFP I>ODB LMBKFKD FP ABCFKBA ?V
QEB FKCBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP >KQBOFLOIV, >KA QEB FP@EFLMR?F@ O>JRP, QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV, QEB P>@OLQR?BOLRP
IFD>JBKQ, >KA QEB FKCBOFLO QFM LC QEB @L@@VU MLPQBOFLOIV. "B@>RPB LC QEB >KQBOFLO QFIQ LC QEB MBISFP, QEB IBPPBO MBISFP FP >IPL
>KDIBA, DFSFKD FQ >K >KQBOLPRMBOFLO (MBISF@ FKIBQ) QL MLPQBOLFKCBOFLO (MBISF@ LRQIBQ) LOFBKQ>QFLK.
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8E>C<, 8 IFLE;<I G<CM@: 9I@D, 8E; 8 N@;<I 8E; DFI< J?8CCFN C<JJ<I G<CM@: :8M@KP K?8E K?< D8C< G<CM@J.
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4EB AFCCBOBK@BP ?BQTBBK QEB >ARIQ CBJ>IB >KA J>IB MBISFP OBI>QB QL CRK@QFLK >KA ?LAV PFWB. )K DBKBO>I, QEB ?LKBP LC QEB J>IB
MBISFP >OB QEF@HBO >KA EB>SFBO, >A>MQBA CLO PRMMLOQ LC QEB J>IBlP EB>SFBO MEVPF@>I ?RFIA >KA PQOLKDBO JRP@IBP. 4EB DOB>QBO
P@F>QF@ KLQ@E LC QEB J>IB EFM ?LKB FP K>OOLTBO >KA ABBMBO QE>K QEB ?OL>ABO KLQ@E LC CBJ>IBP. "B@>RPB QEB CBJ>IB MBISFP
FP >A>MQBA CLO @EFIA?FOQE, FQ FP TFABO QE>K QEB J>IB MBISFP, >P BSFABK@BA ?V QEB AFPQ>K@B ?BQTBBK QEB >KQBOFLO PRMBOFLO FIF>@
PMFKBP (PBB F97EB5 8.15). 4EB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQFBP LC CBJ>IBP >OB >IPL C>OQEBO >M>OQ, TEF@E FK@OB>PBP QEB PFWB LC QEB MBISF@
LRQIBQ. "B@>RPB LC QEFP FK@OB>PBA MBISF@ TFAQE, QEB PR?MR?F@ >KDIB FP I>ODBO FK CBJ>IBP (DOB>QBO QE>K 80 ABDOBBP) QE>K FQ FP FK
J>IBP (IBPP QE>K 70 ABDOBBP). 4EB CBJ>IB P>@ORJ FP TFABO, PELOQBO, >KA IBPP @ROSBA, >KA QEB P>@O>I MOLJLKQLOV MOLGB@QP IBPP
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4EB IBPPBO MBISF@ @>SFQV LC CBJ>IBP FP >IPL TFABO >KA JLOB PE>IILT QE>K QEB K>OOLTBO, ABBMBO, >KA Q>MBOFKD IBPPBO MBISFP LC
J>IBP. "B@>RPB LC QEB L?SFLRP AFCCBOBK@BP ?BQTBBK CBJ>IB >KA J>IB EFM ?LKBP, QEFP FP QEB LKB ?LKB LC QEB ?LAV QE>Q >IILTP
CLO QEB JLPQ >@@RO>QB PBU ABQBOJFK>QFLK. *12<5 8.1 MOLSFABP >K LSBOSFBT LC QEB DBKBO>I AFCCBOBK@BP ?BQTBBK QEB CBJ>IB >KA
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FK QEB QBKALK LC QEB NR>AOF@BMP CBJLOFP JRP@IB, QEB I>ODB JRP@IB LC QEB >KQBOFLO QEFDE QE>Q M>PPBP >@OLPP QEB >KQBOFLO HKBB
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MLTBO LC QEB NR>AOF@BMP CBJLOFP JRP@IB >P FQ >@QP >@OLPP QEB HKBB. 4EB M>QBII> ALBP KLQ >OQF@RI>QB TFQE QEB QF?F>.
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JLSBJBKQ LC QEB M>QBII>, > AFOB@Q ?ILT QL QEB M>QBII>, LO CI>Q CBBQ LO FJMOLMBO PELBP QE>Q @>RPB BU@BPPFSB QROKFKD FK LO
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CBJRO @LJMBKP>QBP CLO QEB I>QBO>I MRII LK QEB M>QBII>, >KA QERP EBIMP QL J>FKQ>FK FQP MOLMBO QO>@HFKD.
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4EB MOLUFJ>I BKA LC QEB QF?F> FP DOB>QIV BUM>KABA. 4EB QTL PFABP LC QEFP BUM>KPFLK CLOJ QEB =5491< 3?>4I<5 ?6 D85
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IFD>JBKQ QE>Q PM>KP QEB P>@ORJ QL QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV LC QEB EFM ?LKB
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QO>MBWLFA, QO>MBWFRJ, >KA @>MQFQ>QB AFPQ>IIV, >KA QEB IRK>QB JBAF>IIV
PELRIABO ?I>AB ?LKB IL@>QBA LK QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB PELRIABO
@VIFKAOF@>IIV PE>MBA OBDFLK QE>Q CLOJP QEB @BKQO>I MLOQFLK LC QEB CBJRO
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JBAF>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB QE>Q >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB J>KR?OFRJ LC QEB PQBOKRJ
>OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB J>KR?OFRJ LC QEB PQBOKRJ >KA QEB PQBOK>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB; CLOJP
QEB LKIV ?LKV >QQ>@EJBKQ ?BQTBBK QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? >KA QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK
MLFKQBA MOLGB@QFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I BKA LC QEB AFPQ>I O>AFRP
PELOQ, ?LKV MOLGB@QFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB JBAF>I BKA LC QEB AFPQ>I RIK>
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?OL>A ABMOBPPFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO (ABBM) PROC>@B LC QEB P@>MRI>
@LOKBO LC QEB P@>MRI> ?BQTBBK QEB PRMBOFLO >KA JBAF>I ?LOABOP LC QEB P@>MRI>
PRMBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB P@>MRI>
K>OOLT PBDJBKQ LC ?LKB QE>Q M>PPBP I>QBO>IIV COLJ QEB MR?F@ ?LAV QL GLFK QEB FIFRJ
PJ>II ?RJM IL@>QBA >Q QEB PRMBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV
PJ>II KLQ@E IL@>QBA >ILKD QEB PRMBOFLO ?LOABO LC QEB P@>MRI>, JBAF>I QL QEB @LO>@LFA MOL@BPP
K>OOLT ABMOBPPFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB MLPQBOFLO P@>MRI>, PRMBOFLO QL QEB PMFKB
OBDFLK LC QEB ERJBORP TEBOB QEB BUM>KABA, MOLUFJ>I BKA GLFKP TFQE QEB K>OOLTBO PE>CQ
?LKV IBADB BUQBKAFKD COLJ QEB JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB @>I@>KBRP ?LKB
Q>OP>I ?LKB QE>Q >OQF@RI>QBP PRMBOFLOIV TFQE QEB QF?F> >KA CF?RI> >Q QEB >KHIB GLFKQ; >IPL >OQF@RI>QBP FKCBOFLOIV TFQE QEB
@>I@>KBRP ?LKB >KA >KQBOFLOIV TFQE QEB K>SF@RI>O ?LKB
LKB LC QEB PBSBK ?LKBP QE>Q J>HB RM QEB MLPQBOFLO CLLQ; FK@IRABP QEB @>I@>KBRP, Q>IRP, K>SF@RI>O, @R?LFA,
JBAF>I @RKBFCLOJ, FKQBOJBAF>QB @RKBFCLOJ, >KA I>QBO>I @RKBFCLOJ ?LKBP
MLOQFLK LC QEB ILTBO IFJ? IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB EFM >KA HKBB GLFKQP
BIBS>QBA >OB> LK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB MOLUFJ>I QF?F>
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COLJ QEB I>QBO>I PFAB, QEB CFOPQ LC QEB CLRO AFPQ>I @>OM>I ?LKBP; >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB P@>MELFA MOLUFJ>IIV, QEB
CFOPQ >KA PB@LKA JBQ>@>OM>IP AFPQ>IIV, >KA QEB QO>MBWLFA JBAF>IIV
COLJ QEB I>QBO>I PFAB, QEB PB@LKA LC QEB CLRO AFPQ>I @>OM>I ?LKBP; >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB P@>MELFA MOLUFJ>IIV, QEB
PB@LKA JBQ>@>OM>I AFPQ>IIV, QEB QO>MBWFRJ I>QBO>IIV, >KA QEB @>MFQ>QB JBAF>IIV
COLJ QEB I>QBO>I PFAB, QEB QEFOA LC QEB CLRO MOLUFJ>I @>OM>I ?LKBP; >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB IRK>QB I>QBO>IIV, QEB
E>J>QB AFPQ>IIV, >KA E>P > C>@BQ CLO QEB MFPFCLOJ
I>ODB, #-PE>MBA ABMOBPPFLK IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB MOLUFJ>I RIK>; >OQF@RI>QBP >Q QEB BI?LT
TFQE QEB QOL@EIB> LC QEB ERJBORP
MRIIBV-PE>MBA OBDFLK IL@>QBA JBAF>IIV >Q QEB AFPQ>I BKA LC QEB ERJBORP; >OQF@RI>QBP >Q QEB BI?LT TFQE QEB
QOL@EIB>O KLQ@E LC QEB RIK>
PE>IILT, PJLLQE >OB> IL@>QBA LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB AFPQ>I O>AFRP; >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB
EB>A LC QEB RIK> >Q QEB AFPQ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ
OLRDEBKBA >OB> IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO, MOLUFJ>I RIK> FKCBOFLO QL QEB @LOLKLFA MOL@BPP
?LKB IL@>QBA LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB CLOB>OJ
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4EB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB, @LKPFPQFKD LC QEB @I>SF@IB >KA QEB P@>MRI>, >QQ>@EBP B>@E RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EB @I>SF@IB FP
>K >KQBOFLO ?LKB TELPB PQBOK>I BKA >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB J>KR?OFRJ LC QEB PQBOKRJ >Q QEB PQBOKL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ. 4EB PQBOK>I
BKA FP >IPL >K@ELOBA QL QEB CFOPQ OF? ?V QEB @LPQL@I>SF@RI>O IFD>JBKQ. 4EB >@OLJF>I BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB
>@OLJFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> >Q QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ. 4EFP BKA FP >IPL >K@ELOBA QL QEB @LO>@LFA MOL@BPP LC QEB P@>MRI> ?V
QEB @LO>@L@I>SF@RI>O IFD>JBKQ, TEF@E MOLSFABP FKAFOB@Q PRMMLOQ CLO QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ. 4EB @I>SF@IB PRMMLOQP QEB
P@>MRI>, QO>KPJFQP QEB TBFDEQ >KA CLO@BP COLJ QEB RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB ?LAV QORKH, >KA MOLQB@QP QEB RKABOIVFKD KBOSBP >KA ?ILLA
SBPPBIP.
4EB P@>MRI> IFBP LK QEB MLPQBOFLO >PMB@Q LC QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB. )Q JBAF>QBP QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? QL QEB
@I>SF@IB, >KA @LKQOF?RQBP QL QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC QEB DIBKLERJBO>I (PELRIABO) GLFKQ. 4EFP QOF>KDRI>O ?LKB E>P QEOBB PFABP @>IIBA QEB
JBAF>I, I>QBO>I, >KA PRMBOFLO ?LOABOP. 4EB PRMO>P@>MRI>O KLQ@E FP IL@>QBA LK QEB PRMBOFLO ?LOABO. 4EB P@>MRI> >IPL E>P QEOBB
@LOKBOP, QTL LC TEF@E >OB QEB PRMBOFLO >KA FKCBOFLO >KDIBP. 4EB QEFOA @LOKBO FP L@@RMFBA ?V QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV. 0LPQBOFLOIV,
QEB PMFKB PBM>O>QBP QEB PRMO>PMFKLRP >KA FKCO>PMFKLRP CLPP>B, >KA QEBK BUQBKAP I>QBO>IIV >P QEB >@OLJFLK. 4EB PR?P@>MRI>O
CLPP> FP IL@>QBA LK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB P@>MRI>. 4EB @LO>@LFA MOL@BPP MOLGB@QP >KQBOFLOIV, M>PPFKD FKCBOFLO QL QEB I>QBO>I
BKA LC QEB @I>SF@IB.
8.2 BBA8F B9 G;8 .CC8E %<@5
%>@E RMMBO IFJ? FP AFSFABA FKQL QEOBB OBDFLKP >KA @LKQ>FKP > QLQ>I LC 30 ?LKBP. 4EB RMMBO >OJ FP QEB OBDFLK IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK
QEB PELRIABO >KA BI?LT GLFKQP. 4EFP >OB> @LKQ>FKP QEB ERJBORP. 4EB MOLUFJ>I ERJBORP @LKPFPQP LC QEB EB>A, TEF@E >OQF@RI>QBP
TFQE QEB P@>MRI> >Q QEB DIBKLERJBO>I GLFKQ, QEB DOB>QBO >KA IBPPBO QR?BO@IBP PBM>O>QBA ?V QEB FKQBOQR?BO@RI>O (?F@FMFQ>I) DOLLSB,
>KA QEB >K>QLJF@>I >KA PRODF@>I KB@HP. 4EB ERJBO>I PE>CQ E>P QEB OLRDEBKBA >OB> LC QEB ABIQLFA QR?BOLPFQV LK FQP I>QBO>I PFAB.
4EB AFPQ>I ERJBORP FP CI>QQBKBA, CLOJFKD > I>QBO>I PRMO>@LKAVI>O OFADB QE>Q QBOJFK>QBP >Q QEB PJ>II I>QBO>I BMF@LKAVIB. 4EB
JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB AFPQ>I ERJBORP E>P QEB I>ODB, JBAF>I BMF@LKAVIB. 4EB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB AFPQ>I ERJBORP @LKPFPQ LC
QEB QOL@EIB> JBAF>IIV >KA QEB @>MFQRIRJ I>QBO>IIV. $BMOBPPFLKP LK QEB ERJBORP QE>Q >@@LJJLA>QB QEB CLOB>OJ ?LKBP AROFKD
?BKAFKD (CIBUFKD) >KA PQO>FDEQBKFKD (BUQBKAFKD) LC QEB BI?LT FK@IRAB QEB @LOLKLFA CLPP>, QEB O>AF>I CLPP>, >KA QEB LIB@O>KLK
CLPP>.
4EB CLOB>OJ FP QEB OBDFLK LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB BI?LT >KA TOFPQ GLFKQP. 4EFP OBDFLK @LKQ>FKP QTL ?LKBP,
QEB RIK> JBAF>IIV >KA QEB O>AFRP LK QEB I>QBO>I (QERJ?) PFAB. 4EB BI?LT GLFKQ FP CLOJBA ?V QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB
QOL@EIB> LC QEB ERJBORP >KA QEB QOL@EIB>O KLQ@E LC QEB RIK>, MIRP QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB @>MFQRIRJ LC QEB ERJBORP >KA
QEB EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP. 4EB MOLUFJ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ FP QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP >KA QEB O>AF>I KLQ@E LC
QEB RIK>. 4EB MOLUFJ>I RIK> >IPL E>P QEB LIB@O>KLK MOL@BPP, CLOJFKD >K BUM>KABA MLPQBOFLO OBDFLK, >KA QEB @LOLKLFA MOL@BPP
>KA RIK>O QR?BOLPFQV LK FQP >KQBOFLO >PMB@Q. /K QEB MOLUFJ>I O>AFRP, QEB K>OOLTBA OBDFLK ?BILT QEB EB>A FP QEB KB@H; AFPQ>I
QL QEFP FP QEB O>AF>I QR?BOLPFQV. 4EB PE>CQ MLOQFLKP LC ?LQE QEB RIK> >KA O>AFRP E>SB >K FKQBOLPPBLRP ?LOABO, TEBOB>P QEB AFPQ>I
BKAP LC B>@E ?LKB E>SB > MLFKQBA PQVILFA MOL@BPP. 4EB AFPQ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ FP CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB EB>A LC QEB RIK> >KA QEB
RIK>O KLQ@E LC QEB O>AFRP. 4EB AFPQ>I BKA LC QEB O>AFRP >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB MOLUFJ>I @>OM>I ?LKBP, ?RQ QEB RIK> ALBP KLQ.
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4EB ?>PB LC QEB E>KA FP CLOJBA ?V BFDEQ @>OM>I ?LKBP. 4EB @>OM>I ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA FKQL QTL OLTP LC ?LKBP. 4EB
MOLUFJ>I OLT @LKQ>FKP (COLJ I>QBO>I QL JBAF>I) QEB P@>MELFA, IRK>QB, QOFNRBQORJ, >KA MFPFCLOJ ?LKBP. 4EB P@>MELFA, IRK>QB,
>KA QOFNRBQORJ ?LKBP @LKQOF?RQB QL QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC QEB O>AFL@>OM>I GLFKQ. 4EB AFPQ>I OLT LC @>OM>I ?LKBP @LKQ>FKP (COLJ
JBAF>I QL I>QBO>I) QEB E>J>QB, @>MFQ>QB, QO>MBWLFA, >KA QO>MBWFRJ ?LKBP (m3L ,LKD 4L 0FKHV, (BOB #LJBP 4EB 4ERJ?n). 4EB
>KQBOFLO E>J>QB E>P > MOLJFKBKQ ?LKV ELLH. 4EB MOLUFJ>I >KA AFPQ>I @>OM>I OLTP >OQF@RI>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO >Q QEB JFA@>OM>I
GLFKQ. 4EB @>OM>I ?LKBP, QLDBQEBO TFQE QEB CIBULO OBQFK>@RIRJ, >IPL CLOJ QEB @>OM>I QRKKBI LC QEB TOFPQ.
4EB CFSB JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKBP CLOJ QEB M>IJ LC QEB E>KA. 4EB JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKBP >OB KRJ?BOBA 1i5, PQ>OQFKD TFQE QEB QERJ?
PFAB. 4EB CFOPQ JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKB FP COBBIV JL?FIB, ?RQ QEB LQEBO ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA >P > DOLRM. 4EB AFDFQP >OB >IPL KRJ?BOBA
1i5, TFQE QEB QERJ? ?BFKD KRJ?BO 1. 4EB CFKDBOP >KA QERJ? @LKQ>FK > QLQ>I LC 14 ME>I>KDBP (ME>I>KU ?LKBP). 4EB QERJ?
@LKQ>FKP > MOLUFJ>I >KA > AFPQ>I ME>I>KU, TEBOB>P QEB OBJ>FKFKD AFDFQP B>@E @LKQ>FK MOLUFJ>I, JFAAIB, >KA AFPQ>I ME>I>KDBP.
8.3 -;8 )8?I<6 <E7?8 4A7 )8?I<F
4EB MBISF@ DFOAIB, @LKPFPQFKD LC > EFM ?LKB, PBOSBP QL >QQ>@E > ILTBO IFJ? QL QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EB EFM ?LKB >OQF@RI>QBP
MLPQBOFLOIV >Q QEB P>@OLFIF>@ GLFKQ TFQE QEB P>@ORJ, TEF@E FP M>OQ LC QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 4EB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ EFM ?LKBP @LKSBODB
>KQBOFLOIV >KA >OQF@RI>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO >Q QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP. 4EB @LJ?FK>QFLK LC QEB EFM ?LKB, QEB P>@ORJ, >KA QEB
@L@@VU CLOJP QEB MBISFP. 4EB MBISFP E>P > MOLKLRK@BA >KQBOFLO QFIQ. 4EB MOFJ>OV CRK@QFLK LC QEB MBISFP FP QL PRMMLOQ QEB RMMBO
?LAV >KA QO>KPCBO ?LAV TBFDEQ QL QEB ILTBO IFJ?P. )Q >IPL PBOSBP >P QEB PFQB LC >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO JRIQFMIB JRP@IBP.
4EB EFM ?LKB @LKPFPQP LC QEOBB OBDFLKP: QEB FIFRJ, FP@EFRJ, >KA MR?FP. 4EB FIFRJ CLOJP QEB I>ODB, C>K-IFHB OBDFLK LC QEB
EFM ?LKB. 4EB PRMBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEFP >OB> FP QEB FIF>@ @OBPQ. ,L@>QBA >Q BFQEBO BKA LC QEB FIF>@ @OBPQ >OB QEB >KQBOFLO PRMBOFLO
>KA MLPQBOFLO PRMBOFLO FIF>@ PMFKBP. )KCBOFLO QL QEBPB >OB QEB >KQBOFLO FKCBOFLO >KA MLPQBOFLO FKCBOFLO FIF>@ PMFKBP. 4EB >ROF@RI>O
PROC>@B LC QEB FIFRJ >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB P>@ORJ QL CLOJ QEB P>@OLFIF>@ GLFKQ. 4EB JBAF>I PROC>@B LC QEB RMMBO FIFRJ CLOJP
QEB FIF>@ CLPP>, TFQE QEB >O@R>QB IFKB J>OHFKD QEB FKCBOFLO IFJFQ LC QEFP >OB>. 4EB MLPQBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB FIFRJ E>P QEB I>ODB
DOB>QBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E.
4EB MLPQBOLI>QBO>I MLOQFLK LC QEB EFM ?LKB FP QEB FP@EFRJ. )Q E>P QEB BUM>KABA FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV, TEF@E PRMMLOQP ?LAV
TBFDEQ TEBK PFQQFKD. 4EB FP@EF>I O>JRP MOLGB@QP >KQBOFLOIV >KA PRMBOFLOIV. 4EB MLPQBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB FP@EFRJ E>P QEB
PE>IILT IBPPBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E >KA QEB FP@EF>I PMFKB, TEF@E PBM>O>QBP QEB DOB>QBO >KA IBPPBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@EBP.
4EB MR?FP CLOJP QEB >KQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB EFM ?LKB. 4EB ?LAV LC QEB MR?FP >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB MR?FP LC QEB LMMLPFQB
EFM ?LKB >Q QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP. 4EB PRMBOFLO J>ODFK LC QEB MR?F@ ?LAV E>P QEB MR?F@ QR?BO@IB. 4EB MR?FP FP GLFKBA QL QEB
FIFRJ ?V QEB PRMBOFLO MR?F@ O>JRP, QEB PRMBOFLO PROC>@B LC TEF@E CLOJP QEB MB@QFKB>I IFKB. 4EB FKCBOFLO MR?F@ O>JRP MOLGB@QP
FKCBOFLOIV >KA I>QBO>IIV. 4EB MR?F@ >O@E FP CLOJBA ?V QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP, QEB ?LAFBP LC QEB >AG>@BKQ MR?F@ ?LKBP, >KA QEB
QTL FKCBOFLO MR?F@ O>JF. 4EB FKCBOFLO MR?F@ O>JRP GLFKP QEB FP@EF>I O>JRP QL CLOJ QEB FP@EFLMR?F@ O>JRP. 4EB PR?MR?F@ >KDIB
FP CLOJBA ?V QEB JBAF>I @LKSBODBK@B LC QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ FP@EFLMR?F@ O>JF.
4EB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB EFM ?LKB E>P QEB @RM-IFHB >@BQ>?RIRJ, TEF@E FP M>OQ LC QEB EFM GLFKQ. 4EB I>ODB >KQBOFLO LMBKFKD
FP QEB L?QRO>QLO CLO>JBK. 4EB P>@OLFIF>@ GLFKQ FP PRMMLOQBA ?V QEB >KQBOFLO >KA MLPQBOFLO P>@OLFIF>@ IFD>JBKQP. 4EB P>@ORJ FP
>IPL GLFKBA QL QEB EFM ?LKB ?V QEB P>@OLPMFKLRP IFD>JBKQ, TEF@E >QQ>@EBP QL QEB FP@EF>I PMFKB, >KA QEB P>@OLQR?BOLRP IFD>JBKQ,
TEF@E >QQ>@EBP QL QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV. 4EB P>@OLPMFKLRP >KA P>@OLQR?BOLRP IFD>JBKQP @LKQOF?RQB QL QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC QEB
DOB>QBO >KA IBPPBO P@F>QF@ CLO>JFK>.
4EB ?OL>A PM>@B LC QEB RMMBO MBISFP FP QEB DOB>QBO MBISFP, >KA QEB K>OOLT, FKCBOFLO PM>@B FP QEB IBPPBO MBISFP. 4EBPB >OB>P
>OB PBM>O>QBA ?V QEB MBISF@ ?OFJ (MBISF@ FKIBQ). 4EB FKCBOFLO LMBKFKD LC QEB MBISFP FP QEB MBISF@ LRQIBQ. #LJM>OBA QL QEB J>IB,
QEB CBJ>IB MBISFP FP TFABO QL >@@LJJLA>QB @EFIA?FOQE, E>P > I>ODBO PR?MR?F@ >KDIB, >KA > ?OL>ABO DOB>QBO P@F>QF@ KLQ@E.
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J>V L@@RO CLIILTFKD > PQOLKD ?ILT QL QEB PELRIABO LO > E>OA
C>II LKQL >K LRQPQOBQ@EBA E>KA.
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?LAV TBFDEQ FP M>PPBA FK > MLPQBOFLO AFOB@QFLK >KA LKB-E>IC
LC QEB TBFDEQ FP M>PPBA FK >K >KQBOFLO AFOB@QFLK. $BP@OF?B
QEB >OO>KDBJBKQ LC QEB Q>OP>I >KA JBQ>Q>OP>I ?LKBP QE>Q >OB
FKSLISBA FK ?LQE QEB MLPQBOFLO >KA >KQBOFLO AFPQOF?RQFLK LC
?LAV TBFDEQ.
41. (LT @>K > O>AFLDO>ME LC > @EFIAlP CBJRO ?B RPBA QL
ABQBOJFKB QEB >MMOLUFJ>QB >DB LC QE>Q @EFIA?
42. (LT ALBP QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB @I>SF@IB AFCCBO COLJ
QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC LQEBO >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK ?LKBP?
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9 N #("'-,
F<:HE8 9.1 <E? $4L4><A: 4@K?FLK AF@EKJ, 9F;P DFM<D<EKJ NFLC; 9< @DGFJJ@9C<. (:I<;@K: $I8?8D /@:?8I;JFE/
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C;4CG8E (5=86G<I8F
!CQBO QEFP @E>MQBO, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $FP@RPP ?LQE CRK@QFLK>I >KA PQOR@QRO>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLKP CLO ?LAV GLFKQP
c $BP@OF?B QEB @E>O>@QBOFPQF@ CB>QROBP CLO CF?OLRP, @>OQFI>DFKLRP, >KA PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >KA DFSB BU>JMIBP LC B>@E
c $BCFKB >KA FABKQFCV QEB AFCCBOBKQ ?LAV JLSBJBKQP
c $FP@RPP QEB PQOR@QROB LC PMB@FCF@ ?LAV GLFKQP >KA QEB JLSBJBKQP >IILTBA ?V B>@E
c %UMI>FK QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC ?LAV GLFKQP
4EB >ARIQ ERJ>K ?LAV E>P 206 ?LKBP, >KA TFQE QEB BU@BMQFLK LC QEB EVLFA ?LKB FK QEB KB@H, B>@E ?LKB FP @LKKB@QBA QL
>Q IB>PQ LKB LQEBO ?LKB. *LFKQP >OB QEB IL@>QFLK TEBOB ?LKBP @LJB QLDBQEBO. ->KV GLFKQP >IILT CLO JLSBJBKQ ?BQTBBK QEB
?LKBP. !Q QEBPB GLFKQP, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP @>K JLSB PJLLQEIV >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO. (LTBSBO, QEB
?LKBP LC LQEBO GLFKQP J>V ?B GLFKBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB LO @>OQFI>DB. 4EBPB GLFKQP >OB ABPFDKBA CLO PQ>?FIFQV
>KA MOLSFAB CLO IFQQIB LO KL JLSBJBKQ. )JMLOQ>KQIV, GLFKQ PQ>?FIFQV >KA JLSBJBKQ >OB OBI>QBA QL B>@E LQEBO. 4EFP JB>KP QE>Q
PQ>?IB GLFKQP >IILT CLO IFQQIB LO KL JL?FIFQV ?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP. #LKSBOPBIV, GLFKQP QE>Q MOLSFAB QEB JLPQ JLSBJBKQ
?BQTBBK ?LKBP >OB QEB IB>PQ PQ>?IB. 5KABOPQ>KAFKD QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM ?BQTBBK GLFKQ PQOR@QROB >KA CRK@QFLK TFII EBIM QL BUMI>FK
TEV M>OQF@RI>O QVMBP LC GLFKQP >OB CLRKA FK @BOQ>FK >OB>P LC QEB ?LAV.
%A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10 329
4EB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC ?LKBP >Q PQ>?IB QVMBP LC GLFKQP, TFQE IFQQIB LO KL JL?FIFQV, >OB PQOLKDIV RKFQBA QL B>@E LQEBO.
&LO BU>JMIB, JLPQ LC QEB GLFKQP LC QEB PHRII >OB EBIA QLDBQEBO ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >KA AL KLQ >IILT CLO JLSBJBKQ
?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP. 4EFP I>@H LC JL?FIFQV FP FJMLOQ>KQ, ?B@>RPB QEB PHRII ?LKBP PBOSB QL MOLQB@Q QEB ?O>FK. 3FJFI>OIV,
LQEBO GLFKQP RKFQBA ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >IILT CLO SBOV IFQQIB JLSBJBKQ, TEF@E MOLSFABP PQ>?FIFQV >KA TBFDEQ-?B>OFKD
PRMMLOQ CLO QEB ?LAV. &LO BU>JMIB, QEB QF?F> >KA CF?RI> LC QEB IBD >OB QFDEQIV RKFQBA QL DFSB PQ>?FIFQV QL QEB ?LAV TEBK
PQ>KAFKD. !Q LQEBO GLFKQP, QEB ?LKBP >OB EBIA QLDBQEBO ?V @>OQFI>DB, TEF@E MBOJFQP IFJFQBA JLSBJBKQP ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP.
4ERP, QEB GLFKQP LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK LKIV >IILT CLO PJ>II JLSBJBKQP ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B, ?RQ TEBK >AABA
QLDBQEBO, QEBPB JLSBJBKQP MOLSFAB QEB CIBUF?FIFQV QE>Q >IILTP VLRO ?LAV QL QTFPQ, LO ?BKA QL QEB COLKQ, ?>@H, LO PFAB. )K
@LKQO>PQ, >Q GLFKQP QE>Q >IILT CLO TFAB O>KDBP LC JLQFLK, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP >OB KLQ AFOB@QIV RKFQBA QL
B>@E LQEBO. )KPQB>A, QEBPB PROC>@BP >OB BK@ILPBA TFQEFK > PM>@B CFIIBA TFQE IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA, TEF@E >IILTP QEB ?LKBP QL JLSB
PJLLQEIV >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO. 4EBPB GLFKQP MOLSFAB DOB>QBO JL?FIFQV, ?RQ PFK@B QEB ?LKBP >OB COBB QL JLSB FK OBI>QFLK QL B>@E
LQEBO, QEB GLFKQ FP IBPP PQ>?IB. -LPQ LC QEB GLFKQP ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP LC QEB >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK >OB QEFP COBBIV JLSB>?IB QVMB
LC GLFKQ. 4EBPB GLFKQP >IILT QEB JRP@IBP LC QEB ?LAV QL MRII LK > ?LKB >KA QEBOB?V MOLAR@B JLSBJBKQ LC QE>Q ?LAV OBDFLK.
9LRO >?FIFQV QL HF@H > PL@@BO ?>II, MF@H RM > CLOH, >KA A>K@B QEB Q>KDL ABMBKA LK JL?FIFQV >Q QEBPB QVMBP LC GLFKQP.
9.1 N C?4FF<9<64G<BA B9 #B<AGF
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $FPQFKDRFPE ?BQTBBK QEB CRK@QFLK>I >KA PQOR@QRO>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLKP CLO GLFKQP
c $BP@OF?B QEB QEOBB CRK@QFLK>I QVMBP LC GLFKQP >KA DFSB >K BU>JMIB LC B>@E
c ,FPQ QEB QEOBB QVMBP LC AF>OQEOLAF>I GLFKQP
! :?9>D, >IPL @>IIBA >K 1BD93E<1D9?>, FP >KV MI>@B TEBOB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP LO ?LKB >KA @>OQFI>DB @LJB QLDBQEBO (>OQF@RI>QB
TFQE B>@E LQEBO) QL CLOJ > @LKKB@QFLK. *LFKQP >OB @I>PPFCFBA ?LQE PQOR@QRO>IIV >KA CRK@QFLK>IIV. 3QOR@QRO>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLKP LC
GLFKQP Q>HB FKQL >@@LRKQ TEBQEBO QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB PQOLKDIV >K@ELOBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB LO
@>OQFI>DB, LO TEBQEBO QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OQF@RI>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO TFQEFK > CIRFA-CFIIBA PM>@B @>IIBA > :?9>D 31F9DI. &RK@QFLK>I
@I>PPFCF@>QFLKP ABP@OF?B QEB ABDOBB LC JLSBJBKQ >S>FI>?IB ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP, O>KDFKD COLJ FJJL?FIB, QL PIFDEQIV JL?FIB,
QL COBBIV JLSB>?IB GLFKQP. 4EB >JLRKQ LC JLSBJBKQ >S>FI>?IB >Q > M>OQF@RI>O GLFKQ LC QEB ?LAV FP OBI>QBA QL QEB CRK@QFLK>I
OBNRFOBJBKQP CLO QE>Q GLFKQ. 4ERP FJJL?FIB LO PIFDEQIV JLSB>?IB GLFKQP PBOSB QL MOLQB@Q FKQBOK>I LOD>KP, DFSB PQ>?FIFQV QL QEB
?LAV, >KA >IILT CLO IFJFQBA ?LAV JLSBJBKQ. )K @LKQO>PQ, COBBIV JLSB>?IB GLFKQP >IILT CLO JR@E JLOB BUQBKPFSB JLSBJBKQP
LC QEB ?LAV >KA IFJ?P.
,GEH6GHE4? C?4FF<9<64G<BA B9 #B<AGF
4EB PQOR@QRO>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLK LC GLFKQP FP ?>PBA LK TEBQEBO QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB AFOB@QIV
@LKKB@QBA ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB LO @>OQFI>DB, LO TEBQEBO QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP @LKQ>@Q B>@E LQEBO TFQEFK > CIRFA-
CFIIBA GLFKQ @>SFQV. 4EBPB AFCCBOBK@BP PBOSB QL AFSFAB QEB GLFKQP LC QEB ?LAV FKQL QEOBB PQOR@QRO>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLKP. ! 692B?EC
:?9>D FP TEBOB QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. !Q > 31BD9<179>?EC :?9>D, QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V
EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB LO CF?OL@>OQFI>DB. !Q > CI>?F91< :?9>D, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP >OB KLQ AFOB@QIV @LKKB@QBA, ?RQ
FKPQB>A @LJB FKQL @LKQ>@Q TFQE B>@E LQEBO TFQEFK > GLFKQ @>SFQV QE>Q FP CFIIBA TFQE > IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA. 3VKLSF>I GLFKQP >IILT
CLO COBB JLSBJBKQ ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP >KA >OB QEB JLPQ @LJJLK GLFKQP LC QEB ?LAV.
FHA6G<BA4? C?4FF<9<64G<BA B9 #B<AGF
4EB CRK@QFLK>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLK LC GLFKQP FP ABQBOJFKBA ?V QEB >JLRKQ LC JL?FIFQV CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP. *LFKQP
>OB QERP CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK>OQEOLPFP LO FJJL?FIB GLFKQ, >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP LO PIFDEQIV JLSB>?IB GLFKQ, LO >P >
AF>OQEOLPFP, TEF@E FP > COBBIV JLSB>?IB GLFKQ (>OQEOLRK = mQL C>PQBK ?V > GLFKQn). $BMBKAFKD LK QEBFO IL@>QFLK, CF?OLRP GLFKQP
J>V ?B CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK>OQEOLPFP (FJJL?FIB GLFKQ) LO >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP (PIFDEQIV JL?FIB GLFKQ). #>OQFI>DFKLRP
GLFKQP >OB >IPL CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P BFQEBO > PVK>OQEOLPFP LO >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP GLFKQ. !II PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV
@I>PPFCFBA >P > AF>OQEOLPFP GLFKQ.
,LA4EG;EBF<F
!K FJJL?FIB LO KB>OIV FJJL?FIB GLFKQ FP @>IIBA > CI>1BD8B?C9C. 4EB FJJL?FIB K>QROB LC QEBPB GLFKQP MOLSFAB CLO > PQOLKD
RKFLK ?BQTBBK QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKBP. 4EFP FP FJMLOQ>KQ >Q IL@>QFLKP TEBOB QEB ?LKBP MOLSFAB MOLQB@QFLK CLO FKQBOK>I LOD>KP.
%U>JMIBP FK@IRAB PRQROBP, QEB CF?OLRP GLFKQP ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII QE>Q PROOLRKA >KA MOLQB@Q QEB ?O>FK (F97EB5 9.2),
>KA QEB J>KR?OFLPQBOK>I GLFKQ, QEB @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ QE>Q RKFQBP QEB J>KR?OFRJ >KA ?LAV LC QEB PQBOKRJ CLO MOLQB@QFLK LC
QEB EB>OQ.
330 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
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F<:HE8 9.2 ,HGHE8 #B<AGF B9 ,>H?? 1?< JLKLI< AF@EKJ F= K?< JBLCC 8I< 8E <O8DGC< F= 8 JPE8IK?IFJ@J, 8E @DDF9@C< FI
<JJ<EK@8CCP @DDF9@C< AF@EK.
A@C;<4EG;EBF<F
!K 1=@891BD8B?C9C FP > GLFKQ QE>Q E>P IFJFQBA JL?FIFQV. !K BU>JMIB LC QEFP QVMB LC GLFKQ FP QEB @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ QE>Q RKFQBP
QEB ?LAFBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B. &FIIFKD QEB D>M ?BQTBBK QEB SBOQB?O>B FP > QEF@H M>A LC CF?OL@>OQFI>DB @>IIBA >K FKQBOSBOQB?O>I
AFP@ (F97EB5 9.3). %>@E FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@ PQOLKDIV RKFQBP QEB SBOQB?O>B ?RQ PQFII >IILTP CLO > IFJFQBA >JLRKQ LC JLSBJBKQ
?BQTBBK QEBJ. (LTBSBO, QEB PJ>II JLSBJBKQP >S>FI>?IB ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B @>K PRJ QLDBQEBO >ILKD QEB IBKDQE LC
QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK QL MOLSFAB CLO I>ODB O>KDBP LC ?LAV JLSBJBKQP.
!KLQEBO BU>JMIB LC >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP FP QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP LC QEB MBISFP. 4EFP FP > @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ FK TEF@E QEB
MR?F@ OBDFLKP LC QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ EFM ?LKBP >OB PQOLKDIV >K@ELOBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V CF?OL@>OQFI>DB. 4EFP GLFKQ KLOJ>IIV E>P
SBOV IFQQIB JL?FIFQV. 4EB PQOBKDQE LC QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP FP FJMLOQ>KQ FK @LKCBOOFKD TBFDEQ-?B>OFKD PQ>?FIFQV QL QEB MBISFP.
F<:HE8 9.3 "AG8EI8EG85E4? D<F6 AE @EK<IM<IK<9I8C ;@J: LE@K<J K?< 9F;@<J F= 8;A8:<EK M<IK<9I8< N@K?@E K?< M<IK<9I8C
:FCLDE. "8:? ;@J: 8CCFNJ =FI C@D@K<; DFM<D<EK 9<KN<<E K?< M<IK<9I8< 8E; K?LJ =LE:K@FE8CCP =FIDJ 8E 8DG?@8IK?IFJ@J
KPG< F= AF@EK. &EK<IM<IK<9I8C ;@J:J 8I< D8;< F= =@9IF:8IK@C8>< 8E; K?<I<9P JKIL:KLI8CCP =FID 8 JPDG?PJ@J KPG< F=
:8IK@C8>@EFLJ AF@EK.
D<4EG;EBF<F
! COBBIV JL?FIB GLFKQ FP @I>PPFCFBA >P > 491BD8B?C9C. 4EBPB QVMBP LC GLFKQP FK@IRAB >II PVKLSF>I GLFKQP LC QEB ?LAV, TEF@E
MOLSFAB QEB J>GLOFQV LC ?LAV JLSBJBKQP. -LPQ AF>OQEOLQF@ GLFKQP >OB CLRKA FK QEB >MMBKAF@RI>O PHBIBQLK >KA QERP DFSB QEB
IFJ?P > TFAB O>KDB LC JLQFLK. 4EBPB GLFKQP >OB AFSFABA FKQL QEOBB @>QBDLOFBP, ?>PBA LK QEB KRJ?BO LC >UBP LC JLQFLK MOLSFABA
?V B>@E. !K >UFP FK >K>QLJV FP ABP@OF?BA >P QEB JLSBJBKQP FK OBCBOBK@B QL QEB QEOBB >K>QLJF@>I MI>KBP: QO>KPSBOPB, COLKQ>I,
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>KA P>DFQQ>I. 4ERP, AF>OQEOLPBP >OB @I>PPFCFBA >P RKF>UF>I (CLO JLSBJBKQ FK LKB MI>KB), ?F>UF>I (CLO JLSBJBKQ FK QTL MI>KBP),
LO JRIQF>UF>I GLFKQP (CLO JLSBJBKQ FK >II QEOBB >K>QLJF@>I MI>KBP).
! E>91H91< :?9>D LKIV >IILTP CLO > JLQFLK FK > PFKDIB MI>KB (>OLRKA > PFKDIB >UFP). 4EB BI?LT GLFKQ, TEF@E LKIV >IILTP
CLO ?BKAFKD LO PQO>FDEQBKFKD, FP >K BU>JMIB LC > RKF>UF>I GLFKQ. ! 291H91< :?9>D >IILTP CLO JLQFLKP TFQEFK QTL MI>KBP. !K
BU>JMIB LC > ?F>UF>I GLFKQ FP > JBQ>@>OMLME>I>KDB>I GLFKQ (HKR@HIB GLFKQ) LC QEB E>KA. 4EB GLFKQ >IILTP CLO JLSBJBKQ >ILKD
LKB >UFP QL MOLAR@B ?BKAFKD LO PQO>FDEQBKFKD LC QEB CFKDBO, >KA JLSBJBKQ >ILKD > PB@LKA >UFP, TEF@E >IILTP CLO PMOB>AFKD
LC QEB CFKDBOP >T>V COLJ B>@E LQEBO >KA ?OFKDFKD QEBJ QLDBQEBO. ! GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO QEB PBSBO>I AFOB@QFLKP LC JLSBJBKQ
FP @>IIBA > =E<D91H91< :?9>D (MLIV>UF>I LO QOF>UF>I GLFKQ). 4EFP QVMB LC AF>OQEOLQF@ GLFKQ >IILTP CLO JLSBJBKQ >ILKD QEOBB >UBP
(F97EB5 9.4). 4EB PELRIABO >KA EFM GLFKQP >OB JRIQF>UF>I GLFKQP. 4EBV >IILT QEB RMMBO LO ILTBO IFJ? QL JLSB FK >K >KQBOFLO-
MLPQBOFLO AFOB@QFLK >KA > JBAF>I-I>QBO>I AFOB@QFLK. )K >AAFQFLK, QEB IFJ? @>K >IPL ?B OLQ>QBA >OLRKA FQP ILKD >UFP. 4EFP QEFOA
JLSBJBKQ OBPRIQP FK OLQ>QFLK LC QEB IFJ? PL QE>Q FQP >KQBOFLO PROC>@B FP JLSBA BFQEBO QLT>OA LO >T>V COLJ QEB JFAIFKB LC QEB
?LAV.
F<:HE8 9.4 &H?G<4K<4? #B<AG A DLCK@8O@8C AF@EK, JL:? 8J K?< ?@G AF@EK, 8CCFNJ =FI K?I<< KPG<J F= DFM<D<EK: 8EK<I@FI-
GFJK<I@FI, D<;@8C-C8K<I8C, 8E; IFK8K@FE8C.
9.2 N F<5EBHF #B<AGF
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B QEB PQOR@QRO>I CB>QROBP LC CF?OLRP GLFKQP
c $FPQFKDRFPE ?BQTBBK > PRQROB, PVKABPJLPFP, >KA DLJMELPFP
c 'FSB >K BU>JMIB LC B>@E QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ
!Q > CF?OLRP GLFKQ, QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB AFOB@QIV @LKKB@QBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB, >KA QERP QEB ?LKBP
AL KLQ E>SB > GLFKQ @>SFQV ?BQTBBK QEBJ (F97EB5 9.5). 4EB D>M ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP J>V ?B K>OOLT LO TFAB. 4EBOB >OB QEOBB
QVMBP LC CF?OLRP GLFKQP. ! PRQROB FP QEB K>OOLT CF?OLRP GLFKQ CLRKA ?BQTBBK JLPQ ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII. !Q > PVKABPJLPFP GLFKQ,
QEB ?LKBP >OB JLOB TFABIV PBM>O>QBA ?RQ >OB EBIA QLDBQEBO ?V > K>OOLT ?>KA LC CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB @>IIBA > <971=5>D
LO > TFAB PEBBQ LC @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB @>IIBA >K FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB. 4EFP QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ FP CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB PE>CQ
OBDFLKP LC QEB ILKD ?LKBP FK QEB CLOB>OJ >KA FK QEB IBD. ,>PQIV, > DLJMELPFP FP QEB K>OOLT CF?OLRP GLFKQ ?BQTBBK QEB OLLQP LC
> QLLQE >KA QEB ?LKV PL@HBQ FK QEB G>T FKQL TEF@E QEB QLLQE CFQP.
332 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
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F<:HE8 9.5 F<5EBHF #B<AGF #@9IFLJ AF@EKJ =FID JKIFE> :FEE<:K@FEJ 9<KN<<E 9FE<J. (8) 0LKLI<J AF@E DFJK 9FE<J F= K?<
JBLCC. (9) AE @EK<IFJJ<FLJ D<D9I8E< =FIDJ 8 JPE;<JDFJ@J 9<KN<<E K?< I8;@LJ 8E; LCE8 9FE<J F= K?< =FI<8ID. (:) A
>FDG?FJ@J @J 8 JG<:@8C@Q<; =@9IFLJ AF@EK K?8K 8E:?FIJ 8 KFFK? KF @KJ JF:B<K @E K?< A8N.
,HGHE8
!II QEB ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII, BU@BMQ CLO QEB J>KAF?IB, >OB GLFKBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V > CF?OLRP GLFKQ @>IIBA > CEDEB5. 4EB CF?OLRP
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB CLRKA >Q > PRQROB (mQL ?FKA LO PBTn) PQOLKDIV RKFQBP QEB >AG>@BKQ PHRII ?LKBP >KA QERP EBIMP QL MOLQB@Q QEB
?O>FK >KA CLOJ QEB C>@B. )K >ARIQP, QEB PHRII ?LKBP >OB @ILPBIV LMMLPBA >KA CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB CFIIP QEB K>OOLT D>M
?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP. 4EB PRQROB FP COBNRBKQIV @LKSLIRQBA, CLOJFKD > QFDEQ RKFLK QE>Q MOBSBKQP JLPQ JLSBJBKQ ?BQTBBK QEB
?LKBP. (3BB F97EB5 9.51.) 4ERP, PHRII PRQROBP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK>OQEOLPFP, >IQELRDE PLJB PRQROBP J>V >IILT
CLO PIFDEQ JLSBJBKQP ?BQTBBK QEB @O>KF>I ?LKBP.
)K KBT?LOKP >KA FKC>KQP, QEB >OB>P LC @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP >OB JR@E TFABO, BPMB@F>IIV FK QELPB >OB>P LK
QEB QLM >KA PFABP LC QEB PHRII QE>Q TFII ?B@LJB QEB P>DFQQ>I, @LOLK>I, PNR>JLRP, >KA I>J?ALFA PRQROBP. 4EBPB ?OL>A >OB>P LC
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >OB @>IIBA 6?>D1>5<<5C (F97EB5 9.6). $ROFKD ?FOQE, QEB CLKQ>KBIIBP MOLSFAB CIBUF?FIFQV QL QEB PHRII, >IILTFKD
QEB ?LKBP QL MRPE @ILPBO QLDBQEBO LO QL LSBOI>M PIFDEQIV, QERP >FAFKD JLSBJBKQ LC QEB FKC>KQlP EB>A QEOLRDE QEB ?FOQE @>K>I.
!CQBO ?FOQE, QEBPB BUM>KABA OBDFLKP LC @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >IILT CLO O>MFA DOLTQE LC QEB PHRII >KA BKI>ODBJBKQ LC QEB ?O>FK.
4EB CLKQ>KBIIBP DOB>QIV AB@OB>PB FK TFAQE AROFKD QEB CFOPQ VB>O >CQBO ?FOQE >P QEB PHRII ?LKBP BKI>ODB. 7EBK QEB @LKKB@QFSB
QFPPRB ?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP FP OBAR@BA QL > K>OOLT I>VBO, QEBPB CF?OLRP GLFKQP >OB KLT @>IIBA PRQROBP. !Q PLJB PRQROBP,
QEB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB TFII LPPFCV >KA ?B @LKSBOQBA FKQL ?LKB, @>RPFKD QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP QL CRPB QL B>@E LQEBO. 4EFP CRPFLK
?BQTBBK ?LKBP FP @>IIBA > CI>?CD?C9C (mGLFKBA ?V ?LKBn). %U>JMIBP LC PVKLPQLPFP CRPFLKP ?BQTBBK @O>KF>I ?LKBP >OB CLRKA
?LQE B>OIV >KA I>QB FK IFCB. !Q QEB QFJB LC ?FOQE, QEB COLKQ>I >KA J>UFII>OV ?LKBP @LKPFPQ LC OFDEQ >KA IBCQ E>ISBP GLFKBA QLDBQEBO
?V PRQROBP, TEF@E AFP>MMB>O ?V QEB BFDEQE VB>O >P QEB E>ISBP CRPB QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ > PFKDIB ?LKB. ,>QB FK IFCB, QEB P>DFQQ>I,
@LOLK>I, >KA I>J?ALFA PRQROBP LC QEB PHRII TFII ?BDFK QL LPPFCV >KA CRPB, @>RPFKD QEB PRQROB IFKB QL DO>AR>IIV AFP>MMB>O.
F<:HE8 9.6 -;8 '8J5BEA ,>H?? 1?< =FEK8E<CC<J F= 8 E<N9FIE`J JBLCC 8I< 9IF8; 8I<8J F= =@9IFLJ :FEE<:K@M< K@JJL< K?8K
=FID =@9IFLJ AF@EKJ 9<KN<<E K?< 9FE<J F= K?< JBLCC.
%A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10 333
,LA78F@BF<F
! CI>45C=?C9C (mC>PQBKBA TFQE > ?>KAn) FP > QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ FK TEF@E QTL M>O>IIBI ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V
CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 4EB D>M ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP J>V ?B K>OOLT, TFQE QEB ?LKBP GLFKBA ?V IFD>JBKQP, LO QEB D>M J>V
?B TFAB >KA CFIIBA FK ?V > ?OL>A PEBBQ LC @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB @>IIBA >K 9>D5B?CC5?EC =5=2B1>5.
)K QEB CLOB>OJ, QEB TFAB D>M ?BQTBBK QEB PE>CQ MLOQFLKP LC QEB O>AFRP >KA RIK> ?LKBP >OB PQOLKDIV RKFQBA ?V >K
FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB (PBB F97EB5 9.52). 3FJFI>OIV, FK QEB IBD, QEB PE>CQP LC QEB QF?F> >KA CF?RI> >OB >IPL RKFQBA ?V >K
FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB. )K >AAFQFLK, >Q QEB AFPQ>I QF?FLCF?RI>O GLFKQ, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP I>@H @>OQFI>DB >KA
QEB K>OOLT D>M ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP FP >K@ELOBA ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >KA IFD>JBKQP LK ?LQE QEB >KQBOFLO >KA MLPQBOFLO
>PMB@QP LC QEB GLFKQ. 4LDBQEBO, QEB FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB >KA QEBPB IFD>JBKQP CLOJ QEB QF?FLCF?RI>O PVKABPJLPFP.
4EB PVKABPJLPBP CLRKA FK QEB CLOB>OJ >KA IBD PBOSB QL RKFQB M>O>IIBI ?LKBP >KA MOBSBKQ QEBFO PBM>O>QFLK. (LTBSBO, >
PVKABPJLPFP ALBP KLQ MOBSBKQ >II JLSBJBKQ ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP, >KA QERP QEFP QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ FP CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA
>P >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP. )K QEB IBD, QEB PVKABPJLPFP ?BQTBBK QEB QF?F> >KA CF?RI> PQOLKDIV RKFQBP QEB ?LKBP, >IILTP CLO IFQQIB
JLSBJBKQ, >KA CFOJIV IL@HP QEB Q>IRP ?LKB FK MI>@B ?BQTBBK QEB QF?F> >KA CF?RI> >Q QEB >KHIB GLFKQ. 4EFP MOLSFABP PQOBKDQE
>KA PQ>?FIFQV QL QEB IBD >KA >KHIB, TEF@E >OB FJMLOQ>KQ AROFKD TBFDEQ ?B>OFKD. )K QEB CLOB>OJ, QEB FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB
FP CIBUF?IB BKLRDE QL >IILT CLO OLQ>QFLK LC QEB O>AFRP ?LKB AROFKD CLOB>OJ JLSBJBKQP. 4ERP FK @LKQO>PQ QL QEB PQ>?FIFQV
MOLSFABA ?V QEB QF?FLCF?RI>O PVKABPJLPFP, QEB CIBUF?FIFQV LC QEB >KQB?O>@EF>I FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB >IILTP CLO QEB JR@E
DOB>QBO JL?FIFQV LC QEB CLOB>OJ.
4EB FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KBP LC QEB IBD >KA CLOB>OJ >IPL MOLSFAB >OB>P CLO JRP@IB >QQ>@EJBKQ. $>J>DB QL >
PVKABPJLQF@ GLFKQ, TEF@E RPR>IIV OBPRIQP COLJ > CO>@QROB LC QEB ?LKB TFQE >K >@@LJM>KVFKD QB>O LC QEB FKQBOLPPBLRP
JBJ?O>KB, TFII MOLAR@B M>FK, ILPP LC PQ>?FIFQV LC QEB ?LKBP, >KA J>V A>J>DB QEB JRP@IBP >QQ>@EBA QL QEB FKQBOLPPBLRP
JBJ?O>KB. )C QEB CO>@QROB PFQB FP KLQ MOLMBOIV FJJL?FIFWBA TFQE > @>PQ LO PMIFKQ, @LKQO>@QFIB >@QFSFQV ?V QEBPB JRP@IBP @>K
@>RPB FJMOLMBO >IFDKJBKQ LC QEB ?OLHBK ?LKBP AROFKD EB>IFKD.
B@C;BF<F
! 7?=@8?C9C (mC>PQBKBA TFQE ?LIQPn) FP QEB PMB@F>IFWBA CF?OLRP GLFKQ QE>Q >K@ELOP QEB OLLQ LC > QLLQE FKQL FQP ?LKV PL@HBQ
TFQEFK QEB J>UFII>OV ?LKB (RMMBO G>T) LO J>KAF?IB ?LKB (ILTBO G>T) LC QEB PHRII. ! DLJMELPFP FP >IPL HKLTK >P > MBD->KA-
PL@HBQ GLFKQ. 3M>KKFKD ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKV T>IIP LC QEB PL@HBQ >KA QEB OLLQ LC QEB QLLQE >OB KRJBOLRP PELOQ ?>KAP LC ABKPB
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB, B>@E LC TEF@E FP @>IIBA > @5B9?4?>D1< <971=5>D (PBB F97EB5 9.53). $RB QL QEB FJJL?FIFQV LC > DLJMELPFP,
QEFP QVMB LC GLFKQ FP CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK>OQEOLPFP.
9.3 N C4EG<?4:<ABHF #B<AGF
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B QEB PQOR@QRO>I CB>QROBP LC @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQP
c $FPQFKDRFPE ?BQTBBK > PVK@ELKAOLPFP >KA PVJMEVPFP
c 'FSB >K BU>JMIB LC B>@E QVMB LC @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ
!P QEB K>JB FKAF@>QBP, >Q > @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ, QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA ?V @>OQFI>DB, > QLRDE ?RQ CIBUF?IB QVMB LC
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 4EBPB QVMBP LC GLFKQP I>@H > GLFKQ @>SFQV >KA FKSLISB ?LKBP QE>Q >OB GLFKBA QLDBQEBO ?V BFQEBO EV>IFKB
@>OQFI>DB LO CF?OL@>OQFI>DB (F97EB5 9.7). 4EBOB >OB QTL QVMBP LC @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQP. ! PVK@ELKAOLPFP FP > @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ
TEBOB QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB. !IPL @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK@ELKAOLPFP >OB MI>@BP TEBOB ?LKB FP RKFQBA QL >
@>OQFI>DB PQOR@QROB, PR@E >P ?BQTBBK QEB >KQBOFLO BKA LC > OF? >KA QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB LC QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB. 4EB PB@LKA QVMB LC
@>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ FP > PVJMEVPFP, TEBOB QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V CF?OL@>OQFI>DB.
334 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
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FI 9P =@9IF:8IK@C8>< KF =FID 8 JPDG?PJ@J. (8) 1?< ?P8C@E< :8IK@C8>< F= K?< <G@G?PJ<8C GC8K< (>IFNK? GC8K<) =FIDJ 8
JPE:?FE;IFJ@J K?8K LE@K<J K?< J?8=K (;@8G?PJ@J) 8E; <E; (<G@G?PJ@J) F= 8 CFE> 9FE< 8E; 8CCFNJ K?< 9FE< KF >IFN @E
C<E>K?. (9) 1?< GL9@: GFIK@FEJ F= K?< I@>?K 8E; C<=K ?@G 9FE<J F= K?< G<CM@J 8I< AF@E<; KF><K?<I 9P =@9IF:8IK@C8><, =FID@E>
K?< GL9@: JPDG?PJ@J.
,LA6;BA7EBF<F
! CI>38?>4B?C9C (mGLFKBA ?V @>OQFI>DBn) FP > @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ TEBOB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA QLDBQEBO ?V EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB, LO
TEBOB ?LKB FP RKFQBA QL EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB. ! PVK@ELKAOLPFP J>V ?B QBJMLO>OV LO MBOJ>KBKQ. ! QBJMLO>OV PVK@ELKAOLPFP FP
QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB (DOLTQE MI>QB) LC > DOLTFKD ILKD ?LKB. 4EB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB FP QEB OBDFLK LC DOLTFKD EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB
QE>Q RKFQBP QEB AF>MEVPFP (PE>CQ) LC QEB ?LKB QL QEB BMFMEVPFP (BKA LC QEB ?LKB). "LKB IBKDQEBKFKD FKSLISBP DOLTQE LC QEB
BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB @>OQFI>DB >KA FQP OBMI>@BJBKQ ?V ?LKB, TEF@E >AAP QL QEB AF>MEVPFP. &LO J>KV VB>OP AROFKD @EFIAELLA
DOLTQE, QEB O>QBP LC @>OQFI>DB DOLTQE >KA ?LKB CLOJ>QFLK >OB BNR>I >KA QERP QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB ALBP KLQ @E>KDB FK LSBO>II
QEF@HKBPP >P QEB ?LKB IBKDQEBKP. $ROFKD QEB I>QB QBBKP >KA B>OIV 20P, DOLTQE LC QEB @>OQFI>DB PILTP >KA BSBKQR>IIV PQLMP. 4EB
BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB FP QEBK @LJMIBQBIV OBMI>@BA ?V ?LKB, >KA QEB AF>MEVPFP >KA BMFMEVPFP MLOQFLKP LC QEB ?LKB CRPB QLDBQEBO
QL CLOJ > PFKDIB >ARIQ ?LKB. 4EFP CRPFLK LC QEB AF>MEVPFP >KA BMFMEVPFP FP > PVKLPQLPFP. /K@B QEFP L@@ROP, ?LKB IBKDQEBKFKD
@B>PBP. &LO QEFP OB>PLK, QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB FP @LKPFABOBA QL ?B > QBJMLO>OV PVK@ELKAOLPFP. "B@>RPB @>OQFI>DB FP PLCQBO
QE>K ?LKB QFPPRB, FKGROV QL > DOLTFKD ILKD ?LKB @>K A>J>DB QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB @>OQFI>DB, QERP PQLMMFKD ?LKB DOLTQE >KA
MOBSBKQFKD >AAFQFLK>I ?LKB IBKDQEBKFKD.
'OLTFKD I>VBOP LC @>OQFI>DB >IPL CLOJ PVK@ELKAOLPBP QE>Q GLFK QLDBQEBO QEB FIFRJ, FP@EFRJ, >KA MR?F@ MLOQFLKP LC QEB EFM
?LKB AROFKD @EFIAELLA >KA >ALIBP@BK@B. 7EBK ?LAV DOLTQE PQLMP, QEB @>OQFI>DB AFP>MMB>OP >KA FP OBMI>@BA ?V ?LKB, CLOJFKD
PVKLPQLPBP >KA CRPFKD QEB ?LKV @LJMLKBKQP QLDBQEBO FKQL QEB PFKDIB EFM ?LKB LC QEB >ARIQ. 3FJFI>OIV, PVKLPQLPBP RKFQB QEB
P>@O>I SBOQB?O>B QE>Q CRPB QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ QEB >ARIQ P>@ORJ.
6FPFQ QEFP G52C9D5 (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</389<481>4) QL SFBT > O>AFLDO>ME (8-O>V FJ>DB) LC > @EFIAlP E>KA >KA
TOFPQ. 4EB DOLTFKD ?LKBP LC @EFIA E>SB >K BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB QE>Q CLOJP > PVK@ELKAOLPFP ?BQTBBK QEB PE>CQ >KA BKA LC >
ILKD ?LKB. "BFKD IBPP ABKPB QE>K ?LKB, QEB >OB> LC BMFMEVPB>I @>OQFI>DB FP PBBK LK QEFP O>AFLDO>ME >P QEB A>OH BMFMEVPB>I
D>MP IL@>QBA KB>O QEB BKAP LC QEB ILKD ?LKBP, FK@IRAFKD QEB O>AFRP, RIK>, JBQ>@>OM>I, >KA ME>I>KU ?LKBP. 7EF@E LC QEB
?LKBP FK QEFP FJ>DB AL KLQ PELT >K BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB (BMFMEVPB>I D>M)?
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%U>JMIBP LC MBOJ>KBKQ PVK@ELKAOLPBP >OB CLRKA FK QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB. /KB BU>JMIB FP QEB CFOPQ PQBOKL@LPQ>I GLFKQ, TEBOB
QEB CFOPQ OF? FP >K@ELOBA QL QEB J>KR?OFRJ ?V FQP @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB. (4EB >OQF@RI>QFLKP LC QEB OBJ>FKFKD @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP QL QEB
PQBOKRJ >OB >II PVKLSF>I GLFKQP.) !AAFQFLK>I PVK@ELKAOLPBP >OB CLOJBA TEBOB QEB >KQBOFLO BKA LC QEB LQEBO 11 OF?P FP GLFKBA
QL FQP @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB. 5KIFHB QEB QBJMLO>OV PVK@ELKAOLPBP LC QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB, QEBPB MBOJ>KBKQ PVK@ELKAOLPBP OBQ>FK
QEBFO EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB >KA QERP AL KLQ LPPFCV TFQE >DB. $RB QL QEB I>@H LC JLSBJBKQ ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKB >KA @>OQFI>DB, ?LQE
QBJMLO>OV >KA MBOJ>KBKQ PVK@ELKAOLPBP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK>OQEOLPFP.
,L@C;LF<F
! @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ TEBOB QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V CF?OL@>OQFI>DB FP @>IIBA > CI=@8IC9C (mDOLTFKD QLDBQEBOn). &F?OL@>OQFI>DB
FP SBOV PQOLKD ?B@>RPB FQ @LKQ>FKP KRJBOLRP ?RKAIBP LC QEF@H @LII>DBK CF?BOP, QERP DFSFKD FQ > JR@E DOB>QBO >?FIFQV QL
OBPFPQ MRIIFKD >KA ?BKAFKD CLO@BP TEBK @LJM>OBA TFQE EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB. 4EFP DFSBP PVJMEVPBP QEB >?FIFQV QL PQOLKDIV RKFQB
QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP, ?RQ @>K PQFII >IILT CLO IFJFQBA JLSBJBKQ QL L@@RO. 4ERP, > PVJMEVPFP FP CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P >K
>JMEF>OQEOLPFP.
4EB D>M PBM>O>QFKD QEB ?LKBP >Q > PVJMEVPFP J>V ?B K>OOLT LO TFAB. %U>JMIBP FK TEF@E QEB D>M ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP FP
K>OOLT FK@IRAB QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP >KA QEB J>KR?OFLPQBOK>I GLFKQ. !Q QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP, QEB MR?F@ MLOQFLKP LC QEB OFDEQ
>KA IBCQ EFM ?LKBP LC QEB MBISFP >OB GLFKBA QLDBQEBO ?V CF?OL@>OQFI>DB >@OLPP > K>OOLT D>M. 3FJFI>OIV, >Q QEB J>KR?OFLPQBOK>I
GLFKQ, CF?OL@>OQFI>DB RKFQBP QEB J>KR?OFRJ >KA ?LAV MLOQFLKP LC QEB PQBOKRJ.
4EB FKQBOSBOQB?O>I PVJMEVPFP FP > TFAB PVJMEVPFP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB ?LAFBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B LC QEB SBOQB?O>I
@LIRJK. (BOB > QEF@H M>A LC CF?OL@>OQFI>DB @>IIBA >K FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@ PQOLKDIV RKFQBP QEB >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B ?V CFIIFKD
QEB D>M ?BQTBBK QEBJ. 4EB TFAQE LC QEB FKQBOSBOQB?O>I PVJMEVPFP FP FJMLOQ>KQ ?B@>RPB FQ >IILTP CLO PJ>II JLSBJBKQP
?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B. )K >AAFQFLK, QEB QEF@H FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@ MOLSFABP @RPEFLKFKD ?BQTBBK QEB SBOQB?O>B, TEF@E
FP FJMLOQ>KQ TEBK @>OOVFKD EB>SV L?GB@QP LO AROFKD EFDE-FJM>@Q >@QFSFQFBP PR@E >P ORKKFKD LO GRJMFKD.
9.4 N ,LABI<4? #B<AGF
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B QEB PQOR@QRO>I CB>QROBP LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
c $FP@RPP QEB CRK@QFLK LC >AAFQFLK>I PQOR@QROBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE PVKLSF>I GLFKQP
c ,FPQ QEB PFU QVMBP LC PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >KA DFSB >K BU>JMIB LC B>@E
3VKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB QEB JLPQ @LJJLK QVMB LC GLFKQ FK QEB ?LAV (F97EB5 9.8). ! HBV PQOR@QRO>I @E>O>@QBOFPQF@ CLO > PVKLSF>I
GLFKQ QE>Q FP KLQ PBBK >Q CF?OLRP LO @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQP FP QEB MOBPBK@B LC > GLFKQ @>SFQV. 4EFP CIRFA-CFIIBA PM>@B FP QEB PFQB >Q
TEF@E QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP @LKQ>@Q B>@E LQEBO. !IPL RKIFHB CF?OLRP LO @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQP, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD
?LKB PROC>@BP >Q > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ >OB KLQ AFOB@QIV @LKKB@QBA QL B>@E LQEBO TFQE CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB LO @>OQFI>DB. 4EFP
DFSBP QEB ?LKBP LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ QEB >?FIFQV QL JLSB PJLLQEIV >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO, >IILTFKD CLO FK@OB>PBA GLFKQ JL?FIFQV.
336 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
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JLIIFLE;<; 9P 8E 8IK@:LC8I :8GJLC< K?8K ;<=@E<J 8 AF@EK :8M@KP =@CC<; N@K? JPEFM@8C =CL@;. 1?< 8IK@:LC8K@E> JLI=8:<J F= K?<
9FE<J 8I< :FM<I<; 9P 8 K?@E C8P<I F= 8IK@:LC8I :8IK@C8><. )@>8D<EKJ JLGGFIK K?< AF@EK 9P ?FC;@E> K?< 9FE<J KF><K?<I 8E;
I<J@JK@E> <O:<JJ FI 89EFID8C AF@EK DFK@FEJ.
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3VKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V QEB MOBPBK@B LC > GLFKQ @>SFQV. 4EB T>IIP LC QEFP PM>@B >OB CLOJBA ?V QEB 1BD93E<1B
31@CE<5, > CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PQOR@QROB QE>Q FP >QQ>@EBA QL B>@E ?LKB GRPQ LRQPFAB QEB >OB> LC QEB ?LKBlP >OQF@RI>QFKD
PROC>@B. 4EB ?LKBP LC QEB GLFKQ >OQF@RI>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO TFQEFK QEB GLFKQ @>SFQV.
&OF@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP >Q > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ FP MOBSBKQBA ?V QEB MOBPBK@B LC QEB 1BD93E<1B 31BD9<175, > QEFK I>VBO
LC EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB QE>Q @LSBOP QEB BKQFOB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@B LC B>@E ?LKB. (LTBSBO, RKIFHB >Q > @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ, QEB
>OQF@RI>O @>OQFI>DBP LC B>@E ?LKB >OB KLQ @LKQFKRLRP TFQE B>@E LQEBO. )KPQB>A, QEB >OQF@RI>O @>OQFI>DB >@QP IFHB > 4BCILK
Y
@L>QFKD LSBO QEB ?LKB PROC>@B, >IILTFKD QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKBP QL JLSB PJLLQEIV >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO TFQELRQ A>J>DFKD QEB
RKABOIVFKD ?LKB QFPPRB. ,FKFKD QEB FKKBO PROC>@B LC QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB FP > QEFK CI>?F91< =5=2B1>5. 4EB @BIIP LC QEFP
JBJ?O>KB PB@OBQB CI>?F91< 6<E94 (PVKLSF> = m> QEF@H CIRFAn), > QEF@H, PIFJV CIRFA QE>Q MOLSFABP IR?OF@>QFLK QL CROQEBO OBAR@B
COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP LC QEB GLFKQ. 4EFP CIRFA >IPL MOLSFABP KLROFPEJBKQ QL QEB >OQF@RI>O @>OQFI>DB, TEF@E ALBP KLQ @LKQ>FK
?ILLA SBPPBIP. 4EB >?FIFQV LC QEB ?LKBP QL JLSB PJLLQEIV >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO TFQEFK QEB GLFKQ @>SFQV, >KA QEB COBBALJ LC GLFKQ
JLSBJBKQ QEFP MOLSFABP, JB>KP QE>Q B>@E PVKLSF>I GLFKQ FP CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > AF>OQEOLPFP.
/RQPFAB LC QEBFO >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP, QEB ?LKBP >OB @LKKB@QBA QLDBQEBO ?V IFD>JBKQP, TEF@E >OB PQOLKD ?>KAP LC CF?OLRP
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 4EBPB PQOBKDQEBK >KA PRMMLOQ QEB GLFKQ ?V >K@ELOFKD QEB ?LKBP QLDBQEBO >KA MOBSBKQFKD QEBFO PBM>O>QFLK.
,FD>JBKQP >IILT CLO KLOJ>I JLSBJBKQP >Q > GLFKQ, ?RQ IFJFQ QEB O>KDB LC QEBPB JLQFLKP, QERP MOBSBKQFKD BU@BPPFSB LO
>?KLOJ>I GLFKQ JLSBJBKQP. ,FD>JBKQP >OB @I>PPFCFBA ?>PBA LK QEBFO OBI>QFLKPEFM QL QEB CF?OLRP >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB. !K 5HDB9>C93
<971=5>D FP IL@>QBA LRQPFAB LC QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB, >K 9>DB9>C93 <971=5>D FP CRPBA QL LO FK@LOMLO>QBA FKQL QEB T>II LC QEB
>OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB, >KA >K 9>DB131@CE<1B <971=5>D FP IL@>QBA FKPFAB LC QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB.
!Q J>KV PVKLSF>I GLFKQP, >AAFQFLK>I PRMMLOQ FP MOLSFABA ?V QEB JRP@IBP >KA QEBFO QBKALKP QE>Q >@Q >@OLPP QEB GLFKQ. !
D5>4?> FP QEB ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PQOR@QROB QE>Q >QQ>@EBP > JRP@IB QL ?LKB. !P CLO@BP >@QFKD LK > GLFKQ FK@OB>PB, QEB
?LAV TFII >RQLJ>QF@>IIV FK@OB>PB QEB LSBO>II PQOBKDQE LC @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB JRP@IBP @OLPPFKD QE>Q GLFKQ, QERP >IILTFKD QEB
JRP@IB >KA FQP QBKALK QL PBOSB >P > mAVK>JF@ IFD>JBKQn QL OBPFPQ CLO@BP >KA PRMMLOQ QEB GLFKQ. 4EFP QVMB LC FKAFOB@Q PRMMLOQ
?V JRP@IBP FP SBOV FJMLOQ>KQ >Q QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ, CLO BU>JMIB, TEBOB QEB IFD>JBKQP >OB OBI>QFSBIV TB>H.
%A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10 337
A77<G<BA4? ,GEH6GHE8F AFFB6<4G87 J<G; ,LABI<4? #B<AGF
! CBT PVKLSF>I GLFKQP LC QEB ?LAV E>SB > CF?OL@>OQFI>DB PQOR@QROB IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKBP. 4EFP FP @>IIBA >K
1BD93E<1B 49C3, TEF@E FP DBKBO>IIV PJ>II >KA LS>I-PE>MBA, LO > =5>9C3EC, TEF@E FP I>ODBO >KA #-PE>MBA. 4EBPB PQOR@QROBP @>K
PBOSB PBSBO>I CRK@QFLKP, ABMBKAFKD LK QEB PMB@FCF@ GLFKQ. )K PLJB MI>@BP, >K >OQF@RI>O AFP@ J>V >@Q QL PQOLKDIV RKFQB QEB ?LKBP
LC QEB GLFKQ QL B>@E LQEBO. %U>JMIBP LC QEFP FK@IRAB QEB >OQF@RI>O AFP@P CLRKA >Q QEB PQBOKL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ LO ?BQTBBK QEB AFPQ>I
BKAP LC QEB O>AFRP >KA RIK> ?LKBP. !Q LQEBO PVKLSF>I GLFKQP, QEB AFP@ @>K MOLSFAB PEL@H >?PLOMQFLK >KA @RPEFLKFKD ?BQTBBK
QEB ?LKBP, TEF@E FP QEB CRK@QFLK LC B>@E JBKFP@RP TFQEFK QEB HKBB GLFKQ. &FK>IIV, >K >OQF@RI>O AFP@ @>K PBOSB QL PJLLQE QEB
JLSBJBKQP ?BQTBBK QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKBP, >P PBBK >Q QEB QBJMLOLJ>KAF?RI>O GLFKQ. 3LJB PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >IPL E>SB > C>Q
M>A, TEF@E @>K PBOSB >P > @RPEFLK ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP.
!AAFQFLK>I PQOR@QROBP IL@>QBA LRQPFAB LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ PBOSB QL MOBSBKQ COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP LC QEB GLFKQ >KA
QEB LSBOIVFKD JRP@IB QBKALKP LO PHFK. ! 2EBC1 (MIRO>I = ?ROP>B) FP > QEFK @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB P>@ CFIIBA TFQE IR?OF@>QFKD
IFNRFA. 4EBV >OB IL@>QBA FK OBDFLKP TEBOB PHFK, IFD>JBKQP, JRP@IBP, LO JRP@IB QBKALKP @>K OR? >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO, RPR>IIV
KB>O > ?LAV GLFKQ (F97EB5 9.9). "ROP>B OBAR@B COF@QFLK ?V PBM>O>QFKD QEB >AG>@BKQ PQOR@QROBP, MOBSBKQFKD QEBJ COLJ OR??FKD
AFOB@QIV >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO. "ROP>B >OB @I>PPFCFBA ?V QEBFO IL@>QFLK. ! CE23ED1>5?EC 2EBC1 FP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB PHFK >KA
>K RKABOIVFKD ?LKB. )Q >IILTP PHFK QL JLSB PJLLQEIV LSBO QEB ?LKB. %U>JMIBP FK@IRAB QEB MOBM>QBII>O ?ROP> IL@>QBA LSBO QEB
HKBB@>M >KA QEB LIB@O>KLK ?ROP> >Q QEB QFM LC QEB BI?LT. ! CE2=EC3E<1B 2EBC1 FP CLRKA ?BQTBBK > JRP@IB >KA >K RKABOIVFKD
?LKB, LO ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ JRP@IBP. 4EBPB MOBSBKQ OR??FKD LC QEB JRP@IB AROFKD JLSBJBKQP. ! I>ODB PR?JRP@RI>O ?ROP>,
QEB QOL@E>KQBOF@ ?ROP>, FP CLRKA >Q QEB I>QBO>I EFM, ?BQTBBK QEB DOB>QBO QOL@E>KQBO LC QEB CBJRO >KA QEB LSBOIVFKD DIRQBRP
J>UFJRP JRP@IB. ! CE2D5>49>?EC 2EBC1 FP CLRKA ?BQTBBK > QBKALK >KA > ?LKB. %U>JMIBP FK@IRAB QEB PR?>@OLJF>I ?ROP>
QE>Q MOLQB@QP QEB QBKALK LC PELRIABO JRP@IB >P FQ M>PPBP RKABO QEB >@OLJFLK LC QEB P@>MRI>, >KA QEB PRMO>M>QBII>O ?ROP> QE>Q
PBM>O>QBP QEB QBKALK LC QEB I>ODB >KQBOFLO QEFDE JRP@IB COLJ QEB AFPQ>I CBJRO GRPQ >?LSB QEB HKBB.
F<:HE8 9.9 BHEF48 BLIJ8< 8I< =CL@;-=@CC<; J8:J K?8K J<IM< KF GI<M<EK =I@:K@FE 9<KN<<E JB@E, DLJ:C<, FI K<E;FE 8E; 8E
LE;<ICP@E> 9FE<. 1?I<< D8AFI 9LIJ8< 8E; 8 =8K G8; 8I< G8IK F= K?< :FDGC<O AF@EK K?8K LE@K<J K?< =<DLI 8E; K@9@8 F= K?<
C<>.
! D5>4?> C851D8 FP PFJFI>O FK PQOR@QROB QL > ?ROP>, ?RQ PJ>IIBO. )Q FP > @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB P>@ QE>Q PROOLRKAP > JRP@IB
QBKALK >Q MI>@BP TEBOB QEB QBKALK @OLPPBP > GLFKQ. )Q @LKQ>FKP > IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA QE>Q >IILTP CLO PJLLQE JLQFLKP LC QEB QBKALK
AROFKD JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK >KA GLFKQ JLSBJBKQP.
338 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
BHEF<G<F
"ROPFQFP FP QEB FKCI>JJ>QFLK LC > ?ROP> KB>O > GLFKQ. 4EFP TFII @>RPB M>FK, PTBIIFKD, LO QBKABOKBPP LC QEB ?ROP> >KA
PROOLRKAFKD >OB>, >KA J>V >IPL OBPRIQ FK GLFKQ PQFCCKBPP. "ROPFQFP FP JLPQ @LJJLKIV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB ?ROP>B CLRKA
>Q LO KB>O QEB PELRIABO, EFM, HKBB, LO BI?LT GLFKQP. !Q QEB PELRIABO, PR?>@OLJF>I ?ROPFQFP J>V L@@RO FK QEB ?ROP> QE>Q
PBM>O>QBP QEB >@OLJFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> COLJ QEB QBKALK LC > PELRIABO JRP@IB >P FQ M>PPBP ABBM QL QEB >@OLJFLK. )K QEB
EFM OBDFLK, QOL@E>KQBOF@ ?ROPFQFP @>K L@@RO FK QEB ?ROP> QE>Q LSBOIFBP QEB DOB>QBO QOL@E>KQBO LC QEB CBJRO, GRPQ ?BILT QEB
I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB EFM. )P@EF>I ?ROPFQFP L@@ROP FK QEB ?ROP> QE>Q PBM>O>QBP QEB PHFK COLJ QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQV LC QEB MBISFP,
QEB ?LKV PQOR@QROB QE>Q FP TBFDEQ ?B>OFKD TEBK PFQQFKD. !Q QEB HKBB, FKCI>JJ>QFLK >KA PTBIIFKD LC QEB ?ROP> IL@>QBA
?BQTBBK QEB PHFK >KA M>QBII> ?LKB FP MOBM>QBII>O ?ROPFQFP (mELRPBJ>FAlP HKBBn), > @LKAFQFLK JLOB @LJJLKIV PBBK QLA>V
FK OLLCBOP LO CILLO >KA @>OMBQ FKPQ>IIBOP TEL AL KLQ RPB HKBB M>AP. !Q QEB BI?LT, LIB@O>KLK ?ROPFQFP FP FKCI>JJ>QFLK
LC QEB ?ROP> ?BQTBBK QEB PHFK >KA LIB@O>KLK MOL@BPP LC QEB RIK>. 4EB LIB@O>KLK CLOJP QEB ?LKV QFM LC QEB BI?LT, >KA
?ROPFQFP EBOB FP >IPL HKLTK >P mPQRABKQlP BI?LT.n
"ROPFQFP @>K ?B BFQEBO >@RQB (I>PQFKD LKIV > CBT A>VP) LO @EOLKF@. )Q @>K >OFPB COLJ JRP@IB LSBORPB, QO>RJ>,
BU@BPPFSB LO MOLILKDBA MOBPPROB LK QEB PHFK, OEBRJ>QLFA >OQEOFQFP, DLRQ, LO FKCB@QFLK LC QEB GLFKQ. 2BMB>QBA >@RQB
BMFPLABP LC ?ROPFQFP @>K OBPRIQ FK > @EOLKF@ @LKAFQFLK. 4OB>QJBKQP CLO QEB AFPLOABO FK@IRAB >KQF?FLQF@P FC QEB ?ROPFQFP
FP @>RPBA ?V >K FKCB@QFLK, LO >KQF-FKCI>JJ>QLOV >DBKQP, PR@E >P KLKPQBOLFA>I >KQF-FKCI>JJ>QLOV AORDP (.3!)$P) LO
@LOQF@LPQBOLFAP FC QEB ?ROPFQFP FP ARB QL QO>RJ> LO LSBORPB. #EOLKF@ ?ROPFQFP J>V OBNRFOB QE>Q CIRFA ?B AO>FKBA, ?RQ
>AAFQFLK>I PRODBOV FP RPR>IIV KLQ OBNRFOBA.
-LC8F B9 ,LABI<4? #B<AGF
3VKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB PR?AFSFABA ?>PBA LK QEB PE>MBP LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ B>@E GLFKQ. 4EB PFU
QVMBP LC PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB MFSLQ, EFKDB, @LKAVILFA, P>AAIB, MI>KB, >KA ?>II->KA PL@HBQ-GLFKQP (F97EB5 9.10).
%A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10 339
F<:HE8 9.10 -LC8F B9 ,LABI<4? #B<AGF 1?< J@O KPG<J F= JPEFM@8C AF@EKJ 8CCFN K?< 9F;P KF DFM< @E 8 M8I@<KP F= N8PJ. (8)
-@MFK AF@EKJ 8CCFN =FI IFK8K@FE 8IFLE; 8E 8O@J, JL:? 8J 9<KN<<E K?< =@IJK 8E; J<:FE; :<IM@:8C M<IK<9I8<, N?@:? 8CCFNJ =FI
J@;<-KF-J@;< IFK8K@FE F= K?< ?<8;. (9) 1?< ?@E>< AF@EK F= K?< <C9FN NFIBJ C@B< 8 ;FFI ?@E><. (:) 1?< 8IK@:LC8K@FE 9<KN<<E
K?< KI8G<Q@LD:8IG8C 9FE< 8E; K?< =@IJK D<K8:8IG8C 9FE< 8K K?< 98J< F= K?< K?LD9 @J 8 J8;;C< AF@EK. (;) -C8E< AF@EKJ, JL:?
8J K?FJ< 9<KN<<E K?< K8IJ8C 9FE<J F= K?< =FFK, 8CCFN =FI C@D@K<; >C@;@E> DFM<D<EKJ 9<KN<<E 9FE<J. (<) 1?< I8;@F:8IG8C
AF@EK F= K?< NI@JK @J 8 :FE;PCF@; AF@EK. (=) 1?< ?@G 8E; J?FLC;<I AF@EKJ 8I< K?< FECP 98CC-8E;-JF:B<K AF@EKJ F= K?< 9F;P.
)<IBG #B<AG
!Q > @9F?D :?9>D, > OLRKABA MLOQFLK LC > ?LKB FP BK@ILPBA TFQEFK > OFKD CLOJBA M>OQF>IIV ?V QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK TFQE >KLQEBO ?LKB
>KA M>OQF>IIV ?V > IFD>JBKQ (PBB F97EB5 9.101). 4EB ?LKB OLQ>QBP TFQEFK QEFP OFKD. 3FK@B QEB OLQ>QFLK FP >OLRKA > PFKDIB >UFP,
MFSLQ GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > RKF>UF>I AF>OQEOLPFP QVMB LC GLFKQ. !K BU>JMIB LC > MFSLQ GLFKQ FP QEB >QI>KQL>UF>I
GLFKQ, CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB #1 (>QI>P) >KA #2 (>UFP) SBOQB?O>B. (BOB, QEB RMT>OA MOLGB@QFKD ABKP LC QEB >UFP >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB
FKKBO >PMB@Q LC QEB >QI>P, TEBOB FQ FP EBIA FK MI>@B ?V > IFD>JBKQ. 2LQ>QFLK >Q QEFP GLFKQ >IILTP VLR QL QROK VLRO EB>A COLJ PFAB
QL PFAB. ! PB@LKA MFSLQ GLFKQ FP CLRKA >Q QEB @B?H9=1< B149?E<>1B :?9>D. (BOB, QEB EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP FP I>ODBIV BK@FO@IBA ?V
340 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
> IFD>JBKQ QE>Q ELIAP FQ FK MI>@B >P FQ >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB O>AF>I KLQ@E LC QEB RIK>. 2LQ>QFLK LC QEB O>AFRP >IILTP CLO CLOB>OJ
JLSBJBKQP.
!<A:8 #B<AG
)K > 89>75 :?9>D, QEB @LKSBU BKA LC LKB ?LKB >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB @LK@>SB BKA LC QEB >AGLFKFKD ?LKB (PBB F97EB5 9.102). 4EFP
QVMB LC GLFKQ >IILTP LKIV CLO ?BKAFKD >KA PQO>FDEQBKFKD JLQFLKP >ILKD > PFKDIB >UFP, >KA QERP EFKDB GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV
@I>PPFCFBA >P RKF>UF>I GLFKQP. ! DLLA BU>JMIB FP QEB BI?LT GLFKQ, TFQE QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB QOL@EIB> LC QEB ERJBORP
>KA QEB QOL@EIB>O KLQ@E LC QEB RIK>. /QEBO EFKDB GLFKQP LC QEB ?LAV FK@IRAB QEB HKBB, >KHIB, >KA FKQBOME>I>KDB>I GLFKQP
?BQTBBK QEB ME>I>KU ?LKBP LC QEB CFKDBOP >KA QLBP.
CBA7L?B<7 #B<AG
!Q > 3?>4I<?94 :?9>D (BIIFMPLFA GLFKQ), QEB PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK >Q QEB BKA LC LKB ?LKB >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE > OLRKABA PQOR@QROB COLJ
>K >AG>@BKQ ?LKB LO ?LKBP (PBB F97EB5 9.105). 4EB HKR@HIB (JBQ>@>OMLME>I>KDB>I) GLFKQP LC QEB E>KA ?BQTBBK QEB AFPQ>I BKA
LC > JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKB >KA QEB MOLUFJ>I ME>I>KU ?LKB >OB @LKAVILFA GLFKQP. !KLQEBO BU>JMIB FP QEB O>AFL@>OM>I GLFKQ LC QEB
TOFPQ, ?BQTBBK QEB PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK >Q QEB AFPQ>I BKA LC QEB O>AFRP ?LKB >KA QEB OLRKABA P@>MELFA, IRK>QB, >KA QOFNRBQORJ
@>OM>I ?LKBP. )K QEFP @>PB, QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK >OB> E>P > JLOB LS>I (BIIFMQF@>I) PE>MB. &RK@QFLK>IIV, @LKAVILFA GLFKQP >OB ?F>UF>I
GLFKQP QE>Q >IILT CLO QTL MI>KBP LC JLSBJBKQ. /KB JLSBJBKQ FKSLISBP QEB ?BKAFKD >KA PQO>FDEQBKFKD LC QEB CFKDBOP LO QEB
>KQBOFLO-MLPQBOFLO JLSBJBKQP LC QEB E>KA. 4EB PB@LKA JLSBJBKQ FP > PFAB-QL-PFAB JLSBJBKQ, TEF@E >IILTP VLR QL PMOB>A
VLRO CFKDBOP >M>OQ >KA ?OFKD QEBJ QLDBQEBO, LO QL JLSB VLRO E>KA FK > JBAF>I-DLFKD LO I>QBO>I-DLFKD AFOB@QFLK.
,477?8 #B<AG
!Q > C144<5 :?9>D, ?LQE LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP CLO QEB ?LKBP E>SB > P>AAIB PE>MB, TEF@E FP @LK@>SB FK LKB AFOB@QFLK >KA
@LKSBU FK QEB LQEBO (PBB F97EB5 9.103). 4EFP >IILTP QEB QTL ?LKBP QL CFQ QLDBQEBO IFHB > OFABO PFQQFKD LK > P>AAIB. 3>AAIB GLFKQP
>OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P ?F>UF>I GLFKQP. 4EB MOFJ>OV BU>JMIB FP QEB CFOPQ @>OMLJBQ>@>OM>I GLFKQ, ?BQTBBK QEB QO>MBWFRJ (>
@>OM>I ?LKB) >KA QEB CFOPQ JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKB >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB QERJ?. 4EFP GLFKQ MOLSFABP QEB QERJ? QEB >?FIFQV QL JLSB >T>V
COLJ QEB M>IJ LC QEB E>KA >ILKD QTL MI>KBP. 4ERP, QEB QERJ? @>K JLSB TFQEFK QEB P>JB MI>KB >P QEB M>IJ LC QEB E>KA, LO
FQ @>K GRQ LRQ >KQBOFLOIV, MBOMBKAF@RI>O QL QEB M>IJ. 4EFP JLSBJBKQ LC QEB CFOPQ @>OMLJBQ>@>OM>I GLFKQ FP TE>Q DFSBP ERJ>KP
QEBFO AFPQFK@QFSB mLMMLP>?IBn QERJ?P. 4EB PQBOKL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ FP >IPL @I>PPFCFBA >P > P>AAIB GLFKQ.
)?4A8 #B<AG
!Q > @<1>5 :?9>D (DIFAFKD GLFKQ), QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP >OB CI>Q LO PIFDEQIV @ROSBA >KA LC >MMOLUFJ>QBIV
QEB P>JB PFWB, TEF@E >IILTP QEB ?LKBP QL PIFAB >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO (PBB F97EB5 9.104). 4EB JLQFLK >Q QEFP QVMB LC GLFKQ FP
RPR>IIV PJ>II >KA QFDEQIV @LKPQO>FKBA ?V PROOLRKAFKD IFD>JBKQP. ">PBA LKIV LK QEBFO PE>MB, MI>KB GLFKQP @>K >IILT JRIQFMIB
JLSBJBKQP, FK@IRAFKD OLQ>QFLK. 4ERP MI>KB GLFKQP @>K ?B CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > JRIQF>UF>I GLFKQ. (LTBSBO, KLQ >II LC
QEBPB JLSBJBKQP >OB >S>FI>?IB QL BSBOV MI>KB GLFKQ ARB QL IFJFQ>QFLKP MI>@BA LK FQ ?V IFD>JBKQP LO KBFDE?LOFKD ?LKBP.
4ERP, ABMBKAFKD RMLK QEB PMB@FCF@ GLFKQ LC QEB ?LAV, > MI>KB GLFKQ J>V BUEF?FQ LKIV > PFKDIB QVMB LC JLSBJBKQ LO PBSBO>I
JLSBJBKQP. 0I>KB GLFKQP >OB CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB @>OM>I ?LKBP (FKQBO@>OM>I GLFKQP) LC QEB TOFPQ LO Q>OP>I ?LKBP (FKQBOQ>OP>I
GLFKQP) LC QEB CLLQ, ?BQTBBK QEB @I>SF@IB >KA >@OLJFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> (>@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ), >KA ?BQTBBK QEB PRMBOFLO >KA
FKCBOFLO >OQF@RI>O MOL@BPPBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B (WVD>MLMEVPF>I GLFKQP).
B4??-4A7-,B6>8G #B<AG
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PB@LKA ?LKB LO > OLRKABA PQOR@QROB CLOJBA ?V QTL ?LKBP; CLRKA >Q QEB JBQ>@>OMLME>I>KDB>I GLFKQP LC QEB CFKDBOP LO
QEB O>AFL@>OM>I GLFKQ LC QEB TOFPQ; CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > ?F>UF>I GLFKQ
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ LC QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ; ORKP COLJ QEB @LO>@LFA MOL@BPP LC QEB P@>MRI> QL QEB
>KQBOFLO ERJBORP
?OL>A FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ IL@>QBA LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB >KHIB GLFKQ; PRMMLOQP QEB Q>IRP >Q QEB
Q>IL@ORO>I GLFKQ >KA OBPFPQP BU@BPP BSBOPFLK LC QEB CLLQ
ALTKT>OA (FKCBOFLO) JLQFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> LO J>KAF?IB
366 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
7<4EG;EBF<F
7BEF<9?8K<BA
8?5BJ =B<AG
8?8I4G<BA
8I8EF<BA
8KG8AF<BA
8KGE<AF<6 ?<:4@8AG
98@BEBC4G8??4E =B<AG
9<5EBHF =B<AG
9<5H?4E 6B??4G8E4? ?<:4@8AG
9?8K<BA
9BAG4A8??8F
:?8AB;H@8E4? =B<AG
:?8AB;H@8E4? ?<:4@8AG
:?8AB<7 ?45EH@
:B@C;BF<F
;<A:8 =B<AG
;H@8EBE47<4? =B<AG
;H@8EBH?A4E =B<AG
;LC8E8KG8AF<BA
;LC8E9?8K<BA
<?<B98@BE4? ?<:4@8AG
<A98E<BE EBG4G<BA
<AG8EBFF8BHF @8@5E4A8
<AGE464CFH?4E ?<:4@8AG
<AGE<AF<6 ?<:4@8AG
COBBIV JL?FIB GLFKQ
JLSBJBKQ >Q QEB >KHIB QE>Q ?OFKDP QEB QLM LC QEB CLLQ QLT>OA QEB >KQBOFLO IBD
ERJBOLRIK>O GLFKQ
RMT>OA (PRMBOFLO) JLQFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> LO J>KAF?IB
CLLQ JLSBJBKQ FKSLISFKD QEB FKQBOQ>OP>I GLFKQP LC QEB CLLQ FK TEF@E QEB ?LQQLJ LC QEB CLLQ FP QROKBA I>QBO>IIV,
>T>V COLJ QEB JFAIFKB
JLSBJBKQ FK QEB P>DFQQ>I MI>KB QE>Q FK@OB>PBP QEB >KDIB LC > GLFKQ (PQO>FDEQBKP QEB GLFKQ); JLQFLK FKSLISFKD
MLPQBOFLO ?BKAFKD LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK LO OBQROKFKD QL QEB RMOFDEQ MLPFQFLK COLJ > CIBUBA MLPFQFLK
IFD>JBKQ IL@>QBA LRQPFAB LC QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
MLOQFLK LC QEB HKBB GLFKQ @LKPFPQFKD LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB AFPQ>I CBJRO >KA QEB M>QBII>
GLFKQ TEBOB QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD >OB>P LC QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB @LKKB@QBA ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB
BUQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ LC QEB HKBB GLFKQ QE>Q PM>KP COLJ QEB I>QBO>I BMF@LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO QL
QEB EB>A LC QEB CF?RI>; OBPFPQP EVMBOBUQBKPFLK >KA OLQ>QFLK LC QEB BUQBKABA HKBB
JLSBJBKQ FK QEB P>DFQQ>I MI>KB QE>Q AB@OB>PBP QEB >KDIB LC > GLFKQ (?BKAP QEB GLFKQ); JLQFLK FKSLISFKD >KQBOFLO
?BKAFKD LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK
BUM>KABA >OB>P LC CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q PBM>O>QB QEB ?O>FK@>PB ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII MOFLO QL ?FOQE >KA
AROFKD QEB CFOPQ VB>O >CQBO ?FOQE
PELRIABO GLFKQ; >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV LC QEB P@>MRI> >KA EB>A LC QEB ERJBORP;
JRIQF>UF>I ?>II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO CIBUFLK/BUQBKPFLK, >?AR@QFLK/>AAR@QFLK, @FO@RJAR@QFLK, >KA JBAF>I/
I>QBO>I OLQ>QFLK LC QEB ERJBORP
LKB LC QEB QEOBB FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQP LC QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ QE>Q PQOBKDQEBK QEB >KQBOFLO >OQF@RI>O
@>MPRIB
IFM LC CF?OL@>OQFI>DB IL@>QBA >OLRKA QEB LRQPFAB J>ODFK LC QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV LC QEB P@>MRI>
QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ FK TEF@E QEB OLLQ LC > QLLQE FP >K@ELOBA FKQL FQP ?LKV G>T PL@HBQ ?V PQOLKD MBOFLALKQ>I
IFD>JBKQP
PVKLSF>I GLFKQ >Q TEF@E QEB @LKSBU PROC>@B LC LKB ?LKB >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB @LK@>SB PROC>@B LC > PB@LKA
?LKB; FK@IRABP QEB BI?LT, HKBB, >KHIB, >KA FKQBOME>I>KDB>I GLFKQP; CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > RKF>UF>I GLFKQ
>OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB @>MFQRIRJ LC QEB ERJBORP >KA EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP
>OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB QOL@EIB> LC ERJBORP >KA QEB QOL@EIB>O KLQ@E LC QEB RIK>; RKF>UF>I EFKDB
GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO CIBUFLK/BUQBKPFLK LC QEB CLOB>OJ
BU@BPPFSB BUQBKPFLK LC GLFKQ, ?BVLKA QEB KLOJ>I O>KDB LC JLSBJBKQ
BU@BPPFSB CIBUFLK LC GLFKQ, ?BVLKA QEB KLOJ>I O>KDB LC JLSBJBKQ
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ PM>KKFKD COLJ QEB FIFRJ LC QEB EFM ?LKB QL QEB CBJRO, LK QEB PRMBOFLO->KQBOFLO
>PMB@Q LC QEB EFM GLFKQ
JLSBJBKQ LC QEB P@>MRI> AROFKD RMMBO IFJ? >AAR@QFLK FK TEF@E QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV LC QEB P@>MRI>
JLSBP FK > ALTKT>OA AFOB@QFLK >P QEB JBAF>I BKA LC QEB P@>MRI>O PMFKB JLSBP FK >K RMT>OA AFOB@QFLK
TFAB PEBBQ LC CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q CFIIP QEB D>M ?BQTBBK QTL M>O>IIBI ?LKBP,
CLOJFKD > PVKABPJLPFP; CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB O>AFRP >KA RIK> LC QEB CLOB>OJ >KA ?BQTBBK QEB QF?F> >KA CF?RI> LC QEB
IBD
IFD>JBKQ QE>Q FP IL@>QBA TFQEFK QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
IFD>JBKQ QE>Q FP CRPBA QL LO FK@LOMLO>QBA FKQL QEB T>II LC QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
%A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10 367
<AI8EF<BA
<F6;<B98@BE4? ?<:4@8AG
=B<AG 64I<GL
=B<AG <AG8EMBA8
=B<AG
?4G8E4? (8KG8EA4?) EBG4G<BA
?4G8E4? 8K6HEF<BA
?4G8E4? 9?8K<BA
?4G8E4? @8A<F6HF
?4G8E4? G<5<B98@BE4? =B<AG
?<:4@8AG B9 G;8 ;847 B9 G;8 98@HE
?<:4@8AG
@87<4? (<AG8EA4?) EBG4G<BA
@87<4? 8K6HEF<BA
@87<4? @8A<F6HF
@87<4? G<5<B98@BE4? =B<AG
@8A<F6HF
@H?G<4K<4? =B<AG
BCCBF<G<BA
C4G8??4E ?<:4@8AG
C8E<B7BAG4? ?<:4@8AG
C<IBG =B<AG
C?4A8 =B<AG
C?4AG4E 9?8K<BA
CBFG8E<BE 6EH6<4G8 ?<:4@8AG
CBFG8E<BE G4?B9<5H?4E ?<:4@8AG
CLLQ JLSBJBKQ FKSLISFKD QEB FKQBOQ>OP>I GLFKQP LC QEB CLLQ FK TEF@E QEB ?LQQLJ LC QEB CLLQ FP QROKBA QLT>OA QEB
JFAIFKB
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ PM>KKFKD COLJ QEB FP@EFRJ LC QEB EFM ?LKB QL QEB CBJRO, LK QEB MLPQBOFLO
>PMB@Q LC QEB EFM GLFKQ
PM>@B BK@ILPBA ?V QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ QE>Q FP CFIIBA TFQE PVKLSF>I CIRFA >KA @LKQ>FKP QEB
>OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP
PFQB TFQEFK > DOLTFKD BJ?OVLKF@ IFJ? ?RA QE>Q TFII ?B@LJB > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
PFQB >Q TEF@E QTL LO JLOB ?LKBP LO ?LKB >KA @>OQFI>DB @LJB QLDBQEBO (>OQF@RI>QB)
JLSBJBKQ LC QEB >OJ >Q QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ LO QEB QEFDE >Q QEB EFM GLFKQ QE>Q JLSBP QEB
>KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB IFJ? >T>V COLJ QEB JFAIFKB LC QEB ?LAV
PFAB-QL-PFAB JLSBJBKQ LC QEB J>KAF?IB >T>V COLJ QEB JFAIFKB, QLT>OA BFQEBO QEB OFDEQ LO IBCQ PFAB
?BKAFKD LC QEB KB@H LO ?LAV QLT>OA QEB OFDEQ LO IBCQ PFAB
#-PE>MBA CF?OL@>OQFI>DB >OQF@RI>O AFP@ IL@>QBA >Q QEB HKBB, ?BQTBBK QEB I>QBO>I @LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO
>KA QEB I>QBO>I @LKAVIB LC QEB QF?F>
MLOQFLK LC QEB HKBB @LKPFPQFKD LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB I>QBO>I @LKAVIB LC QEB QF?F> >KA
QEB I>QBO>I @LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO; >IILTP CLO CIBUFLK/BUQBKPFLK >Q QEB HKBB
FKQO>@>MPRI>O IFD>JBKQ QE>Q ORKP COLJ QEB >@BQ>?RIRJ LC QEB EFM ?LKB QL QEB EB>A
LC QEB CBJRO
PQOLKD ?>KA LC ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PM>KKFKD ?BQTBBK ?LKBP
JLSBJBKQ LC QEB >OJ >Q QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ LO QEB QEFDE >Q QEB EFM GLFKQ QE>Q ?OFKDP QEB
>KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB IFJ? QLT>OA QEB JFAIFKB LC QEB ?LAV
PFAB-QL-PFAB JLSBJBKQ QE>Q OBQROKP QEB J>KAF?IB QL QEB JFAIFKB
#-PE>MBA CF?OL@>OQFI>DB >OQF@RI>O AFP@ IL@>QBA >Q QEB HKBB, ?BQTBBK QEB JBAF>I @LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO
>KA JBAF>I @LKAVIB LC QEB QF?F>
MLOQFLK LC QEB HKBB @LKPFPQFKD LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB JBAF>I @LKAVIB LC QEB QF?F>
>KA QEB JBAF>I @LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO; >IILTP CLO CIBUFLK/BUQBKPFLK >Q QEB HKBB
>OQF@RI>O AFP@
QVMB LC AF>OQEOLPFP; > GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO JLSBJBKQP TFQEFK QEOBB MI>KBP (QEOBB >UBP)
QERJ? JLSBJBKQ QE>Q ?OFKDP QEB QFM LC QEB QERJ? FK @LKQ>@Q TFQE QEB QFM LC > CFKDBO
IFD>JBKQ PM>KKFKD COLJ QEB M>QBII> QL QEB >KQBOFLO QF?F>; PBOSBP >P QEB CFK>I >QQ>@EJBKQ CLO QEB
NR>AOF@BMP CBJLOFP JRP@IB
?>KA LC ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q >K@ELOP QEB OLLQ LC > QLLQE FKQL QEB ?LKV G>T PL@HBQ
PVKLSF>I GLFKQ >Q TEF@E QEB OLRKABA MLOQFLK LC > ?LKB OLQ>QBP TFQEFK > OFKD CLOJBA ?V > IFD>JBKQ >KA >K
>OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKB; CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P RKF>UF>I GLFKQ
PVKLSF>I GLFKQ CLOJBA ?BQTBBK QEB CI>QQBKBA >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP; CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA
>P > JRIQF>UF>I GLFKQ
CLLQ JLSBJBKQ >Q QEB >KHIB FK TEF@E QEB EBBI FP IFCQBA LCC LC QEB DOLRKA
FKQO>@>MPRI>O IFD>JBKQ LC QEB HKBB; BUQBKAP COLJ QEB MLPQBOFLO, PRMBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB
QF?F> QL QEB FKKBO >PMB@Q LC QEB JBAF>I @LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO; MOBSBKQP >KQBOFLO AFPMI>@BJBKQ LC QEB CBJRO TEBK QEB
HKBB FP CIBUBA >KA TBFDEQ ?B>OFKD
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ IL@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB >KHIB GLFKQ, ?BQTBBK QEB Q>IRP ?LKB
>KA I>QBO>I J>IIBLIRP LC QEB CF?RI>; PRMMLOQP QEB Q>IRP >Q QEB Q>IL@ORO>I GLFKQ >KA OBPFPQP BU@BPP FKSBOPFLK LC QEB CLLQ
368 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
CEBA4G87 CBF<G<BA
CEBA4G<BA
CEBGE46G<BA
CEBK<@4? E47<BH?A4E =B<AG
CH5B98@BE4? ?<:4@8AG
E47<4? 6B??4G8E4? ?<:4@8AG
E8CBF<G<BA
E8GE46G<BA
EBG4G<BA
EBG4GBE 6H99
F477?8 =B<AG
FH546EB@<4? 5HEF4
FH56HG4A8BHF 5HEF4
FH5@HF6H?4E 5HEF4
FH5F64CH?4E 5HEF4
FH5G4?4E =B<AG
FH5G8A7<ABHF 5HEF4
FHC8E<BE EBG4G<BA
FHC<A4G87 CBF<G<BA
FHC<A4G<BA
FHGHE8
FL@C;LF<F
FLA4EG;EBF<F
FLA6;BA7EBF<F
FLA78F@BF<F
FLABFGBF<F
FLABI<4? 9?H<7
FLABI<4? =B<AG
CLOB>OJ MLPFQFLK FK TEF@E QEB M>IJ C>@BP ?>@HT>OA
CLOB>OJ JLQFLK QE>Q JLSBP QEB M>IJ LC QEB E>KA COLJ QEB M>IJ CLOT>OA QL QEB M>IJ ?>@HT>OA MLPFQFLK
>KQBOFLO JLQFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> LO J>KAF?IB
>OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK EB>A LC O>AFRP >KA O>AF>I KLQ@E LC RIK>; RKF>UF>I MFSLQ GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP
CLO OLQ>QFLK LC O>AFRP AROFKD MOLK>QFLK/PRMFK>QFLK LC CLOB>OJ
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ PM>KKFKD COLJ QEB MR?FP LC QEB EFM ?LKB QL QEB CBJRO, LK QEB >KQBOFLO-
FKCBOFLO >PMB@Q LC QEB EFM GLFKQ
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ; ORKP COLJ QEB I>QBO>I BMF@LKAVIB LC
ERJBORP QL JBODB TFQE QEB >KKRI>O IFD>JBKQ
JLSBJBKQ LC QEB QERJ? COLJ LMMLPFQFLK ?>@H QL QEB >K>QLJF@>I MLPFQFLK (KBUQ QL FKABU CFKDBO)
MLPQBOFLO JLQFLK LC QEB P@>MRI> LO J>KAF?IB
JLSBJBKQ LC > ?LKB >OLRKA > @BKQO>I >UFP (>QI>KQL>UF>I GLFKQ) LO >OLRKA FQP ILKD >UFP (MOLUFJ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ;
PELRIABO LO EFM GLFKQ); QTFPQFKD LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK OBPRIQFKD COLJ QEB PRJJ>QFLK LC PJ>II JLQFLKP ?BQTBBK
>AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B
PQOLKD @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PQOR@QROB CLOJBA ?V QEB CRPFLK LC CLRO OLQ>QLO @RCC JRP@IB QBKALKP QL QEB >OQF@RI>O
@>MPRIB LC QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ; PROOLRKAP >KA PRMMLOQP PRMBOFLO, >KQBOFLO, I>QBO>I, >KA MLPQBOFLO PFABP LC QEB ERJBO>I
EB>A
PVKLSF>I GLFKQ FK TEF@E QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD BKAP LC ?LQE ?LKBP >OB @LKSBU >KA @LK@>SB FK PE>MB, PR@E >P >Q QEB
CFOPQ @>OMLJBQ>@>OM>I GLFKQ >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB QERJ?; CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > ?F>UF>I GLFKQ
?ROP> QE>Q MOLQB@QP QEB PRMO>PMFK>QRP JRP@IB QBKALK >KA PRMBOFLO BKA LC QEB ERJBORP COLJ OR??FKD
>D>FKPQ QEB >@OLJFLK LC QEB P@>MRI>
?ROP> QE>Q MOBSBKQP COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK PHFK >KA >K RKABOIVFKD ?LKB
?ROP> QE>Q MOBSBKQP COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK ?LKB >KA > JRP@IB LO ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ JRP@IBP
?ROP> QE>Q MOBSBKQP OR??FKD LC QEB PR?P@>MRI>OFP JRP@IB QBKALK >D>FKPQ QEB P@>MRI>
>OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB Q>IRP >KA @>I@>KBRP ?LKBP LC QEB CLLQ; >IILTP JLQFLKP QE>Q @LKQOF?RQB QL
FKSBOPFLK/BSBOPFLK LC QEB CLLQ
?ROP> QE>Q MOBSBKQP COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK ?LKB >KA > JRP@IB QBKALK
JLSBJBKQ LC QEB P@>MRI> AROFKD RMMBO IFJ? >?AR@QFLK FK TEF@E QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV LC QEB P@>MRI>
JLSBP FK >K RMT>OA AFOB@QFLK >P QEB JBAF>I BKA LC QEB P@>MRI>O PMFKB JLSBP FK > ALTKT>OA AFOB@QFLK
CLOB>OJ MLPFQFLK FK TEF@E QEB M>IJ C>@BP >KQBOFLOIV (>K>QLJF@>I MLPFQFLK)
CLOB>OJ JLQFLK QE>Q JLSBP QEB M>IJ LC QEB E>KA COLJ QEB M>IJ ?>@HT>OA QL QEB M>IJ CLOT>OA MLPFQFLK
CF?OLRP GLFKQ QE>Q @LKKB@QP QEB ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII (BU@BMQ QEB J>KAF?IB); >K FJJL?FIB GLFKQ (PVK>OQEOLPFP)
QVMB LC @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ TEBOB QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V CF?OL@>OQFI>DB
FJJL?FIB LO KB>OIV FJJL?FIB GLFKQ
QVMB LC @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ TEBOB QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB
QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ FK TEF@E QTL PBM>O>QBA, M>O>IIBI ?LKBP >OB @LKKB@QBA ?V >K FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB
PFQB >Q TEF@E >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP LO ?LKV @LJMLKBKQP E>SB CRPBA QLDBQEBO
QEF@H, IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA QE>Q CFIIP QEB FKQBOFLO LC > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
GLFKQ >Q TEF@E QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP >OB IL@>QBA TFQEFK > GLFKQ @>SFQV CLOJBA ?V >K
>OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB
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FLABI<4? @8@5E4A8
G4?B6EHE4? =B<AG
G8@CBEB@4A7<5H?4E =B<AG (-&#)
G8A7BA F;84G;
G8A7BA
G<5<4? 6B??4G8E4? ?<:4@8AG
H?A4E 6B??4G8E4? ?<:4@8AG
HA<4K<4? =B<AG
ML:4CBC;LF<4? =B<AGF
QEFK I>VBO QE>Q IFKBP QEB FKKBO PROC>@B LC QEB GLFKQ @>SFQV >Q > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ; MOLAR@BP QEB PVKLSF>I
CIRFA
>KHIB GLFKQ; >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB Q>IRP ?LKB LC QEB CLLQ >KA JBAF>I J>IIBLIRP LC QEB QF?F>, AFPQ>I QF?F>,
>KA I>QBO>I J>IIBLIRP LC QEB CF?RI>; > RKF>UF>I EFKDB GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP LKIV CLO ALOPFCIBUFLK >KA MI>KQ>O CIBUFLK LC QEB
CLLQ
>OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB @LKAVIB LC QEB J>KAF?IB >KA QEB J>KAF?RI>O CLPP> >KA
>OQF@RI>O QR?BO@IB LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB LC QEB PHRII; >IILTP CLO ABMOBPPFLK/BIBS>QFLK (LMBKFKD/@ILPFKD LC JLRQE),
MOLQO>@QFLK/OBQO>@QFLK, >KA PFAB-QL-PFAB JLQFLKP LC QEB J>KAF?IB
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q PROOLRKAP > QBKALK >Q MI>@BP TEBOB QEB QBKALK @OLPPBP > GLFKQ; @LKQ>FKP >
IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA QL MOBSBKQ COF@QFLK >KA >IILT PJLLQE JLSBJBKQP LC QEB QBKALK
ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PQOR@QROB QE>Q >K@ELOP > JRP@IB QL ?LKB
BUQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ LC HKBB GLFKQ QE>Q PM>KP COLJ QEB JBAF>I BMF@LKAVIB LC QEB CBJRO QL QEB
JBAF>I QF?F>; OBPFPQP EVMBOBUQBKPFLK >KA OLQ>QFLK LC BUQBKABA HKBB
FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQ LK QEB JBAF>I PFAB LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ; PM>KP COLJ QEB JBAF>I BMF@LKAVIB
LC QEB ERJBORP QL QEB JBAF>I RIK>
QVMB LC AF>OQEOLPFP; GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO JLQFLK TFQEFK LKIV LKB MI>KB (LKB >UFP)
C>@BQ GLFKQP; MI>KB GLFKQP ?BQTBBK QEB PRMBOFLO >KA FKCBOFLO >OQF@RI>O MOL@BPPBP LC >AG>@BKQ
SBOQB?O>B QE>Q MOLSFAB CLO LKIV IFJFQBA JLQFLKP ?BQTBBK QEB SBOQB?O>B
C!A)-E+ +E/"E0
9.1 C?4FF<9<64G<BA B9 #B<AGF
3QOR@QRO>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLKP LC QEB ?LAV GLFKQP >OB ?>PBA LK ELT QEB ?LKBP >OB EBIA QLDBQEBO >KA >OQF@RI>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO. !Q
CF?OLRP GLFKQP, QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB AFOB@QIV RKFQBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 3FJFI>OIV, >Q > @>OQFI>DFKLRP
GLFKQ, QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA ?V @>OQFI>DB. )K @LKQO>PQ, >Q > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKB PROC>@BP >OB KLQ AFOB@QIV
RKFQBA QL B>@E LQEBO, ?RQ @LJB QLDBQEBO TFQEFK > CIRFA-CFIIBA GLFKQ @>SFQV.
4EB CRK@QFLK>I @I>PPFCF@>QFLK LC ?LAV GLFKQP FP ?>PBA LK QEB ABDOBB LC JLSBJBKQ CLRKA >Q B>@E GLFKQ. ! PVK>OQEOLPFP FP
> GLFKQ QE>Q FP BPPBKQF>IIV FJJL?FIB. 4EFP QVMB LC GLFKQ MOLSFABP CLO > PQOLKD @LKKB@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP, TEF@E
PBOSBP QL MOLQB@Q FKQBOK>I PQOR@QROBP PR@E >P QEB ?O>FK LO EB>OQ. %U>JMIBP FK@IRAB QEB CF?OLRP GLFKQP LC QEB PHRII PRQROBP >KA
QEB @>OQFI>DFKLRP J>KR?OFLPQBOK>I GLFKQ. ! GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO IFJFQBA JLSBJBKQ FP >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP. !K BU>JMIB FP QEB
MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP LC QEB MBISFP, QEB @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQ QE>Q PQOLKDIV RKFQBP QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ EFM ?LKBP LC QEB MBISFP. 4EB
@>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQP FK TEF@E SBOQB?O>B >OB RKFQBA ?V FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@P MOLSFAB CLO PJ>II JLSBJBKQP ?BQTBBK QEB >AG>@BKQ
SBOQB?O>B >KA >OB >IPL >K >JMEF>OQEOLPFP QVMB LC GLFKQ. 4ERP, ?>PBA LK QEBFO JLSBJBKQ >?FIFQV, ?LQE CF?OLRP >KA @>OQFI>DFKLRP
GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P > PVK>OQEOLPFP LO >JMEF>OQEOLPFP.
4EB JLPQ @LJJLK QVMB LC GLFKQ FP QEB AF>OQEOLPFP, TEF@E FP > COBBIV JLSB>?IB GLFKQ. !II PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV
@I>PPFCFBA >P AF>OQEOLPBP. ! RKF>UF>I AF>OQEOLPFP, PR@E >P QEB BI?LT, FP > GLFKQ QE>Q LKIV >IILTP CLO JLSBJBKQ TFQEFK > PFKDIB
>K>QLJF@>I MI>KB. *LFKQP QE>Q >IILT CLO JLSBJBKQP FK QTL MI>KBP >OB ?F>UF>I GLFKQP, PR@E >P QEB JBQ>@>OMLME>I>KDB>I GLFKQP
LC QEB CFKDBOP. ! JRIQF>UF>I GLFKQ, PR@E >P QEB PELRIABO LO EFM GLFKQ, >IILTP CLO QEOBB MI>KBP LC JLQFLKP.
9.2 F<5EBHF #B<AGF
&F?OLRP GLFKQP >OB TEBOB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB PQOLKDIV RKFQBA ?V CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 4EB D>M CFIIBA ?V @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB
J>V ?B K>OOLT LO TFAB. 4EB QEOBB QVMBP LC CF?OLRP GLFKQP >OB PRQROBP, DLJMELPBP, >KA PVKABPJLPBP. ! PRQROB FP QEB K>OOLT
CF?OLRP GLFKQ QE>Q RKFQBP JLPQ ?LKBP LC QEB PHRII. !Q > DLJMELPFP, QEB OLLQ LC > QLLQE FP >K@ELOBA >@OLPP > K>OOLT D>M ?V
MBOFLALKQ>I IFD>JBKQP QL QEB T>IIP LC FQP PL@HBQ FK QEB ?LKV G>T. ! PVKABPJLPFP FP QEB QVMB LC CF?OLRP GLFKQ CLRKA ?BQTBBK
M>O>IIBI ?LKBP. 4EB D>M ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP J>V ?B TFAB >KA CFIIBA TFQE > CF?OLRP FKQBOLPPBLRP JBJ?O>KB, LO FQ J>V K>OOLT
TFQE IFD>JBKQP PM>KKFKD ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP. 3VKABPJLPBP >OB CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP LC QEB CLOB>OJ (O>AFRP >KA RIK>)
>KA QEB IBD (QF?F> >KA CF?RI>). &F?OLRP GLFKQP PQOLKDIV RKFQB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >KA QERP PBOSB QL MOLSFAB MOLQB@QFLK CLO FKQBOK>I
LOD>KP, PQOBKDQE QL ?LAV OBDFLKP, LO TBFDEQ-?B>OFKD PQ>?FIFQV.
9.3 C4EG<?4:<ABHF #B<AGF
4EBOB >OB QTL QVMBP LC @>OQFI>DFKLRP GLFKQP. ! PVK@ELKAOLPFP FP CLOJBA TEBK QEB >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP >OB RKFQBA ?V EV>IFKB
@>OQFI>DB. ! QBJMLO>OV PVK@ELKAOLPFP FP CLOJBA ?V QEB BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB LC > DOLTFKD ILKD ?LKB, TEF@E FP ILPQ TEBK QEB
BMFMEVPB>I MI>QB LPPFCFBP >P QEB ?LKB OB>@EBP J>QROFQV. 4EB PVK@ELKAOLPFP FP QERP OBMI>@BA ?V > PVKLPQLPFP. 0BOJ>KBKQ
370 %A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
PVK@ELKAOLPBP QE>Q AL KLQ LPPFCV >OB CLRKA >Q QEB CFOPQ PQBOKL@LPQ>I GLFKQ >KA ?BQTBBK QEB >KQBOFLO BKAP LC QEB ?LKV OF?P >KA
QEB GRK@QFLK TFQE QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB. ! PVJMEVPFP FP TEBOB QEB ?LKBP >OB GLFKBA ?V CF?OL@>OQFI>DB >KA QEB D>M ?BQTBBK
QEB ?LKBP J>V ?B K>OOLT LO TFAB. ! K>OOLT PVJMEVPFP FP CLRKA >Q QEB J>KR?OFLPQBOK>I GLFKQ >KA >Q QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP.
! TFAB PVJMEVPFP FP QEB FKQBOSBOQB?O>I PVJMEVPFP FK TEF@E QEB ?LAFBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B >OB RKFQBA ?V >K FKQBOSBOQB?O>I
AFP@.
9.4 ,LABI<4? #B<AGF
3VKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB QEB JLPQ @LJJLK QVMB LC GLFKQP FK QEB ?LAV. 4EBV >OB @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V QEB MOBPBK@B LC > GLFKQ @>SFQV,
FKPFAB LC TEF@E QEB ?LKBP LC QEB GLFKQ >OQF@RI>QB TFQE B>@E LQEBO. 4EB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP >Q > PVKLSF>I GLFKQ
>OB KLQ AFOB@QIV @LKKB@QBA QL B>@E LQEBO ?V @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB LO @>OQFI>DB, TEF@E >IILTP QEB ?LKBP QL JLSB COBBIV >D>FKPQ
B>@E LQEBO. 4EB T>IIP LC QEB GLFKQ @>SFQV >OB CLOJBA ?V QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB. &OF@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKBP FP OBAR@BA ?V > QEFK
I>VBO LC >OQF@RI>O @>OQFI>DB @LSBOFKD QEB PROC>@BP LC QEB ?LKBP, >KA ?V > IR?OF@>QFKD PVKLSF>I CIRFA, TEF@E FP PB@OBQBA ?V QEB
PVKLSF>I JBJ?O>KB.
3VKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB PQOBKDQEBKBA ?V QEB MOBPBK@B LC IFD>JBKQP, TEF@E ELIA QEB ?LKBP QLDBQEBO >KA OBPFPQ BU@BPPFSB LO
>?KLOJ>I JLSBJBKQP LC QEB GLFKQ. ,FD>JBKQP >OB @I>PPFCFBA >P BUQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQP FC QEBV >OB IL@>QBA LRQPFAB LC QEB >OQF@RI>O
@>MPRIB, FKQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQP FC QEBV >OB CRPBA QL QEB T>II LC QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB, LO FKQO>@>MPRI>O IFD>JBKQP FC QEBV >OB IL@>QBA
FKPFAB QEB >OQF@RI>O @>MPRIB. 3LJB PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >IPL E>SB >K >OQF@RI>O AFP@ (JBKFP@RP), TEF@E @>K MOLSFAB M>AAFKD ?BQTBBK
QEB ?LKBP, PJLLQE QEBFO JLSBJBKQP, LO PQOLKDIV GLFK QEB ?LKBP QLDBQEBO QL PQOBKDQEBK QEB GLFKQ. -RP@IBP >KA QEBFO QBKALKP
>@QFKD >@OLPP > GLFKQ @>K >IPL FK@OB>PB QEBFO @LKQO>@QFIB PQOBKDQE TEBK KBBABA, QERP MOLSFAFKD FKAFOB@Q PRMMLOQ CLO QEB GLFKQ.
"ROP>B @LKQ>FK > IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA QE>Q PBOSBP QL OBAR@B COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK PQOR@QROBP. 3R?@RQ>KBLRP ?ROP>B MOBSBKQ
COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB PHFK >KA >K RKABOIVFKD ?LKB, PR?JRP@RI>O ?ROP>B MOLQB@Q JRP@IBP COLJ OR??FKD >D>FKPQ > ?LKB LO
>KLQEBO JRP@IB, >KA > PR?QBKAFKLRP ?ROP> MOBSBKQP COF@QFLK ?BQTBBK ?LKB >KA > JRP@IB QBKALK. 4BKALK PEB>QEP @LKQ>FK >
IR?OF@>QFKD CIRFA >KA PROOLRKA QBKALKP QL >IILT CLO PJLLQE JLSBJBKQ LC QEB QBKALK >P FQ @OLPPBP > GLFKQ.
">PBA LK QEB PE>MB LC QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKB PROC>@BP >KA QEB QVMBP LC JLSBJBKQ >IILTBA, PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >OB @I>PPFCFBA
FKQL PFU QVMBP. !Q > MFSLQ GLFKQ, LKB ?LKB FP EBIA TFQEFK > OFKD ?V > IFD>JBKQ >KA FQP >OQF@RI>QFLK TFQE > PB@LKA ?LKB. 0FSLQ
GLFKQP LKIV >IILT CLO OLQ>QFLK >OLRKA > PFKDIB >UFP. 4EBPB >OB CLRKA >Q QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB #1 (>QI>P) >KA QEB ABKP LC
QEB #2 (>UFP) SBOQB?O>B, TEF@E MOLSFABP QEB PFAB-QL-PFAB OLQ>QFLK LC QEB EB>A, LO >Q QEB MOLUFJ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ ?BQTBBK QEB
EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP >KA QEB O>AF>I KLQ@E LC QEB RIK>, TEF@E >IILTP CLO OLQ>QFLK LC QEB O>AFRP AROFKD CLOB>OJ JLSBJBKQP. (FKDB
GLFKQP, PR@E >P >Q QEB BI?LT, HKBB, >KHIB, LO FKQBOME>I>KDB>I GLFKQP ?BQTBBK ME>I>KU ?LKBP LC QEB CFKDBOP >KA QLBP, >IILT LKIV
CLO ?BKAFKD >KA PQO>FDEQBKFKD LC QEB GLFKQ. 0FSLQ >KA EFKDB GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P RKF>UF>I GLFKQP.
#LKAVILFA GLFKQP >OB CLRKA TEBOB QEB PE>IILT ABMOBPPFLK LC LKB ?LKB OB@BFSBP > OLRKABA ?LKV >OB> CLOJBA ?V LKB LO
QTL ?LKBP. #LKAVILFA GLFKQP >OB CLRKA >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB CFKDBOP (JBQ>@>OMLME>I>KDB>I GLFKQP) >KA >Q QEB TOFPQ (O>AFL@>OM>I
GLFKQ). !Q > P>AAIB GLFKQ, QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD ?LKBP CFQ QLDBQEBO IFHB > OFABO >KA > P>AAIB. !K BU>JMIB FP QEB CFOPQ @>OMLJBQ>@>OM>I
GLFKQ IL@>QBA >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB QERJ?. "LQE @LKAVILFA >KA P>AAIB GLFKQP >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV @I>PPFCFBA >P ?F>UF>I GLFKQP.
0I>KB GLFKQP >OB CLOJBA ?BQTBBK QEB PJ>II, CI>QQBKBA PROC>@BP LC >AG>@BKQ ?LKBP. 4EBPB GLFKQP >IILT QEB ?LKBP QL PIFAB
LO OLQ>QB >D>FKPQ B>@E LQEBO, ?RQ QEB O>KDB LC JLQFLK FP RPR>IIV PIFDEQ >KA QFDEQIV IFJFQBA ?V IFD>JBKQP LO PROOLRKAFKD ?LKBP.
4EFP QVMB LC GLFKQ FP CLRKA ?BQTBBK QEB >OQF@RI>O MOL@BPPBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B, >Q QEB >@OLJFL@I>SF@RI>O GLFKQ, LO >Q QEB
FKQBO@>OM>I GLFKQP LC QEB E>KA >KA FKQBOQ>OP>I GLFKQP LC QEB CLLQ. ">II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQP, FK TEF@E QEB OLRKABA EB>A LC > ?LKB
CFQP FKQL > I>ODB ABMOBPPFLK LO PL@HBQ, >OB CLRKA >Q QEB PELRIABO >KA EFM GLFKQP. "LQE MI>KB >KA ?>II->KA-PL@HBQP GLFKQP >OB
@I>PPFCFBA CRK@QFLK>IIV >P JRIQF>UF>I GLFKQP. (LTBSBO, ?>II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQP >IILT CLO I>ODB JLSBJBKQP, TEFIB QEB JLQFLKP
?BQTBBK ?LKBP >Q > MI>KB GLFKQ >OB PJ>II.
9.5 -LC8F B9 BB7L &BI8@8AGF
4EB S>OFBQV LC JLSBJBKQP MOLSFABA ?V QEB AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >IILTP CLO > I>ODB O>KDB LC ?LAV JLQFLKP >KA
DFSBP VLR QOBJBKALRP JL?FIFQV. 4EBPB JLSBJBKQP >IILT VLR QL CIBU LO BUQBKA VLRO ?LAV LO IFJ?P, JBAF>IIV OLQ>QB >KA
>AAR@Q VLRO >OJP >KA CIBU VLRO BI?LTP QL ELIA > EB>SV L?GB@Q >D>FKPQ VLRO @EBPQ, O>FPB VLRO >OJP >?LSB VLRO EB>A, OLQ>QB LO
PE>HB VLRO EB>A, >KA ?BKA QL QLR@E QEB QLBP (TFQE LO TFQELRQ ?BKAFKD VLRO HKBBP).
%>@E LC QEB AFCCBOBKQ PQOR@QRO>I QVMBP LC PVKLSF>I GLFKQP >IPL >IILT CLO PMB@FCF@ JLQFLKP. 4EB >QI>KQL>UF>I MFSLQ GLFKQ
MOLSFABP PFAB-QL-PFAB OLQ>QFLK LC QEB EB>A, TEFIB QEB MOLUFJ>I O>AFLRIK>O >OQF@RI>QFLK >IILTP CLO OLQ>QFLK LC QEB O>AFRP AROFKD
MOLK>QFLK >KA PRMFK>QFLK LC QEB CLOB>OJ. (FKDB GLFKQP, PR@E >P >Q QEB HKBB >KA BI?LT, >IILT LKIV CLO CIBUFLK >KA BUQBKPFLK.
3FJFI>OIV, QEB EFKDB GLFKQ LC QEB >KHIB LKIV >IILTP CLO ALOPFCIBUFLK >KA MI>KQ>O CIBUFLK LC QEB CLLQ.
#LKAVILFA >KA P>AAIB GLFKQP >OB ?F>UF>I. 4EBPB >IILT CLO CIBUFLK >KA BUQBKPFLK, >KA >?AR@QFLK >KA >AAR@QFLK. 4EB
PBNRBKQF>I @LJ?FK>QFLK LC CIBUFLK, >AAR@QFLK, BUQBKPFLK, >KA >?AR@QFLK MOLAR@BP @FO@RJAR@QFLK. -RIQF>UF>I MI>KB GLFKQP
MOLSFAB CLO LKIV PJ>II JLQFLKP, ?RQ QEBPB @>K >AA QLDBQEBO LSBO PBSBO>I >AG>@BKQ GLFKQP QL MOLAR@B ?LAV JLSBJBKQ, PR@E
>P FKSBOPFLK >KA BSBOPFLK LC QEB CLLQ. 3FJFI>OIV, MI>KB GLFKQP >IILT CLO CIBUFLK, BUQBKPFLK, >KA I>QBO>I CIBUFLK JLSBJBKQP
LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK. 4EB JRIQF>UF>I ?>II >KA PL@HBQ GLFKQP >IILT CLO CIBUFLK-BUQBKPFLK, >?AR@QFLK->AAR@QFLK, >KA
@FO@RJAR@QFLK. )K >AAFQFLK, QEBPB >IPL >IILT CLO JBAF>I (FKQBOK>I) >KA I>QBO>I (BUQBOK>I) OLQ>QFLK. ">II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQP E>SB
QEB DOB>QBPQ O>KDB LC JLQFLK LC >II PVKLSF>I GLFKQP.
%A-1"/ 9 R ',&+10 371
9.6 AA4GB@L B9 ,8?86G87 ,LABI<4? #B<AGF
!IQELRDE PVKLSF>I GLFKQP PE>OB J>KV @LJJLK CB>QROBP, B>@E GLFKQ LC QEB ?LAV FP PMB@F>IFWBA CLO @BOQ>FK JLSBJBKQP >KA
>@QFSFQFBP. 4EB GLFKQP LC QEB RMMBO IFJ? MOLSFAB CLO I>ODB O>KDBP LC JLQFLK, TEF@E DFSB QEB RMMBO IFJ? DOB>Q JL?FIFQV, QERP
BK>?IFKD >@QFLKP PR@E >P QEB QEOLTFKD LC > ?>II LO QVMFKD LK > HBV?L>OA. 4EB GLFKQP LC QEB ILTBO IFJ? >OB JLOB OL?RPQ, DFSFKD
QEBJ DOB>QBO PQOBKDQE >KA QEB PQ>?FIFQV KBBABA QL PRMMLOQ QEB ?LAV TBFDEQ AROFKD ORKKFKD, GRJMFKD, LO HF@HFKD >@QFSFQFBP.
4EB GLFKQP LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK FK@IRAB QEB PVJMEVPFP GLFKQP CLOJBA ?V B>@E FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@ >KA QEB MI>KB
PVKLSF>I GLFKQP ?BQTBBK QEB PRMBOFLO >KA FKCBOFLO >OQF@RI>O MOL@BPPBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B. %>@E LC QEBPB GLFKQP MOLSFAB CLO
IFJFQBA JLQFLKP, ?RQ QEBPB PRJ QLDBQEBO QL MOLAR@B CIBUFLK, BUQBKPFLK, I>QBO>I CIBUFLK, >KA OLQ>QFLK LC QEB KB@H >KA ?LAV. 4EB
O>KDB LC JLQFLKP >S>FI>?IB FK B>@E OBDFLK LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK S>OFBP, TFQE >II LC QEBPB JLQFLKP >S>FI>?IB FK QEB @BOSF@>I
OBDFLK. /KIV OLQ>QFLK FP >IILTBA FK QEB QELO>@F@ OBDFLK, TEFIB QEB IRJ?>O OBDFLK E>P @LKPFABO>?IB BUQBKPFLK, CIBUFLK, >KA
I>QBO>I CIBUFLK, ?RQ OLQ>QFLK FP MOBSBKQBA. 4EB >QI>KQL-L@@FMFQ>I GLFKQ >IILTP CLO CIBUFLK >KA BUQBKPFLK LC QEB EB>A, TEFIB QEB
>QI>KQL>UF>I GLFKQ FP > MFSLQ GLFKQ QE>Q MOLSFABP CLO OLQ>QFLK LC QEB EB>A.
4EB QBJMLOLJ>KAF?RI>O GLFKQ FP QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB @LKAVIB LC QEB J>KAF?IB >KA QEB J>KAF?RI>O CLPP> >KA
>OQF@RI>O QR?BO@IB LC QEB PHRII QBJMLO>I ?LKB. !K >OQF@RI>O AFP@ FP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB ?LKV @LJMLKBKQP LC QEFP GLFKQ. !
@LJ?FK>QFLK LC DIFAFKD >KA EFKDB JLQFLKP LC QEB J>KAF?RI>O @LKAVIB >IILTP CLO BIBS>QFLK/ABMOBPPFLK, MOLQO>@QFLK/OBQO>@QFLK,
>KA PFAB-QL-PFAB JLQFLKP LC QEB ILTBO G>T.
4EB DIBKLERJBO>I (PELRIABO) GLFKQ FP > JRIQF>UF>I ?>II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQ QE>Q MOLSFABP CIBUFLK/BUQBKPFLK, >?AR@QFLK/
>AAR@QFLK, @FO@RJAR@QFLK, >KA JBAF>I/I>QBO>I OLQ>QFLK LC QEB ERJBORP. 4EB EB>A LC QEB ERJBORP >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB DIBKLFA
@>SFQV LC QEB P@>MRI>. 4EB DIBKLFA I>?ORJ BUQBKAP >OLRKA QEB J>ODFK LC QEB DIBKLFA @>SFQV. )KQOFKPF@ IFD>JBKQP, FK@IRAFKD QEB
@LO>@LERJBO>I IFD>JBKQ >KA DIBKLERJBO>I IFD>JBKQP, MOLSFAB PLJB PRMMLOQ CLO QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. (LTBSBO, QEB MOFJ>OV
PRMMLOQ @LJBP COLJ JRP@IBP @OLPPFKD QEB GLFKQ TELPB QBKALKP CLOJ QEB OLQ>QLO @RCC. 4EBPB JRP@IB QBKALKP >OB MOLQB@QBA
COLJ COF@QFLK >D>FKPQ QEB P@>MRI> ?V QEB PR?>@OLJF>I ?ROP> >KA PR?P@>MRI>O ?ROP>.
4EB BI?LT FP > RKF>UF>I EFKDB GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO CIBUFLK/BUQBKPFLK LC QEB CLOB>OJ. )Q FK@IRABP QEB ERJBOLRIK>O GLFKQ
>KA QEB ERJBOLO>AF>I GLFKQ. 4EB JBAF>I BI?LT FP PRMMLOQBA ?V QEB RIK>O @LII>QBO>I IFD>JBKQ >KA QEB O>AF>I @LII>QBO>I IFD>JBKQ
PRMMLOQP QEB I>QBO>I PFAB. 4EBPB IFD>JBKQP MOBSBKQ PFAB-QL-PFAB JLSBJBKQP >KA OBPFPQ EVMBOBUQBKPFLK LC QEB BI?LT. 4EB
MOLUFJ>I O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQ FP > MFSLQ GLFKQ QE>Q >IILTP CLO OLQ>QFLK LC QEB O>AFRP AROFKD MOLK>QFLK/PRMFK>QFLK LC QEB CLOB>OJ.
4EB >KKRI>O IFD>JBKQ PROOLRKAP QEB EB>A LC QEB O>AFRP QL ELIA FQ FK MI>@B >Q QEFP GLFKQ.
4EB EFM GLFKQ FP > ?>II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQ TELPB JLQFLKP >OB JLOB OBPQOF@QBA QE>K >Q QEB PELRIABO QL MOLSFAB DOB>QBO
PQ>?FIFQV AROFKD TBFDEQ ?B>OFKD. 4EB EFM GLFKQ FP QEB >OQF@RI>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB EB>A LC QEB CBJRO >KA QEB >@BQ>?RIRJ LC QEB EFM
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JRP@IB. 4EB ?OB>HALTK LC LKB DIR@LPB JLIB@RIB MOLAR@BP QTL !40 >KA QTL JLIB@RIBP LC @IBEF93 1394, TEF@E @>K ?B RPBA
FK >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK LO TEBK LUVDBK IBSBIP >OB ILT, @LKSBOQBA QL I>@QF@ >@FA (F97EB5 10.122).
)C LUVDBK FP >S>FI>?IB, MVORSF@ >@FA FP RPBA FK >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK. (LTBSBO, FC LUVDBK FP KLQ >S>FI>?IB, MVORSF@ >@FA
FP @LKSBOQBA QL <13D93 1394, TEF@E J>V @LKQOF?RQB QL JRP@IB C>QFDRB. 4EFP @LKSBOPFLK >IILTP QEB OB@V@IFKD LC QEB BKWVJB
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LC BKBODV >OB KBBABA ?RQ LUVDBK @>KKLQ ?B PRCCF@FBKQIV ABIFSBOBA QL JRP@IB. 'IV@LIVPFP FQPBIC @>KKLQ ?B PRPQ>FKBA CLO SBOV
ILKD (>MMOLUFJ>QBIV 1 JFKRQB LC JRP@IB >@QFSFQV), ?RQ FQ FP RPBCRI FK C>@FIFQ>QFKD PELOQ ?ROPQP LC EFDE-FKQBKPFQV LRQMRQ. 4EFP FP
?B@>RPB DIV@LIVPFP ALBP KLQ RQFIFWB DIR@LPB SBOV BCCF@FBKQIV, MOLAR@FKD > KBQ D>FK LC QTL !40P MBO JLIB@RIB LC DIR@LPB, >KA
QEB BKA MOLAR@Q LC I>@QF@ >@FA, TEF@E J>V @LKQOF?RQB QL JRP@IB C>QFDRB >P FQ >@@RJRI>QBP.
A5B?293 B5C@9B1D9?> FP QEB ?OB>HALTK LC DIR@LPB LO LQEBO KRQOFBKQP FK QEB MOBPBK@B LC LUVDBK (/
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?V >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK, TEF@E Q>HBP MI>@B FK JFQL@ELKAOF>. 4EB FKMRQP CLO >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK FK@IRAB DIR@LPB @FO@RI>QFKD
FK QEB ?ILLAPQOB>J, MVORSF@ >@FA, >KA C>QQV >@FAP. !BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK FP JR@E JLOB BCCF@FBKQ QE>K >K>BOL?F@ DIV@LIVPFP,
MOLAR@FKD >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 36 !40P MBO JLIB@RIB LC DIR@LPB SBOPRP CLRO COLJ DIV@LIVPFP. (LTBSBO, >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK @>KKLQ
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JRP@IBP PQLOB PJ>II >JLRKQ LC BU@BPP LUVDBK FK MOLQBFKP @>II JVLDIL?FK, >IILTFKD CLO JLOB BCCF@FBKQ JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLKP
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BU>@Q @>RPBP LC JRP@IB C>QFDRB >OB KLQ CRIIV HKLTK, >IQELRDE @BOQ>FK C>@QLOP E>SB ?BBK @LOOBI>QBA TFQE QEB AB@OB>PBA JRP@IB
@LKQO>@QFLK QE>Q L@@ROP AROFKD C>QFDRB. !40 FP KBBABA CLO KLOJ>I JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK, >KA >P !40 OBPBOSBP >OB OBAR@BA,
JRP@IB CRK@QFLK J>V AB@IFKB. 4EFP J>V ?B JLOB LC > C>@QLO FK ?OFBC, FKQBKPB JRP@IB LRQMRQ O>QEBO QE>K PRPQ>FKBA, ILTBO
FKQBKPFQV BCCLOQP. ,>@QF@ >@FA ?RFIARM J>V ILTBO FKQO>@BIIRI>O M(, >CCB@QFKD BKWVJB >KA MOLQBFK >@QFSFQV. )J?>I>K@BP FK .>
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MOLAR@BA TFQELRQ LUVDBK AROFKD JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK. /UVDBK FP OBNRFOBA QL OBPQLOB !40 >KA @OB>QFKB MELPME>QB IBSBIP,
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>CQBO BUBO@FPB. 5KQFI QEB LUVDBK AB?Q E>P ?BBK JBQ, LUVDBK FKQ>HB FP BIBS>QBA, BSBK >CQBO BUBO@FPB E>P PQLMMBA.
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>KA QEF@H CFI>JBKQP, QEB JRP@IB CF?BO ILPBP FQP QBKPFLK >KA OBI>UBP.
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FP AFOB@QIV OBI>QBA QL QEB >JLRKQ LC JVLCF?OFIP >KA P>O@LJBOBP TFQEFK B>@E CF?BO. &>@QLOP, PR@E >P ELOJLKBP >KA PQOBPP
(>KA >OQFCF@F>I >K>?LIF@ PQBOLFAP), >@QFKD LK QEB JRP@IB @>K FK@OB>PB QEB MOLAR@QFLK LC P>O@LJBOBP >KA JVLCF?OFIP TFQEFK QEB
JRP@IB CF?BOP, > @E>KDB @>IIBA EVMBOQOLMEV, TEF@E OBPRIQP FK QEB FK@OB>PBA J>PP >KA ?RIH FK > PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB. ,FHBTFPB,
AB@OB>PBA RPB LC > PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB OBPRIQP FK >QOLMEV, TEBOB QEB KRJ?BO LC P>O@LJBOBP >KA JVLCF?OFIP AFP>MMB>O (?RQ KLQ QEB
KRJ?BO LC JRP@IB CF?BOP). )Q FP @LJJLK CLO > IFJ? FK > @>PQ QL PELT >QOLMEFBA JRP@IBP TEBK QEB @>PQ FP OBJLSBA, >KA @BOQ>FK
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@LIIB@QFSBIV OBCBOOBA QL >P mJRP@RI>O AVPQOLMEV.n $-$ FP @>RPBA ?V > I>@H LC QEB MOLQBFK AVPQOLMEFK, TEF@E EBIMP
QEB QEFK CFI>JBKQP LC JVLCF?OFIP ?FKA QL QEB P>O@LIBJJ>. 7FQELRQ PRCCF@FBKQ AVPQOLMEFK, JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLKP @>RPB QEB
P>O@LIBJJ> QL QB>O, @>RPFKD >K FKCIRU LC #>
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>K FK>?FIFQV QL T>IH. )Q @LKQFKRBP MOLDOBPPFKD RMT>OA FK QEB ?LAV COLJ QEB ILTBO BUQOBJFQFBP QL QEB RMMBO ?LAV, TEBOB FQ
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QELPB >CCIF@QBA AL KLQ RPR>IIV IFSB M>PQ QEBFO 20P.
"B@>RPB $-$ FP @>RPBA ?V > JRQ>QFLK FK QEB DBKB QE>Q @LABP CLO AVPQOLMEFK, FQ T>P QELRDEQ QE>Q FKQOLAR@FKD
EB>IQEV JVL?I>PQP FKQL M>QFBKQP JFDEQ ?B >K BCCB@QFSB QOB>QJBKQ. -VL?I>PQP >OB QEB BJ?OVLKF@ @BIIP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO
JRP@IB ABSBILMJBKQ, >KA FAB>IIV, QEBV TLRIA @>OOV EB>IQEV DBKBP QE>Q @LRIA MOLAR@B QEB AVPQOLMEFK KBBABA CLO
KLOJ>I JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK. 4EFP >MMOL>@E E>P ?BBK I>ODBIV RKPR@@BPPCRI FK ERJ>KP. ! OB@BKQ >MMOL>@E E>P FKSLISBA
>QQBJMQFKD QL ?LLPQ QEB JRP@IBlP MOLAR@QFLK LC RQOLMEFK, > MOLQBFK PFJFI>O QL AVPQOLMEFK QE>Q J>V ?B >?IB QL >PPRJB QEB
OLIB LC AVPQOLMEFK >KA MOBSBKQ @BIIRI>O A>J>DB COLJ L@@ROOFKD.
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c $BP@OF?B QEB IBKDQE-QBKPFLK OBI>QFLKPEFM
c $BP@OF?B QEB QEOBB ME>PBP LC > JRP@IB QTFQ@E
c $BCFKB T>SB PRJJ>QFLK, QBQ>KRP, >KA QOBMMB
4L JLSB >K L?GB@Q, OBCBOOBA QL >P IL>A, QEB P>O@LJBOBP FK QEB JRP@IB CF?BOP LC QEB PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB JRPQ PELOQBK. 4EB CLO@B
DBKBO>QBA ?V QEB @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB JRP@IB (LO PELOQBKFKD LC QEB P>O@LJBOBP) FP @>IIBA =EC3<5 D5>C9?>. (LTBSBO, JRP@IB
QBKPFLK >IPL FP DBKBO>QBA TEBK QEB JRP@IB FP @LKQO>@QFKD >D>FKPQ > IL>A QE>Q ALBP KLQ JLSB, OBPRIQFKD FK QTL J>FK QVMBP LC
PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLKP: FPLQLKF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP >KA FPLJBQOF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP.
)K 9C?D?>93 3?>DB13D9?>C, TEBOB QEB QBKPFLK FK QEB JRP@IB PQ>VP @LKPQ>KQ, > IL>A FP JLSBA >P QEB IBKDQE LC QEB JRP@IB
@E>KDBP (PELOQBKP). 4EBOB >OB QTL QVMBP LC FPLQLKF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP: @LK@BKQOF@ >KA B@@BKQOF@. ! 3?>35>DB93 3?>DB13D9?>
FKSLISBP QEB JRP@IB PELOQBKFKD QL JLSB > IL>A. !K BU>JMIB LC QEFP FP QEB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFKD TEBK > E>KA
TBFDEQ FP ?OLRDEQ RMT>OA TFQE FK@OB>PFKD JRP@IB QBKPFLK. !P QEB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF @LKQO>@Q, QEB >KDIB LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ
AB@OB>PBP >P QEB CLOB>OJ FP ?OLRDEQ QLT>OA QEB ?LAV. (BOB, QEB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF @LKQO>@QP >P P>O@LJBOBP FK FQP JRP@IB CF?BOP >OB
PELOQBKFKD >KA @OLPP-?OFADBP CLOJ; QEB JVLPFK EB>AP MRII QEB >@QFK. !K 5335>DB93 3?>DB13D9?> L@@ROP >P QEB JRP@IB QBKPFLK
AFJFKFPEBP >KA QEB JRP@IB IBKDQEBKP. )K QEFP @>PB, QEB E>KA TBFDEQ FP ILTBOBA FK > PILT >KA @LKQOLIIBA J>KKBO >P QEB >JLRKQ
LC @OLPP-?OFADBP ?BFKD >@QFS>QBA ?V KBOSLRP PVPQBJ PQFJRI>QFLK AB@OB>PBP. )K QEFP @>PB, >P QBKPFLK FP OBIB>PBA COLJ QEB ?F@BMP
?O>@EFF, QEB >KDIB LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ FK@OB>PBP. %@@BKQOF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP >OB >IPL RPBA CLO JLSBJBKQ >KA ?>I>K@B LC QEB ?LAV.
!K 9C?=5DB93 3?>DB13D9?> L@@ROP >P QEB JRP@IB MOLAR@BP QBKPFLK TFQELRQ @E>KDFKD QEB >KDIB LC > PHBIBQ>I GLFKQ.
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FK QEB >KDIB LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ. )K BSBOVA>V IFSFKD, FPLJBQOF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP >OB >@QFSB FK J>FKQ>FKFKD MLPQROB >KA J>FKQ>FKFKD
?LKB >KA GLFKQ PQ>?FIFQV. (LTBSBO, ELIAFKD VLRO EB>A FK >K RMOFDEQ MLPFQFLK L@@ROP KLQ ?B@>RPB QEB JRP@IBP @>KKLQ JLSB QEB
EB>A, ?RQ ?B@>RPB QEB DL>I FP QL OBJ>FK PQ>QFLK>OV >KA KLQ MOLAR@B JLSBJBKQ. -LPQ >@QFLKP LC QEB ?LAV >OB QEB OBPRIQ LC >
@LJ?FK>QFLK LC FPLQLKF@ >KA FPLJBQOF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP TLOHFKD QLDBQEBO QL MOLAR@B > TFAB O>KDB LC LRQ@LJBP (F97EB5 10.13).
392 %A-1"/ 10 R *20)" 1&002"
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!II LC QEBPB JRP@IB >@QFSFQFBP >OB RKABO QEB BUNRFPFQB @LKQOLI LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. .BRO>I @LKQOLI OBDRI>QBP @LK@BKQOF@,
B@@BKQOF@ >KA FPLJBQOF@ @LKQO>@QFLKP, JRP@IB CF?BO OB@ORFQJBKQ, >KA JRP@IB QLKB. ! @OR@F>I >PMB@Q LC KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @LKQOLI
LC PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP FP QEB OLIB LC JLQLO RKFQP.
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!P VLR E>SB IB>OKBA, BSBOV PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB CF?BO JRPQ ?B FKKBOS>QBA ?V QEB >ULK QBOJFK>I LC > JLQLO KBROLK FK LOABO
QL @LKQO>@Q. %>@E JRP@IB CF?BO FP FKKBOS>QBA ?V LKIV LKB JLQLO KBROLK. 4EB >@QR>I DOLRM LC JRP@IB CF?BOP FK > JRP@IB
FKKBOS>QBA ?V > PFKDIB JLQLO KBROLK FP @>IIBA > =?D?B E>9D. 4EB PFWB LC > JLQLO RKFQ FP S>OF>?IB ABMBKAFKD LK QEB K>QROB LC
QEB JRP@IB.
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JRP@IB. 3J>II JLQLO RKFQP MBOJFQ SBOV CFKB JLQLO @LKQOLI LC QEB JRP@IB. 4EB ?BPQ BU>JMIB FK ERJ>KP FP QEB PJ>II JLQLO
RKFQP LC QEB BUQO>L@RI>O BVB JRP@IBP QE>Q JLSB QEB BVB?>IIP. 4EBOB >OB QELRP>KAP LC JRP@IB CF?BOP FK B>@E JRP@IB, ?RQ BSBOV
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JLQLO RKFQP >OB >IPL FKSLISBA FK QEB J>KV CFKB JLSBJBKQP LC QEB CFKDBOP >KA QERJ? LC QEB E>KA CLO DO>PMFKD, QBUQFKD, BQ@.
! I>ODB JLQLO RKFQ FP >K >OO>KDBJBKQ TEBOB > PFKDIB JLQLO KBROLK PRMMIFBP > I>ODB KRJ?BO LC JRP@IB CF?BOP FK > JRP@IB.
,>ODB JLQLO RKFQP >OB @LK@BOKBA TFQE PFJMIB, LO mDOLPP,n JLSBJBKQP, PR@E >P MLTBOCRIIV BUQBKAFKD QEB HKBB GLFKQ. 4EB ?BPQ
BU>JMIB FP QEB I>ODB JLQLO RKFQP LC QEB QEFDE JRP@IBP LO ?>@H JRP@IBP, TEBOB > PFKDIB JLQLO KBROLK TFII PRMMIV QELRP>KAP
LC JRP@IB CF?BOP FK > JRP@IB, >P FQP >ULK PMIFQP FKQL QELRP>KAP LC ?O>K@EBP.
%A-1"/ 10 R *20)" 1&002" 393
4EBOB FP > TFAB O>KDB LC JLQLO RKFQP TFQEFK J>KV PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP, TEF@E DFSBP QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ > TFAB O>KDB LC
@LKQOLI LSBO QEB JRP@IB. 4EB PJ>II JLQLO RKFQP FK QEB JRP@IB TFII E>SB PJ>IIBO, ILTBO-QEOBPELIA JLQLO KBROLKP QE>Q >OB
JLOB BU@FQ>?IB, CFOFKD CFOPQ QL QEBFO PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB CF?BOP, TEF@E >IPL QBKA QL ?B QEB PJ>IIBPQ. !@QFS>QFLK LC QEBPB PJ>IIBO
JLQLO RKFQP, OBPRIQP FK > OBI>QFSBIV PJ>II ABDOBB LC @LKQO>@QFIB PQOBKDQE (QBKPFLK) DBKBO>QBA FK QEB JRP@IB. !P JLOB PQOBKDQE
FP KBBABA, I>ODBO JLQLO RKFQP, TFQE ?FDDBO, EFDEBO-QEOBPELIA JLQLO KBROLKP >OB BKIFPQBA QL >@QFS>QB I>ODBO JRP@IB CF?BOP. 4EFP
FK@OB>PFKD >@QFS>QFLK LC JLQLO RKFQP MOLAR@BP >K FK@OB>PB FK JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK HKLTK >P B53BE9D=5>D. !P JLOB JLQLO RKFQP
>OB OB@ORFQBA, QEB JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK DOLTP MOLDOBPPFSBIV PQOLKDBO. )K PLJB JRP@IBP, QEB I>ODBPQ JLQLO RKFQP J>V DBKBO>QB >
@LKQO>@QFIB CLO@B LC 50 QFJBP JLOB QE>K QEB PJ>IIBPQ JLQLO RKFQP FK QEB JRP@IB. 4EFP >IILTP > CB>QEBO QL ?B MF@HBA RM RPFKD
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JFQL@ELKAOF>, >KA AL KLQ C>QFDRB NRF@HIV. (LTBSBO, &/ CF?BOP AL KLQ MLPPBPP PFDKFCF@>KQ JVLDIL?FK, DFSFKD QEBJ > IFDEQBO
@LILO QE>K QEB OBA 3/ CF?BOP. &/ CF?BOP >OB RPBA MOFJ>OFIV CLO JLSBJBKQP, PR@E >P T>IHFKD, QE>Q OBNRFOB JLOB BKBODV
QE>K MLPQRO>I @LKQOLI ?RQ IBPP BKBODV QE>K >K BUMILPFSB JLSBJBKQ, PR@E >P PMOFKQFKD. &/ CF?BOP >OB RPBCRI CLO QEFP QVMB LC
JLSBJBKQ ?B@>RPB QEBV MOLAR@B JLOB QBKPFLK QE>K 3/ CF?BOP ?RQ QEBV >OB JLOB C>QFDRB-OBPFPQ>KQ QE>K &' CF?BOP.
&' CF?BOP MOFJ>OFIV RPB >K>BOL?F@ DIV@LIVPFP >P QEBFO !40 PLRO@B. 4EBV E>SB > I>ODB AF>JBQBO >KA MLPPBPP EFDE >JLRKQP
LC DIV@LDBK, TEF@E FP RPBA FK DIV@LIVPFP QL DBKBO>QB !40 NRF@HIV QL MOLAR@B EFDE IBSBIP LC QBKPFLK. "B@>RPB QEBV AL
KLQ MOFJ>OFIV RPB >BOL?F@ JBQ>?LIFPJ, QEBV AL KLQ MLPPBPP PR?PQ>KQF>I KRJ?BOP LC JFQL@ELKAOF> LO PFDKFCF@>KQ >JLRKQP LC
JVLDIL?FK >KA QEBOBCLOB E>SB > TEFQB @LILO. &' CF?BOP >OB RPBA QL MOLAR@B O>MFA, CLO@BCRI @LKQO>@QFLKP QL J>HB NRF@H,
MLTBOCRI JLSBJBKQP. 4EBPB CF?BOP C>QFDRB NRF@HIV, MBOJFQQFKD QEBJ QL LKIV ?B RPBA CLO PELOQ MBOFLAP. -LPQ JRP@IBP MLPPBPP
> JFUQROB LC B>@E CF?BO QVMB. 4EB MOBALJFK>KQ CF?BO QVMB FK > JRP@IB FP ABQBOJFKBA ?V QEB MOFJ>OV CRK@QFLK LC QEB JRP@IB.
%A-1"/ 10 R *20)" 1&002" 397
10.6 N EK8E6<F8 4A7 &HF6?8 )8E9BE@4A68
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B EVMBOQOLMEV >KA >QOLMEV
c %UMI>FK ELT OBPFPQ>K@B BUBO@FPB ?RFIAP JRP@IB
c %UMI>FK ELT MBOCLOJ>K@B-BKE>K@FKD PR?PQ>K@BP >CCB@Q JRP@IB
0EVPF@>I QO>FKFKD >IQBOP QEB >MMB>O>K@B LC PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP >KA @>K MOLAR@B @E>KDBP FK JRP@IB MBOCLOJ>K@B. #LKSBOPBIV, >
I>@H LC RPB @>K OBPRIQ FK AB@OB>PBA MBOCLOJ>K@B >KA JRP@IB >MMB>O>K@B. !IQELRDE JRP@IB @BIIP @>K @E>KDB FK PFWB, KBT @BIIP
>OB KLQ CLOJBA TEBK JRP@IBP DOLT. )KPQB>A, PQOR@QRO>I MOLQBFKP >OB >AABA QL JRP@IB CF?BOP FK > MOL@BPP @>IIBA 8I@5BDB?@8I,
PL @BII AF>JBQBO FK@OB>PBP. 4EB OBSBOPB, TEBK PQOR@QRO>I MOLQBFKP >OB ILPQ >KA JRP@IB J>PP AB@OB>PBP, FP @>IIBA 1DB?@8I.
!DB-OBI>QBA JRP@IB >QOLMEV FP @>IIBA C1B3?@5>91. #BIIRI>O @LJMLKBKQP LC JRP@IBP @>K >IPL RKABODL @E>KDBP FK OBPMLKPB QL
@E>KDBP FK JRP@IB RPB.
EA7HE4A68 EK8E6<F8
3ILT CF?BOP >OB MOBALJFK>KQIV RPBA FK BKARO>K@B BUBO@FPBP QE>Q OBNRFOB IFQQIB CLO@B ?RQ FKSLISB KRJBOLRP OBMBQFQFLKP. 4EB
>BOL?F@ JBQ>?LIFPJ RPBA ?V PILT-QTFQ@E CF?BOP >IILTP QEBJ QL J>FKQ>FK @LKQO>@QFLKP LSBO ILKD MBOFLAP. %KARO>K@B QO>FKFKD
JLAFCFBP QEBPB PILT CF?BOP QL J>HB QEBJ BSBK JLOB BCCF@FBKQ ?V MOLAR@FKD JLOB JFQL@ELKAOF> QL BK>?IB JLOB >BOL?F@
JBQ>?LIFPJ >KA JLOB !40 MOLAR@QFLK. %KARO>K@B BUBO@FPB @>K >IPL FK@OB>PB QEB >JLRKQ LC JVLDIL?FK FK > @BII, >P FK@OB>PBA
>BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK FK@OB>PBP QEB KBBA CLO LUVDBK. -VLDIL?FK FP CLRKA FK QEB P>O@LMI>PJ >KA >@QP >P >K LUVDBK PQLO>DB
PRMMIV CLO QEB JFQL@ELKAOF>.
4EB QO>FKFKD @>K QOFDDBO QEB CLOJ>QFLK LC JLOB BUQBKPFSB @>MFII>OV KBQTLOHP >OLRKA QEB CF?BO, > MOL@BPP @>IIBA
1>79?75>5C9C, QL PRMMIV LUVDBK >KA OBJLSB JBQ>?LIF@ T>PQB. 4L >IILT QEBPB @>MFII>OV KBQTLOHP QL PRMMIV QEB ABBM MLOQFLKP
LC QEB JRP@IB, JRP@IB J>PP ALBP KLQ DOB>QIV FK@OB>PB FK LOABO QL J>FKQ>FK > PJ>IIBO >OB> CLO QEB AFCCRPFLK LC KRQOFBKQP >KA
D>PBP. !II LC QEBPB @BIIRI>O @E>KDBP OBPRIQ FK QEB >?FIFQV QL PRPQ>FK ILT IBSBIP LC JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLKP CLO DOB>QBO MBOFLAP
TFQELRQ C>QFDRFKD.
4EB MOLMLOQFLK LC 3/ JRP@IB CF?BOP FK JRP@IB ABQBOJFKBP QEB PRFQ>?FIFQV LC QE>Q JRP@IB CLO BKARO>K@B, >KA J>V ?BKBCFQ
QELPB M>OQF@FM>QFKD FK BKARO>K@B >@QFSFQFBP. 0LPQRO>I JRP@IBP E>SB > I>ODB KRJ?BO LC 3/ CF?BOP >KA OBI>QFSBIV CBT &/ >KA
&' CF?BOP, QL HBBM QEB ?>@H PQO>FDEQ (F97EB5 10.18). %KARO>K@B >QEIBQBP, IFHB J>O>QELK-ORKKBOP >IPL TLRIA ?BKBCFQ COLJ >
I>ODBO MOLMLOQFLK LC 3/ CF?BOP, ?RQ FQ FP RK@IB>O FC QEB JLPQ-PR@@BPPCRI J>O>QELKBOP >OB QELPB TFQE K>QRO>IIV EFDE KRJ?BOP
LC 3/ CF?BOP, LO TEBQEBO QEB JLPQ PR@@BPPCRI J>O>QELK ORKKBOP ABSBILM EFDE KRJ?BOP LC 3/ CF?BOP TFQE OBMBQFQFSB QO>FKFKD.
%KARO>K@B QO>FKFKD @>K OBPRIQ FK LSBORPB FKGROFBP PR@E >P PQOBPP CO>@QROBP >KA GLFKQ >KA QBKALK FKCI>JJ>QFLK.
F<:HE8 10.18 &4E4G;BA8EF )FE>-;@JK8E:< ILEE<IJ ?8M< 8 C8I>< ELD9<I F= 0, =@9<IJ 8E; I<C8K@M<CP =<N #, 8E; #$
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2BPFPQ>K@B BUBO@FPBP, >P LMMLPBA QL BKARO>K@B BUBO@FPB, OBNRFOB I>ODB >JLRKQP LC &' CF?BOP QL MOLAR@B PELOQ, MLTBOCRI
JLSBJBKQP QE>Q >OB KLQ OBMB>QBA LSBO ILKD MBOFLAP. 4EB EFDE O>QBP LC !40 EVAOLIVPFP >KA @OLPP-?OFADB CLOJ>QFLK FK &'
CF?BOP OBPRIQ FK MLTBOCRI JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLKP. -RP@IBP RPBA CLO MLTBO E>SB > EFDEBO O>QFL LC &' QL 3//&/ CF?BOP, >KA QO>FKBA
398 %A-1"/ 10 R *20)" 1&002"
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>QEIBQBP MLPPBPP BSBK EFDEBO IBSBIP LC &' CF?BOP FK QEBFO JRP@IBP. 2BPFPQ>K@B BUBO@FPB >CCB@QP JRP@IBP ?V FK@OB>PFKD QEB
CLOJ>QFLK LC JVLCF?OFIP, QEBOB?V FK@OB>PFKD QEB QEF@HKBPP LC JRP@IB CF?BOP. 4EFP >AABA PQOR@QROB @>RPBP EVMBOQOLMEV, LO QEB
BKI>ODBJBKQ LC JRP@IBP, BUBJMIFCFBA ?V QEB I>ODB PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP PBBK FK ?LAV ?RFIABOP >KA LQEBO >QEIBQBP (F97EB5 10.19).
"B@>RPB QEFP JRP@RI>O BKI>ODBJBKQ FP >@EFBSBA ?V QEB >AAFQFLK LC PQOR@QRO>I MOLQBFKP, >QEIBQBP QOVFKD QL ?RFIA JRP@IB J>PP
LCQBK FKDBPQ I>ODB >JLRKQP LC MOLQBFK.
F<:HE8 10.19 !LC8EGEBC;L BF;P 9L@C;<IJ ?8M< 8 C8I>< ELD9<I F= #$ =@9<IJ 8E; I<C8K@M<CP =<N #, 8E; 0, =@9<IJ.
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%U@BMQ CLO QEB EVMBOQOLMEV QE>Q CLIILTP >K FK@OB>PB FK QEB KRJ?BO LC P>O@LJBOBP >KA JVLCF?OFIP FK > PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB,
QEB @BIIRI>O @E>KDBP L?PBOSBA AROFKD BKARO>K@B QO>FKFKD AL KLQ RPR>IIV L@@RO TFQE OBPFPQ>K@B QO>FKFKD. 4EBOB FP RPR>IIV KL
PFDKFCF@>KQ FK@OB>PB FK JFQL@ELKAOF> LO @>MFII>OV ABKPFQV. (LTBSBO, OBPFPQ>K@B QO>FKFKD ALBP FK@OB>PB QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB, TEF@E >AAP QL QEB LSBO>II J>PP LC QEB JRP@IB >KA EBIMP QL @LKQ>FK JRP@IBP >P QEBV MOLAR@B FK@OB>PFKDIV
MLTBOCRI @LKQO>@QFLKP. 4BKALKP >IPL ?B@LJB PQOLKDBO QL MOBSBKQ QBKALK A>J>DB, >P QEB CLO@B MOLAR@BA ?V JRP@IBP FP
QO>KPCBOOBA QL QBKALKP QE>Q >QQ>@E QEB JRP@IB QL ?LKB.
&LO BCCB@QFSB PQOBKDQE QO>FKFKD, QEB FKQBKPFQV LC QEB BUBO@FPB JRPQ @LKQFKR>IIV ?B FK@OB>PBA. &LO FKPQ>K@B, @LKQFKRBA
TBFDEQ IFCQFKD TFQELRQ FK@OB>PFKD QEB TBFDEQ LC QEB IL>A ALBP KLQ FK@OB>PB JRP@IB PFWB. 4L MOLAR@B BSBO-DOB>QBO OBPRIQP, QEB
TBFDEQP IFCQBA JRPQ ?B@LJB FK@OB>PFKDIV EB>SFBO, J>HFKD FQ JLOB AFCCF@RIQ CLO JRP@IBP QL JLSB QEB IL>A. 4EB JRP@IB QEBK
>A>MQP QL QEFP EB>SFBO IL>A, >KA >K BSBK EB>SFBO IL>A JRPQ ?B RPBA FC BSBK DOB>QBO JRP@IB J>PP FP ABPFOBA.
)C ALKB FJMOLMBOIV, OBPFPQ>K@B QO>FKFKD @>K IB>A QL LSBORPB FKGROFBP LC QEB JRP@IB, QBKALK, LO ?LKB. 4EBPB FKGROFBP @>K
L@@RO FC QEB IL>A FP QLL EB>SV LO FC QEB JRP@IBP >OB KLQ DFSBK PRCCF@FBKQ QFJB ?BQTBBK TLOHLRQP QL OB@LSBO LO FC GLFKQP >OB KLQ
>IFDKBA MOLMBOIV AROFKD QEB BUBO@FPBP. #BIIRI>O A>J>DB QL JRP@IB CF?BOP QE>Q L@@ROP >CQBO FKQBKPB BUBO@FPB FK@IRABP A>J>DB
QL QEB P>O@LIBJJ> >KA JVLCF?OFIP. 4EFP JRP@IB A>J>DB @LKQOF?RQBP QL QEB CBBIFKD LC PLOBKBPP >CQBO PQOBKRLRP BUBO@FPB, ?RQ
JRP@IBP D>FK J>PP >P QEFP A>J>DB FP OBM>FOBA, >KA >AAFQFLK>I PQOR@QRO>I MOLQBFKP >OB >AABA QL OBMI>@B QEB A>J>DBA LKBP.
/SBOTLOHFKD PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP @>K >IPL IB>A QL QBKALK A>J>DB >KA BSBK PHBIBQ>I A>J>DB FC QEB IL>A FP QLL DOB>Q CLO QEB
JRP@IBP QL ?B>O.
)8E9BE@4A68-EA;4A6<A: ,H5FG4A68F
3LJB >QEIBQBP >QQBJMQ QL ?LLPQ QEBFO MBOCLOJ>K@B ?V RPFKD S>OFLRP >DBKQP QE>Q J>V BKE>K@B JRP@IB MBOCLOJ>K@B. !K>?LIF@
PQBOLFAP >OB LKB LC QEB JLOB TFABIV HKLTK >DBKQP RPBA QL ?LLPQ JRP@IB J>PP >KA FK@OB>PB MLTBO LRQMRQ. !K>?LIF@ PQBOLFAP
>OB > CLOJ LC QBPQLPQBOLKB, > J>IB PBU ELOJLKB QE>Q PQFJRI>QBP JRP@IB CLOJ>QFLK, IB>AFKD QL FK@OB>PBA JRP@IB J>PP.
%KARO>K@B >QEIBQBP J>V >IPL QOV QL ?LLPQ QEB >S>FI>?FIFQV LC LUVDBK QL JRP@IBP QL FK@OB>PB >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK ?V RPFKD
PR?PQ>K@BP PR@E >P BOVQEOLMLFBQFK (%0/), > ELOJLKB KLOJ>IIV MOLAR@BA FK QEB HFAKBVP, TEF@E QOFDDBOP QEB MOLAR@QFLK LC
OBA ?ILLA @BIIP. 4EB BUQO> LUVDBK @>OOFBA ?V QEBPB ?ILLA @BIIP @>K QEBK ?B RPBA ?V JRP@IBP CLO >BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK. (RJ>K
DOLTQE ELOJLKB (E'() FP >KLQEBO PRMMIBJBKQ, >KA >IQELRDE FQ @>K C>@FIFQ>QB ?RFIAFKD JRP@IB J>PP, FQP J>FK OLIB FP QL
MOLJLQB QEB EB>IFKD LC JRP@IB >KA LQEBO QFPPRBP >CQBO PQOBKRLRP BUBO@FPB. )K@OB>PBA E'( J>V >IILT CLO C>PQBO OB@LSBOV >CQBO
JRP@IB A>J>DB, OBAR@FKD QEB OBPQ OBNRFOBA >CQBO BUBO@FPB, >KA >IILTFKD CLO JLOB PRPQ>FKBA EFDE-IBSBI MBOCLOJ>K@B.
!IQELRDE MBOCLOJ>K@B-BKE>K@FKD PR?PQ>K@BP LCQBK AL FJMOLSB MBOCLOJ>K@B, JLPQ >OB ?>KKBA ?V DLSBOKFKD ?LAFBP FK
PMLOQP >KA >OB FIIBD>I CLO KLKJBAF@>I MROMLPBP. 4EBFO RPB QL BKE>K@B MBOCLOJ>K@B O>FPBP BQEF@>I FPPRBP LC @EB>QFKD ?B@>RPB
QEBV DFSB RPBOP >K RKC>FO >AS>KQ>DB LSBO KLKRPBOP. ! DOB>QBO @LK@BOK, ELTBSBO, FP QE>Q QEBFO RPB @>OOFBP PBOFLRP EB>IQE OFPHP.
4EB PFAB BCCB@QP LC QEBPB PR?PQ>K@BP >OB LCQBK PFDKFCF@>KQ, KLKOBSBOPF?IB, >KA FK PLJB @>PBP C>Q>I. 4EB MEVPFLILDF@>I PQO>FK
@>RPBA ?V QEBPB PR?PQ>K@BP FP LCQBK DOB>QBO QE>K TE>Q QEB ?LAV @>K E>KAIB, IB>AFKD QL BCCB@QP QE>Q >OB RKMOBAF@Q>?IB >KA
A>KDBOLRP. !K>?LIF@ PQBOLFA RPB E>P ?BBK IFKHBA QL FKCBOQFIFQV, >DDOBPPFSB ?BE>SFLO, @>OAFLS>P@RI>O AFPB>PB, >KA ?O>FK @>K@BO.
3FJFI>OIV, PLJB >QEIBQBP E>SB RPBA @OB>QFKB QL FK@OB>PB MLTBO LRQMRQ. #OB>QFKB MELPME>QB MOLSFABP NRF@H ?ROPQP LC !40
QL JRP@IBP FK QEB FKFQF>I PQ>DBP LC @LKQO>@QFLK. )K@OB>PFKD QEB >JLRKQ LC @OB>QFKB >S>FI>?IB QL @BIIP FP QELRDEQ QL MOLAR@B JLOB
!40 >KA QEBOBCLOB FK@OB>PB BUMILPFSB MLTBO LRQMRQ, >IQELRDE FQP BCCB@QFSBKBPP >P > PRMMIBJBKQ E>P ?BBK NRBPQFLKBA.
%A-1"/ 10 R *20)" 1&002" 399
A:<A: 4A7 &HF6?8 -<FFH8
!IQELRDE >QOLMEV ARB QL AFPRPB @>K LCQBK ?B OBSBOPBA TFQE BUBO@FPB, JRP@IB >QOLMEV TFQE >DB, OBCBOOBA QL >P P>O@LMBKF>,
FP FOOBSBOPF?IB. 4EFP FP > MOFJ>OV OB>PLK TEV BSBK EFDEIV QO>FKBA >QEIBQBP PR@@RJ? QL AB@IFKFKD MBOCLOJ>K@B TFQE
>DB. 4EFP AB@IFKB FP KLQF@B>?IB FK >QEIBQBP TELPB PMLOQP OBNRFOB PQOBKDQE >KA MLTBOCRI JLSBJBKQP, PR@E >P PMOFKQFKD,
TEBOB>P QEB BCCB@QP LC >DB >OB IBPP KLQF@B>?IB FK BKARO>K@B >QEIBQBP PR@E >P J>O>QELK ORKKBOP LO ILKD-AFPQ>K@B @V@IFPQP.
!P JRP@IBP >DB, JRP@IB CF?BOP AFB, >KA QEBV >OB OBMI>@BA ?V @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB >KA >AFMLPB QFPPRB (F97EB5 10.20).
"B@>RPB QELPB QFPPRBP @>KKLQ @LKQO>@Q >KA DBKBO>QB CLO@B >P JRP@IB @>K, JRP@IBP ILPB QEB >?FIFQV QL MOLAR@B MLTBOCRI
@LKQO>@QFLKP. 4EB AB@IFKB FK JRP@IB J>PP @>RPBP > ILPP LC PQOBKDQE, FK@IRAFKD QEB PQOBKDQE OBNRFOBA CLO MLPQROB >KA
JL?FIFQV. 4EFP J>V ?B @>RPBA ?V > OBAR@QFLK FK &' CF?BOP QE>Q EVAOLIVWB !40 NRF@HIV QL MOLAR@B PELOQ, MLTBOCRI
@LKQO>@QFLKP. -RP@IBP FK LIABO MBLMIB PLJBQFJBP MLPPBPP DOB>QBO KRJ?BOP LC 3/ CF?BOP, TEF@E >OB OBPMLKPF?IB CLO
ILKDBO @LKQO>@QFLKP >KA AL KLQ MOLAR@B MLTBOCRI JLSBJBKQP. 4EBOB J>V >IPL ?B > OBAR@QFLK FK QEB PFWB LC JLQLO RKFQP,
OBPRIQFKD FK CBTBO CF?BOP ?BFKD PQFJRI>QBA >KA IBPP JRP@IB QBKPFLK ?BFKD MOLAR@BA.
F<:HE8 10.20 AGEBC;L *LJ:C< D8JJ @J I<;L:<; 8J DLJ:C<J 8KIFG?P N@K? ;@JLJ<.
3>O@LMBKF> @>K ?B ABI>VBA QL PLJB BUQBKQ ?V BUBO@FPB, >P QO>FKFKD >AAP PQOR@QRO>I MOLQBFKP >KA @>RPBP @BIIRI>O
@E>KDBP QE>Q @>K LCCPBQ QEB BCCB@QP LC >QOLMEV. )K@OB>PBA BUBO@FPB @>K MOLAR@B DOB>QBO KRJ?BOP LC @BIIRI>O JFQL@ELKAOF>,
FK@OB>PB @>MFII>OV ABKPFQV, >KA FK@OB>PB QEB J>PP >KA PQOBKDQE LC @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 4EB BCCB@QP LC >DB-OBI>QBA >QOLMEV
>OB BPMB@F>IIV MOLKLRK@BA FK MBLMIB TEL >OB PBABKQ>OV, >P QEB ILPP LC JRP@IB @BIIP FP AFPMI>VBA >P CRK@QFLK>I
FJM>FOJBKQP PR@E >P QOLR?IB TFQE IL@LJLQFLK, ?>I>K@B, >KA MLPQROB. 4EFP @>K IB>A QL > AB@OB>PB FK NR>IFQV LC IFCB >KA
JBAF@>I MOL?IBJP, PR@E >P GLFKQ MOL?IBJP ?B@>RPB QEB JRP@IBP QE>Q PQ>?FIFWB ?LKBP >KA GLFKQP >OB TB>HBKBA. 0OL?IBJP
TFQE IL@LJLQFLK >KA ?>I>K@B @>K >IPL @>RPB S>OFLRP FKGROFBP ARB QL C>IIP.
10.7 N C4E7<46 &HF6?8 -<FFH8
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B FKQBO@>I>QBA AFP@P >KA D>M GRK@QFLKP
c $BP@OF?B > ABPJLPLJB
#>OAF>@ JRP@IB QFPPRB FP LKIV CLRKA FK QEB EB>OQ. (FDEIV @LLOAFK>QBA @LKQO>@QFLKP LC @>OAF>@ JRP@IB MRJM ?ILLA FKQL QEB
SBPPBIP LC QEB @FO@RI>QLOV PVPQBJ. 3FJFI>O QL PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB, @>OAF>@ JRP@IB FP PQOF>QBA >KA LOD>KFWBA FKQL P>O@LJBOBP,
MLPPBPPFKD QEB P>JB ?>KAFKD LOD>KFW>QFLK >P PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB (F97EB5 10.21). (LTBSBO, @>OAF>@ JRP@IB CF?BOP >OB PELOQBO
QE>K PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB CF?BOP >KA RPR>IIV @LKQ>FK LKIV LKB KR@IBRP, TEF@E FP IL@>QBA FK QEB @BKQO>I OBDFLK LC QEB @BII. #>OAF>@
JRP@IB CF?BOP >IPL MLPPBPP J>KV JFQL@ELKAOF> >KA JVLDIL?FK, >P !40 FP MOLAR@BA MOFJ>OFIV QEOLRDE >BOL?F@ JBQ>?LIFPJ.
#>OAF>@ JRP@IB CF?BOP @BIIP >IPL >OB BUQBKPFSBIV ?O>K@EBA >KA >OB @LKKB@QBA QL LKB >KLQEBO >Q QEBFO BKAP ?V FKQBO@>I>QBA
AFP@P. !K 9>D5B31<1D54 49C3 >IILTP QEB @>OAF>@ JRP@IB @BIIP QL @LKQO>@Q FK > T>SB-IFHB M>QQBOK PL QE>Q QEB EB>OQ @>K TLOH >P >
MRJM.
400 %A-1"/ 10 R *20)" 1&002"
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491@8B17= (F97EB5 11.17). )Q PBM>O>QBP QEB QELO>@F@ >KA >?ALJFK>I @>SFQFBP, >KA FP ALJB-PE>MBA >Q OBPQ. 4EB PRMBOFLO
PROC>@B LC QEB AF>MEO>DJ FP @LKSBU, @OB>QFKD QEB BIBS>QBA CILLO LC QEB QELO>@F@ @>SFQV. 4EB FKCBOFLO PROC>@B FP @LK@>SB,
@OB>QFKD QEB @ROSBA OLLC LC QEB >?ALJFK>I @>SFQV.
F<:HE8 11.17 &HF6?8F B9 G;8 D<4C;E4:@ 1?< ;@8G?I8>D J<G8I8K<J K?< K?FI8:@: 8E; 89;FD@E8C :8M@K@<J.
$BCB@>QFKD, ROFK>QFLK, >KA BSBK @EFIA?FOQE FKSLISB @LLMBO>QFLK ?BQTBBK QEB AF>MEO>DJ >KA >?ALJFK>I JRP@IBP (QEFP
@LLMBO>QFLK FP OBCBOOBA QL >P QEB m6>IP>IS> J>KBRSBOn). 9LR ELIA VLRO ?OB>QE ?V > PQB>AV @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB AF>MEO>DJ; QEFP
PQ>?FIFWBP QEB SLIRJB >KA MOBPPROB LC QEB MBOFQLKB>I @>SFQV. 7EBK QEB >?ALJFK>I JRP@IBP @LKQO>@Q, QEB MOBPPROB @>KKLQ MRPE
QEB AF>MEO>DJ RM, PL FQ FK@OB>PBP MOBPPROB LK QEB FKQBPQFK>I QO>@Q (ABCB@>QFLK), ROFK>OV QO>@Q (ROFK>QFLK), LO OBMOLAR@QFSB QO>@Q
(@EFIA?FOQE).
4EB FKCBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB MBOF@>OAF>I P>@ >KA QEB FKCBOFLO PROC>@BP LC QEB MIBRO>I JBJ?O>KBP (M>OFBQ>I MIBRO>) CRPB LKQL
QEB @BKQO>I QBKALK LC QEB AF>MEO>DJ. 4L QEB PFABP LC QEB QBKALK >OB QEB PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB MLOQFLKP LC QEB AF>MEO>DJ, TEF@E
436 %A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
FKPBOQ FKQL QEB QBKALK TEFIB E>SFKD > KRJ?BO LC LOFDFKP FK@IRAFKD QEB UFMELFA MOL@BPP LC QEB PQBOKRJ >KQBOFLOIV, QEB FKCBOFLO
PFU OF?P >KA QEBFO @>OQFI>DBP I>QBO>IIV, >KA QEB IRJ?>O SBOQB?O>B >KA 12QE OF?P MLPQBOFLOIV.
4EB AF>MEO>DJ >IPL FK@IRABP QEOBB LMBKFKDP CLO QEB M>PP>DB LC PQOR@QROBP ?BQTBBK QEB QELO>U >KA QEB >?ALJBK. 4EB
FKCBOFLO SBK> @>S> M>PPBP QEOLRDE QEB 31F1< ?@5>9>7, >KA QEB BPLME>DRP >KA >QQ>@EBA KBOSBP M>PP QEOLRDE QEB BPLME>DB>I
EF>QRP. 4EB >LOQ>, QELO>@F@ AR@Q, >KA >WVDLRP SBFK M>PP QEOLRDE QEB >LOQF@ EF>QRP LC QEB MLPQBOFLO AF>MEO>DJ.
-;8 "AG8E6BFG4? &HF6?8F
4EBOB >OB QEOBB PBQP LC JRP@IBP, @>IIBA 9>D5B3?CD1< =EC3<5C, TEF@E PM>K B>@E LC QEB FKQBO@LPQ>I PM>@BP. 4EB MOFK@FM>I OLIB LC
QEB FKQBO@LPQ>I JRP@IBP FP QL >PPFPQ FK ?OB>QEFKD ?V @E>KDFKD QEB AFJBKPFLKP LC QEB OF? @>DB (F97EB5 11.18).
F<:HE8 11.18 "AG8E6BFG4? &HF6?8F 1?< <OK<IE8C @EK<I:FJK8CJ 8I< CF:8K<; C8K<I8CCP FE K?< J@;<J F= K?< 9F;P. 1?< @EK<IE8C
@EK<I:FJK8CJ 8I< CF:8K<; D<;@8CCP E<8I K?< JK<IELD. 1?< @EE<IDFJK @EK<I:FJK8CJ 8I< CF:8K<; ;<<G KF 9FK? K?< @EK<IE8C
8E; <OK<IE8C @EK<I:FJK8CJ.
4EB 11 M>FOP LC PRMBOCF@F>I 5HD5B>1< 9>D5B3?CD1< JRP@IBP >FA FK FKPMFO>QFLK LC >FO AROFKD ?OB>QEFKD ?B@>RPB TEBK QEBV
@LKQO>@Q, QEBV O>FPB QEB OF? @>DB, TEF@E BUM>KAP FQ. 4EB 11 M>FOP LC 9>D5B>1< 9>D5B3?CD1< JRP@IBP, GRPQ RKABO QEB BUQBOK>IP,
>OB RPBA CLO BUMFO>QFLK ?B@>RPB QEBV AO>T QEB OF?P QLDBQEBO QL @LKPQOF@Q QEB OF? @>DB. 4EB 9>>5B=?CD 9>D5B3?CD1< JRP@IBP >OB
QEB ABBMBPQ, >KA QEBV >@Q >P PVKBODFPQP CLO QEB >@QFLK LC QEB FKQBOK>I FKQBO@LPQ>IP.
&HF6?8F B9 G;8 )8?I<6 F?BBE 4A7 )8E<A8H@
4EB MBISF@ CILLO FP > JRP@RI>O PEBBQ QE>Q ABCFKBP QEB FKCBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB MBISF@ @>SFQV. 4EB @5<F93 491@8B17=, PM>KKFKD
>KQBOFLOIV QL MLPQBOFLOIV COLJ QEB MR?FP QL QEB @L@@VU, @LJMOFPBP QEB IBS>QLO >KF >KA QEB FP@EFL@L@@VDBRP. )QP LMBKFKDP
FK@IRAB QEB >K>I @>K>I >KA ROBQEO>, >KA QEB S>DFK> FK TLJBK.
4EB I>ODB <5F1D?B 1>9 @LKPFPQP LC QTL PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP, QEB @E2?3?33I75EC >KA QEB 9<9?3?33I75EC (F97EB5 11.19). 4EB
IBS>QLO >KF FP @LKPFABOBA QEB JLPQ FJMLOQ>KQ JRP@IB LC QEB MBISF@ CILLO ?B@>RPB FQ PRMMLOQP QEB MBISF@ SFP@BO>. )Q OBPFPQP QEB
MOBPPROB MOLAR@BA ?V @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB >?ALJFK>I JRP@IBP PL QE>Q QEB MOBPPROB FP >MMIFBA QL QEB @LILK QL >FA FK ABCB@>QFLK
>KA QL QEB RQBORP QL >FA FK @EFIA?FOQE (>PPFPQBA ?V QEB 9C389?3?33I75EC, TEF@E MRIIP QEB @L@@VU >KQBOFLOIV). 4EFP JRP@IB >IPL
@OB>QBP PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB PMEFK@QBOP >Q QEB ROBQEO> >KA >KRP.
%A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"* 437
F<:HE8 11.19 &HF6?8F B9 G;8 )8?I<6 F?BBE 1?< G<CM@: =CFFI DLJ:C<J JLGGFIK K?< G<CM@: FI>8EJ, I<J@JK @EKI8-89;FD@E8C
GI<JJLI<, 8E; NFIB 8J JG?@E:K<IJ =FI K?< LI<K?I8, I<:KLD, 8E; M8>@E8.
4EB @5B9>5E= FP QEB AF>JLKA-PE>MBA PM>@B ?BQTBBK QEB MR?F@ PVJMEVPFP (>KQBOFLOIV), QEB @L@@VU (MLPQBOFLOIV),
>KA QEB FP@EF>I QR?BOLPFQFBP (I>QBO>IIV), IVFKD GRPQ FKCBOFLO QL QEB MBISF@ AF>MEO>DJ (IBS>QLO >KF >KA @L@@VDBRP). $FSFABA
QO>KPSBOPBIV FKQL QOF>KDIBP, QEB >KQBOFLO FP QEB EB?75>9D1< DB91>7<5, TEF@E FK@IRABP QEB BUQBOK>I DBKFQ>IP. 4EB MLPQBOFLO FP
QEB 1>1< DB91>7<5, TEF@E @LKQ>FKP QEB >KRP (F97EB5 11.20). 4EB MBOFKBRJ FP >IPL AFSFABA FKQL PRMBOCF@F>I >KA ABBM I>VBOP
TFQE PLJB LC QEB JRP@IBP @LJJLK QL JBK >KA TLJBK (F97EB5 11.21). 7LJBK >IPL E>SB QEB 3?=@B5CC?B EB5D8B15 >KA QEB
C@89>3D5B EB5D8B?F179>1<9C, TEF@E CRK@QFLK QL @ILPB QEB S>DFK>. )K JBK, QEBOB FP QEB 455@ DB1>CF5BC5 @5B9>51< JRP@IB QE>Q
MI>VP > OLIB FK BG>@RI>QFLK.
F<:HE8 11.20 &HF6?8F B9 G;8 )8E<A8H@ 1?< G<I@E<LD DLJ:C<J GC8P IFC<J @E LI@E8K@FE @E 9FK? J<O<J, <A8:LC8K@FE @E
D<E, 8E; M8>@E8C :FEKI8:K@FE @E NFD<E.
438 %A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 11.21 &HF6?8F B9 G;8 )8E<A8H@ CB@@BA GB &8A 4A7 0B@8A
11.5 N &HF6?8F B9 G;8 )86GBE4? <E7?8 4A7 .CC8E %<@5F
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c )ABKQFCV QEB JRP@IBP LC QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB >KA RMMBO IFJ?P
c )ABKQFCV QEB JLSBJBKQ >KA CRK@QFLK LC QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB >KA RMMBO IFJ?P
-RP@IBP LC QEB PELRIABO >KA RMMBO IFJ? @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL CLRO DOLRMP: JRP@IBP QE>Q PQ>?FIFWB >KA MLPFQFLK QEB MB@QLO>I
DFOAIB, JRP@IBP QE>Q JLSB QEB >OJ, JRP@IBP QE>Q JLSB QEB CLOB>OJ, >KA JRP@IBP QE>Q JLSB QEB TOFPQP, E>KAP, >KA CFKDBOP.
4EB @53D?B1< 79B4<5, LO PELRIABO DFOAIB, @LKPFPQP LC QEB I>QBO>I BKAP LC QEB @I>SF@IB >KA P@>MRI>, >ILKD TFQE QEB MOLUFJ>I
BKA LC QEB ERJBORP, >KA QEB JRP@IBP @LSBOFKD QEBPB QEOBB ?LKBP QL PQ>?FIFWB QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. 4EB DFOAIB @OB>QBP > ?>PB
COLJ TEF@E QEB EB>A LC QEB ERJBORP, FK FQP ?>II->KA-PL@HBQ GLFKQ TFQE QEB DIBKLFA CLPP> LC QEB P@>MRI>, @>K JLSB QEB >OJ FK
JRIQFMIB AFOB@QFLKP.
&HF6?8F -;4G )BF<G<BA G;8 )86GBE4? <E7?8
-RP@IBP QE>Q MLPFQFLK QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB >OB IL@>QBA BFQEBO LK QEB >KQBOFLO QELO>U LO LK QEB MLPQBOFLO QELO>U (F97EB5 11.22 >KA
*12<5 11.8). 4EB >KQBOFLO JRP@IBP FK@IRAB QEB CE23<1F9EC, @53D?B1<9C =9>?B, >KA C5BB1DEC 1>D5B9?B. 4EB MLPQBOFLO JRP@IBP
FK@IRAB QEB DB1@5J9EC, B8?=2?94 =1:?B, >KA B8?=2?94 =9>?B. 7EBK QEB OELJ?LFAP >OB @LKQO>@QBA, VLRO P@>MRI> JLSBP
JBAF>IIV, TEF@E @>K MRII QEB PELRIABO >KA RMMBO IFJ? MLPQBOFLOIV.
%A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"* 439
F<:HE8 11.22 &HF6?8F -;4G )BF<G<BA G;8 )86GBE4? <E7?8 1?< DLJ:C<J K?8K JK89@C@Q< K?< G<:KFI8C >@I;C< D8B< @K 8
JK<8;P 98J< FE N?@:? FK?<I DLJ:C<J :8E DFM< K?< 8ID. +FK< K?8K K?< G<:KFI8C@J D8AFI 8E; ;<CKF@;, N?@:? DFM< K?<
?LD<ILJ, 8I< :LK ?<I< KF J?FN K?< ;<<G<I GFJ@K@FE@E> DLJ:C<J.
&HF6?8F G;4G )BF<G<BA G;8 )86GBE4? <E7?8
)BF<G<BA
<A G;8
G;BE4K
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7<E86G<BA
)E<@8
@BI8E
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AEK<I@FI
K?FI8O
0K89@C@Q<J :C8M@:C<
;LI@E> DFM<D<EK 9P
;<GI<JJ@E> @K
C8M@:C< !<GI<JJ@FE 0L9:C8M@LJ #@IJK I@9
&E=<I@FI
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DFK@FE); 8JJ@JKJ N@K?
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0:8GLC8;
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(2^4 FI
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F= 9F;P KF =IFEK F=
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(1^8 FI
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(J?IL>>@E>); GLCCJ
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(12^15)
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0K89@C@Q<J J:8GLC8
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440 %A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
&HF6?8F -;4G &BI8 G;8 !H@8EHF
3FJFI>O QL QEB JRP@IBP QE>Q MLPFQFLK QEB MB@QLO>I DFOAIB, JRP@IBP QE>Q @OLPP QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ >KA JLSB QEB ERJBORP ?LKB LC
QEB >OJ FK@IRAB ?LQE >UF>I >KA P@>MRI>O JRP@IBP (F97EB5 11.23 >KA F97EB5 11.24). 4EB QTL >UF>I JRP@IBP >OB QEB MB@QLO>IFP
J>GLO >KA QEB I>QFPPFJRP ALOPF. 4EB @53D?B1<9C =1:?B FP QEF@H >KA C>K-PE>MBA, @LSBOFKD JR@E LC QEB PRMBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB
>KQBOFLO QELO>U. 4EB ?OL>A, QOF>KDRI>O <1D9CC9=EC 4?BC9 FP IL@>QBA LK QEB FKCBOFLO M>OQ LC QEB ?>@H, TEBOB FQ FKPBOQP FKQL > QEF@H
@LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB PEB>IQE @>IIBA >K >MLKBROLPFP.
F<:HE8 11.23 &HF6?8F -;4G &BI8 G;8 !H@8EHF (8, :) 1?< DLJ:C<J K?8K DFM< K?< ?LD<ILJ 8EK<I@FICP 8I< ><E<I8CCP
CF:8K<; FE K?< 8EK<I@FI J@;< F= K?< 9F;P 8E; FI@>@E8K< =IFDK?< JK<IELD(<.>., G<:KFI8C@J D8AFI) FI K?< 8EK<I@FI J@;< F= K?<
J:8GLC8 (<.>., JL9J:8GLC8I@J). (9) 1?< DLJ:C<J K?8K DFM< K?< ?LD<ILJ JLG<I@FICP ><E<I8CCP FI@>@E8K< =IFD K?< JLG<I@FI
JLI=8:<J F= K?< J:8GLC8 8E;/FI K?< :C8M@:C< (<.>., ;<CKF@;J). 1?< DLJ:C<J K?8K DFM< K?< ?LD<ILJ @E=<I@FICP ><E<I8CCP
FI@>@E8K< =IFD D@;;C< FI CFN<I 98:B (<.>., C8K@JJ@LDLJ ;FIJ@). (;) 1?< DLJ:C<J K?8K DFM< K?< ?LD<ILJ GFJK<I@FICP 8I<
><E<I8CCP CF:8K<; FE K?< GFJK<I@FI J@;< F= K?< 9F;P 8E; @EJ<IK @EKF K?< J:8GLC8 (<.>., @E=I8JG@E8KLJ).
%A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"* 441
F<:HE8 11.24 &HF6?8F -;4G &BI8 G;8 !H@8EHF
4EB OBPQ LC QEB PELRIABO JRP@IBP LOFDFK>QB LK QEB P@>MRI>. 4EB >K>QLJF@>I >KA IFD>JBKQ>I PQOR@QROB LC QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ
>KA QEB >OO>KDBJBKQP LC QEB JRP@IBP @LSBOFKD FQ, >IILTP QEB >OJ QL @>OOV LRQ AFCCBOBKQ QVMBP LC JLSBJBKQP. 4EB 45<D?94, QEB
QEF@H JRP@IB QE>Q @OB>QBP QEB OLRKABA IFKBP LC QEB PELRIABO FP QEB J>GLO >?AR@QLO LC QEB >OJ, ?RQ FQ >IPL C>@FIFQ>QBP CIBUFKD >KA
JBAF>I OLQ>QFLK, >P TBII >P BUQBKPFLK >KA I>QBO>I OLQ>QFLK. 4EB CE2C31@E<1B9C LOFDFK>QBP LK QEB >KQBOFLO P@>MRI> >KA JBAF>IIV
OLQ>QBP QEB >OJ. .>JBA CLO QEBFO IL@>QFLKP, QEB CE@B1C@9>1DEC (PRMBOFLO QL QEB PMFKB LC QEB P@>MRI>) >KA QEB 9>6B1C@9>1DEC
(FKCBOFLO QL QEB PMFKB LC QEB P@>MRI>) >?AR@Q QEB >OJ, >KA I>QBO>IIV OLQ>QB QEB >OJ, OBPMB@QFSBIV. 4EB QEF@H >KA CI>Q D5B5C =1:?B
FP FKCBOFLO QL QEB QBOBP JFKLO >KA BUQBKAP QEB >OJ, >KA >PPFPQP FK >AAR@QFLK >KA JBAF>I OLQ>QFLK LC FQ. 4EB ILKD D5B5C =9>?B
I>QBO>IIV OLQ>QBP >KA BUQBKAP QEB >OJ. &FK>IIV, QEB 3?B13?2B13891<9C CIBUBP >KA >AAR@QP QEB >OJ.
4EB QBKALKP LC QEB ABBM PR?P@>MRI>OFP, PRMO>PMFK>QRP, FKCO>PMFK>QRP, >KA QBOBP JFKLO @LKKB@Q QEB P@>MRI> QL QEB
ERJBORP, CLOJFKD QEB B?D1D?B 3E66 (JRP@RILQBKAFKLRP @RCC), QEB @FO@IB LC QBKALKP >OLRKA QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. 7EBK ?>PB?>II
MFQ@EBOP RKABODL PELRIABO PRODBOV FQ FP RPR>IIV LK QEB OLQ>QLO @RCC, TEF@E ?B@LJBP MFK@EBA >KA FKCI>JBA, >KA J>V QB>O >T>V
COLJ QEB ?LKB ARB QL QEB OBMBQFQFSB JLQFLK LC ?OFKD QEB >OJ LSBOEB>A QL QEOLT > C>PQ MFQ@E.
&HF6?8F -;4G &BI8 G;8 FBE84E@
4EB CLOB>OJ, J>AB LC QEB O>AFRP >KA RIK> ?LKBP, E>P CLRO J>FK QVMBP LC >@QFLK >Q QEB EFKDB LC QEB BI?LT GLFKQ: CIBUFLK,
BUQBKPFLK, MOLK>QFLK, >KA PRMFK>QFLK. 4EB CLOB>OJ CIBULOP FK@IRAB QEB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF, ?O>@EF>IFP, >KA ?O>@EFLO>AF>IFP. 4EB
BUQBKPLOP >OB QEB DB935@C 2B13899 >KA 1>3?>5EC. 4EB MOLK>QLOP >OB QEB @B?>1D?B D5B5C >KA QEB @B?>1D?B AE14B1DEC, >KA
QEB CE@9>1D?B FP QEB LKIV LKB QE>Q QROKP QEB CLOB>OJ >KQBOFLOIV. 7EBK QEB CLOB>OJ C>@BP >KQBOFLOIV, FQ FP PRMFK>QBA. 7EBK QEB
CLOB>OJ C>@BP MLPQBOFLOIV, FQ FP MOLK>QBA.
442 %A-1"/ 11 R 1%" *202)A/ 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
4EB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF, ?O>@EF>IFP, >KA ?O>@EFLO>AF>IFP CIBU QEB CLOB>OJ. 4EB QTL-EB>ABA 2935@C 2B13899 @OLPPBP QEB
PELRIABO >KA BI?LT GLFKQP QL CIBU QEB CLOB>OJ, >IPL Q>HFKD M>OQ FK PRMFK>QFKD QEB CLOB>OJ >Q QEB O>AFLRIK>O GLFKQP >KA CIBUFKD
QEB >OJ >Q QEB PELRIABO GLFKQ. $BBM QL QEB ?F@BMP ?O>@EFF, QEB 2B13891<9C MOLSFABP >AAFQFLK>I MLTBO FK CIBUFKD QEB CLOB>OJ.
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@BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. 3LJB T>VP FK TEF@E QEBV PRMMLOQ KBROLKP FK QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ >OB ?V J>FKQ>FKFKD QEB
@LK@BKQO>QFLK LC @EBJF@>IP FK QEB BUQO>@BIIRI>O PM>@B, OBJLSFKD BU@BPP PFDK>IFKD JLIB@RIBP, OB>@QFKD QL QFPPRB A>J>DB,
>KA @LKQOF?RQFKD QL QEB 2<??4-2B19> 21BB95B (BBB). 4EB ?ILLA-?O>FK ?>OOFBO FP > MEVPFLILDF@>I ?>OOFBO QE>Q HBBMP J>KV
PR?PQ>K@BP QE>Q @FO@RI>QB FK QEB OBPQ LC QEB ?LAV COLJ DBQQFKD FKQL QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, OBPQOF@QFKD TE>Q @>K @OLPP COLJ
@FO@RI>QFKD ?ILLA FKQL QEB #.3. .RQOFBKQ JLIB@RIBP, PR@E >P DIR@LPB LO >JFKL >@FAP, @>K M>PP QEOLRDE QEB """, ?RQ LQEBO
JLIB@RIBP @>KKLQ. 4EFP >@QR>IIV @>RPBP MOL?IBJP TFQE AORD ABIFSBOV QL QEB #.3. 0E>OJ>@BRQF@>I @LJM>KFBP >OB @E>IIBKDBA
QL ABPFDK AORDP QE>Q @>K @OLPP QEB """ >P TBII >P E>SB >K BCCB@Q LK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ.
F<:HE8 12.11 ?<4? C8??F B9 G;8 C', 1?< +0 ?8J 8JKIF:PK<J, FC@>F;<E;IF:PK<J, D@:IF>C@8, 8E; <G<E;PD8C :<CCJ K?8K
JLGGFIK K?< E<LIFEJ F= K?< +0 @E J<M<I8C N8PJ.
,FHB > CBT LQEBO M>OQP LC QEB ?LAV, QEB ?O>FK E>P > MOFSFIBDBA ?ILLA PRMMIV. 6BOV IFQQIB @>K M>PP QEOLRDE ?V AFCCRPFLK.
-LPQ PR?PQ>K@BP QE>Q @OLPP QEB T>II LC > ?ILLA SBPPBI FKQL QEB #.3 JRPQ AL PL QEOLRDE >K >@QFSB QO>KPMLOQ MOL@BPP. "B@>RPB
LC QEFP, LKIV PMB@FCF@ QVMBP LC JLIB@RIBP @>K BKQBO QEB #.3. 'IR@LPBjQEB MOFJ>OV BKBODV PLRO@BjFP >IILTBA, >P >OB >JFKL
>@FAP. 7>QBO >KA PLJB LQEBO PJ>II M>OQF@IBP, IFHB D>PBP >KA FLKP, @>K BKQBO. "RQ JLPQ BSBOVQEFKD BIPB @>KKLQ, FK@IRAFKD TEFQB
?ILLA @BIIP, TEF@E >OB LKB LC QEB ?LAVlP J>FK IFKBP LC ABCBKPB. 7EFIB QEFP ?>OOFBO MOLQB@QP QEB #.3 COLJ BUMLPROB QL QLUF@
LO M>QELDBKF@ PR?PQ>K@BP, FQ >IPL HBBMP LRQ QEB @BIIP QE>Q @LRIA MOLQB@Q QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA COLJ AFPB>PB >KA A>J>DB.
4EB """ >IPL J>HBP FQ E>OABO CLO ME>OJ>@BRQF@>IP QL ?B ABSBILMBA QE>Q @>K >CCB@Q QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. !PFAB COLJ CFKAFKD
BCCF@>@FLRP PR?PQ>K@BP, QEB JB>KP LC ABIFSBOV FP >IPL @OR@F>I.
!IPL CLRKA FK #.3 QFPPRB FP QEB ?<97?45>4B?3ID5, PLJBQFJBP @>IIBA GRPQ mLIFDL,n TEF@E FP QEB DIF>I @BII QVMB QE>Q
FKPRI>QBP >ULKP FK QEB #.3. 4EB K>JB JB>KP m@BII LC > CBT ?O>K@EBPn (LIFDL- = mCBTn; ABKAOL- = m?O>K@EBPn; -@VQB =
m@BIIn). 4EBOB >OB > CBT MOL@BPPBP QE>Q BUQBKA COLJ QEB @BII ?LAV. %>@E LKB OB>@EBP LRQ >KA PROOLRKAP >K >ULK QL FKPRI>QB FQ
FK JVBIFK. /KB LIFDLABKAOL@VQB TFII MOLSFAB QEB JVBIFK CLO JRIQFMIB >ULK PBDJBKQP, BFQEBO CLO QEB P>JB >ULK LO CLO PBM>O>QB
>ULKP. 4EB CRK@QFLK LC JVBIFK TFII ?B AFP@RPPBA ?BILT.
480 %A-1"/ 12 R 1%" +"/3,20 0601"* A+! +"/3,20 1&002"
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
#93B?7<91 >OB, >P QEB K>JB FJMIFBP, PJ>IIBO QE>K JLPQ LC QEB LQEBO DIF>I @BIIP. /KDLFKD OBPB>O@E FKQL QEBPB @BIIP,
>IQELRDE KLQ BKQFOBIV @LK@IRPFSB, PRDDBPQP QE>Q QEBV J>V LOFDFK>QB >P TEFQB ?ILLA @BIIP, @>IIBA J>@OLME>DBP, QE>Q ?B@LJB
M>OQ LC QEB #.3 AROFKD B>OIV ABSBILMJBKQ. 7EFIB QEBFO LOFDFK FP KLQ @LK@IRPFSBIV ABQBOJFKBA, QEBFO CRK@QFLK FP OBI>QBA QL
TE>Q J>@OLME>DBP AL FK QEB OBPQ LC QEB ?LAV. 7EBK J>@OLME>DBP BK@LRKQBO AFPB>PBA LO A>J>DBA @BIIP FK QEB OBPQ LC QEB
?LAV, QEBV FKDBPQ >KA AFDBPQ QELPB @BIIP LO QEB M>QELDBKP QE>Q @>RPB AFPB>PB. -F@OLDIF> >OB QEB @BIIP FK QEB #.3 QE>Q @>K AL
QEFP FK KLOJ>I, EB>IQEV QFPPRB, >KA QEBV >OB QEBOBCLOB >IPL OBCBOOBA QL >P #.3-OBPFABKQ J>@OLME>DBP.
4EB 5@5>4I=1< 35<< FP > DIF>I @BII QE>Q CFIQBOP ?ILLA QL J>HB 35B52B?C@9>1< 6<E94 (C)F), QEB CIRFA QE>Q @FO@RI>QBP QEOLRDE
QEB #.3. "B@>RPB LC QEB MOFSFIBDBA ?ILLA PRMMIV FKEBOBKQ FK QEB """, QEB BUQO>@BIIRI>O PM>@B FK KBOSLRP QFPPRB ALBP KLQ
B>PFIV BU@E>KDB @LJMLKBKQP TFQE QEB ?ILLA. %MBKAVJ>I @BIIP IFKB B>@E F5>DB93<5, LKB LC CLRO @BKQO>I @>SFQFBP QE>Q >OB
OBJK>KQP LC QEB ELIILT @BKQBO LC QEB KBRO>I QR?B CLOJBA AROFKD QEB BJ?OVLKF@ ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB ?O>FK. 4EB 38?B?94 @<5HEC
FP > PMB@F>IFWBA PQOR@QROB FK QEB SBKQOF@IBP TEBOB BMBKAVJ>I @BIIP @LJB FK @LKQ>@Q TFQE ?ILLA SBPPBIP >KA CFIQBO >KA >?PLO?
@LJMLKBKQP LC QEB ?ILLA QL MOLAR@B @BOB?OLPMFK>I CIRFA. "B@>RPB LC QEFP, BMBKAVJ>I @BIIP @>K ?B @LKPFABOBA > @LJMLKBKQ LC
QEB """, LO > MI>@B TEBOB QEB """ ?OB>HP ALTK. 4EBPB DIF>I @BIIP >MMB>O PFJFI>O QL BMFQEBIF>I @BIIP, J>HFKD > PFKDIB I>VBO LC
@BIIP TFQE IFQQIB FKQO>@BIIRI>O PM>@B >KA QFDEQ @LKKB@QFLKP ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ @BIIP. 4EBV >IPL E>SB @FIF> LK QEBFO >MF@>I PROC>@B
QL EBIM JLSB QEB #3& QEOLRDE QEB SBKQOF@RI>O PM>@B. 4EB OBI>QFLKPEFM LC QEBPB DIF>I @BIIP QL QEB PQOR@QROB LC QEB #.3 FP PBBK
FK F97EB5 12.11.
?<4? C8??F B9 G;8 )',
/KB LC QEB QTL QVMBP LC DIF>I @BIIP CLRKA FK QEB 0.3 FP QEB C1D5<<9D5 35<<. 3>QBIIFQB @BIIP >OB CLRKA FK PBKPLOV >KA >RQLKLJF@
D>KDIF>, TEBOB QEBV PROOLRKA QEB @BII ?LAFBP LC KBROLKP. 4EFP >@@LRKQP CLO QEB K>JB, ?>PBA LK QEBFO >MMB>O>K@B RKABO QEB
JF@OLP@LMB. 4EBV MOLSFAB PRMMLOQ, MBOCLOJFKD PFJFI>O CRK@QFLKP FK QEB MBOFMEBOV >P >PQOL@VQBP AL FK QEB #.3jBU@BMQ, LC
@LROPB, CLO BPQ>?IFPEFKD QEB """.
4EB PB@LKA QVMB LC DIF>I @BII FP QEB )38G1>> 35<<, TEF@E FKPRI>QB >ULKP TFQE JVBIFK FK QEB MBOFMEBOV. 3@ET>KK @BIIP
>OB AFCCBOBKQ QE>K LIFDLABKAOL@VQBP, FK QE>Q > 3@ET>KK @BII TO>MP >OLRKA > MLOQFLK LC LKIV LKB >ULK PBDJBKQ >KA KL LQEBOP.
/IFDLABKAOL@VQBP E>SB MOL@BPPBP QE>Q OB>@E LRQ QL JRIQFMIB >ULK PBDJBKQP, TEBOB>P QEB BKQFOB 3@ET>KK @BII PROOLRKAP GRPQ
LKB >ULK PBDJBKQ. 4EB KR@IBRP >KA @VQLMI>PJ LC QEB 3@ET>KK @BII >OB LK QEB BADB LC QEB JVBIFK PEB>QE. 4EB OBI>QFLKPEFM
LC QEBPB QTL QVMBP LC DIF>I @BIIP QL D>KDIF> >KA KBOSBP FK QEB 0.3 FP PBBK FK F97EB5 12.12.
F<:HE8 12.12 ?<4? C8??F B9 G;8 )', 1?< -+0 ?8J J8K<CC@K< :<CCJ 8E; 0:?N8EE :<CCJ.
&L8?<A
4EB FKPRI>QFLK CLO >ULKP FK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ FP MOLSFABA ?V DIF>I @BIIP, LIFDLABKAOL@VQBP FK QEB #.3, >KA 3@ET>KK @BIIP
FK QEB 0.3. 7EBOB>P QEB J>KKBO FK TEF@E BFQEBO @BII FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB >ULK PBDJBKQ, LO PBDJBKQP, QE>Q FQ FKPRI>QBP FP
AFCCBOBKQ, QEB JB>KP LC JVBIFK>QFKD >K >ULK PBDJBKQ FP JLPQIV QEB P>JB FK QEB QTL PFQR>QFLKP. -VBIFK FP > IFMFA-OF@E PEB>QE
QE>Q PROOLRKAP QEB >ULK >KA ?V ALFKD PL @OB>QBP > =I5<9> C851D8 QE>Q C>@FIFQ>QBP QEB QO>KPJFPPFLK LC BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>IP >ILKD
QEB >ULK. 4EB IFMFAP >OB BPPBKQF>IIV QEB MELPMELIFMFAP LC QEB DIF>I @BII JBJ?O>KB. -VBIFK, ELTBSBO, FP JLOB QE>K GRPQ QEB
JBJ?O>KB LC QEB DIF>I @BII. )Q >IPL FK@IRABP FJMLOQ>KQ MOLQBFKP QE>Q >OB FKQBDO>I QL QE>Q JBJ?O>KB. 3LJB LC QEB MOLQBFKP EBIM
QL ELIA QEB I>VBOP LC QEB DIF>I @BII JBJ?O>KB @ILPBIV QLDBQEBO.
4EB >MMB>O>K@B LC QEB JVBIFK PEB>QE @>K ?B QELRDEQ LC >P PFJFI>O QL QEB M>PQOV TO>MMBA >OLRKA > ELQ ALD CLO mMFDP FK
> ?I>KHBQn LO > PFJFI>O CLLA. 4EB DIF>I @BII FP TO>MMBA >OLRKA QEB >ULK PBSBO>I QFJBP TFQE IFQQIB QL KL @VQLMI>PJ ?BQTBBK QEB
DIF>I @BII I>VBOP. &LO LIFDLABKAOL@VQBP, QEB OBPQ LC QEB @BII FP PBM>O>QB COLJ QEB JVBIFK PEB>QE >P > @BII MOL@BPP BUQBKAP ?>@H
QLT>OA QEB @BII ?LAV. ! CBT LQEBO MOL@BPPBP MOLSFAB QEB P>JB FKPRI>QFLK CLO LQEBO >ULK PBDJBKQP FK QEB >OB>. &LO 3@ET>KK
@BIIP, QEB LRQBOJLPQ I>VBO LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB @LKQ>FKP @VQLMI>PJ >KA QEB KR@IBRP LC QEB @BII >P > ?RIDB LK LKB PFAB LC QEB
JVBIFK PEB>QE. $ROFKD ABSBILMJBKQ, QEB DIF>I @BII FP ILLPBIV LO FK@LJMIBQBIV TO>MMBA >OLRKA QEB >ULK (F97EB5 12.131). 4EB
%A-1"/ 12 R 1%" +"/3,20 0601"* A+! +"/3,20 1&002" 481
BADBP LC QEFP ILLPB BK@ILPROB BUQBKA QLT>OA B>@E LQEBO, >KA LKB BKA QR@HP RKABO QEB LQEBO. 4EB FKKBO BADB TO>MP >OLRKA QEB
>ULK, @OB>QFKD PBSBO>I I>VBOP, >KA QEB LQEBO BADB @ILPBP >OLRKA QEB LRQPFAB PL QE>Q QEB >ULK FP @LJMIBQBIV BK@ILPBA.
6FBT QEB 5KFSBOPFQV LC -F@EFD>K 7B?3@LMB >Q 8DD@://F9BDE1<C<945C.=54.E=938.54E/H9CD?<?7I/E#C=1<<C81BDC/
3%20I=175%20)3?@5%2069>1<C/054%20-%20&5B9@85B1<%20>5BF50001.CFC/F95G.1@=<?<9CDF95G=1&
(8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</>5BF56925B) QL PBB >K BIB@QOLK JF@OLDO>ME LC > @OLPP-PB@QFLK LC > JVBIFK>QBA KBOSB CF?BO.
4EB >ULK @LKQ>FKP JF@OLQR?RIBP >KA KBROLCFI>JBKQP QE>Q >OB ?LRKABA ?V > MI>PJ> JBJ?O>KB HKLTK >P QEB >ULIBJJ>.
/RQPFAB QEB MI>PJ> JBJ?O>KB LC QEB >ULK FP QEB JVBIFK PEB>QE, TEF@E FP @LJMLPBA LC QEB QFDEQIV TO>MMBA MI>PJ>
JBJ?O>KB LC > 3@ET>KK @BII. 7E>Q >PMB@QP LC QEB @BIIP FK QEFP FJ>DB OB>@Q TFQE QEB PQ>FK QL J>HB QEBJ > ABBM, A>OH,
?I>@H @LILO, PR@E >P QEB JRIQFMIB I>VBOP QE>Q >OB QEB JVBIFK PEB>QE?
-VBIFK PEB>QEP @>K BUQBKA CLO LKB LO QTL JFIIFJBQBOP, ABMBKAFKD LK QEB AF>JBQBO LC QEB >ULK. !ULK AF>JBQBOP @>K ?B
>P PJ>II >P 1 QL 20 JF@OLJBQBOP. "B@>RPB > JF@OLJBQBO FP 1/1000 LC > JFIIFJBQBO, QEFP JB>KP QE>Q QEB IBKDQE LC > JVBIFK
PEB>QE @>K ?B 100i1000 QFJBP QEB AF>JBQBO LC QEB >ULK. F97EB5 12.8, F97EB5 12.11, >KA F97EB5 12.12 PELT QEB JVBIFK
PEB>QE PROOLRKAFKD >K >ULK PBDJBKQ, ?RQ >OB KLQ QL P@>IB. )C QEB JVBIFK PEB>QE TBOB AO>TK QL P@>IB, QEB KBROLK TLRIA E>SB
QL ?B FJJBKPBjMLPPF?IV @LSBOFKD >K BKQFOB T>II LC QEB OLLJ FK TEF@E VLR >OB PFQQFKD.
482 %A-1"/ 12 R 1%" +"/3,20 0601"* A+! +"/3,20 1&002"
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F<:HE8 12.13 -;8 )EB68FF B9 &L8?<A4G<BA *P<C@E8K@E> >C@8 NI8G J<M<I8C C8P<IJ F= :<CC D<D9I8E< 8IFLE; K?< :<CC
D<D9I8E< F= 8E 8OFE J<>D<EK. A J@E>C< 0:?N8EE :<CC @EJLC8K<J 8 J<>D<EK F= 8 G<I@G?<I8C E<IM<, N?<I<8J @E K?< +0,
8E FC@>F;<E;IF:PK< D8P GIFM@;< @EJLC8K@FE =FI 8 =<N J<G8I8K< 8OFE J<>D<EKJ. "* T 1,460,000. (*@:IF>I8G? GIFM@;<;
9P K?< /<><EKJ F= 2E@M<IJ@KP F= *@:?@>8E *<;@:8C 0:?FFC S 2012)
%A-1"/ 12 R 1%" +"/3,20 0601"* A+! +"/3,20 1&002" 483
'8EIBHF -<FFH8
3BSBO>I AFPB>PBP @>K OBPRIQ COLJ QEB ABJVBIFK>QFLK LC >ULKP. 4EB @>RPBP LC QEBPB AFPB>PBP >OB KLQ QEB P>JB; PLJB E>SB
DBKBQF@ @>RPBP, PLJB >OB @>RPBA ?V M>QELDBKP, >KA LQEBOP >OB QEB OBPRIQ LC >RQLFJJRKB AFPLOABOP. 4ELRDE QEB @>RPBP
>OB S>OFBA, QEB OBPRIQP >OB I>ODBIV PFJFI>O. 4EB JVBIFK FKPRI>QFLK LC >ULKP FP @LJMOLJFPBA, J>HFKD BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>IFKD
PILTBO.
-RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP (-3) FP LKB PR@E AFPB>PB. )Q FP >K BU>JMIB LC >K >RQLFJJRKB AFPB>PB. 4EB >KQF?LAFBP MOLAR@BA
?V IVJMEL@VQBP (> QVMB LC TEFQB ?ILLA @BII) J>OH JVBIFK >P PLJBQEFKD QE>Q PELRIA KLQ ?B FK QEB ?LAV. 4EFP @>RPBP
FKCI>JJ>QFLK >KA QEB ABPQOR@QFLK LC QEB JVBIFK FK QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. !P QEB FKPRI>QFLK >OLRKA QEB >ULKP FP
ABPQOLVBA ?V QEB AFPB>PB, P@>OOFKD ?B@LJBP L?SFLRP. 4EFP FP TEBOB QEB K>JB LC QEB AFPB>PB @LJBP COLJ; P@IBOLPFP JB>KP
E>OABKFKD LC QFPPRB, TEF@E FP TE>Q > P@>O FP. -RIQFMIB P@>OP >OB CLRKA FK QEB TEFQB J>QQBO LC QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA.
4EB PVJMQLJP LC -3 FK@IRAB ?LQE PLJ>QF@ >KA >RQLKLJF@ ABCF@FQP. #LKQOLI LC QEB JRP@RI>QROB FP @LJMOLJFPBA, >P FP
@LKQOLI LC LOD>KP PR@E >P QEB ?I>AABO.
'RFII>FK-">OO^ (MOLKLRK@BA DBB-9!. ?>E-2!9) PVKAOLJB FP >K BU>JMIB LC > ABJVBIFK>QFKD AFPB>PB LC QEB
MBOFMEBO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. )Q FP >IPL QEB OBPRIQ LC >K >RQLFJJRKB OB>@QFLK, ?RQ QEB FKCI>JJ>QFLK FP FK MBOFMEBO>I KBOSBP.
3BKPLOV PVJMQLJP LO JLQLO ABCF@FQP >OB @LJJLK, >KA >RQLKLJF@ C>FIROBP @>K IB>A QL @E>KDBP FK QEB EB>OQ OEVQEJ LO >
AOLM FK ?ILLA MOBPPROB, BPMB@F>IIV TEBK PQ>KAFKD, TEF@E @>RPBP AFWWFKBPP.
12.3 N -;8 FHA6G<BA B9 '8EIBHF -<FFH8
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $FPQFKDRFPE QEB J>GLO CRK@QFLKP LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ: PBKP>QFLK, FKQBDO>QFLK, >KA OBPMLKPB
c ,FPQ QEB PBNRBK@B LC BSBKQP FK > PFJMIB PBKPLOV OB@BMQLOiJLQLO OBPMLKPB M>QET>V
(>SFKD ILLHBA >Q QEB @LJMLKBKQP LC KBOSLRP QFPPRB, >KA QEB ?>PF@ >K>QLJV LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, KBUQ @LJBP >K
RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC ELT KBOSLRP QFPPRB FP @>M>?IB LC @LJJRKF@>QFKD TFQEFK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. "BCLOB DBQQFKD QL QEB KRQP >KA
?LIQP LC ELT QEFP TLOHP, >K FIIRPQO>QFLK LC ELT QEB @LJMLKBKQP @LJB QLDBQEBO TFII ?B EBIMCRI. !K BU>JMIB FP PRJJ>OFWBA FK
F97EB5 12.14.
484 %A-1"/ 12 R 1%" +"/3,20 0601"* A+! +"/3,20 1&002"
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F<:HE8 12.14 -8FG<A: G;8 04G8E (1) 1?< J<EJFIP E<LIFE ?8J <E;@E>J @E K?< JB@E K?8K J<EJ< 8 JK@DLCLJ JL:? 8J N8K<I
K<DG<I8KLI<. 1?< JKI<E>K? F= K?< J@>E8C K?8K JK8IKJ ?<I< @J ;<G<E;<EK FE K?< JKI<E>K? F= K?< JK@DLCLJ. (2) 1?< >I8;<;
GFK<EK@8C =IFD K?< J<EJFIP <E;@E>J, @= JKIFE> <EFL>?, N@CC @E@K@8K< 8E 8:K@FE GFK<EK@8C 8K K?< @E@K@8C J<>D<EK F= K?< 8OFE
(N?@:? @J @DD<;@8K<CP 8;A8:<EK KF K?< J<EJFIP <E;@E>J @E K?< JB@E). (3) 1?< 8OFE F= K?< G<I@G?<I8C J<EJFIP E<LIFE
<EK<IJ K?< JG@E8C :FI; 8E; :FEK8:KJ 8EFK?<I E<LIFE @E K?< >I8P D8KK<I. 1?< :FEK8:K @J 8 JPE8GJ< N?<I< 8EFK?<I >I8;<;
GFK<EK@8C @J :8LJ<; 9P K?< I<C<8J< F= 8 :?<D@:8C J@>E8C =IFD K?< 8OFE K<ID@E8CJ. (4) AE 8:K@FE GFK<EK@8C @J @E@K@8K<; 8K K?<
@E@K@8C J<>D<EK F= K?@J E<LIFE 8E; KI8M<CJ LG K?< J<EJFIP G8K?N8P KF 8 I<>@FE F= K?< 9I8@E :8CC<; K?< K?8C8DLJ. AEFK?<I
JPE8GJ< G8JJ<J K?< @E=FID8K@FE 8CFE> KF K?< E<OK E<LIFE. (5) 1?< J<EJFIP G8K?N8P <E;J N?<E K?< J@>E8C I<8:?<J K?<
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PE>MB LC > KBROLK QE>Q E>P JRIQFMIB MOL@BPPBPjQEB >ULK >KA QTL LO JLOB ABKAOFQBP
QVMB LC >@BQVI@ELIFKB OB@BMQLO MOLQBFK QE>Q FP @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V >IPL ?FKAFKD QL JRP@>OFKB >KA FP >
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BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>IP
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FLKLQOLMF@ OB@BMQLO
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FQ MOLM>D>QBP ALTK QEB >ULK
@E>KKBI QE>Q FP KLQ PMB@FCF@ QL LKB FLK LSBO >KLQEBO, PR@E >P > KLKPMB@FCF@ @>QFLK @E>KKBI QE>Q
>IILTP >KV MLPFQFSBIV @E>ODBA FLK >@OLPP QEB JBJ?O>KB
FK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, > IL@>IFWBA @LIIB@QFLK LC KBROLK @BII ?LAFBP QE>Q >OB CRK@QFLK>IIV OBI>QBA; > m@BKQBOn LC
KBRO>I CRK@QFLK
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>K>QLJF@>I AFSFPFLK LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ QE>Q FP I>ODBIV LRQPFAB QEB @O>KF>I >KA
SBOQB?O>I @>SFQFBP, K>JBIV >II M>OQP BU@BMQ QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA
DO>ABA MLQBKQF>I FK QEB MLPQPVK>MQF@ JBJ?O>KB @>RPBA ?V QEB ?FKAFKD LC
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OBDFLK LC QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU OBPMLKPF?IB CLO DBKBO>QFKD JLQLO @LJJ>KAP,
TEBOB QEB RMMBO JLQLO KBROLK @BII ?LAV FP IL@>QBA
FK @BIIP, >K BUQBKPFLK LC > @BII ?LAV; FK QEB @>PB LC KBROLKP, QEFP FK@IRABP QEB >ULK >KA ABKAOFQBP
JLSBJBKQ LC >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I >ILKD QEB IBKDQE LC >K >ULK
DO>ABA MLQBKQF>I FK > PMB@F>IFWBA PBKPLOV @BII QE>Q AFOB@QIV @>RPBP QEB OBIB>PB LC KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO
TFQELRQ >K FKQBOSBKFKD >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I
QFJB >CQBO QEB FKFQF>QFLK LC >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I TEBK >KLQEBO >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I @>KKLQ ?B DBKBO>QBA
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MOLMBOQV LC >K >ULK QE>Q OBI>QBP QL QEB >?FIFQV LC M>OQF@IBP QL AFCCRPB QEOLRDE QEB @VQLMI>PJ; QEFP FP FKSBOPBIV
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FK KBROLKP, QE>Q MLOQFLK LC QEB @BII QE>Q @LKQ>FKP QEB KR@IBRP; QEB @BII ?LAV, >P LMMLPBA QL QEB @BII MOL@BPPBP (>ULKP
>KA ABKAOFQBP)
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MBO@BMQFLK, SLIRKQ>OV JLSBJBKQ, >KA PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB OBCIBUBP
@LJ?FK>QFLK LC DO>ABA MLQBKQF>IP >@OLPP QEB KBROLK>I @BII JBJ?O>KB @>RPBA ?V PFDK>IP COLJ
PBM>O>QB MOBPVK>MQF@ BIBJBKQP QE>Q >AA RM QL FKFQF>QB >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I
LOD>K LC QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ CLRKA TFQEFK QEB SBOQB?O>I @>SFQV >KA @LKKB@QBA TFQE QEB MBOFMEBOV
QEOLRDE PMFK>I KBOSBP; JBAF>QBP OBCIBU ?BE>SFLOP
>K BSBKQ FK QEB BUQBOK>I LO FKQBOK>I BKSFOLKJBKQ QE>Q OBDFPQBOP >P >@QFSFQV FK > PBKPLOV KBROLK
QL >AA QLDBQEBO, >P FK QEB @RJRI>QFSB @E>KDB FK MLPQPVK>MQF@ MLQBKQF>IP QLT>OA OB>@EFKD QEOBPELIA FK QEB
JBJ?O>KB, BFQEBO >@OLPP > PM>K LC QEB JBJ?O>KB LO LSBO > @BOQ>FK >JLRKQ LC QFJB
K>OOLT GRK@QFLK >@OLPP TEF@E > @EBJF@>I PFDK>I M>PPBP COLJ KBROLK QL QEB KBUQ, FKFQF>QFKD > KBT BIB@QOF@>I
PFDK>I FK QEB Q>ODBQ @BII
PJ>II D>M ?BQTBBK @BIIP FK > @EBJF@>I PVK>MPB TEBOB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO AFCCRPBP COLJ QEB MOBPVK>MQF@
BIBJBKQ QL QEB MLPQPVK>MQF@ BIBJBKQ
PTBIIFKD >Q QEB BKA LC >K >ULK TEBOB KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO JLIB@RIBP >OB OBIB>PBA LKQL > Q>ODBQ @BII
>@OLPP > PVK>MPB
@LJ?FK>QFLK LC DO>ABA MLQBKQF>IP >Q QEB P>JB IL@>QFLK LK > KBROLK OBPRIQFKD FK > PQOLKD PFDK>I
COLJ LKB FKMRQ
OBDFLK LC QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ QE>Q >@QP >P > OBI>V CLO PBKPLOV M>QET>VP
QVMB LC PBKPLOV OB@BMQLO @>M>?IB LC QO>KPAR@FKD QBJMBO>QROB PQFJRIF FKQL KBRO>I >@QFLK MLQBKQF>IP
JBJ?O>KB SLIQ>DB >Q TEF@E >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I FP FKFQF>QBA
?RKAIB LC >ULKP FK QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ E>SFKD QEB P>JB CRK@QFLK >KA MLFKQ LC LOFDFK
PE>MB LC > KBROLK TEF@E E>P LKIV LKB MOL@BPP QE>Q FK@IRABP ?LQE QEB >ULK >KA ABKAOFQB
CFOPQ KBROLK FK QEB JLQLO @LJJ>KA M>QET>V TFQE FQP @BII ?LAV FK QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU QE>Q
PVK>MPBP LK QEB ILTBO JLQLO KBROLK FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA
@BKQO>I @>SFQV TFQEFK QEB ?O>FK TEBOB #3& FP MOLAR@BA >KA @FO@RI>QBP
FLK @E>KKBI QE>Q LMBKP ?B@>RPB LC > @E>KDB FK QEB @E>ODB AFPQOF?RQBA >@OLPP QEB JBJ?O>KB
TEBOB FQ FP IL@>QBA
OBDFLKP LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @LKQ>FKFKD JLPQIV JVBIFK>QBA >ULKP, J>HFKD QEB QFPPRB >MMB>O TEFQB
?B@>RPB LC QEB EFDE IFMFA @LKQBKQ LC JVBIFK
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4EB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @>K ?B PBM>O>QBA FKQL AFSFPFLKP LK QEB ?>PFP LC >K>QLJV >KA MEVPFLILDV. 4EB >K>QLJF@>I AFSFPFLKP >OB
QEB @BKQO>I >KA MBOFMEBO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJP. 4EB #.3 FP QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA. 4EB 0.3 FP BSBOVQEFKD BIPB. &RK@QFLK>IIV,
QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL QELPB OBDFLKP QE>Q >OB OBPMLKPF?IB CLO PBKP>QFLK, QELPB QE>Q >OB OBPMLKPF?IB CLO
FKQBDO>QFLK, >KA QELPB QE>Q >OB OBPMLKPF?IB CLO DBKBO>QFKD OBPMLKPBP. !II LC QEBPB CRK@QFLK>I >OB>P >OB CLRKA FK ?LQE QEB @BKQO>I
>KA MBOFMEBO>I >K>QLJV.
#LKPFABOFKD QEB >K>QLJF@>I OBDFLKP LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, QEBOB >OB PMB@FCF@ K>JBP CLO QEB PQOR@QROBP TFQEFK B>@E
AFSFPFLK. ! IL@>IFWBA @LIIB@QFLK LC KBROLK @BII ?LAFBP FP OBCBOOBA QL >P > KR@IBRP FK QEB #.3 >KA >P > D>KDIFLK FK QEB 0.3. !
?RKAIB LC >ULKP FP OBCBOOBA QL >P > QO>@Q FK QEB #.3 >KA >P > KBOSB FK QEB 0.3. 7EBOB>P KR@IBF >KA D>KDIF> >OB PMB@FCF@>IIV
FK QEB @BKQO>I LO MBOFMEBO>I AFSFPFLKP, >ULKP @>K @OLPP QEB ?LRKA>OV ?BQTBBK QEB QTL. ! PFKDIB >ULK @>K ?B M>OQ LC > KBOSB
>KA > QO>@Q. 4EB K>JB CLO QE>Q PMB@FCF@ PQOR@QROB ABMBKAP LK FQP IL@>QFLK.
.BOSLRP QFPPRB @>K >IPL ?B ABP@OF?BA >P DO>V J>QQBO >KA TEFQB J>QQBO LK QEB ?>PFP LC FQP >MMB>O>K@B FK RKPQ>FKBA QFPPRB.
4EBPB ABP@OFMQFLKP >OB JLOB LCQBK RPBA FK QEB #.3. 'O>V J>QQBO FP TEBOB KR@IBF >OB CLRKA >KA TEFQB J>QQBO FP TEBOB QO>@QP
>OB CLRKA. )K QEB 0.3, D>KDIF> >OB ?>PF@>IIV DO>V J>QQBO >KA KBOSBP >OB TEFQB J>QQBO.
4EB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ @>K >IPL ?B AFSFABA LK QEB ?>PFP LC ELT FQ @LKQOLIP QEB ?LAV. 4EB PLJ>QF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ (3.3)
FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO CRK@QFLKP QE>Q OBPRIQ FK JLSFKD PHBIBQ>I JRP@IBP. !KV PBKPLOV LO FKQBDO>QFSB CRK@QFLKP QE>Q OBPRIQ FK
QEB JLSBJBKQ LC PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB TLRIA ?B @LKPFABOBA PLJ>QF@. 4EB >RQLKLJF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ (!.3) FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO
CRK@QFLKP QE>Q >CCB@Q @>OAF>@ LO PJLLQE JRP@IB QFPPRB, LO QE>Q @>RPB DI>KAP QL MOLAR@B QEBFO PB@OBQFLKP. !RQLKLJF@ CRK@QFLKP
>OB AFPQOF?RQBA ?BQTBBK @BKQO>I >KA MBOFMEBO>I OBDFLKP LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. 4EB PBKP>QFLKP QE>Q IB>A QL >RQLKLJF@
CRK@QFLKP @>K ?B QEB P>JB PBKP>QFLKP QE>Q >OB M>OQ LC FKFQF>QFKD PLJ>QF@ OBPMLKPBP. 3LJ>QF@ >KA >RQLKLJF@ FKQBDO>QFSB
CRK@QFLKP J>V LSBOI>M >P TBII.
! PMB@F>I AFSFPFLK LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ FP QEB BKQBOF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, TEF@E FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO @LKQOLIIFKD QEB
AFDBPQFSB LOD>KP. 0>OQP LC QEB >RQLKLJF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ LSBOI>M TFQE QEB BKQBOF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. 4EB BKQBOF@ KBOSLRP
PVPQBJ FP BU@IRPFSBIV CLRKA FK QEB MBOFMEBOV ?B@>RPB FQ FP QEB KBOSLRP QFPPRB FK QEB LOD>KP LC QEB AFDBPQFSB PVPQBJ.
12.2 '8EIBHF -<FFH8
.BOSLRP QFPPRB @LKQ>FKP QTL J>GLO @BII QVMBP, KBROLKP >KA DIF>I @BIIP. .BROLKP >OB QEB @BIIP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO @LJJRKF@>QFLK
QEOLRDE BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>IP. 'IF>I @BIIP >OB PRMMLOQFKD @BIIP, J>FKQ>FKFKD QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ >OLRKA QEB KBROLKP.
.BROLKP >OB MLI>OFWBA @BIIP, ?>PBA LK QEB CILT LC BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>IP >ILKD QEBFO JBJ?O>KB. 3FDK>IP >OB OB@BFSBA >Q QEB
ABKAOFQBP, >OB M>PPBA >ILKD QEB @BII ?LAV, >KA MOLM>D>QB >ILKD QEB >ULK QLT>OAP QEB Q>ODBQ, TEF@E J>V ?B >KLQEBO KBROLK,
JRP@IB QFPPRB, LO > DI>KA. ->KV >ULKP >OB FKPRI>QBA ?V > IFMFA-OF@E PR?PQ>K@B @>IIBA JVBIFK. 3MB@FCF@ QVMBP LC DIF>I @BIIP
MOLSFAB QEFP FKPRI>QFLK.
3BSBO>I QVMBP LC DIF>I @BIIP >OB CLRKA FK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, >KA QEBV @>K ?B @>QBDLOFWBA ?V QEB >K>QLJF@>I AFSFPFLK
FK TEF@E QEBV >OB CLRKA. )K QEB #.3, >PQOL@VQBP, LIFDLABKAOL@VQBP, JF@OLDIF>, >KA BMBKAVJ>I @BIIP >OB CLRKA. !PQOL@VQBP
>OB FJMLOQ>KQ CLO J>FKQ>FKFKD QEB @EBJF@>I BKSFOLKJBKQ >OLRKA QEB KBROLK >KA >OB @OR@F>I CLO OBDRI>QFKD QEB ?ILLA-?O>FK
?>OOFBO. /IFDLABKAOL@VQBP >OB QEB JVBIFK>QFKD DIF> FK QEB #.3. -F@OLDIF> >@Q >P ME>DL@VQBP >KA MI>V > OLIB FK FJJRKB
PROSBFII>K@B. %MBKAVJ>I @BIIP >OB OBPMLKPF?IB CLO CFIQBOFKD QEB ?ILLA QL MOLAR@B @BOB?OLPMFK>I CIRFA, TEF@E FP > @FO@RI>QLOV
CIRFA QE>Q MBOCLOJP PLJB LC QEB CRK@QFLKP LC ?ILLA FK QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA ?B@>RPB LC QEB """. )K QEB 0.3, P>QBIIFQB
@BIIP >OB PRMMLOQFKD @BIIP CLO QEB KBROLKP, >KA 3@ET>KK @BIIP FKPRI>QB MBOFMEBO>I >ULKP.
12.3 -;8 FHA6G<BA B9 '8EIBHF -<FFH8
3BKP>QFLK PQ>OQP TFQE QEB >@QFS>QFLK LC > PBKPLOV BKAFKD, PR@E >P QEB QEBOJLOB@BMQLO FK QEB PHFK PBKPFKD QEB QBJMBO>QROB LC
QEB T>QBO. 4EB PBKPLOV BKAFKDP FK QEB PHFK FKFQF>QB >K BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>I QE>Q QO>SBIP >ILKD QEB PBKPLOV >ULK TFQEFK > KBOSB
FKQL QEB PMFK>I @LOA, TEBOB FQ PVK>MPBP TFQE > KBROLK FK QEB DO>V J>QQBO LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA. 4EB QBJMBO>QROB FKCLOJ>QFLK
OBMOBPBKQBA FK QE>Q BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>I FP M>PPBA QL QEB KBUQ KBROLK ?V > @EBJF@>I PFDK>I QE>Q AFCCRPBP >@OLPP QEB PJ>II D>M LC
QEB PVK>MPB >KA FKFQF>QBP > KBT BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>I FK QEB Q>ODBQ @BII. 4E>Q PFDK>I QO>SBIP QEOLRDE QEB PBKPLOV M>QET>V QL QEB
?O>FK, M>PPFKD QEOLRDE QEB QE>I>JRP, TEBOB @LKP@FLRP MBO@BMQFLK LC QEB T>QBO QBJMBO>QROB FP J>AB MLPPF?IB ?V QEB @BOB?O>I
@LOQBU. &LIILTFKD FKQBDO>QFLK LC QE>Q FKCLOJ>QFLK TFQE LQEBO @LDKFQFSB MOL@BPPBP >KA PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK, QEB ?O>FK PBKAP >
@LJJ>KA ?>@H ALTK QL QEB PMFK>I @LOA QL FKFQF>QB > JLQLO OBPMLKPB ?V @LKQOLIIFKD > PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB. 4EB JLQLO M>QET>V FP
@LJMLPBA LC QTL @BIIP, QEB RMMBO JLQLO KBROLK >KA QEB ILTBO JLQLO KBROLK. 4EB RMMBO JLQLO KBROLK E>P FQP @BII ?LAV FK QEB
@BOB?O>I @LOQBU >KA PVK>MPBP LK > @BII FK QEB DO>V J>QQBO LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA. 4EB ILTBO JLQLO KBROLK FP QE>Q @BII FK QEB DO>V
J>QQBO LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA >KA FQP >ULK BUQBKAP FKQL QEB MBOFMEBOV TEBOB FQ PVK>MPBP TFQE > PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB FK > KBROLJRP@RI>O
GRK@QFLK.
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4EB <9=293 3?BD5H FP QEB OBDFLK LC QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU QE>Q FP M>OQ LC QEB <9=293 CICD5=, > @LIIB@QFLK LC PQOR@QROBP FKSLISBA
FK BJLQFLK, JBJLOV, >KA ?BE>SFLO.
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@LOQBU. 4EFP QEFK, BUQBKPFSB OBDFLK LC TOFKHIBA DO>V J>QQBO FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO QEB EFDEBO CRK@QFLKP LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ. !
7IBEC (MIRO>I = DVOF) FP QEB OFADB LC LKB LC QELPB TOFKHIBP, >KA > CE<3EC (MIRO>I = PRI@F) FP QEB DOLLSB ?BQTBBK QTL DVOF. 4EB
M>QQBOK LC QEBPB CLIAP LC QFPPRB FKAF@>QBP PMB@FCF@ OBDFLKP LC QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU.
4EB EB>A FP IFJFQBA ?V QEB PFWB LC QEB ?FOQE @>K>I, >KA QEB ?O>FK JRPQ CFQ FKPFAB QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV LC QEB PHRII. %UQBKPFSB
CLIAFKD FK QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU BK>?IBP JLOB DO>V J>QQBO QL CFQ FKQL QEFP IFJFQBA PM>@B. )C QEB DO>V J>QQBO LC QEB @LOQBU TBOB
MBBIBA LCC LC QEB @BOB?ORJ >KA I>FA LRQ CI>Q, FQP PROC>@B >OB> TLRIA ?B OLRDEIV BNR>I QL LKB PNR>OB JBQBO.
4EB CLIAFKD LC QEB @LOQBU J>UFJFWBP QEB >JLRKQ LC DO>V J>QQBO FK QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV. $ROFKD BJ?OVLKF@ ABSBILMJBKQ,
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LC QEB ?O>FK. &OLJ QEB JBAF>I PROC>@B, >K L?SFLRP I>KAJ>OH PBM>O>QFKD QEB M>OFBQ>I >KA L@@FMFQ>I IL?BP FP @>IIBA QEB @1B95D?-
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LK QEB >K>QLJV >IFDK SBOV TBII TFQE QEB CRK@QFLK>I AFCCBOBK@BP TFQEFK QEB @LOQBU. !OB>P 17 >KA 18 FK QEB L@@FMFQ>I IL?B >OB
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MLPPF?IV IB>AFKD QL DOB>QBO >QQBKQFLK QL PBKPLOV PQFJRIF. !IWEBFJBOlP AFPB>PB FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE > ILPP LC KBROLKP FK QEB ?>P>I
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CLO @LJM>OFKD @LOQF@>I MOL@BPPFKD TFQE QEB DBKBO>I PQ>QB LC >@QFSFQV FK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ QL FKCIRBK@B QEB IFHBIFELLA LC
JLSBJBKQ Q>HFKD MI>@B. &LO BU>JMIB, TEFIB > PQRABKQ FP PFQQFKD FK > @I>PPOLLJ IFPQBKFKD QL > IB@QROB, QEB ?>P>I KR@IBF TFII
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>IQELRDE QE>Q FP MLQBKQF>IIV @LKCRPFKD ?B@>RPB QEB QBOJ D>KDIF> FP QVMF@>IIV RPBA CLO MBOFMEBO>I PQOR@QROBP.)
4EB J>GLO PQOR@QROBP LC QEB ?>P>I KR@IBF QE>Q @LKQOLI JLSBJBKQ >OB QEB 31E41D5, @ED1=5>, >KA 7<?2EC @1<<94EC, TEF@E
>OB IL@>QBA ABBM FK QEB @BOB?ORJ. 4EB @>RA>QB FP > ILKD KR@IBRP QE>Q CLIILTP QEB ?>PF@ #-PE>MB LC QEB @BOB?ORJ COLJ QEB
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I>QBO>I >KA JBAF>I, OBPMB@QFSBIV. 4EBPB KR@IBF >OB ABMF@QBA FK > COLKQ>I PB@QFLK LC QEB ?O>FK FK F97EB5 13.9.
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JB>K? 7E>Q >OB QEB QTL KBROLKP ALFKD FKAFSFAR>IIV QL @>RPB QEFP?
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M>QET>V FP QEB ILKDBO M>QET>V QEOLRDE QEB PVPQBJ QE>Q OBPRIQP FK AB@OB>PBA >@QFSFQV FK QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU, >KA QEBOBCLOB
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QEB SBKQO>I KBOSB OLLQ. 4EB ALOP>I OLLQ D>KDIFLK CLO B>@E KBOSB FP >K BKI>ODBJBKQ LC QEB PMFK>I KBOSB.
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4EBPB MIBURPBP >OB ABP@OF?BA >P >OFPFKD COLJ PMFK>I KBOSBP >KA DFSFKD OFPB QL @BOQ>FK PVPQBJF@ KBOSBP, ?RQ QEBV @LKQ>FK
CF?BOP QE>Q PBOSB PBKPLOV CRK@QFLKP LO CF?BOP QE>Q PBOSB JLQLO CRK@QFLKP. 4EFP JB>KP QE>Q PLJB CF?BOP BUQBKA COLJ @RQ>KBLRP
LO LQEBO MBOFMEBO>I PBKPLOV PROC>@BP >KA PBKA >@QFLK MLQBKQF>IP FKQL QEB #.3. 4ELPB >OB >ULKP LC PBKPLOV KBROLKP FK QEB
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FK@IRABP QEB TEFQB C3<5B1 >KA @IB>O 3?B>51. 4EB P@IBO> >@@LRKQP CLO CFSB PFUQEP LC QEB PROC>@B LC QEB BVB, JLPQ LC TEF@E FP KLQ
SFPF?IB, QELRDE ERJ>KP >OB RKFNRB @LJM>OBA TFQE J>KV LQEBO PMB@FBP FK E>SFKD PL JR@E LC QEB mTEFQB LC QEB BVBn SFPF?IB
(F97EB5 14.15). 4EB QO>KPM>OBKQ @LOKB> @LSBOP QEB >KQBOFLO QFM LC QEB BVB >KA >IILTP IFDEQ QL BKQBO QEB BVB. 4EB JFAAIB I>VBO
LC QEB BVB FP QEB F1C3E<1B DE>93, TEF@E FP JLPQIV @LJMLPBA LC QEB @ELOLFA, @FIF>OV ?LAV, >KA FOFP. 4EB 38?B?94 FP > I>VBO
LC EFDEIV S>P@RI>OFWBA @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q MOLSFABP > ?ILLA PRMMIV QL QEB BVB?>II. 4EB @ELOLFA FP MLPQBOFLO QL QEB 39<91BI
2?4I, > JRP@RI>O PQOR@QROB QE>Q FP >QQ>@EBA QL QEB <5>C ?V J?>E<5 6925BC. 4EBPB QTL PQOR@QROBP ?BKA QEB IBKP, >IILTFKD FQ QL
CL@RP IFDEQ LK QEB ?>@H LC QEB BVB. /SBOI>VFKD QEB @FIF>OV ?LAV, >KA SFPF?IB FK QEB >KQBOFLO BVB, FP QEB 9B9CjQEB @LILOBA M>OQ LC
QEB BVB. 4EB FOFP FP > PJLLQE JRP@IB QE>Q LMBKP LO @ILPBP QEB @E@9<, TEF@E FP QEB ELIB >Q QEB @BKQBO LC QEB BVB QE>Q >IILTP IFDEQ
QL BKQBO. 4EB FOFP @LKPQOF@QP QEB MRMFI FK OBPMLKPB QL ?OFDEQ IFDEQ >KA AFI>QBP QEB MRMFI FK OBPMLKPB QL AFJ IFDEQ. 4EB FKKBOJLPQ
I>VBO LC QEB BVB FP QEB >5EB1< DE>93, LO B5D9>1, TEF@E @LKQ>FKP QEB KBOSLRP QFPPRB OBPMLKPF?IB CLO MELQLOB@BMQFLK.
4EB BVB FP >IPL AFSFABA FKQL QTL @>SFQFBP: QEB >KQBOFLO @>SFQV >KA QEB MLPQBOFLO @>SFQV. 4EB >KQBOFLO @>SFQV FP QEB PM>@B
?BQTBBK QEB @LOKB> >KA IBKP, FK@IRAFKD QEB FOFP >KA @FIF>OV ?LAV. )Q FP CFIIBA TFQE > T>QBOV CIRFA @>IIBA QEB 1AE5?EC 8E=?B.
4EB MLPQBOFLO @>SFQV FP QEB PM>@B ?BEFKA QEB IBKP QE>Q BUQBKAP QL QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB FKQBOFLO BVB?>II, TEBOB QEB OBQFK> FP
IL@>QBA. 4EB MLPQBOFLO @>SFQV FP CFIIBA TFQE > JLOB SFP@LRP CIRFA @>IIBA QEB F9DB5?EC 8E=?B.
4EB OBQFK> FP @LJMLPBA LC PBSBO>I I>VBOP >KA @LKQ>FKP PMB@F>IFWBA @BIIP CLO QEB FKFQF>I MOL@BPPFKD LC SFPR>I PQFJRIF. 4EB
MELQLOB@BMQLOP (OLAP >KA @LKBP) @E>KDB QEBFO JBJ?O>KB MLQBKQF>I TEBK PQFJRI>QBA ?V IFDEQ BKBODV. 4EB @E>KDB FK JBJ?O>KB
MLQBKQF>I >IQBOP QEB >JLRKQ LC KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO QE>Q QEB MELQLOB@BMQLO @BIIP OBIB>PB LKQL 29@?<1B 35<<C FK QEB ?ED5B CI>1@D93
<1I5B. )Q FP QEB ?FMLI>O @BII FK QEB OBQFK> QE>Q @LKKB@QP > MELQLOB@BMQLO QL > B5D9>1< 71>7<9?> 35<< ((GC) FK QEB 9>>5B CI>1@D93
<1I5B. 4EBOB, 1=13B9>5 35<<C >AAFQFLK>IIV @LKQOF?RQB QL OBQFK>I MOL@BPPFKD ?BCLOB >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I FP MOLAR@BA ?V QEB 2'#.
4EB >ULKP LC 2'#P, TEF@E IFB >Q QEB FKKBOJLPQ I>VBO LC QEB OBQFK>, @LIIB@Q >Q QEB ?@D93 49C3 >KA IB>SB QEB BVB >P QEB ?@D93
>5BF5 (PBB F97EB5 14.15). "B@>RPB QEBPB >ULKP M>PP QEOLRDE QEB OBQFK>, QEBOB >OB KL MELQLOB@BMQLOP >Q QEB SBOV ?>@H LC QEB
BVB, TEBOB QEB LMQF@ KBOSB ?BDFKP. 4EFP @OB>QBP > m?IFKA PMLQn FK QEB OBQFK>, >KA > @LOOBPMLKAFKD ?IFKA PMLQ FK LRO SFPR>I
CFBIA.
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N8CC F= K?< <P< @J :FDGFJ<; F= K?I<< C8P<IJ: K?< =@9IFLJ KLE@:, M8J:LC8I KLE@:, 8E; E<LI8C KLE@:. 4@K?@E K?< E<LI8C KLE@: @J
K?< I<K@E8, N@K? K?I<< C8P<IJ F= :<CCJ 8E; KNF JPE8GK@: C8P<IJ @E 9<KN<<E. 1?< :<EK<I F= K?< I<K@E8 ?8J 8 JD8CC @E;<EK8K@FE
BEFNE 8J K?< =FM<8.
.LQB QE>Q QEB MELQLOB@BMQLOP FK QEB OBQFK> (OLAP >KA @LKBP) >OB IL@>QBA ?BEFKA QEB >ULKP, 2'#P, ?FMLI>O @BIIP, >KA OBQFK>I
?ILLA SBPPBIP. ! PFDKFCF@>KQ >JLRKQ LC IFDEQ FP >?PLO?BA ?V QEBPB PQOR@QROBP ?BCLOB QEB IFDEQ OB>@EBP QEB MELQLOB@BMQLO @BIIP.
(LTBSBO, >Q QEB BU>@Q @BKQBO LC QEB OBQFK> FP > PJ>II >OB> HKLTK >P QEB 6?F51. !Q QEB CLSB>, QEB OBQFK> I>@HP QEB PRMMLOQFKD
@BIIP >KA ?ILLA SBPPBIP, >KA LKIV @LKQ>FKP MELQLOB@BMQLOP. 4EBOBCLOB, F9CE1< 13E9DI, LO QEB PE>OMKBPP LC SFPFLK, FP DOB>QBPQ >Q
QEB CLSB>. 4EFP FP ?B@>RPB QEB CLSB> FP TEBOB QEB IB>PQ >JLRKQ LC FK@LJFKD IFDEQ FP >?PLO?BA ?V LQEBO OBQFK>I PQOR@QROBP (PBB
F97EB5 14.15). !P LKB JLSBP FK BFQEBO AFOB@QFLK COLJ QEFP @BKQO>I MLFKQ LC QEB OBQFK>, SFPR>I >@RFQV AOLMP PFDKFCF@>KQIV. )K
>AAFQFLK, B>@E MELQLOB@BMQLO @BII LC QEB CLSB> FP @LKKB@QBA QL > PFKDIB 2'#. 4EBOBCLOB, QEFP 2'# ALBP KLQ E>SB QL FKQBDO>QB
FKMRQP COLJ JRIQFMIB MELQLOB@BMQLOP, TEF@E OBAR@BP QEB >@@RO>@V LC SFPR>I QO>KPAR@QFLK. 4LT>OA QEB BADBP LC QEB OBQFK>,
PBSBO>I MELQLOB@BMQLOP @LKSBODB LK 2'#P (QEOLRDE QEB ?FMLI>O @BIIP) RM QL > O>QFL LC 50 QL 1. 4EB AFCCBOBK@B FK SFPR>I >@RFQV
?BQTBBK QEB CLSB> >KA MBOFMEBO>I OBQFK> FP B>PFIV BSFABK@BA ?V ILLHFKD AFOB@QIV >Q > TLOA FK QEB JFAAIB LC QEFP M>O>DO>ME.
4EB SFPR>I PQFJRIRP FK QEB JFAAIB LC QEB CFBIA LC SFBT C>IIP LK QEB CLSB> >KA FP FK QEB PE>OMBPQ CL@RP. 7FQELRQ JLSFKD VLRO
BVBP LCC QE>Q TLOA, KLQF@B QE>Q TLOAP >Q QEB ?BDFKKFKD LO BKA LC QEB M>O>DO>ME >OB KLQ FK CL@RP. 4EB FJ>DBP FK VLRO MBOFMEBO>I
SFPFLK >OB CL@RPBA ?V QEB MBOFMEBO>I OBQFK>, >KA E>SB S>DRB, ?IROOV BADBP >KA TLOAP QE>Q >OB KLQ >P @IB>OIV FABKQFCFBA. !P >
OBPRIQ, > I>ODB M>OQ LC QEB KBRO>I CRK@QFLK LC QEB BVBP FP @LK@BOKBA TFQE JLSFKD QEB BVBP >KA EB>A PL QE>Q FJMLOQ>KQ SFPR>I
PQFJRIF >OB @BKQBOBA LK QEB CLSB>.
,FDEQ C>IIFKD LK QEB OBQFK> @>RPBP @EBJF@>I @E>KDBP QL MFDJBKQ JLIB@RIBP FK QEB MELQLOB@BMQLOP, RIQFJ>QBIV IB>AFKD
QL > @E>KDB FK QEB >@QFSFQV LC QEB 2'#P. 0ELQLOB@BMQLO @BIIP E>SB QTL M>OQP, QEB 9>>5B C57=5>D >KA QEB ?ED5B C57=5>D
(F97EB5 14.16). 4EB FKKBO PBDJBKQ @LKQ>FKP QEB KR@IBRP >KA LQEBO @LJJLK LOD>KBIIBP LC > @BII, TEBOB>P QEB LRQBO PBDJBKQ
FP > PMB@F>IFWBA OBDFLK FK TEF@E MELQLOB@BMQFLK Q>HBP MI>@B. 4EBOB >OB QTL QVMBP LC MELQLOB@BMQLOPjOLAP >KA @LKBPjTEF@E
AFCCBO FK QEB PE>MB LC QEBFO LRQBO PBDJBKQ. 4EB OLA-PE>MBA LRQBO PBDJBKQP LC QEB B?4 @8?D?B535@D?B @LKQ>FK > PQ>@H
LC JBJ?O>KB-?LRKA AFP@P QE>Q @LKQ>FK QEB MELQLPBKPFQFSB MFDJBKQ B8?4?@C9>. 4EB @LKB-PE>MBA LRQBO PBDJBKQP LC QEB
3?>5 @8?D?B535@D?B @LKQ>FK QEBFO MELQLPBKPFQFSB MFDJBKQP FK FKCLIAFKDP LC QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB. 4EBOB >OB QEOBB @LKB
MELQLMFDJBKQP, @>IIBA ?@C9>C, TEF@E >OB B>@E PBKPFQFSB QL > M>OQF@RI>O T>SBIBKDQE LC IFDEQ. 4EB T>SBIBKDQE LC SFPF?IB IFDEQ
ABQBOJFKBP FQP @LILO. 4EB MFDJBKQP FK ERJ>K BVBP >OB PMB@F>IFWBA FK MBO@BFSFKD QEOBB AFCCBOBKQ MOFJ>OV @LILOP: OBA, DOBBK,
>KA ?IRB.
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FI>8E<CC<J 8E; FLK<I J<>D<EKJ N@K? D<D9I8E< 8II8PJ :FEK8@E@E> K?< G?FKFJ<EJ@K@M< FGJ@E DFC<:LC<J. /F; FLK<I
J<>D<EKJ 8I< CFE> :FCLDE8I J?8G<J N@K? JK8:BJ F= D<D9I8E<-9FLE; ;@J:J K?8K :FEK8@E K?< I?F;FGJ@E G@>D<EK. FE<
FLK<I J<>D<EKJ 8I< J?FIK, K8G<I<; J?8G<J N@K? =FC;J F= D<D9I8E< @E GC8:< F= K?< ;@J:J @E K?< IF;J. (9) 1@JJL< F=
K?< I<K@E8 J?FNJ 8 ;<EJ< C8P<I F= EL:C<@ F= K?< IF;J 8E; :FE<J. )* T 800. (*@:IF>I8G? GIFM@;<; 9P K?< /<><EKJ F=
2E@M<IJ@KP F= *@:?@>8E *<;@:8C 0:?FFC S 2012)
!Q QEB JLIB@RI>O IBSBI, SFPR>I PQFJRIF @>RPB @E>KDBP FK QEB MELQLMFDJBKQ JLIB@RIB QE>Q IB>A QL @E>KDBP FK JBJ?O>KB
MLQBKQF>I LC QEB MELQLOB@BMQLO @BII. ! PFKDIB RKFQ LC IFDEQ FP @>IIBA > @8?D?>, TEF@E FP ABP@OF?BA FK MEVPF@P >P > M>@HBQ LC
BKBODV TFQE MOLMBOQFBP LC ?LQE > M>OQF@IB >KA > T>SB. 4EB BKBODV LC > MELQLK FP OBMOBPBKQBA ?V FQP T>SBIBKDQE, TFQE B>@E
T>SBIBKDQE LC SFPF?IB IFDEQ @LOOBPMLKAFKD QL > M>OQF@RI>O @LILO. 6FPF?IB IFDEQ FP BIB@QOLJ>DKBQF@ O>AF>QFLK TFQE > T>SBIBKDQE
?BQTBBK 380 >KA 720 KJ. ,LKDBO T>SBIBKDQEP LC IBPP QE>K 380 KJ C>II FKQL QEB FKCO>OBA O>KDB, TEBOB>P PELOQBO T>SBIBKDQEP
LC JLOB QE>K 720 KJ C>II FKQL QEB RIQO>SFLIBQ O>KDB. ,FDEQ TFQE > T>SBIBKDQE LC 380 KJ FP ?IRB TEBOB>P IFDEQ TFQE >
T>SBIBKDQE LC 720 KJ FP A>OH OBA. !II LQEBO @LILOP C>II ?BQTBBK OBA >KA ?IRB >Q S>OFLRP MLFKQP >ILKD QEB T>SBIBKDQE P@>IB.
/MPFK MFDJBKQP >OB >@QR>IIV QO>KPJBJ?O>KB MOLQBFKP QE>Q @LKQ>FK > @LC>@QLO HKLTK >P B5D9>1<. 2BQFK>I FP > EVAOL@>O?LK
JLIB@RIB OBI>QBA QL SFQ>JFK !. 7EBK > MELQLK EFQP OBQFK>I, QEB ILKD EVAOL@>O?LK @E>FK LC QEB JLIB@RIB FP ?FL@EBJF@>IIV
>IQBOBA. 3MB@FCF@>IIV, MELQLKP @>RPB PLJB LC QEB ALR?IB-?LKABA @>O?LKP TFQEFK QEB @E>FK QL PTFQ@E COLJ > c"+ QL > ,*a'+
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@LKCLOJ>QFLK. 4EFP MOL@BPP FP @>IIBA @8?D?9C?=5B9J1D9?>. "BCLOB FKQBO>@QFKD TFQE > MELQLK, OBQFK>IlP CIBUF?IB ALR?IB-?LKABA
@>O?LKP >OB FK QEB c"+ @LKCLOJ>QFLK. 4EFP JLIB@RIB FP OBCBOOBA QL >P 11-c"+-OBQFK>I. ! MELQLK FKQBO>@QFKD TFQE QEB JLIB@RIB
@>RPBP QEB CIBUF?IB ALR?IB-?LKABA @>O?LKP QL @E>KDB QL QEB ,*a'+- @LKCLOJ>QFLK, CLOJFKD >II-,*a'+-OBQFK>I, TEF@E E>P >
PQO>FDEQ EVAOL@>O?LK @E>FK (F97EB5 14.17).
4EB PE>MB @E>KDB LC OBQFK>I FK QEB MELQLOB@BMQLOP FKFQF>QBP SFPR>I QO>KPAR@QFLK FK QEB OBQFK>. !@QFS>QFLK LC OBQFK>I >KA QEB
LMPFK MOLQBFKP OBPRIQ FK >@QFS>QFLK LC > ' MOLQBFK. 4EB ' MOLQBFK @E>KDBP QEB JBJ?O>KB MLQBKQF>I LC QEB MELQLOB@BMQLO @BII,
TEF@E QEBK OBIB>PBP IBPP KBROLQO>KPJFQQBO FKQL QEB LRQBO PVK>MQF@ I>VBO LC QEB OBQFK>. 5KQFI QEB OBQFK>I JLIB@RIB FP @E>KDBA
?>@H QL QEB 11-c"+-OBQFK>I PE>MB, QEB LMPFK @>KKLQ OBPMLKA QL IFDEQ BKBODV, TEF@E FP @>IIBA ?IB>@EFKD. 7EBK > I>ODB DOLRM
LC MELQLMFDJBKQP FP ?IB>@EBA, QEB OBQFK> TFII PBKA FKCLOJ>QFLK >P FC LMMLPFKD SFPR>I FKCLOJ>QFLK FP ?BFKD MBO@BFSBA. !CQBO >
?OFDEQ CI>PE LC IFDEQ, >CQBOFJ>DBP >OB RPR>IIV PBBK FK KBD>QFSB. 4EB MELQLFPLJBOFW>QFLK FP OBSBOPBA ?V > PBOFBP LC BKWVJ>QF@
@E>KDBP PL QE>Q QEB OBQFK>I OBPMLKAP QL JLOB IFDEQ BKBODV.
F<:HE8 14.17 +8G<A4? "FB@8EF 1?< I<K@E8C DFC<:LC< ?8J KNF @JFD<IJ, (8) FE< 9<=FI< 8 G?FKFE @EK<I8:KJ N@K? @K 8E; (9)
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4EB LMPFKP >OB PBKPFQFSB QL IFJFQBA T>SBIBKDQEP LC IFDEQ. 2ELALMPFK, QEB MELQLMFDJBKQ FK OLAP, FP JLPQ PBKPFQFSB QL IFDEQ
>Q > T>SBIBKDQE LC 498 KJ. 4EB QEOBB @LILO LMPFKP E>SB MB>H PBKPFQFSFQFBP LC 564 KJ, 534 KJ, >KA 420 KJ @LOOBPMLKAFKD
OLRDEIV QL QEB MOFJ>OV @LILOP LC OBA, DOBBK, >KA ?IRB (F97EB5 14.18). 4EB >?PLO?>K@B LC OELALMPFK FK QEB OLAP FP JR@E JLOB
PBKPFQFSB QE>K FK QEB @LKB LMPFKP; PMB@FCF@>IIV, OLAP >OB PBKPFQFSB QL SFPFLK FK ILT IFDEQ @LKAFQFLKP, >KA @LKBP >OB PBKPFQFSB
QL ?OFDEQBO @LKAFQFLKP. )K KLOJ>I PRKIFDEQ, OELALMPFK TFII ?B @LKPQ>KQIV ?IB>@EBA TEFIB QEB @LKBP >OB >@QFSB. )K > A>OHBKBA
OLLJ, QEBOB FP KLQ BKLRDE IFDEQ QL >@QFS>QB @LKB LMPFKP, >KA SFPFLK FP BKQFOBIV ABMBKABKQ LK OLAP. 2LAP >OB PL PBKPFQFSB QL
IFDEQ QE>Q > PFKDIB MELQLK @>K OBPRIQ FK >K >@QFLK MLQBKQF>I COLJ > OLAlP @LOOBPMLKAFKD 2'#.
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@LJM>OFKD QEB >@QFSFQV LC QEB QEOBB AFCCBOBKQ @LKBP, QEB ?O>FK @>K BUQO>@Q @LILO FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ SFPR>I PQFJRIF. &LO BU>JMIB,
> ?OFDEQ ?IRB IFDEQ QE>Q E>P > T>SBIBKDQE LC >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 450 KJ TLRIA >@QFS>QB QEB mOBAn @LKBP JFKFJ>IIV, QEB mDOBBKn
@LKBP J>ODFK>IIV, >KA QEB m?IRBn @LKBP MOBALJFK>KQIV. 4EB OBI>QFSB >@QFS>QFLK LC QEB QEOBB AFCCBOBKQ @LKBP FP @>I@RI>QBA ?V
QEB ?O>FK, TEF@E MBO@BFSBP QEB @LILO >P ?IRB. (LTBSBO, @LKBP @>KKLQ OB>@Q QL ILT-FKQBKPFQV IFDEQ, >KA OLAP AL KLQ PBKPB QEB
@LILO LC IFDEQ. 4EBOBCLOB, LRO ILT-IFDEQ SFPFLK FPjFK BPPBK@BjFK DO>VP@>IB. )K LQEBO TLOAP, FK > A>OH OLLJ, BSBOVQEFKD
>MMB>OP >P > PE>AB LC DO>V. )C VLR QEFKH QE>Q VLR @>K PBB @LILOP FK QEB A>OH, FQ FP JLPQ IFHBIV ?B@>RPB VLRO ?O>FK HKLTP TE>Q
@LILO PLJBQEFKD FP >KA FP OBIVFKD LK QE>Q JBJLOV.
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QE>Q ABMF@QP QEB SFPR>I M>QET>V COLJ QEB BVB QL QEB L@@FMFQ>I @LOQBU. 4EB CFOPQ E>IC LC QEB M>QET>V FP QEB MOLGB@QFLK COLJ
QEB 2'#P QEOLRDE QEB LMQF@ KBOSB QL QEB I>QBO>I DBKF@RI>QB KR@IBRP FK QEB QE>I>JRP LK BFQEBO PFAB. 4EFP CFOPQ CF?BO FK
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SFPR>I MBO@BMQFLK, Q>HBP MI>@B. 4EFP SFABL DFSBP >K >??OBSF>QBA LSBOSFBT LC QEB SFPR>I PVPQBJ ?V @LK@BKQO>QFKD LK QEB
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'BKBO>IIV, PMFK>I KBOSBP @LKQ>FK >CCBOBKQ >ULKP COLJ PBKPLOV OB@BMQLOP FK QEB MBOFMEBOV, PR@E >P COLJ QEB PHFK, JFUBA TFQE
BCCBOBKQ >ULKP QO>SBIIFKD QL QEB JRP@IBP LO LQEBO BCCB@QLO LOD>KP. !P QEB PMFK>I KBOSB KB>OP QEB PMFK>I @LOA, FQ PMIFQP FKQL
ALOP>I >KA SBKQO>I OLLQP. 4EB ALOP>I OLLQ @LKQ>FKP LKIV QEB >ULKP LC PBKPLOV KBROLKP, TEBOB>P QEB SBKQO>I OLLQP @LKQ>FK LKIV
QEB >ULKP LC QEB JLQLO KBROLKP. 3LJB LC QEB ?O>K@EBP TFII PVK>MPB TFQE IL@>I KBROLKP FK QEB ALOP>I OLLQ D>KDIFLK, MLPQBOFLO
(ALOP>I) ELOK, LO BSBK QEB >KQBOFLO (SBKQO>I) ELOK, >Q QEB IBSBI LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA TEBOB QEBV BKQBO. /QEBO ?O>K@EBP TFII QO>SBI
> PELOQ AFPQ>K@B RM LO ALTK QEB PMFKB QL FKQBO>@Q TFQE KBROLKP >Q LQEBO IBSBIP LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA. ! ?O>K@E J>V >IPL QROK FKQL
QEB MLPQBOFLO (ALOP>I) @LIRJK LC QEB TEFQB J>QQBO QL @LKKB@Q TFQE QEB ?O>FK. &LO QEB P>HB LC @LKSBKFBK@B, TB TFII RPB QEB
QBOJP SBKQO>I >KA ALOP>I FK OBCBOBK@B QL PQOR@QROBP TFQEFK QEB PMFK>I @LOA QE>Q >OB M>OQ LC QEBPB M>QET>VP. 4EFP TFII EBIM QL
580 %A-1"/ 14 R 1%" B/A&+ A+! /A+&A) +"/3"0
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
RKABOP@LOB QEB OBI>QFLKPEFMP ?BQTBBK QEB AFCCBOBKQ @LJMLKBKQP. 4VMF@>IIV, PMFK>I KBOSB PVPQBJP QE>Q @LKKB@Q QL QEB ?O>FK >OB
3?>DB1<1D5B1<, FK QE>Q QEB OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB ?LAV FP @LKKB@QBA QL QEB IBCQ PFAB LC QEB ?O>FK >KA QEB IBCQ PFAB LC QEB ?LAV QL QEB
OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB ?O>FK.
CE4A<4? '8EI8F
#O>KF>I KBOSBP @LKSBV PMB@FCF@ PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEB EB>A >KA KB@H AFOB@QIV QL QEB ?O>FK. &LO PBKP>QFLKP ?BILT QEB
KB@H, QEB OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB ?LAV FP @LKKB@QBA QL QEB IBCQ PFAB LC QEB ?O>FK >KA QEB IBCQ PFAB LC QEB ?LAV QL QEB OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB
?O>FK. 7EBOB>P PMFK>I FKCLOJ>QFLK FP @LKQO>I>QBO>I, @O>KF>I KBOSB PVPQBJP >OB JLPQIV 9@C9<1D5B1<, JB>KFKD QE>Q > @O>KF>I KBOSB
LK QEB OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB EB>A FP @LKKB@QBA QL QEB OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB ?O>FK. 3LJB @O>KF>I KBOSBP @LKQ>FK LKIV PBKPLOV >ULKP, PR@E
>P QEB LIC>@QLOV, LMQF@, >KA SBPQF?RIL@L@EIB>O KBOSBP. /QEBO @O>KF>I KBOSBP @LKQ>FK ?LQE PBKPLOV >KA JLQLO >ULKP, FK@IRAFKD
QEB QOFDBJFK>I, C>@F>I, DILPPLME>OVKDB>I, >KA S>DRP KBOSBP (ELTBSBO, QEB S>DRP KBOSB FP KLQ >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB PLJ>QF@
KBOSLRP PVPQBJ). 4EB DBKBO>I PBKPBP LC PLJ>QLPBKP>QFLK CLO QEB C>@B QO>SBI QEOLRDE QEB QOFDBJFK>I PVPQBJ.
14.2 N C8AGE4? )EB68FF<A:
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B QEB M>QET>VP QE>Q PBKPLOV PVPQBJP CLIILT FKQL QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ
c $FCCBOBKQF>QB ?BQTBBK QEB QTL J>GLO >P@BKAFKD M>QET>VP FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA
c $BP@OF?B QEB M>QET>V LC PLJ>QLPBKPLOV FKMRQ COLJ QEB C>@B >KA @LJM>OB FQ QL QEB >P@BKAFKD M>QET>VP FK QEB PMFK>I
@LOA
c %UMI>FK QLMLDO>MEF@>I OBMOBPBKQ>QFLKP LC PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK FK >Q IB>PQ QTL PVPQBJP
c $BP@OF?B QTL M>QET>VP LC SFPR>I MOL@BPPFKD >KA QEB CRK@QFLKP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE B>@E
,8AFBEL )4G;J4LF
3MB@FCF@ OBDFLKP LC QEB #.3 @LLOAFK>QB AFCCBOBKQ PLJ>QF@ MOL@BPPBP RPFKD PBKPLOV FKMRQP >KA JLQLO LRQMRQP LC MBOFMEBO>I
KBOSBP. ! PFJMIB @>PB FP > OBCIBU @>RPBA ?V > PVK>MPB ?BQTBBK > ALOP>I PBKPLOV KBROLK >ULK >KA > JLQLO KBROLK FK QEB
SBKQO>I ELOK. -LOB @LJMIBU >OO>KDBJBKQP >OB MLPPF?IB QL FKQBDO>QB MBOFMEBO>I PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK TFQE EFDEBO MOL@BPPBP.
4EB FJMLOQ>KQ OBDFLKP LC QEB #.3 QE>Q MI>V > OLIB FK PLJ>QF@ MOL@BPPBP @>K ?B PBM>O>QBA FKQL QEB PMFK>I @LOA ?O>FK PQBJ,
AFBK@BME>ILK, @BOB?O>I @LOQBU, >KA PR?@LOQF@>I PQOR@QROBP.
,C<A4? CBE7 4A7 BE4<A ,G8@
! PBKPLOV M>QET>V QE>Q @>OOFBP MBOFMEBO>I PBKP>QFLKP QL QEB ?O>FK FP OBCBOOBA QL >P >K 1C35>49>7 @1D8G1I, LO >P@BKAFKD
QO>@Q. 4EB S>OFLRP PBKPLOV JLA>IFQFBP B>@E CLIILT PMB@FCF@ M>QET>VP QEOLRDE QEB #.3. 4>@QFIB >KA LQEBO PLJ>QLPBKPLOV
PQFJRIF >@QFS>QB OB@BMQLOP FK QEB PHFK, JRP@IBP, QBKALKP, >KA GLFKQP QEOLRDELRQ QEB BKQFOB ?LAV. (LTBSBO, QEB PLJ>QLPBKPLOV
M>QET>VP >OB AFSFABA FKQL QTL PBM>O>QB PVPQBJP LK QEB ?>PFP LC QEB IL@>QFLK LC QEB OB@BMQLO KBROLKP. 3LJ>QLPBKPLOV PQFJRIF
COLJ ?BILT QEB KB@H M>PP >ILKD QEB PBKPLOV M>QET>VP LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA, TEBOB>P PLJ>QLPBKPLOV PQFJRIF COLJ QEB EB>A >KA
KB@H QO>SBI QEOLRDE QEB @O>KF>I KBOSBPjPMB@FCF@>IIV, QEB QOFDBJFK>I PVPQBJ.
4EB 4?BC1< 3?<E=> CICD5= (PLJBQFJBP OBCBOOBA QL >P QEB ALOP>I @LIRJKiJBAF>I IBJKFP@RP) >KA QEB C@9>?D81<1=93
DB13D >OB QTL J>GLO M>QET>VP QE>Q ?OFKD PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK QL QEB ?O>FK (F97EB5 14.19). 4EB PBKPLOV M>QET>VP FK B>@E LC
QEBPB PVPQBJP >OB @LJMLPBA LC QEOBB PR@@BPPFSB KBROLKP.
4EB ALOP>I @LIRJK PVPQBJ ?BDFKP TFQE QEB >ULK LC > ALOP>I OLLQ D>KDIFLK KBROLK BKQBOFKD QEB ALOP>I OLLQ >KA GLFKFKD QEB
ALOP>I @LIRJK TEFQB J>QQBO FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA. !P >ULKP LC QEFP M>QET>V BKQBO QEB ALOP>I @LIRJK, QEBV Q>HB LK > MLPFQFLK>I
>OO>KDBJBKQ PL QE>Q >ULKP COLJ ILTBO IBSBIP LC QEB ?LAV MLPFQFLK QEBJPBISBP JBAF>IIV, TEBOB>P >ULKP COLJ RMMBO IBSBIP LC
QEB ?LAV MLPFQFLK QEBJPBISBP I>QBO>IIV. 4EB ALOP>I @LIRJK FP PBM>O>QBA FKQL QTL @LJMLKBKQ QO>@QP, QEB 61C393E<EC 7B139<9C
QE>Q @LKQ>FKP >ULKP COLJ QEB IBDP >KA ILTBO ?LAV, >KA QEB 61C393E<EC 3E>51DEC QE>Q @LKQ>FKP >ULKP COLJ QEB RMMBO ?LAV >KA
>OJP.
4EB >ULKP FK QEB ALOP>I @LIRJK QBOJFK>QB FK QEB KR@IBF LC QEB JBARII>, TEBOB B>@E PVK>MPBP TFQE QEB PB@LKA KBROLK FK
QEBFO OBPMB@QFSB M>QET>V. 4EB >E3<5EC 7B139<9C FP QEB Q>ODBQ LC CF?BOP FK QEB C>P@F@RIRP DO>@FIFP, TEBOB>P QEB >E3<5EC 3E>51DEC
FP QEB Q>ODBQ LC CF?BOP FK QEB C>P@F@RIRP @RKB>QRP. 4EB PB@LKA KBROLK FK QEB PVPQBJ MOLGB@QP COLJ LKB LC QEB QTL KR@IBF >KA
QEBK 453ECC1D5C, LO @OLPPBP QEB JFAIFKB LC QEB JBARII>. 4EBPB >ULKP QEBK @LKQFKRB QL >P@BKA QEB ?O>FK PQBJ >P > ?RKAIB
@>IIBA QEB =5491< <5=>9C3EC. 4EBPB >ULKP QBOJFK>QB FK QEB QE>I>JRP, TEBOB B>@E PVK>MPBP TFQE QEB QEFOA KBROLK FK QEBFO
OBPMB@QFSB M>QET>V. 4EB QEFOA KBROLK FK QEB PVPQBJ MOLGB@QP FQP >ULKP QL QEB MLPQ@BKQO>I DVORP LC QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU, TEBOB
PLJ>QLPBKPLOV PQFJRIF >OB FKFQF>IIV MOL@BPPBA >KA QEB @LKP@FLRP MBO@BMQFLK LC QEB PQFJRIRP L@@ROP.
4EB PMFKLQE>I>JF@ QO>@Q >IPL ?BDFKP TFQE KBROLKP FK > ALOP>I OLLQ D>KDIFLK. 4EBPB KBROLKP BUQBKA QEBFO >ULKP QL QEB
ALOP>I ELOK, TEBOB QEBV PVK>MPB TFQE QEB PB@LKA KBROLK FK QEBFO OBPMB@QFSB M>QET>V. 4EB K>JB mPMFKLQE>I>JF@n @LJBP COLJ
QEFP PB@LKA KBROLK, TEF@E E>P FQP @BII ?LAV FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA DO>V J>QQBO >KA @LKKB@QP QL QEB QE>I>JRP. !ULKP COLJ QEBPB
PB@LKA KBROLKP QEBK AB@RPP>QB TFQEFK QEB PMFK>I @LOA >KA >P@BKA QL QEB ?O>FK >KA BKQBO QEB QE>I>JRP, TEBOB B>@E PVK>MPBP
TFQE QEB QEFOA KBROLK FK FQP OBPMB@QFSB M>QET>V. 4EB KBROLKP FK QEB QE>I>JRP QEBK MOLGB@Q QEBFO >ULKP QL QEB PMFKLQE>I>JF@
QO>@Q, TEF@E PVK>MPBP FK QEB MLPQ@BKQO>I DVORP LC QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU.
%A-1"/ 14 R 1%" B/A&+ A+! /A+&A) +"/3"0 581
4EBPB QTL PVPQBJP >OB PFJFI>O FK QE>Q QEBV ?LQE ?BDFK TFQE ALOP>I OLLQ D>KDIFLK @BIIP, >P TFQE JLPQ DBKBO>I PBKPLOV
FKCLOJ>QFLK. 4EB ALOP>I @LIRJK PVPQBJ FP MOFJ>OFIV OBPMLKPF?IB CLO QLR@E PBKP>QFLKP >KA MOLMOFL@BMQFLK, TEBOB>P QEB
PMFKLQE>I>JF@ QO>@Q M>QET>V FP MOFJ>OFIV OBPMLKPF?IB CLO M>FK >KA QBJMBO>QROB PBKP>QFLKP. !KLQEBO PFJFI>OFQV FP QE>Q QEB
PB@LKA KBROLKP FK ?LQE LC QEBPB M>QET>VP >OB @LKQO>I>QBO>I, ?B@>RPB QEBV MOLGB@Q >@OLPP QEB JFAIFKB QL QEB LQEBO PFAB LC
QEB ?O>FK LO PMFK>I @LOA. )K QEB ALOP>I @LIRJK PVPQBJ, QEFP AB@RPP>QFLK Q>HBP MI>@B FK QEB ?O>FK PQBJ; FK QEB PMFKLQE>I>JF@
M>QET>V, FQ Q>HBP MI>@B FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA >Q QEB P>JB PMFK>I @LOA IBSBI >Q TEF@E QEB FKCLOJ>QFLK BKQBOBA. 4EB QEFOA KBROLKP
FK QEB QTL M>QET>VP >OB BPPBKQF>IIV QEB P>JB. )K ?LQE, QEB PB@LKA KBROLK PVK>MPBP FK QEB QE>I>JRP, >KA QEB QE>I>JF@ KBROLK
MOLGB@QP QL QEB PLJ>QLPBKPLOV @LOQBU.
F<:HE8 14.19 AF68A7<A: ,8AFBEL )4G;J4LF B9 G;8 ,C<A4? CBE7 1?< ;FIJ8C :FCLDE JPJK<D 8E; JG@EFK?8C8D@: KI8:K
8I< K?< D8AFI 8J:<E;@E> G8K?N8PJ K?8K :FEE<:K K?< G<I@G?<IP N@K? K?< 9I8@E.
4EB QOFDBJFK>I M>QET>V @>OOFBP PLJ>QLPBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEB C>@B, EB>A, JLRQE, >KA K>P>I @>SFQV. !P TFQE QEB
MOBSFLRPIV AFP@RPPBA KBOSB QO>@QP, QEB PBKPLOV M>QET>VP LC QEB QOFDBJFK>I M>QET>V B>@E FKSLISB QEOBB PR@@BPPFSB KBROLKP.
&FOPQ, >ULKP COLJ QEB QOFDBJFK>I D>KDIFLK BKQBO QEB ?O>FK PQBJ >Q QEB IBSBI LC QEB MLKP. 4EBPB >ULKP MOLGB@Q QL LKB LC
QEOBB IL@>QFLKP. 4EB C@9>1< DB975=9>1< >E3<5EC LC QEB JBARII> OB@BFSBP FKCLOJ>QFLK PFJFI>O QL QE>Q @>OOFBA ?V PMFKLQE>I>JF@
QO>@Q, PR@E >P M>FK >KA QBJMBO>QROB PBKP>QFLKP. /QEBO >ULKP DL QL BFQEBO QEB 38956 C5>C?BI >E3<5EC FK QEB MLKP LO QEB
=5C5>35@81<93 >E3<59 FK QEB JFA?O>FK. 4EBPB KR@IBF OB@BFSB FKCLOJ>QFLK IFHB QE>Q @>OOFBA ?V QEB ALOP>I @LIRJK PVPQBJ, PR@E
>P QLR@E, MOBPPROB, SF?O>QFLK, >KA MOLMOFL@BMQFLK. !ULKP COLJ QEB PB@LKA KBROLK AB@RPP>QB >KA >P@BKA QL QEB QE>I>JRP >ILKD
QEB QOFDBJFKLQE>I>JF@ QO>@Q. )K QEB QE>I>JRP, B>@E >ULK PVK>MPBP TFQE QEB QEFOA KBROLK FK FQP OBPMB@QFSB M>QET>V. !ULKP
COLJ QEB QEFOA KBROLK QEBK MOLGB@Q COLJ QEB QE>I>JRP QL QEB MOFJ>OV PLJ>QLPBKPLOV @LOQBU LC QEB @BOB?ORJ.
4EB PBKPLOV M>QET>V CLO DRPQ>QFLK QO>SBIP >ILKD QEB C>@F>I >KA DILPPLME>OVKDB>I @O>KF>I KBOSBP, TEF@E PVK>MPB TFQE
KBROLKP LC QEB C?<9D1BI >E3<5EC FK QEB ?O>FK PQBJ. !ULKP COLJ QEB PLIFQ>OV KR@IBRP QEBK MOLGB@Q QL QEB F5>DB1< @?CD5B9?B
>E3<5EC LC QEB QE>I>JRP. &FK>IIV, >ULKP COLJ QEB SBKQO>I MLPQBOFLO KR@IBRP MOLGB@Q QL QEB DRPQ>QLOV @LOQBU LC QEB @BOB?O>I
@LOQBU, TEBOB Q>PQB FP MOL@BPPBA >KA @LKP@FLRPIV MBO@BFSBA.
582 %A-1"/ 14 R 1%" B/A&+ A+! /A+&A) +"/3"0
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
4EB PBKPLOV M>QET>V CLO >RAFQFLK QO>SBIP >ILKD QEB SBPQF?RIL@L@EIB>O KBOSB, TEF@E PVK>MPBP TFQE KBROLKP FK QEB
@L@EIB>O KR@IBF LC QEB PRMBOFLO JBARII>. 7FQEFK QEB ?O>FK PQBJ, FKMRQ COLJ BFQEBO B>O FP @LJ?FKBA QL BUQO>@Q IL@>QFLK
FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEB >RAFQLOV PQFJRIF. 7EBOB>P QEB FKFQF>I >RAFQLOV PQFJRIF OB@BFSBA >Q QEB @L@EIB> PQOF@QIV OBMOBPBKQ QEB
COBNRBK@VjLO MFQ@EjLC QEB PQFJRIF, QEB IL@>QFLKP LC PLRKAP @>K ?B ABQBOJFKBA ?V @LJM>OFKD FKCLOJ>QFLK >OOFSFKD >Q ?LQE
B>OP.
3LRKA IL@>IFW>QFLK FP > CB>QROB LC @BKQO>I MOL@BPPFKD FK QEB >RAFQLOV KR@IBF LC QEB ?O>FK PQBJ. 3LRKA IL@>IFW>QFLK
FP >@EFBSBA ?V QEB ?O>FK @>I@RI>QFKD QEB 9>D5B1EB1< D9=5 49665B5>35 >KA QEB 9>D5B1EB1< 9>D5>C9DI 49665B5>35. ! PLRKA
LOFDFK>QFKD COLJ > PMB@FCF@ IL@>QFLK TFII >OOFSB >Q B>@E B>O >Q AFCCBOBKQ QFJBP, RKIBPP QEB PLRKA FP AFOB@QIV FK COLKQ LC QEB
IFPQBKBO. )C QEB PLRKA PLRO@B FP PIFDEQIV QL QEB IBCQ LC QEB IFPQBKBO, QEB PLRKA TFII >OOFSB >Q QEB IBCQ B>O JF@OLPB@LKAP ?BCLOB FQ
>OOFSBP >Q QEB OFDEQ B>O (F97EB5 14.20). 4EFP QFJB AFCCBOBK@B FP >K BU>JMIB LC >K FKQBO>RO>I QFJB AFCCBOBK@B. !IPL, QEB PLRKA
TFII ?B PIFDEQIV ILRABO FK QEB IBCQ B>O QE>K FK QEB OFDEQ B>O ?B@>RPB PLJB LC QEB PLRKA T>SBP OB>@EFKD QEB LMMLPFQB B>O >OB
?IL@HBA ?V QEB EB>A. 4EFP FP >K BU>JMIB LC >K FKQBO>RO>I FKQBKPFQV AFCCBOBK@B.
%A-1"/ 14 R 1%" B/A&+ A+! /A+&A) +"/3"0 583
F<:HE8 14.20 AH7<GBEL BE4<A ,G8@ &86;4A<F@F B9 ,BHA7 %B64?<M4G<BA )F:8C@Q@E> JFLE; @E K?< ?FI@QFEK8C GC8E< @J
8:?@<M<; 9P GIF:<JJ@E> @E K?< D<;LCC8IP EL:C<@ F= K?< 8L;@KFIP JPJK<D. FEE<:K@FEJ 9<KN<<E E<LIFEJ FE <@K?<I J@;<
8I< 89C< KF :FDG8I< M<IP JC@>?K ;@==<I<E:<J @E JFLE; JK@DLC@ K?8K 8II@M< 8K <@K?<I <8I 8E; I<GI<J<EK @EK<I8LI8C K@D< 8E;
@EK<EJ@KP ;@==<I<E:<J.
!RAFQLOV MOL@BPPFKD @LKQFKRBP LK QL > KR@IBRP FK QEB JFA?O>FK @>IIBA QEB 9>65B9?B 3?<<93E<EC. !ULKP COLJ QEB FKCBOFLO
@LIIF@RIRP MOLGB@Q QL QTL IL@>QFLKP, QEB QE>I>JRP >KA QEB CE@5B9?B 3?<<93E<EC. 4EB =5491< 75>93E<1D5 >E3<5EC LC QEB
QE>I>JRP OB@BFSBP QEB >RAFQLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK >KA QEBK MOLGB@QP QE>Q FKCLOJ>QFLK QL QEB >RAFQLOV @LOQBU FK QEB QBJMLO>I IL?B LC
QEB @BOB?O>I @LOQBU. 4EB PRMBOFLO @LIIF@RIRP OB@BFSBP FKMRQ COLJ QEB SFPR>I >KA PLJ>QLPBKPLOV PVPQBJP, >P TBII >P QEB B>OP,
QL FKFQF>QB PQFJRI>QFLK LC QEB JRP@IBP QE>Q QROK QEB EB>A >KA KB@H QLT>OA QEB >RAFQLOV PQFJRIRP.
">I>K@B FP @LLOAFK>QBA QEOLRDE QEB SBPQF?RI>O PVPQBJ, QEB KBOSBP LC TEF@E >OB @LJMLPBA LC >ULKP COLJ QEB SBPQF?RI>O
D>KDIFLK QE>Q @>OOFBP FKCLOJ>QFLK COLJ QEB RQOF@IB, P>@@RIB, >KA PBJF@FO@RI>O @>K>IP. 4EB PVPQBJ @LKQOF?RQBP QL @LKQOLIIFKD
EB>A >KA KB@H JLSBJBKQP FK OBPMLKPB QL SBPQF?RI>O PFDK>IP. !K FJMLOQ>KQ CRK@QFLK LC QEB SBPQF?RI>O PVPQBJ FP @LLOAFK>QFKD
BVB >KA EB>A JLSBJBKQP QL J>FKQ>FK SFPR>I >QQBKQFLK. -LPQ LC QEB >ULKP QBOJFK>QB FK QEB F5CD92E<1B >E3<59 LC QEB JBARII>.
584 %A-1"/ 14 R 1%" B/A&+ A+! /A+&A) +"/3"0
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
3LJB >ULKP MOLGB@Q COLJ QEB SBPQF?RI>O D>KDIFLK AFOB@QIV QL QEB @BOB?BIIRJ, TFQE KL FKQBOSBKFKD PVK>MPB FK QEB SBPQF?RI>O
KR@IBF. 4EB @BOB?BIIRJ FP MOFJ>OFIV OBPMLKPF?IB CLO FKFQF>QFKD JLSBJBKQP LK QEB ?>PFP LC BNRFIF?OFRJ FKCLOJ>QFLK.
.BROLKP FK QEB SBPQF?RI>O KR@IBF MOLGB@Q QEBFO >ULKP QL Q>ODBQP FK QEB ?O>FK PQBJ. /KB Q>ODBQ FP QEB OBQF@RI>O CLOJ>QFLK,
TEF@E FKCIRBK@BP OBPMFO>QLOV >KA @>OAFLS>P@RI>O CRK@QFLKP FK OBI>QFLK QL ?LAV JLSBJBKQP. ! PB@LKA Q>ODBQ LC QEB >ULKP LC
KBROLKP FK QEB SBPQF?RI>O KR@IBF FP QEB PMFK>I @LOA, TEF@E FKFQF>QBP QEB PMFK>I OBCIBUBP FKSLISBA TFQE MLPQROB >KA ?>I>K@B.
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>ILKD QEB LMQF@ KBOSB FKQL QEB AFBK@BME>ILK. )C IFDEQ IBSBIP >OB ILT, QEB PVJM>QEBQF@ PVPQBJ PBKAP > PFDK>I LRQ QEOLRDE QEB
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QEB MRMFI AFI>QBPjFK@OB>PFKD QEB >JLRKQ LC IFDEQ EFQQFKD QEB OBQFK>. )C IFDEQ IBSBIP >OB QLL EFDE, QEB M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ PVPQBJ
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JB@E>KFPJ QE>Q HBBMP QEB >@QFS>QFLK LC MELQLOB@BMQLOP TFQEFK @BOQ>FK IFJFQP. )K QEB @LKQBUQ LC >SLFAFKD > QEOB>Q IFHB QEB
IFLKBPP LK QEB P>S>KK>E, QEB PVJM>QEBQF@ OBPMLKPB CLO CFDEQ LO CIFDEQ TFII FK@OB>PB MRMFII>OV AF>JBQBO PL QE>Q JLOB IFDEQ
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OBAR@BP QEB >JLRKQ LC IFDEQ OB>@EFKD QEB OBQFK>, >IILTFKD QEB MELQLOB@BMQLOP QL @V@IB QEOLRDE ?IB>@EFKD >KA ?B OBDBKBO>QBA
CLO CROQEBO SFPR>I MBO@BMQFLK; QEFP FP TE>Q QEB ELJBLPQ>QF@ MOL@BPP FP >QQBJMQFKD QL J>FKQ>FK.
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QE>Q ?>I>K@B, QEB ELJBLPQ>QF@ JB@E>KFPJP PQOFSB QL OBQROK FQ QL FQP OBDRI>O PQ>QB. &LO B>@E LOD>K PVPQBJ, QEBOB J>V ?B JLOB
LC > PVJM>QEBQF@ LO M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ QBKABK@V QL QEB OBPQFKD PQ>QB, TEF@E FP HKLTK >P QEB 1ED?>?=93 D?>5 LC QEB PVPQBJ.
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PILTFKD QEB EB>OQ ALTK COLJ FQP FKQOFKPF@ O>QB LC 100 ?MJ, QEB EB>OQ @>K ?B P>FA QL ?B FK M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ QLKB.
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HBBMP QEB ?O>FK TBII LUVDBK>QBA PL QE>Q @LDKFQFSB >KA LQEBO KBRO>I MOL@BPPBP >OB KLQ FKQBOORMQBA.
3LJBQFJBP QEFP ALBP KLQ TLOH MOLMBOIV. )C QEB PVJM>QEBQF@ PVPQBJ @>KKLQ FK@OB>PB @>OAF>@ LRQMRQ, QEBK ?ILLA
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FP LOQELPQ>QF@ EVMLQBKPFLK, TEF@E JB>KP QE>Q ?ILLA MOBPPROB DLBP ?BILT QEB ELJBLPQ>QF@ PBQ MLFKQ TEBK PQ>KAFKD. )Q
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J>V ?B KB@BPP>OV FK QEB @>PB LC PVPQBJF@ EVMBOQBKPFLK, >KA OBDRI>QFLK LC QEB JBAF@>QFLKP J>V >IIBSF>QB QEB MOL?IBJ.
3LJBQFJBP FK@OB>PFKD CIRFA FKQ>HB LO T>QBO OBQBKQFLK QEOLRDE P>IQ FKQ>HB @>K FJMOLSB QEB PFQR>QFLK.
4EB PB@LKA RKABOIVFKD @>RPB LC LOQELPQ>QF@ EVMLQBKPFLK FP >RQLKLJF@ C>FIROB. 4EBOB >OB PBSBO>I AFPLOABOP QE>Q
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>KA MOLMOFL@BMQFSB, QL MBOCLOJ QEB JLSBJBKQP @LOOB@QIV.
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FKSLISBP QEB K>JFKD LC L?GB@QP PQOF@QIV LK QEB ?>PFP LC QEB PLJ>QLPBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK QE>Q @LJBP COLJ J>KFMRI>QFKD QEBJ.
4EB M>QFBKQ HBBMP QEBFO BVBP @ILPBA >KA FP DFSBK > @LJJLK L?GB@Q, PR@E >P > @LFK, QE>Q QEBV E>SB QL FABKQFCV. 4EB M>QFBKQ
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CF?BOP QO>SBI QEOLRDE QEB ABBM TEFQB J>QQBO LC QEB @BOB?ORJ, QEBK QEOLRDE QEB JFA?O>FK >KA MLKP, FKQL QEB JBARII> TEBOB
JLPQ LC QEBJ AB@RPP>QB, >KA CFK>IIV QEOLRDE QEB PMFK>I @LOA TEFQB J>QQBO FK QEB I>QBO>I (@OLPPBA CF?BOP) LO >KQBOFLO (RK@OLPPBA
CF?BOP) @LIRJKP. 4EBPB CF?BOP PVK>MPB LK JLQLO KBROLKP FK QEB SBKQO>I ELOK. 4EB SBKQO>I ELOK JLQLO KBROLKP QEBK MOLGB@Q
QL PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB >KA @>RPB @LKQO>@QFLK. 4EBPB QTL @BIIP >OB QBOJBA QEB RMMBO JLQLO KBROLK (5-.) >KA QEB ILTBO JLQLO
KBROLK (,-.). 6LIRKQ>OV JLSBJBKQP OBNRFOB QEBPB QTL @BIIP QL ?B >@QFSB.
4EB JLQLO BU>J QBPQP QEB CRK@QFLK LC QEBPB KBROLKP >KA QEB JRP@IBP QEBV @LKQOLI. &FOPQ, QEB JRP@IBP >OB FKPMB@QBA >KA
M>IM>QBA CLO PFDKP LC PQOR@QRO>I FOOBDRI>OFQFBP. -LSBJBKQ AFPLOABOP J>V ?B QEB OBPRIQ LC @E>KDBP QL QEB JRP@IB QFPPRB, PR@E
>P P@>OOFKD, >KA QEBPB MLPPF?FIFQFBP KBBA QL ?B ORIBA LRQ ?BCLOB QBPQFKD CRK@QFLK. !ILKD TFQE QEFP FKPMB@QFLK, JRP@IB QLKB
FP >PPBPPBA ?V JLSFKD QEB JRP@IBP QEOLRDE > M>PPFSB O>KDB LC JLQFLK. 4EB >OJ FP JLSBA >Q QEB BI?LT >KA TOFPQ, >KA QEB
IBD FP JLSBA >Q QEB HKBB >KA >KHIB. 3HBIBQ>I JRP@IB PELRIA E>SB > OBPQFKD QBKPFLK OBMOBPBKQFKD > PIFDEQ @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB
CF?BOP. 4EB I>@H LC JRP@IB QLKB, HKLTK >P 8I@?D?>939DI LO 6<133949DI, J>V FKAF@>QB QE>Q QEB ,-. FP KLQ @LKAR@QFKD >@QFLK
MLQBKQF>IP QE>Q TFII HBBM > ?>P>I IBSBI LC >@BQVI@ELIFKB FK QEB KBROLJRP@RI>O GRK@QFLK.
670 %A-1"/ 16 R 1%" +"2/,),$&A) "5A*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
)C JRP@IB QLKB FP MOBPBKQ, JRP@IB PQOBKDQE FP QBPQBA ?V E>SFKD QEB M>QFBKQ @LKQO>@Q JRP@IBP >D>FKPQ OBPFPQ>K@B. 4EB
BU>JFKBO TFII >PH QEB M>QFBKQ QL IFCQ QEB >OJ, CLO BU>JMIB, TEFIB QEB BU>JFKBO FP MRPEFKD ALTK LK FQ. 4EFP FP ALKB CLO ?LQE
IFJ?P, FK@IRAFKD PEORDDFKD QEB PELRIABOP. ,>QBO>I AFCCBOBK@BP FK PQOBKDQEj?BFKD >?IB QL MRPE >D>FKPQ OBPFPQ>K@B TFQE QEB
OFDEQ >OJ ?RQ KLQ QEB IBCQjTLRIA FKAF@>QB > ABCF@FQ FK LKB @LOQF@LPMFK>I QO>@Q SBOPRP QEB LQEBO. !K LSBO>II ILPP LC PQOBKDQE,
TFQELRQ I>QBO>IFQV, @LRIA FKAF@>QB > DIL?>I MOL?IBJ TFQE QEB JLQLO PVPQBJ. $FPB>PBP QE>Q OBPRIQ FK 5-. IBPFLKP FK@IRAB
@BOB?O>I M>IPV LO -3, LO FQ J>V ?B QEB OBPRIQ LC > PQOLHB. ! PFDK LC 5-. IBPFLK FP > KBD>QFSB OBPRIQ FK QEB PR?QBPQ CLO @B?>1D?B
4B96D. 4EB M>QFBKQ FP >PHBA QL BUQBKA ?LQE >OJP FK COLKQ LC QEB ?LAV TFQE QEB M>IJP C>@FKD RM. 7EFIB HBBMFKD QEB BVBP @ILPBA,
FC QEB M>QFBKQ RK@LKP@FLRPIV >IILTP LKB LO QEB LQEBO >OJ QL PILTIV OBI>U, QLT>OA QEB MOLK>QBA MLPFQFLK, QEFP @LRIA FKAF@>QB >
C>FIROB LC QEB JLQLO PVPQBJ QL J>FKQ>FK QEB PRMFK>QBA MLPFQFLK.
+89?8K8F
2BCIBUBP @LJ?FKB QEB PMFK>I PBKPLOV >KA JLQLO @LJMLKBKQP TFQE > PBKPLOV FKMRQ QE>Q AFOB@QIV DBKBO>QBP > JLQLO OBPMLKPB.
4EB OBCIBUBP QE>Q >OB QBPQBA FK QEB KBROLILDF@>I BU>J >OB @I>PPFCFBA FKQL QTL DOLRMP. ! 455@ D5>4?> B56<5H FP @LJJLKIV
HKLTK >P > PQOBQ@E OBCIBU, >KA FP BIF@FQBA ?V > PQOLKD Q>M QL > QBKALK, PR@E >P FK QEB HKBB-GBOH OBCIBU. ! CE@5B69391< B56<5H FP
BIF@FQBA QEOLRDE DBKQIB PQFJRI>QFLK LC QEB PHFK >KA @>RPBP @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB >PPL@F>QBA JRP@IBP.
&LO QEB >OJ, QEB @LJJLK OBCIBUBP QL QBPQ >OB LC QEB ?F@BMP, ?O>@EFLO>AF>IFP, QOF@BMP, >KA CIBULOP CLO QEB AFDFQP. &LO QEB IBD,
QEB HKBB-GBOH OBCIBU LC QEB NR>AOF@BMP FP @LJJLK, >P FP QEB >KHIB OBCIBU CLO QEB D>PQOL@KBJFRP >KA PLIBRP. 4EB QBKALK >Q QEB
FKPBOQFLK CLO B>@E LC QEBPB JRP@IBP FP PQOR@H TFQE > OR??BO J>IIBQ. 4EB JRP@IB FP NRF@HIV PQOBQ@EBA, OBPRIQFKD FK >@QFS>QFLK LC
QEB JRP@IB PMFKAIB QE>Q PBKAP > PFDK>I FKQL QEB PMFK>I @LOA QEOLRDE QEB ALOP>I OLLQ. 4EB CF?BO PVK>MPBP AFOB@QIV LK QEB SBKQO>I
ELOK JLQLO KBROLK QE>Q >@QFS>QBP QEB JRP@IB, @>RPFKD @LKQO>@QFLK. 4EB OBCIBUBP >OB MEVPFLILDF@>IIV RPBCRI CLO PQ>?FIFQV. )C >
JRP@IB FP PQOBQ@EBA, FQ OBCIBUFSBIV @LKQO>@QP QL OBQROK QEB JRP@IB QL @LJMBKP>QB CLO QEB @E>KDB FK IBKDQE. )K QEB @LKQBUQ LC QEB
KBROLILDF@>I BU>J, OBCIBUBP FKAF@>QB QE>Q QEB ,-. FP CRK@QFLKFKD MOLMBOIV.
4EB JLPQ @LJJLK PRMBOCF@F>I OBCIBU FK QEB KBROLILDF@>I BU>J FP QEB @<1>D1B B56<5H QE>Q QBPQP CLO QEB B129>C;9 C97> LK
QEB ?>PFP LC QEB BUQBKPFLK LO CIBUFLK LC QEB QLBP >Q QEB MI>KQ>O PROC>@B LC QEB CLLQ. 4EB MI>KQ>O OBCIBU FP @LJJLKIV QBPQBA FK
KBT?LOK FKC>KQP QL BPQ>?IFPE QEB MOBPBK@B LC KBROLJRP@RI>O CRK@QFLK. 4L BIF@FQ QEFP OBCIBU, >K BU>JFKBO ?ORPEBP > PQFJRIRP,
RPR>IIV QEB BU>JFKBOlP CFKDBOQFM, >ILKD QEB MI>KQ>O PROC>@B LC QEB FKC>KQlP CLLQ. !K FKC>KQ TLRIA MOBPBKQ > MLPFQFSB ">?FKPHF
PFDK, JB>KFKD QEB CLLQ ALOPFCIBUBP >KA QEB QLBP BUQBKA >KA PMI>V LRQ. !P > MBOPLK IB>OKP QL T>IH, QEB MI>KQ>O OBCIBU @E>KDBP
QL @>RPB @ROIFKD LC QEB QLBP >KA > JLABO>QB MI>KQ>O CIBUFLK. )C PRMBOCF@F>I PQFJRI>QFLK LC QEB PLIB LC QEB CLLQ @>RPBA BUQBKPFLK
LC QEB CLLQ, HBBMFKD LKBlP ?>I>K@B TLRIA ?B E>OABO. 4EB ABP@BKAFKD FKMRQ LC QEB @LOQF@LPMFK>I QO>@Q JLAFCFBP QEB OBPMLKPB
LC QEB MI>KQ>O OBCIBU, JB>KFKD QE>Q > KBD>QFSB ">?FKPHF PFDK FP QEB BUMB@QBA OBPMLKPB FK QBPQFKD QEB OBCIBU. /QEBO PRMBOCF@F>I
OBCIBUBP >OB KLQ @LJJLKIV QBPQBA, QELRDE > PBOFBP LC >?ALJFK>I OBCIBUBP @>K Q>ODBQ CRK@QFLK FK QEB ILTBO QELO>@F@ PMFK>I
PBDJBKQP.
7>Q@E QEFP F945? (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</B56<5HD5CD) QL PBB ELT QL QBPQ OBCIBUBP FK QEB >?ALJBK. 4BPQFKD OBCIBUBP
LC QEB QORKH FP KLQ @LJJLKIV MBOCLOJBA FK QEB KBROLILDF@>I BU>J, ?RQ FC CFKAFKDP PRDDBPQ > MOL?IBJ TFQE QEB QELO>@F@
PBDJBKQP LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA, > PBOFBP LC PRMBOCF@F>I OBCIBUBP LC QEB >?ALJBK @>K IL@>IFWB CRK@QFLK QL QELPB PBDJBKQP. )C
@LKQO>@QFLK FP KLQ L?PBOSBA TEBK QEB PHFK I>QBO>I QL QEB RJ?FIF@RP (?BIIV ?RQQLK) FP PQFJRI>QBA, TE>Q IBSBI LC QEB PMFK>I
@LOA J>V ?B A>J>DBA?
CB@C4E<FBA B9 .CC8E 4A7 %BJ8E &BGBE '8HEBA D4@4:8
->KV LC QEB QBPQP LC JLQLO CRK@QFLK @>K FKAF@>QB AFCCBOBK@BP QE>Q TFII >AAOBPP TEBQEBO A>J>DB QL QEB JLQLO PVPQBJ FP
FK QEB RMMBO LO ILTBO JLQLO KBROLKP. 3FDKP QE>Q PRDDBPQ > 5-. IBPFLK FK@IRAB JRP@IB TB>HKBPP, PQOLKD ABBM QBKALK
OBCIBUBP, AB@OB>PBA @LKQOLI LC JLSBJBKQ LO PILTKBPP, MOLK>QLO AOFCQ, > MLPFQFSB ">?FKPHF PFDK, C@1CD939DI, >KA QEB 3<1C@-
;>965 B5C@?>C5. 3M>PQF@FQV FP >K BU@BPP @LKQO>@QFLK FK OBPFPQ>K@B QL PQOBQ@E. )Q @>K OBPRIQ FK 8I@5B6<5H91, TEF@E FP TEBK GLFKQP
>OB LSBOIV CIBUBA. 4EB @I>PM-HKFCB OBPMLKPB L@@ROP TEBK QEB M>QFBKQ FKFQF>IIV OBPFPQP JLSBJBKQ, ?RQ QEBK OBIB>PBP, >KA QEB
GLFKQ TFII NRF@HIV CIBU IFHB > ML@HBQ HKFCB @ILPFKD.
! IBPFLK LK QEB ,-. TLRIA OBPRIQ FK M>O>IVPFP, LO >Q IB>PQ M>OQF>I ILPP LC SLIRKQ>OV JRP@IB @LKQOLI, TEF@E FP HKLTK >P
@1B5C9C. 4EB M>O>IVPFP L?PBOSBA FK ,-. AFPB>PBP FP OBCBOOBA QL >P 6<13394 @1B1<IC9C, OBCBOOFKD QL > @LJMIBQB LO M>OQF>I ILPP
%A-1"/ 16 R 1%" +"2/,),$&A) "5A* 671
LC JRP@IB QLKB, FK @LKQO>PQ QL QEB ILPP LC @LKQOLI FK 5-. IBPFLKP FK TEF@E QLKB FP OBQ>FKBA >KA PM>PQF@FQV FP BUEF?FQBA. /QEBO
PFDKP LC >K ,-. IBPFLK >OB 692B9<<1D9?>, 61C393E<1D9?>, >KA @LJMOLJFPBA LO ILPQ OBCIBUBP OBPRIQFKD COLJ QEB ABKBOS>QFLK LC
QEB JRP@IB CF?BOP.
,C<A4? CBE7
)K @BOQ>FK PFQR>QFLKP, PR@E >P > JLQLO@V@IB >@@FABKQ, LKIV E>IC LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA J>V ?B A>J>DBA FK TE>Q FP HKLTK
>P > EBJFPB@QFLK. &LO@BCRI QO>RJ> QL QEB QORKH J>V @>RPB OF?P LO SBOQB?O>B QL CO>@QROB, >KA AB?OFP @>K @ORPE LO PB@QFLK
QEOLRDE M>OQ LC QEB PMFK>I @LOA. 4EB CRII PB@QFLK LC > PMFK>I @LOA TLRIA OBPRIQ FK M>O>MIBDF>, LO ILPP LC SLIRKQ>OV JLQLO
@LKQOLI LC QEB ILTBO ?LAV, >P TBII >P ILPP LC PBKP>QFLKP COLJ QE>Q MLFKQ ALTK. ! EBJFPB@QFLK, ELTBSBO, TFII IB>SB PMFK>I
@LOA QO>@QP FKQ>@Q LK LKB PFAB. 4EB OBPRIQFKD @LKAFQFLK TLRIA ?B EBJFMIBDF> LK QEB PFAB LC QEB QO>RJ>jLKB IBD TLRIA
?B M>O>IVWBA. 4EB PBKPLOV OBPRIQP >OB JLOB @LJMIF@>QBA.
4EB >P@BKAFKD QO>@QP FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA >OB PBDOBD>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB ALOP>I @LIRJK >KA PMFKLQE>I>JF@ M>QET>VP.
4EFP JB>KP QE>Q QEB PBKPLOV ABCF@FQP TFII ?B ?>PBA LK QEB M>OQF@RI>O PBKPLOV FKCLOJ>QFLK B>@E M>QET>V @LKSBVP. 3BKPLOV
AFP@OFJFK>QFLK ?BQTBBK QLR@E >KA M>FKCRI PQFJRIF TFII FIIRPQO>QB QEB AFCCBOBK@B FK ELT QEBPB M>QET>VP AFSFAB QEBPB
CRK@QFLKP.
/K QEB M>O>IVWBA IBD, > M>QFBKQ TFII >@HKLTIBADB M>FKCRI PQFJRIF, ?RQ KLQ CFKB QLR@E LO MOLMOFL@BMQFSB PBKP>QFLKP.
/K QEB CRK@QFLK>I IBD, QEB LMMLPFQB FP QORB. 4EB OB>PLK CLO QEFP FP QE>Q QEB ALOP>I @LIRJK M>QET>V >P@BKAP FMPFI>QBO>I
QL QEB PBKP>QFLK, PL FQ TLRIA ?B A>J>DBA QEB P>JB T>V >P QEB I>QBO>I @LOQF@LPMFK>I QO>@Q. 4EB PMFKLQE>I>JF@ M>QET>V
AB@RPP>QBP FJJBAF>QBIV RMLK BKQBOFKD QEB PMFK>I @LOA >KA >P@BKAP @LKQO>I>QBO>I QL QEB PLRO@B; FQ TLRIA QEBOBCLOB ?VM>PP
QEB EBJFPB@QFLK.
4EB JLQLO PVPQBJ @>K FKAF@>QB QEB ILPP LC FKMRQ QL QEB SBKQO>I ELOK FK QEB IRJ?>O BKI>ODBJBKQ TEBOB JLQLO KBROLKP
QL QEB IBD >OB CLRKA, ?RQ JLQLO CRK@QFLK FK QEB QORKH FP IBPP @IB>O. 4EB IBCQ >KA OFDEQ >KQBOFLO @LOQF@LPMFK>I QO>@QP >OB
AFOB@QIV >AG>@BKQ QL B>@E LQEBO. 4EB IFHBIFELLA LC QO>RJ> QL QEB PMFK>I @LOA OBPRIQFKD FK > EBJFPB@QFLK QE>Q >CCB@QP LKB
>KQBOFLO @LIRJK, ?RQ KLQ QEB LQEBO, FP SBOV RKIFHBIV. %FQEBO QEB >UF>I JRP@RI>QROB TFII KLQ ?B >CCB@QBA >Q >II, LO QEBOB TFII
?B ?FI>QBO>I ILPPBP FK QEB QORKH.
3BKPLOV AFP@OFJFK>QFLK @>K MFKMLFKQ QEB IBSBI LC A>J>DB FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA. "BILT QEB EBJFPB@QFLK, M>FK PQFJRIF
TFII ?B MBO@BFSBA FK QEB A>J>DBA PFAB, ?RQ KLQ CFKB QLR@E. 4EB LMMLPFQB FP QORB LK QEB LQEBO PFAB. 4EB M>FK CF?BOP LK
QEB PFAB TFQE JLQLO CRK@QFLK @OLPP QEB JFAIFKB FK QEB PMFK>I @LOA >KA >P@BKA FK QEB @LKQO>I>QBO>I I>QBO>I @LIRJK >P C>O
>P QEB EBJFPB@QFLK. 4EB ALOP>I @LIRJK TFII ?B FKQ>@Q FMPFI>QBO>I QL QEB PLRO@B LK QEB FKQ>@Q PFAB >KA OB>@E QEB ?O>FK CLO
@LKP@FLRP MBO@BMQFLK. 4EB QO>RJ> TLRIA ?B >Q QEB IBSBI GRPQ ?BCLOB PBKPLOV AFP@OFJFK>QFLK OBQROKP QL KLOJ>I, EBIMFKD QL
MFKMLFKQ QEB QO>RJ>. 7EBOB>P FJ>DFKD QB@EKLILDV, IFHB J>DKBQF@ OBPLK>K@B FJ>DFKD (-2)) LO @LJMRQBA QLJLDO>MEV
(#4) P@>KKFKD, @LRIA IL@>IFWB QEB FKGROV >P TBII, KLQEFKD JLOB @LJMIF@>QBA QE>K > @LQQLK-QFMMBA >MMIF@>QLO @>K IL@>IFWB
QEB A>J>DB. 4E>Q J>V ?B >II QE>Q FP >S>FI>?IB LK QEB P@BKB TEBK JLSFKD QEB SF@QFJ OBNRFOBP @OR@F>I AB@FPFLKP ?B J>AB.
16.5 N -;8 CBBE7<A4G<BA 4A7 4<G EK4@F
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c %UMI>FK QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM ?BQTBBK QEB IL@>QFLK LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ >KA FQP CRK@QFLK FK JLSBJBKQ
c #E>OQ QEB J>GLO AFSFPFLKP LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ
c ,FPQ QEB J>GLO @LKKB@QFLKP LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ
c $BP@OF?B QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ QL >UF>I >KA >MMBKAF@RI>O JRP@RI>QROB
c %UMI>FK QEB MOBS>IBKQ @>RPBP LC @BOB?BII>O >Q>UF>
4EB OLIB LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ FP > PR?GB@Q LC AB?>QB. 4EBOB FP >K L?SFLRP @LKKB@QFLK QL JLQLO CRK@QFLK ?>PBA LK QEB @IFKF@>I
FJMIF@>QFLKP LC @BOB?BII>O A>J>DB. 4EBOB FP >IPL PQOLKD BSFABK@B LC QEB @BOB?BII>O OLIB FK MOL@BARO>I JBJLOV. 4EB QTL >OB
KLQ FK@LJM>QF?IB; FK C>@Q, MOL@BARO>I JBJLOV FP JLQLO JBJLOV, PR@E >P IB>OKFKD QL OFAB > ?F@V@IB. 3FDKFCF@>KQ TLOH E>P ?BBK
MBOCLOJBA QL ABP@OF?B QEB @LKKB@QFLKP TFQEFK QEB @BOB?BIIRJ QE>Q OBPRIQ FK IB>OKFKD. ! JLABI CLO QEFP IB>OKFKD FP @I>PPF@>I
@LKAFQFLKFKD, >P PELTK ?V QEB C>JLRP ALDP COLJ QEB MEVPFLILDFPQ )S>K 0>SILSlP TLOH. 4EFP @I>PPF@>I @LKAFQFLKFKD, TEF@E
@>K ?B OBI>QBA QL JLQLO IB>OKFKD, CFQP TFQE QEB KBRO>I @LKKB@QFLKP LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ. 4EB @BOB?BIIRJ FP 10 MBO@BKQ LC QEB
J>PP LC QEB ?O>FK >KA E>P S>OFBA CRK@QFLKP QE>Q >II MLFKQ QL > OLIB FK QEB JLQLO PVPQBJ.
672 %A-1"/ 16 R 1%" +"2/,),$&A) "5A*
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%B64G<BA 4A7 CBAA86G<BAF B9 G;8 C8E858??H@
4EB @BOB?BIIRJ FP IL@>QBA FK >MMLPFQFLK QL QEB ALOP>I PROC>@B LC QEB ?O>FK PQBJ, @BKQBOBA LK QEB MLKP. 4EB K>JB LC QEB MLKP
FP ABOFSBA COLJ FQP @LKKB@QFLK QL QEB @BOB?BIIRJ. 4EB TLOA JB>KP m?OFADBn >KA OBCBOP QL QEB QEF@H ?RKAIB LC JVBIFK>QBA
>ULKP QE>Q CLOJ > ?RIDB LK FQP SBKQO>I PROC>@B. 4ELPB CF?BOP >OB >ULKP QE>Q MOLGB@Q COLJ QEB DO>V J>QQBO LC QEB MLKP FKQL QEB
@LKQO>I>QBO>I @BOB?BII>O @LOQBU. 4EBPB CF?BOP J>HB RM QEB =944<5 35B525<<1B @54E>3<5 (#C&) >KA >OB QEB J>GLO MEVPF@>I
@LKKB@QFLK LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ QL QEB ?O>FK PQBJ (F97EB5 16.14). 4TL LQEBO TEFQB J>QQBO ?RKAIBP @LKKB@Q QEB @BOB?BIIRJ QL
QEB LQEBO OBDFLKP LC QEB ?O>FK PQBJ. 4EB CE@5B9?B 35B525<<1B @54E>3<5 ()C&) FP QEB @LKKB@QFLK LC QEB @BOB?BIIRJ QL QEB
JFA?O>FK >KA CLOB?O>FK. 4EB 9>65B9?B 35B525<<1B @54E>3<5 (IC&) FP QEB @LKKB@QFLK QL QEB JBARII>.
F<:HE8 16.14 C8E858??4E )8A7HA6?8F 1?< :FEE<:K@FEJ KF K?< :<I<9<CCLD 8I< K?< K?I<< :<I<9<CC8I G<;LE:C<J, N?@:?
8I< :CFJ< KF <8:? FK?<I. 1?< &- 8I@J<J =IFD K?< D<;LCC8_JG<:@=@:8CCP =IFD K?< @E=<I@FI FC@M<, N?@:? @J M@J@9C< 8J 8
9LC>< FE K?< M<EKI8C JLI=8:< F= K?< 9I8@E JK<D. 1?< *- @J K?< M<EKI8C JLI=8:< F= K?< GFEJ. 1?< 0- GIFA<:KJ @EKF K?<
D@;9I8@E.
4EBPB @LKKB@QFLKP @>K >IPL ?B ?OL>AIV ABP@OF?BA ?V QEBFO CRK@QFLKP. 4EB )#0 @LKSBVP PBKPLOV FKMRQ QL QEB @BOB?BIIRJ,
M>OQF>IIV COLJ QEB PMFKL@BOB?BII>O QO>@Q, ?RQ >IPL QEOLRDE CF?BOP LC QEB 9>65B9?B ?<9F5. 4EB -#0 FP M>OQ LC QEB 3?BD93?-@?>D?-
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OBMOLAR@QFSB CRK@QFLK >KA, FK QEB @>PB LC TLJBK, QEB LKPBQ >KA @BPP>QFLK LC OBMOLAR@QFSB @>M>@FQV.
4EB DLK>ALQOLMFKP FK@IRAB QTL DIV@LMOLQBFK ELOJLKBP: 6?<<93<5-CD9=E<1D9>7 8?B=?>5 (F)H) PQFJRI>QBP QEB
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QEB J>IB QBPQBP.
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ABSBILMJBKQ LC QEB J>JJ>OV DI>KAP, >KA >CQBO ?FOQE, FQ PQFJRI>QBP QEB J>JJ>OV DI>KAP QL MOLAR@B ?OB>PQ JFIH. (LTBSBO,
QEB BCCB@QP LC MOLI>@QFK ABMBKA EB>SFIV RMLK QEB MBOJFPPFSB BCCB@QP LC BPQOLDBKP, MOLDBPQBOLKB, >KA LQEBO ELOJLKBP. !KA >P
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QE>Q FP CLOJBA ?V @IB>S>DB LC QEB MOL-LMFLJBI>KL@LOQFK (0/-#) MOB@ROPLO MOLQBFK. ,L@>I MOLAR@QFLK LC -3( FK QEB PHFK
FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO JBI>KFK MOLAR@QFLK FK OBPMLKPB QL 56 IFDEQ BUMLPROB. 4EB OLIB LC -3( J>AB ?V QEB MFQRFQ>OV FP JLOB
@LJMIF@>QBA. &LO FKPQ>K@B, MBLMIB TFQE IFDEQBO PHFK DBKBO>IIV E>SB QEB P>JB >JLRKQ LC -3( >P MBLMIB TFQE A>OHBO PHFK.
.BSBOQEBIBPP, QEFP ELOJLKB FP @>M>?IB LC A>OHBKFKD LC QEB PHFK ?V FKAR@FKD JBI>KFK MOLAR@QFLK FK QEB PHFKlP JBI>KL@VQBP.
7LJBK >IPL PELT FK@OB>PBA -3( MOLAR@QFLK AROFKD MOBDK>K@V; FK @LJ?FK>QFLK TFQE BPQOLDBKP, FQ @>K IB>A QL A>OHBO PHFK
MFDJBKQ>QFLK, BPMB@F>IIV QEB PHFK LC QEB >OBLI>P >KA I>?F> JFKLO>. F97EB5 17.11 FP > PRJJ>OV LC QEB MFQRFQ>OV ELOJLKBP >KA
QEBFO MOFK@FM>I BCCB@QP.
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704 %A-1"/ 17 R 1%" "+!,/&+" 0601"*
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c %UMI>FK QEB OLIB LC QEVOLFA ELOJLKBP FK QEB OBDRI>QFLK LC ?>P>I JBQ>?LIFPJ
c )ABKQFCV QEB ELOJLKB MOLAR@BA ?V QEB M>O>CLIIF@RI>O @BIIP LC QEB QEVOLFA
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TFQE M>O>QEVOLFA DI>KAP, MOFJ>OFIV LK QEBFO MLPQBOFLO PROC>@BP. 4EB QFPPRB LC QEB QEVOLFA DI>KA FP @LJMLPBA JLPQIV LC QEVOLFA
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ELOJLKBPl BPPBKQF>I >KA RKFNRB @LJMLKBKQ: FLAFKB.
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FP PB@OBQBA FKQL QEB @LIILFA ?V QEB CLIIF@IB @BIIP. 4EB CLIILTFKD PQBMP LRQIFKB QEB ELOJLKBPl >PPBJ?IV:
1. "FKAFKD LC 43( QL FQP OB@BMQLOP FK QEB CLIIF@IB @BIIP LC QEB QEVOLFA DI>KA @>RPBP QEB @BIIP QL >@QFSBIV QO>KPMLOQ FLAFAB
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706 %A-1"/ 17 R 1%" "+!,/&+" 0601"*
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KBD>QFSBIV @E>ODBA BIB@QOLKP >OB OBJLSBA). 4EB LUFA>QFLK LC QTL FLAFAB FLKP (2 )
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2
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3. )K QEB @LIILFA, MBOLUFA>PB BKWVJBP IFKH QEB FLAFKB QL QEB QVOLPFKB >JFKL >@FAP FK QEVOLDIL?RIFK QL MOLAR@B QTL
FKQBOJBAF>OFBP: > QVOLPFKB >QQ>@EBA QL LKB FLAFKB >KA > QVOLPFKB >QQ>@EBA QL QTL FLAFKBP. 7EBK LKB LC B>@E LC QEBPB
FKQBOJBAF>OFBP FP IFKHBA ?V @LS>IBKQ ?LKAP, QEB OBPRIQFKD @LJMLRKA FP DB99?4?D8IB?>9>5 (4
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4
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FKQL QEB CLIIF@IB @BIIP. 4EBOB, IVPLPLJ>I BKWVJBP ?OB>H >M>OQ QEB QEVOLDIL?RIFK @LIILFA, OBIB>PFKD COBB 4
3
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mM>@H>DFKDn MOBSBKQP QEBFO COBB AFCCRPFLK FKQL ?LAV @BIIP. 7EBK ?ILLA IBSBIP LC 4
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FK@OB>PB FK QEB KRJ?BO LC ELOJLKB OB@BMQLOP, QVMF@>IIV FK OBPMLKPB QL @EOLKF@>IIV OBAR@BA IBSBIP LC >
ELOJLKB
FKQBOJBAF>QB OBDFLK LC QEB >AOBK>I @LOQBU QE>Q MOLAR@B ELOJLKBP @>IIBA DIR@L@LOQF@LFAP
JLPQ PRMBOCF@F>I OBDFLK LC QEB >AOBK>I @LOQBU, TEF@E MOLAR@BP QEB ELOJLKBP @LIIB@QFSBIV OBCBOOBA QL
>P JFKBO>IL@LOQF@LFAP
ABBMBPQ OBDFLK LC QEB >AOBK>I @LOQBU, TEF@E MOLAR@BP QEB PQBOLFA PBU ELOJLKBP @>IIBA >KAOLDBKP
C!A)-E+ +E/"E0
17.1 AA (I8EI<8J B9 G;8 EA7B6E<A8 ,LFG8@
4EB BKAL@OFKB PVPQBJ @LKPFPQP LC @BIIP, QFPPRBP, >KA LOD>KP QE>Q PB@OBQB ELOJLKBP @OFQF@>I QL ELJBLPQ>PFP. 4EB ?LAV
@LLOAFK>QBP FQP CRK@QFLKP QEOLRDE QTL J>GLO QVMBP LC @LJJRKF@>QFLK: KBRO>I >KA BKAL@OFKB. .BRO>I @LJJRKF@>QFLK FK@IRABP
?LQE BIB@QOF@>I >KA @EBJF@>I PFDK>IFKD ?BQTBBK KBROLKP >KA Q>ODBQ @BIIP. %KAL@OFKB @LJJRKF@>QFLK FKSLISBP @EBJF@>I
PFDK>IFKD SF> QEB OBIB>PB LC ELOJLKBP FKQL QEB BUQO>@BIIRI>O CIRFA. &OLJ QEBOB, ELOJLKBP AFCCRPB FKQL QEB ?ILLAPQOB>J >KA
J>V QO>SBI QL AFPQ>KQ ?LAV OBDFLKP, TEBOB QEBV BIF@FQ > OBPMLKPB FK Q>ODBQ @BIIP. %KAL@OFKB DI>KAP >OB AR@QIBPP DI>KAP QE>Q
PB@OBQB ELOJLKBP. ->KV LOD>KP LC QEB ?LAV TFQE LQEBO MOFJ>OV CRK@QFLKPjPR@E >P QEB EB>OQ, PQLJ>@E, >KA HFAKBVPj>IPL
E>SB ELOJLKB-PB@OBQFKD @BIIP.
17.2 !BE@BA8F
(LOJLKBP >OB ABOFSBA COLJ >JFKL >@FAP LO IFMFAP. !JFKB ELOJLKBP LOFDFK>QB COLJ QEB >JFKL >@FAP QOVMQLME>K LO QVOLPFKB.
,>ODBO >JFKL >@FA ELOJLKBP FK@IRAB MBMQFABP >KA MOLQBFK ELOJLKBP. 3QBOLFA ELOJLKBP >OB ABOFSBA COLJ @ELIBPQBOLI.
3QBOLFA ELOJLKBP >KA QEVOLFA ELOJLKB >OB IFMFA PLIR?IB. !II LQEBO >JFKL >@FAiABOFSBA ELOJLKBP >OB T>QBO PLIR?IB.
(VAOLMEL?F@ ELOJLKBP >OB >?IB QL AFCCRPB QEOLRDE QEB JBJ?O>KB >KA FKQBO>@Q TFQE >K FKQO>@BIIRI>O OB@BMQLO. )K @LKQO>PQ,
EVAOLMEFIF@ ELOJLKBP JRPQ FKQBO>@Q TFQE @BII JBJ?O>KB OB@BMQLOP. 4EBPB >OB QVMF@>IIV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE > ' MOLQBFK, TEF@E
?B@LJBP >@QFS>QBA TEBK QEB ELOJLKB ?FKAP QEB OB@BMQLO. 4EFP FKFQF>QBP > PFDK>IFKD @>P@>AB QE>Q FKSLISBP > PB@LKA JBPPBKDBO,
PR@E >P @V@IF@ >ABKLPFKB JLKLMELPME>QB (@!-0). 3B@LKA JBPPBKDBO PVPQBJP DOB>QIV >JMIFCV QEB ELOJLKB PFDK>I, @OB>QFKD
> ?OL>ABO, JLOB BCCF@FBKQ, >KA C>PQBO OBPMLKPB.
(LOJLKBP >OB OBIB>PBA RMLK PQFJRI>QFLK QE>Q FP LC BFQEBO @EBJF@>I LO KBRO>I LOFDFK. 2BDRI>QFLK LC ELOJLKB OBIB>PB FP
MOFJ>OFIV >@EFBSBA QEOLRDE KBD>QFSB CBBA?>@H. 6>OFLRP PQFJRIF J>V @>RPB QEB OBIB>PB LC ELOJLKBP, ?RQ QEBOB >OB QEOBB J>GLO
730 %A-1"/ 17 R 1%" "+!,/&+" 0601"*
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
QVMBP. (RJLO>I PQFJRIF >OB @E>KDBP FK FLK LO KRQOFBKQ IBSBIP FK QEB ?ILLA. (LOJLK>I PQFJRIF >OB @E>KDBP FK ELOJLKB IBSBIP
QE>Q FKFQF>QB LO FKEF?FQ QEB PB@OBQFLK LC >KLQEBO ELOJLKB. &FK>IIV, > KBRO>I PQFJRIRP L@@ROP TEBK > KBOSB FJMRIPB MOLJMQP QEB
PB@OBQFLK LO FKEF?FQFLK LC > ELOJLKB.
17.3 -;8 )<GH<G4EL ?4A7 4A7 !LCBG;4?4@HF
4EB EVMLQE>I>JRPiMFQRFQ>OV @LJMIBU FP IL@>QBA FK QEB AFBK@BME>ILK LC QEB ?O>FK. 4EB EVMLQE>I>JRP >KA QEB MFQRFQ>OV DI>KA
>OB @LKKB@QBA ?V > PQOR@QROB @>IIBA QEB FKCRKAF?RIRJ, TEF@E @LKQ>FKP S>P@RI>QROB >KA KBOSB >ULKP. 4EB MFQRFQ>OV DI>KA
FP AFSFABA FKQL QTL AFPQFK@Q PQOR@QROBP TFQE AFCCBOBKQ BJ?OVLKF@ LOFDFKP. 4EB MLPQBOFLO IL?B ELRPBP QEB >ULK QBOJFK>IP LC
EVMLQE>I>JF@ KBROLKP. )Q PQLOBP >KA OBIB>PBP FKQL QEB ?ILLAPQOB>J QTL EVMLQE>I>JF@ ELOJLKBP: LUVQL@FK >KA >KQFAFROBQF@
ELOJLKB (!$(). 4EB >KQBOFLO IL?B FP @LKKB@QBA QL QEB EVMLQE>I>JRP ?V S>P@RI>QROB FK QEB FKCRKAF?RIRJ >KA MOLAR@BP >KA
PB@OBQBP PFU ELOJLKBP. 4EBFO PB@OBQFLK FP OBDRI>QBA, ELTBSBO, ?V OBIB>PFKD >KA FKEF?FQFKD ELOJLKBP COLJ QEB EVMLQE>I>JRP.
4EB PFU >KQBOFLO MFQRFQ>OV ELOJLKBP >OB: DOLTQE ELOJLKB ('(), QEVOLFA-PQFJRI>QFKD ELOJLKB (43(), >AOBKL@LOQF@LQOLMF@
ELOJLKB (!#4(), CLIIF@IB-PQFJRI>QFKD ELOJLKB (&3(), IRQBFKFWFKD ELOJLKB (,(), >KA MOLI>@QFK (02,).
17.4 -;8 -;LEB<7 ?4A7
4EB QEVOLFA DI>KA FP > ?RQQBOCIV-PE>MBA LOD>K IL@>QBA FK QEB KB@H >KQBOFLO QL QEB QO>@EB>. )QP ELOJLKBP OBDRI>QB ?>P>I
JBQ>?LIFPJ, LUVDBK RPB, KRQOFBKQ JBQ>?LIFPJ, QEB MOLAR@QFLK LC !40, >KA @>I@FRJ ELJBLPQ>PFP. 4EBV >IPL @LKQOF?RQB QL
MOLQBFK PVKQEBPFP >KA QEB KLOJ>I DOLTQE >KA ABSBILMJBKQ LC ?LAV QFPPRBP, FK@IRAFKD J>QRO>QFLK LC QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, >KA
QEBV FK@OB>PB QEB ?LAVlP PBKPFQFSFQV QL @>QB@ELI>JFKBP. 4EB QEVOLFA ELOJLKBP QOFFLALQEVOLKFKB (4
3
) >KA QEVOLUFKB (4
4
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MOLAR@BA >KA PB@OBQBA ?V QEB QEVOLFA DI>KA FK OBPMLKPB QL QEVOLFA-PQFJRI>QFKD ELOJLKB (43() COLJ QEB >KQBOFLO MFQRFQ>OV.
3VKQEBPFP LC QEB >JFKL >@FAiABOFSBA 4
3
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4
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QL DLFQBO, @OBQFKFPJ, >KA J>KV LQEBO AFPLOABOP.
17.5 -;8 )4E4G;LEB<7 ?4A7F
#>I@FRJ FP OBNRFOBA CLO > S>OFBQV LC FJMLOQ>KQ MEVPFLILDF@ MOL@BPPBP, FK@IRAFKD KBROLJRP@RI>O CRK@QFLKFKD; QERP, ?ILLA
@>I@FRJ IBSBIP >OB @ILPBIV OBDRI>QBA. 4EB M>O>QEVOLFA DI>KAP >OB PJ>II PQOR@QROBP IL@>QBA LK QEB MLPQBOFLO QEVOLFA DI>KA QE>Q
MOLAR@B M>O>QEVOLFA ELOJLKB (04(), TEF@E OBDRI>QBP ?ILLA @>I@FRJ IBSBIP. ,LT ?ILLA @>I@FRJ IBSBIP @>RPB QEB MOLAR@QFLK
>KA PB@OBQFLK LC 04(. )K @LKQO>PQ, BIBS>QBA ?ILLA @>I@FRJ IBSBIP FKEF?FQ PB@OBQFLK LC 04( >KA QOFDDBO PB@OBQFLK LC QEB QEVOLFA
ELOJLKB @>I@FQLKFK. 5KABOMOLAR@QFLK LC 04( @>K OBPRIQ FK EVMLM>O>QEVOLFAFPJ. )K @LKQO>PQ, LSBOMOLAR@QFLK LC 04( @>K
OBPRIQ FK EVMBOM>O>QEVOLFAFPJ.
17.6 -;8 A7E8A4? ?4A7F
4EB >AOBK>I DI>KAP, IL@>QBA PRMBOFLO QL B>@E HFAKBV, @LKPFPQ LC QTL OBDFLKP: QEB >AOBK>I @LOQBU >KA >AOBK>I JBARII>. 4EB
>AOBK>I @LOQBUjQEB LRQBO I>VBO LC QEB DI>KAjMOLAR@BP JFKBO>IL@LOQF@LFAP, DIR@L@LOQF@LFAP, >KA >KAOLDBKP. 4EB >AOBK>I
JBARII> >Q QEB @LOB LC QEB DI>KA MOLAR@BP BMFKBMEOFKB >KA KLOBMFKBMEOFKB.
4EB >AOBK>I DI>KAP JBAF>QB > PELOQ-QBOJ PQOBPP OBPMLKPB >KA > ILKD-QBOJ PQOBPP OBPMLKPB. ! MBO@BFSBA QEOB>Q OBPRIQP FK
QEB PB@OBQFLK LC BMFKBMEOFKB >KA KLOBMFKBMEOFKB COLJ QEB >AOBK>I JBARII>, TEF@E JBAF>QB QEB CFDEQ-LO-CIFDEQ OBPMLKPB. 4EB
ILKD-QBOJ PQOBPP OBPMLKPB FP JBAF>QBA ?V QEB PB@OBQFLK LC #2( COLJ QEB EVMLQE>I>JRP, TEF@E QOFDDBOP !#4(, TEF@E FK
QROK PQFJRI>QBP QEB PB@OBQFLK LC @LOQF@LPQBOLFAP COLJ QEB >AOBK>I @LOQBU. 4EB JFKBO>IL@LOQF@LFAP, @EFBCIV >IALPQBOLKB, @>RPB
PLAFRJ >KA CIRFA OBQBKQFLK, TEF@E FK@OB>PBP ?ILLA SLIRJB >KA ?ILLA MOBPPROB.
17.7 -;8 )<A84? ?4A7
4EB MFKB>I DI>KA FP >K BKAL@OFKB PQOR@QROB LC QEB AFBK@BME>ILK LC QEB ?O>FK, >KA FP IL@>QBA FKCBOFLO >KA MLPQBOFLO QL QEB
QE>I>JRP. )Q FP J>AB RM LC MFKB>IL@VQBP. 4EBPB @BIIP MOLAR@B >KA PB@OBQB QEB ELOJLKB JBI>QLKFK FK OBPMLKPB QL ILT IFDEQ
IBSBIP. (FDE ?ILLA IBSBIP LC JBI>QLKFK FKAR@B AOLTPFKBPP. *BQ I>D, @>RPBA ?V QO>SBIFKD >@OLPP PBSBO>I QFJB WLKBP, L@@ROP
?B@>RPB JBI>QLKFK PVKQEBPFP Q>HBP PBSBO>I A>VP QL OB>AGRPQ QL QEB IFDEQ-A>OH M>QQBOKP FK QEB KBT BKSFOLKJBKQ.
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4EB J>IB >KA CBJ>IB OBMOLAR@QFSB PVPQBJ FP OBDRI>QBA ?V CLIIF@IB-PQFJRI>QFKD ELOJLKB (&3() >KA IRQBFKFWFKD ELOJLKB
(,() MOLAR@BA ?V QEB >KQBOFLO IL?B LC QEB MFQRFQ>OV DI>KA FK OBPMLKPB QL DLK>ALQOLMFK-OBIB>PFKD ELOJLKB ('K2() COLJ QEB
EVMLQE>I>JRP. )K J>IBP, &3( PQFJRI>QBP PMBOJ J>QRO>QFLK, TEF@E FP FKEF?FQBA ?V QEB ELOJLKB FKEF?FK. 4EB PQBOLFA ELOJLKB
QBPQLPQBOLKB, > QVMB LC >KAOLDBK, FP OBIB>PBA FK OBPMLKPB QL ,( >KA FP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO QEB J>QRO>QFLK >KA J>FKQBK>K@B LC
QEB J>IB OBMOLAR@QFSB PVPQBJ, >P TBII >P QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC J>IB PB@LKA>OV PBU @E>O>@QBOFPQF@P. )K CBJ>IBP, &3( MOLJLQBP
BDD J>QRO>QFLK >KA ,( PFDK>IP QEB PB@OBQFLK LC QEB CBJ>IB PBU ELOJLKBP, QEB BPQOLDBKP >KA MOLDBPQBOLKB. "LQE LC QEBPB
ELOJLKBP >OB FJMLOQ>KQ FK QEB ABSBILMJBKQ >KA J>FKQBK>K@B LC QEB CBJ>IB OBMOLAR@QFSB PVPQBJ, >P TBII >P J>FKQ>FKFKD
MOBDK>K@V. 4EB MI>@BKQ> ABSBILMP AROFKD B>OIV MOBDK>K@V, >KA PB@OBQBP PBSBO>I ELOJLKBP FJMLOQ>KQ CLO J>FKQ>FKFKD QEB
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4EB M>K@OB>P E>P ?LQE BUL@OFKB >KA BKAL@OFKB CRK@QFLKP. 4EB M>K@OB>QF@ FPIBQ @BII QVMBP FK@IRAB >IME> @BIIP, TEF@E MOLAR@B
DIR@>DLK; ?BQ> @BIIP, TEF@E MOLAR@B FKPRIFK; ABIQ> @BIIP, TEF@E MOLAR@B PLJ>QLPQ>QFK; >KA 00 @BIIP, TEF@E MOLAR@B M>K@OB>QF@
MLIVMBMQFAB. )KPRIFK >KA DIR@>DLK >OB FKSLISBA FK QEB OBDRI>QFLK LC DIR@LPB JBQ>?LIFPJ. )KPRIFK FP MOLAR@BA ?V QEB ?BQ> @BIIP
FK OBPMLKPB QL EFDE ?ILLA DIR@LPB IBSBIP. )Q BKE>K@BP DIR@LPB RMQ>HB >KA RQFIFW>QFLK ?V Q>ODBQ @BIIP, >P TBII >P QEB PQLO>DB LC
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?V QEB >IME> @BIIP LC QEB M>K@OB>P FK OBPMLKPB QL ILT ?ILLA DIR@LPB IBSBIP. 'IR@>DLK PQFJRI>QBP JB@E>KFPJP QE>Q FK@OB>PB
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6FPFQ QEB !JBOF@>K (B>OQ !PPL@F>QFLK G52C9D5 (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</AHA) QL EBIM IL@>QB > @LROPB KB>O VLRO
ELJB FK QEB 5KFQBA 3Q>QBP. 4EBOB >OB >IPL J>KV LQEBO K>QFLK>I >KA OBDFLK>I EB>OQ >PPL@F>QFLKP QE>Q LCCBO QEB P>JB
PBOSF@B, ABMBKAFKD RMLK QEB IL@>QFLK.
,;4C8 4A7 ,<M8 B9 G;8 !84EG
4EB PE>MB LC QEB EB>OQ FP PFJFI>O QL > MFKB@LKB, O>QEBO ?OL>A >Q QEB PRMBOFLO PROC>@B >KA Q>MBOFKD QL QEB >MBU (PBB F97EB5
19.2). ! QVMF@>I EB>OQ FP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV QEB PFWB LC VLRO CFPQ: 12 @J (5 FK) FK IBKDQE, 8 @J (3.5 FK) TFAB, >KA 6 @J (2.5 FK)
FK QEF@HKBPP. 'FSBK QEB PFWB AFCCBOBK@B ?BQTBBK JLPQ JBJ?BOP LC QEB PBUBP, QEB TBFDEQ LC > CBJ>IB EB>OQ FP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV
250i300 DO>JP (9 QL 11 LRK@BP), >KA QEB TBFDEQ LC > J>IB EB>OQ FP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 300i350 DO>JP (11 QL 12 LRK@BP).
4EB EB>OQ LC > TBII-QO>FKBA >QEIBQB, BPMB@F>IIV LKB PMB@F>IFWFKD FK >BOL?F@ PMLOQP, @>K ?B @LKPFABO>?IV I>ODBO QE>K QEFP.
#>OAF>@ JRP@IB OBPMLKAP QL BUBO@FPB FK > J>KKBO PFJFI>O QL QE>Q LC PHBIBQ>I JRP@IB. 4E>Q FP, BUBO@FPB OBPRIQP FK QEB >AAFQFLK
LC MOLQBFK JVLCFI>JBKQP QE>Q FK@OB>PB QEB PFWB LC QEB FKAFSFAR>I @BIIP TFQELRQ FK@OB>PFKD QEBFO KRJ?BOP, > @LK@BMQ @>IIBA
EVMBOQOLMEV. (B>OQP LC >QEIBQBP @>K MRJM ?ILLA JLOB BCCB@QFSBIV >Q ILTBO O>QBP QE>K QELPB LC KLK>QEIBQBP. %KI>ODBA EB>OQP
>OB KLQ >IT>VP > OBPRIQ LC BUBO@FPB; QEBV @>K OBPRIQ COLJ M>QELILDFBP, PR@E >P 8I@5BDB?@893 31B49?=I?@1D8I. 4EB @>RPB
LC >K >?KLOJ>IIV BKI>ODBA EB>OQ JRP@IB FP RKHKLTK, ?RQ QEB @LKAFQFLK FP LCQBK RKAF>DKLPBA >KA @>K @>RPB PRAABK AB>QE FK
>MM>OBKQIV LQEBOTFPB EB>IQEV VLRKD MBLMIB.
C;4@58EF 4A7 C<E6H?4G<BA G;EBH:; G;8 !84EG
4EB ERJ>K EB>OQ @LKPFPQP LC CLRO @E>J?BOP: 4EB IBCQ PFAB >KA QEB OFDEQ PFAB B>@E E>SB LKB 1DB9E= >KA LKB F5>DB93<5. %>@E
LC QEB RMMBO @E>J?BOP, QEB OFDEQ >QOFRJ (MIRO>I = >QOF>) >KA QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ, >@QP >P > OB@BFSFKD @E>J?BO >KA @LKQO>@QP QL
MRPE ?ILLA FKQL QEB ILTBO @E>J?BOP, QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB >KA QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB. 4EB SBKQOF@IBP PBOSB >P QEB MOFJ>OV MRJMFKD
@E>J?BOP LC QEB EB>OQ, MOLMBIIFKD ?ILLA QL QEB IRKDP LO QL QEB OBPQ LC QEB ?LAV.
4EBOB >OB QTL AFPQFK@Q ?RQ IFKHBA @FO@RFQP FK QEB ERJ>K @FO@RI>QFLK @>IIBA QEB MRIJLK>OV >KA PVPQBJF@ @FO@RFQP. !IQELRDE
?LQE @FO@RFQP QO>KPMLOQ ?ILLA >KA BSBOVQEFKD FQ @>OOFBP, TB @>K FKFQF>IIV SFBT QEB @FO@RFQP COLJ QEB MLFKQ LC SFBT LC D>PBP.
4EB @E<=?>1BI 39B3E9D QO>KPMLOQP ?ILLA QL >KA COLJ QEB IRKDP, TEBOB FQ MF@HP RM LUVDBK >KA ABIFSBOP @>O?LK AFLUFAB CLO
BUE>I>QFLK. 4EB CICD5=93 39B3E9D QO>KPMLOQP LUVDBK>QBA ?ILLA QL SFOQR>IIV >II LC QEB QFPPRBP LC QEB ?LAV >KA OBQROKP OBI>QFSBIV
ABLUVDBK>QBA ?ILLA >KA @>O?LK AFLUFAB QL QEB EB>OQ QL ?B PBKQ ?>@H QL QEB MRIJLK>OV @FO@RI>QFLK.
4EB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB MRJMP ABLUVDBK>QBA ?ILLA FKQL QEB @E<=?>1BI DBE>;, TEF@E IB>AP QLT>OA QEB IRKDP >KA ?FCRO@>QBP
FKQL QEB IBCQ >KA OFDEQ @E<=?>1BI 1BD5B95C. 4EBPB SBPPBIP FK QROK ?O>K@E J>KV QFJBP ?BCLOB OB>@EFKD QEB @E<=?>1BI
31@9<<1B95C, TEBOB D>P BU@E>KDB L@@ROP: #>O?LK AFLUFAB BUFQP QEB ?ILLA >KA LUVDBK BKQBOP. 4EB MRIJLK>OV QORKH >OQBOFBP
>KA QEBFO ?O>K@EBP >OB QEB LKIV >OQBOFBP FK QEB MLPQ-K>Q>I ?LAV QE>Q @>OOV OBI>QFSBIV ABLUVDBK>QBA ?ILLA. (FDEIV LUVDBK>QBA
?ILLA OBQROKFKD COLJ QEB MRIJLK>OV @>MFII>OFBP FK QEB IRKDP M>PPBP QEOLRDE > PBOFBP LC SBPPBIP QE>Q GLFK QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ QEB
@E<=?>1BI F59>CjQEB LKIV MLPQ-K>Q>I SBFKP FK QEB ?LAV QE>Q @>OOV EFDEIV LUVDBK>QBA ?ILLA. 4EB MRIJLK>OV SBFKP @LKAR@Q
?ILLA FKQL QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ, TEF@E MRJMP QEB ?ILLA FKQL QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB, TEF@E FK QROK MRJMP LUVDBK>QBA ?ILLA FKQL QEB
>LOQ> >KA LK QL QEB J>KV ?O>K@EBP LC QEB PVPQBJF@ @FO@RFQ. %SBKQR>IIV, QEBPB SBPPBIP TFII IB>A QL QEB PVPQBJF@ @>MFII>OFBP,
TEBOB BU@E>KDB TFQE QEB QFPPRB CIRFA >KA @BIIP LC QEB ?LAV L@@ROP. )K QEFP @>PB, LUVDBK >KA KRQOFBKQP BUFQ QEB PVPQBJF@
@>MFII>OFBP QL ?B RPBA ?V QEB @BIIP FK QEBFO JBQ>?LIF@ MOL@BPPBP, >KA @>O?LK AFLUFAB >KA T>PQB MOLAR@QP TFII BKQBO QEB ?ILLA.
4EB ?ILLA BUFQFKD QEB PVPQBJF@ @>MFII>OFBP FP ILTBO FK LUVDBK @LK@BKQO>QFLK QE>K TEBK FQ BKQBOBA. 4EB @>MFII>OFBP TFII
RIQFJ>QBIV RKFQB QL CLOJ SBKRIBP, GLFKFKD QL CLOJ BSBO-I>ODBO SBFKP, BSBKQR>IIV CILTFKD FKQL QEB QTL J>GLO PVPQBJF@ SBFKP,
QEB CE@5B9?B F5>1 31F1 >KA QEB 9>65B9?B F5>1 31F1, TEF@E OBQROK ?ILLA QL QEB OFDEQ >QOFRJ. 4EB ?ILLA FK QEB PRMBOFLO
>KA FKCBOFLO SBK>B @>S>B CILTP FKQL QEB OFDEQ >QOFRJ, TEF@E MRJMP ?ILLA FKQL QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB. 4EFP MOL@BPP LC ?ILLA
@FO@RI>QFLK @LKQFKRBP >P ILKD >P QEB FKAFSFAR>I OBJ>FKP >IFSB. 5KABOPQ>KAFKD QEB CILT LC ?ILLA QEOLRDE QEB MRIJLK>OV >KA
PVPQBJF@ @FO@RFQP FP @OFQF@>I QL >II EB>IQE MOLCBPPFLKP (F97EB5 19.4).
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 781
F<:HE8 19.4 DH4? ,LFG8@ B9 G;8 !H@4A B?BB7 C<E6H?4G<BA BCFF; =CFNJ =IFD K?< I@>?K 8KI@LD KF K?< I@>?K M<EKI@:C<,
N?<I< @K @J GLDG<; @EKF K?< GLCDFE8IP :@I:L@K. 1?< 9CFF; @E K?< GLCDFE8IP 8IK<IP 9I8E:?<J @J CFN @E FOP><E 9LK I<C8K@M<CP
?@>? @E :8I9FE ;@FO@;<. $8J <O:?8E>< F::LIJ @E K?< GLCDFE8IP :8G@CC8I@<J (FOP><E @EKF K?< 9CFF;, :8I9FE ;@FO@;< FLK),
8E; 9CFF; ?@>? @E FOP><E 8E; CFN @E :8I9FE ;@FO@;< @J I<KLIE<; KF K?< C<=K 8KI@LD. #IFD ?<I<, 9CFF; <EK<IJ K?< C<=K
M<EKI@:C<, N?@:? GLDGJ @K @EKF K?< JPJK<D@: :@I:L@K. #FCCFN@E> <O:?8E>< @E K?< JPJK<D@: :8G@CC8I@<J (FOP><E 8E; ELKI@<EKJ
FLK F= K?< :8G@CC8I@<J 8E; :8I9FE ;@FO@;< 8E; N8JK<J @E), 9CFF; I<KLIEJ KF K?< I@>?K 8KI@LD 8E; K?< :P:C< @J I<G<8K<;.
&8@5E4A8F, ,HE9468 F84GHE8F, 4A7 %4L8EF
/RO BUMILO>QFLK LC JLOB FK-ABMQE EB>OQ PQOR@QROBP ?BDFKP ?V BU>JFKFKD QEB JBJ?O>KB QE>Q PROOLRKAP QEB EB>OQ, QEB
MOLJFKBKQ PROC>@B CB>QROBP LC QEB EB>OQ, >KA QEB I>VBOP QE>Q CLOJ QEB T>II LC QEB EB>OQ. %>@E LC QEBPB @LJMLKBKQP MI>VP FQP
LTK RKFNRB OLIB FK QBOJP LC CRK@QFLK.
&8@5E4A8F
4EB JBJ?O>KB QE>Q AFOB@QIV PROOLRKAP QEB EB>OQ >KA ABCFKBP QEB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV FP @>IIBA QEB @5B931B49E= LO @5B931B491<
C13. )Q >IPL PROOLRKAP QEB mOLLQPn LC QEB J>GLO SBPPBIP, LO QEB >OB>P LC @ILPBPQ MOLUFJFQV QL QEB EB>OQ. 4EB MBOF@>OAFRJ, TEF@E
IFQBO>IIV QO>KPI>QBP >P m>OLRKA QEB EB>OQ,n @LKPFPQP LC QTL AFPQFK@Q PR?I>VBOP: QEB PQROAV LRQBO CF?OLRP MBOF@>OAFRJ >KA QEB
FKKBO PBOLRP MBOF@>OAFRJ. 4EB CF?OLRP MBOF@>OAFRJ FP J>AB LC QLRDE, ABKPB @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q MOLQB@QP QEB EB>OQ >KA
J>FKQ>FKP FQP MLPFQFLK FK QEB QELO>U. 4EB JLOB ABIF@>QB PBOLRP MBOF@>OAFRJ @LKPFPQP LC QTL I>VBOP: QEB M>OFBQ>I MBOF@>OAFRJ,
TEF@E FP CRPBA QL QEB CF?OLRP MBOF@>OAFRJ, >KA >K FKKBO SFP@BO>I MBOF@>OAFRJ, LO 5@931B49E=, TEF@E FP CRPBA QL QEB EB>OQ
>KA FP M>OQ LC QEB EB>OQ T>II. 4EB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV, CFIIBA TFQE IR?OF@>QFKD PBOLRP CIRFA, IFBP ?BQTBBK QEB BMF@>OAFRJ >KA QEB
MBOF@>OAFRJ.
782 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
)K JLPQ LOD>KP TFQEFK QEB ?LAV, SFP@BO>I PBOLRP JBJ?O>KBP PR@E >P QEB BMF@>OAFRJ >OB JF@OLP@LMF@. (LTBSBO, FK QEB
@>PB LC QEB EB>OQ, FQ FP KLQ > JF@OLP@LMF@ I>VBO ?RQ O>QEBO > J>@OLP@LMF@ I>VBO, @LKPFPQFKD LC > PFJMIB PNR>JLRP BMFQEBIFRJ
@>IIBA > =5C?D85<9E=, OBFKCLO@BA TFQE ILLPB, FOOBDRI>O, LO >OBLI>O @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB QE>Q >QQ>@EBP QL QEB MBOF@>OAFRJ. 4EFP
JBPLQEBIFRJ PB@OBQBP QEB IR?OF@>QFKD PBOLRP CIRFA QE>Q CFIIP QEB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV >KA OBAR@BP COF@QFLK >P QEB EB>OQ @LKQO>@QP.
F97EB5 19.5 FIIRPQO>QBP QEB MBOF@>OAF>I JBJ?O>KB >KA QEB I>VBOP LC QEB EB>OQ.
F<:HE8 19.5 )8E<64E7<4? &8@5E4A8F 4A7 %4L8EF B9 G;8 !84EG 04?? 1?< G<I@:8I;@8C D<D9I8E< K?8K JLIIFLE;J K?<
?<8IK :FEJ@JKJ F= K?I<< C8P<IJ 8E; K?< G<I@:8I;@8C :8M@KP. 1?< ?<8IK N8CC 8CJF :FEJ@JKJ F= K?I<< C8P<IJ. 1?< G<I@:8I;@8C
D<D9I8E< 8E; K?< ?<8IK N8CC J?8I< K?< <G@:8I;@LD.
!84EG: C4E7<46 -4@CBA478
)C BU@BPP CIRFA ?RFIAP TFQEFK QEB MBOF@>OAF>I PM>@B, FQ @>K IB>A QL > @LKAFQFLK @>IIBA @>OAF>@ Q>JMLK>AB, LO MBOF@>OAF>I
Q>JMLK>AB. 7FQE B>@E @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB EB>OQ, JLOB CIRFAjFK JLPQ FKPQ>K@BP, ?ILLAj>@@RJRI>QBP TFQEFK QEB
MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV. )K LOABO QL CFII TFQE ?ILLA CLO QEB KBUQ @LKQO>@QFLK, QEB EB>OQ JRPQ OBI>U. (LTBSBO, QEB BU@BPP CIRFA FK
QEB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV MRQP MOBPPROB LK QEB EB>OQ >KA MOBSBKQP CRII OBI>U>QFLK, PL QEB @E>J?BOP TFQEFK QEB EB>OQ @LKQ>FK
PIFDEQIV IBPP ?ILLA >P QEBV ?BDFK B>@E EB>OQ @V@IB. /SBO QFJB, IBPP >KA IBPP ?ILLA FP BGB@QBA COLJ QEB EB>OQ. )C QEB
CIRFA ?RFIAP RM PILTIV, >P FK EVMLQEVOLFAFPJ, QEB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV J>V ?B >?IB QL BUM>KA DO>AR>IIV QL >@@LJJLA>QB
QEFP BUQO> SLIRJB. 3LJB @>PBP LC CIRFA FK BU@BPP LC LKB IFQBO TFQEFK QEB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV E>SB ?BBK OBMLOQBA. 2>MFA
>@@RJRI>QFLK LC >P IFQQIB >P 100 J, LC CIRFA CLIILTFKD QO>RJ> J>V QOFDDBO @>OAF>@ Q>JMLK>AB. /QEBO @LJJLK @>RPBP
FK@IRAB JVL@>OAF>I ORMQROB, MBOF@>OAFQFP, @>K@BO, LO BSBK @>OAF>@ PRODBOV. 2BJLS>I LC QEFP BU@BPP CIRFA OBNRFOBP FKPBOQFLK
LC AO>FK>DB QR?BP FKQL QEB MBOF@>OAF>I @>SFQV. 0OBJ>QROB OBJLS>I LC QEBPB AO>FK>DB QR?BP, CLO BU>JMIB, CLIILTFKD @>OAF>@
PRODBOV, LO @ILQ CLOJ>QFLK TFQEFK QEBPB QR?BP >OB @>RPBP LC QEFP @LKAFQFLK. 5KQOB>QBA, @>OAF>@ Q>JMLK>AB @>K IB>A QL
AB>QE.
,HE9468 F84GHE8F B9 G;8 !84EG
)KPFAB QEB MBOF@>OAFRJ, QEB PROC>@B CB>QROBP LC QEB EB>OQ >OB SFPF?IB, FK@IRAFKD QEB CLRO @E>J?BOP. 4EBOB FP > PRMBOCF@F>I IB>C-
IFHB BUQBKPFLK LC QEB >QOF> KB>O QEB PRMBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB EB>OQ, LKB LK B>@E PFAB, @>IIBA >K 1EB93<5j> K>JB QE>Q JB>KP mB>O
IFHBnj?B@>RPB FQP PE>MB OBPBJ?IBP QEB BUQBOK>I B>O LC > ERJ>K (F97EB5 19.6). !ROF@IBP >OB OBI>QFSBIV QEFK-T>IIBA PQOR@QROBP
QE>Q @>K CFII TFQE ?ILLA >KA BJMQV FKQL QEB >QOF> LO RMMBO @E>J?BOP LC QEB EB>OQ. 9LR J>V >IPL EB>O QEBJ OBCBOOBA QL >P >QOF>I
>MMBKA>DBP. !IPL MOLJFKBKQ FP > PBOFBP LC C>Q-CFIIBA DOLLSBP, B>@E LC TEF@E FP HKLTK >P > CE<3EC (MIRO>I = PRI@F), >ILKD
QEB PRMBOFLO PROC>@BP LC QEB EB>OQ. ->GLO @LOLK>OV ?ILLA SBPPBIP >OB IL@>QBA FK QEBPB PRI@F. 4EB ABBM 3?B?>1BI CE<3EC FP
IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB >QOF> >KA SBKQOF@IBP. ,L@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB IBCQ >KA OFDEQ SBKQOF@IBP >OB QTL >AAFQFLK>I PRI@F QE>Q >OB KLQ
>P ABBM >P QEB @LOLK>OV PRI@RP. 4EB 1>D5B9?B 9>D5BF5>DB93E<1B CE<3EC FP SFPF?IB LK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB EB>OQ, TEBOB>P
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 783
QEB @?CD5B9?B 9>D5BF5>DB93E<1B CE<3EC FP SFPF?IB LK QEB MLPQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB EB>OQ. F97EB5 19.6 FIIRPQO>QBP >KQBOFLO >KA
MLPQBOFLO SFBTP LC QEB PROC>@B LC QEB EB>OQ.
F<:HE8 19.6 EKG8EA4? AA4GB@L B9 G;8 !84EG &EJ@;< K?< G<I@:8I;@LD, K?< JLI=8:< =<8KLI<J F= K?< ?<8IK 8I< M@J@9C<.
%4L8EF
4EB T>II LC QEB EB>OQ FP @LJMLPBA LC QEOBB I>VBOP LC RKBNR>I QEF@HKBPP. &OLJ PRMBOCF@F>I QL ABBM, QEBPB >OB QEB BMF@>OAFRJ,
QEB JVL@>OAFRJ, >KA QEB BKAL@>OAFRJ (PBB F97EB5 19.5). 4EB LRQBOJLPQ I>VBO LC QEB T>II LC QEB EB>OQ FP >IPL QEB FKKBOJLPQ
I>VBO LC QEB MBOF@>OAFRJ, QEB BMF@>OAFRJ, LO QEB SFP@BO>I MBOF@>OAFRJ AFP@RPPBA B>OIFBO.
4EB JFAAIB >KA QEF@HBPQ I>VBO FP QEB =I?31B49E=, J>AB I>ODBIV LC @>OAF>@ JRP@IB @BIIP. )Q FP ?RFIQ RMLK > CO>JBTLOH
LC @LII>DBKLRP CF?BOP, MIRP QEB ?ILLA SBPPBIP QE>Q PRMMIV QEB JVL@>OAFRJ >KA QEB KBOSB CF?BOP QE>Q EBIM OBDRI>QB QEB EB>OQ.
)Q FP QEB @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB JVL@>OAFRJ QE>Q MRJMP ?ILLA QEOLRDE QEB EB>OQ >KA FKQL QEB J>GLO >OQBOFBP. 4EB JRP@IB M>QQBOK
FP BIBD>KQ >KA @LJMIBU, >P QEB JRP@IB @BIIP PTFOI >KA PMFO>I >OLRKA QEB @E>J?BOP LC QEB EB>OQ. 4EBV CLOJ > CFDROB 8 M>QQBOK
>OLRKA QEB >QOF> >KA >OLRKA QEB ?>PBP LC QEB DOB>Q SBPPBIP. $BBMBO SBKQOF@RI>O JRP@IBP >IPL CLOJ > CFDROB 8 >OLRKA QEB QTL
SBKQOF@IBP >KA MOL@BBA QLT>OA QEB >MBU. -LOB PRMBOCF@F>I I>VBOP LC SBKQOF@RI>O JRP@IB TO>M >OLRKA ?LQE SBKQOF@IBP. 4EFP
@LJMIBU PTFOIFKD M>QQBOK >IILTP QEB EB>OQ QL MRJM ?ILLA JLOB BCCB@QFSBIV QE>K > PFJMIB IFKB>O M>QQBOK TLRIA. F97EB5 19.7
FIIRPQO>QBP QEB >OO>KDBJBKQ LC JRP@IB @BIIP.
784 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 19.7 !84EG &HF6H?4GHE8 1?< JN@IC@E> G8KK<IE F= :8I;@8: DLJ:C< K@JJL< :FEKI@9LK<J J@>E@=@:8EKCP KF K?< ?<8IK`J
89@C@KP KF GLDG 9CFF; <==<:K@M<CP.
!IQELRDE QEB SBKQOF@IBP LK QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ PFABP MRJM QEB P>JB >JLRKQ LC ?ILLA MBO @LKQO>@QFLK, QEB JRP@IB LC QEB
IBCQ SBKQOF@IB FP JR@E QEF@HBO >KA ?BQQBO ABSBILMBA QE>K QE>Q LC QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB. )K LOABO QL LSBO@LJB QEB EFDE OBPFPQ>K@B
OBNRFOBA QL MRJM ?ILLA FKQL QEB ILKD PVPQBJF@ @FO@RFQ, QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB JRPQ DBKBO>QB > DOB>Q >JLRKQ LC MOBPPROB. 4EB OFDEQ
SBKQOF@IB ALBP KLQ KBBA QL DBKBO>QB >P JR@E MOBPPROB, PFK@B QEB MRIJLK>OV @FO@RFQ FP PELOQBO >KA MOLSFABP IBPP OBPFPQ>K@B.
F97EB5 19.8 FIIRPQO>QBP QEB AFCCBOBK@BP FK JRP@RI>O QEF@HKBPP KBBABA CLO B>@E LC QEB SBKQOF@IBP.
F<:HE8 19.8 D<998E8A68F <A /8AGE<6H?4E &HF6?8 -;<6>A8FF 1?< DPFD<KI@LD @E K?< C<=K M<EKI@:C< @J J@>E@=@:8EKCP
K?@:B<I K?8E K?8K F= K?< I@>?K M<EKI@:C<. BFK? M<EKI@:C<J GLDG K?< J8D< 8DFLEK F= 9CFF;, 9LK K?< C<=K M<EKI@:C< DLJK
><E<I8K< 8 DL:? >I<8K<I GI<JJLI< KF FM<I:FD< >I<8K<I I<J@JK8E:< @E K?< JPJK<D@: :@I:L@K. 1?< M<EKI@:C<J 8I< J?FNE
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B>@E LC QEB CI>MP QL > @1@9<<1BI =EC3<5 QE>Q BUQBKAP COLJ QEB FKCBOFLO SBKQOF@RI>O PROC>@B. 4EBOB >OB QEOBB M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP
FK QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB, @>IIBA QEB >KQBOFLO, MLPQBOFLO, >KA PBMQ>I JRP@IBP, TEF@E @LOOBPMLKA QL QEB QEOBB PB@QFLKP LC QEB S>ISBP.
7EBK QEB JVL@>OAFRJ LC QEB SBKQOF@IB @LKQO>@QP, MOBPPROB TFQEFK QEB SBKQOF@RI>O @E>J?BO OFPBP. "ILLA, IFHB >KV CIRFA,
CILTP COLJ EFDEBO MOBPPROB QL ILTBO MOBPPROB >OB>P, FK QEFP @>PB, QLT>OA QEB MRIJLK>OV QORKH >KA QEB >QOFRJ. 4L MOBSBKQ >KV
MLQBKQF>I ?>@HCILT, QEB M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP >IPL @LKQO>@Q, DBKBO>QFKD QBKPFLK LK QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B. 4EFP MOBSBKQP QEB CI>MP
LC QEB S>ISBP COLJ ?BFKD CLO@BA FKQL QEB >QOF> >KA OBDRODFQ>QFLK LC QEB ?ILLA ?>@H FKQL QEB >QOF> AROFKD SBKQOF@RI>O @LKQO>@QFLK.
F97EB5 19.11 PELTP M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP >KA @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B >QQ>@EBA QL QEB QOF@RPMFA S>ISB.
788 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 19.11 C;BE748 -8A7<A848 4A7 )4C<??4EL &HF6?8F &E K?@J =IFEK8C J<:K@FE, PFL :8E J<< G8G@CC8IP DLJ:C<J
8KK8:?<; KF K?< KI@:LJG@; M8CM< FE K?< I@>?K 8J N<CC 8J K?< D@KI8C M8CM< FE K?< C<=K M@8 :?FI;8< K<E;@E<8<. (:I<;@K:
DF;@=@:8K@FE F= NFIB 9P a-3 (0b/=C@:BI.:FD)
4EB T>IIP LC QEB SBKQOF@IB >OB IFKBA TFQE DB1253E<15 31B>515, OFADBP LC @>OAF>@ JRP@IB @LSBOBA ?V BKAL@>OAFRJ. )K
>AAFQFLK QL QEBPB JRP@RI>O OFADBP, > ?>KA LC @>OAF>@ JRP@IB, >IPL @LSBOBA ?V BKAL@>OAFRJ, HKLTK >P QEB =?45B1D?B 21>4
(PBB F97EB5 19.9) OBFKCLO@BP QEB QEFK T>IIP LC QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB >KA MI>VP > @OR@F>I OLIB FK @>OAF>@ @LKAR@QFLK. )Q >OFPBP COLJ
QEB FKCBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB FKQBOSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ >KA @OLPPBP QEB FKQBOFLO PM>@B LC QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB QL @LKKB@Q TFQE QEB
FKCBOFLO M>MFII>OV JRP@IB.
7EBK QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB @LKQO>@QP, FQ BGB@QP ?ILLA FKQL QEB MRIJLK>OV QORKH, TEF@E ?O>K@EBP FKQL QEB IBCQ >KA OFDEQ
MRIJLK>OV >OQBOFBP QE>Q @>OOV FQ QL B>@E IRKD. 4EB PRMBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB ?BDFKP QL Q>MBO >P FQ >MMOL>@EBP QEB
MRIJLK>OV QORKH. !Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB MRIJLK>OV QORKH FP QEB MRIJLK>OV PBJFIRK>O S>ISB QE>Q MOBSBKQP ?>@HCILT COLJ QEB
MRIJLK>OV QORKH.
%89G AGE<H@
!CQBO BU@E>KDB LC D>PBP FK QEB MRIJLK>OV @>MFII>OFBP, ?ILLA OBQROKP QL QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ EFDE FK LUVDBK SF> LKB LC QEB
CLRO MRIJLK>OV SBFKP. 7EFIB QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ ALBP KLQ @LKQ>FK MB@QFK>QB JRP@IBP, FQ ALBP E>SB >K >ROF@IB QE>Q FK@IRABP
QEBPB MB@QFK>QB OFADBP. "ILLA CILTP KB>OIV @LKQFKRLRPIV COLJ QEB MRIJLK>OV SBFKP ?>@H FKQL QEB >QOFRJ, TEF@E >@QP >P QEB
OB@BFSFKD @E>J?BO, >KA COLJ EBOB QEOLRDE >K LMBKFKD FKQL QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB. -LPQ ?ILLA CILTP M>PPFSBIV FKQL QEB EB>OQ TEFIB
?LQE QEB >QOF> >KA SBKQOF@IBP >OB OBI>UBA, ?RQ QLT>OA QEB BKA LC QEB SBKQOF@RI>O OBI>U>QFLK MBOFLA, QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ TFII @LKQO>@Q,
MRJMFKD ?ILLA FKQL QEB SBKQOF@IB. 4EFP >QOF>I @LKQO>@QFLK >@@LRKQP CLO >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 20 MBO@BKQ LC SBKQOF@RI>O CFIIFKD. 4EB
LMBKFKD ?BQTBBK QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ >KA SBKQOF@IB FP DR>OABA ?V QEB JFQO>I S>ISB.
%89G /8AGE<6?8
2B@>II QE>Q, >IQELRDE ?LQE PFABP LC QEB EB>OQ TFII MRJM QEB P>JB >JLRKQ LC ?ILLA, QEB JRP@RI>O I>VBO FP JR@E QEF@HBO FK QEB
IBCQ SBKQOF@IB @LJM>OBA QL QEB OFDEQ (PBB F97EB5 19.8). ,FHB QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB, QEB IBCQ >IPL E>P QO>?B@RI>B @>OKB>B, ?RQ QEBOB
FP KL JLABO>QLO ?>KA. 4EB JFQO>I S>ISB FP @LKKB@QBA QL M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP SF> @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B. 4EBOB >OB QTL M>MFII>OV
JRP@IBP LK QEB IBCQjQEB >KQBOFLO >KA MLPQBOFLOj>P LMMLPBA QL QEOBB LK QEB OFDEQ.
4EB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB FP QEB J>GLO MRJMFKD @E>J?BO CLO QEB PVPQBJF@ @FO@RFQ; FQ BGB@QP ?ILLA FKQL QEB >LOQ> QEOLRDE QEB >LOQF@
PBJFIRK>O S>ISB.
!84EG /4?I8 ,GEH6GHE8 4A7 FHA6G<BA
! QO>KPSBOPB PB@QFLK QEOLRDE QEB EB>OQ PIFDEQIV >?LSB QEB IBSBI LC QEB >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ OBSB>IP >II CLRO EB>OQ S>ISBP
>ILKD QEB P>JB MI>KB (F97EB5 19.12). 4EB S>ISBP BKPROB RKFAFOB@QFLK>I ?ILLA CILT QEOLRDE QEB EB>OQ. "BQTBBK QEB OFDEQ
>QOFRJ >KA QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB FP QEB B978D 1DB9?F5>DB93E<1B F1<F5, LO DB93EC@94 F1<F5. )Q QVMF@>IIV @LKPFPQP LC QEOBB CI>MP, LO
IB>CIBQP, J>AB LC BKAL@>OAFRJ OBFKCLO@BA TFQE >AAFQFLK>I @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 4EB CI>MP >OB @LKKB@QBA ?V @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B
QL QEB M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP, TEF@E @LKQOLI QEB LMBKFKD >KA @ILPFKD LC QEB S>ISBP.
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 789
F<:HE8 19.12 !84EG /4?I8F 4@K? K?< 8KI@8 8E; D8AFI M<JJ<CJ I<DFM<;, 8CC =FLI M8CM<J 8I< :C<8ICP M@J@9C<, 8CK?FL>? @K @J
;@==@:LCK KF ;@JK@E>L@J? K?< K?I<< J<G8I8K< :LJGJ F= K?< KI@:LJG@; M8CM<.
%JBODFKD COLJ QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB MRIJLK>OV QORKH FP QEB MRIJLK>OV PBJFIRK>O S>ISB, LO QEB
@E<=?>1BI F1<F5; FQ FP >IPL HKLTK >P QEB MRIJLKF@ S>ISB LO QEB OFDEQ PBJFIRK>O S>ISB. 4EB MRIJLK>OV S>ISB FP @LJMOFPBA
LC QEOBB PJ>II CI>MP LC BKALQEBIFRJ OBFKCLO@BA TFQE @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB. 7EBK QEB SBKQOF@IB OBI>UBP, QEB MOBPPROB AFCCBOBKQF>I
@>RPBP ?ILLA QL CILT ?>@H FKQL QEB SBKQOF@IB COLJ QEB MRIJLK>OV QORKH. 4EFP CILT LC ?ILLA CFIIP QEB ML@HBQ-IFHB CI>MP LC QEB
MRIJLK>OV S>ISB, @>RPFKD QEB S>ISB QL @ILPB >KA MOLAR@FKD >K >RAF?IB PLRKA. 5KIFHB QEB >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP, QEBOB >OB
KL M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP LO @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB MRIJLK>OV S>ISB.
,L@>QBA >Q QEB LMBKFKD ?BQTBBK QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ >KA IBCQ SBKQOF@IB FP QEB =9DB1< F1<F5, >IPL @>IIBA QEB 293EC@94 F1<F5
LO QEB <56D 1DB9?F5>DB93E<1B F1<F5. 3QOR@QRO>IIV, QEFP S>ISB @LKPFPQP LC QTL @RPMP, HKLTK >P QEB >KQBOFLO JBAF>I @RPM >KA QEB
MLPQBOFLO JBAF>I @RPM, @LJM>OBA QL QEB QEOBB @RPMP LC QEB QOF@RPMFA S>ISB. )K > @IFKF@>I PBQQFKD, QEB S>ISB FP OBCBOOBA QL >P
QEB JFQO>I S>ISB, O>QEBO QE>K QEB ?F@RPMFA S>ISB. 4EB QTL @RPMP LC QEB JFQO>I S>ISB >OB >QQ>@EBA ?V @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B QL QTL
M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP QE>Q MOLGB@Q COLJ QEB T>II LC QEB SBKQOF@IB.
!Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB >LOQ> FP QEB >LOQF@ PBJFIRK>O S>ISB, LO QEB 1?BD93 F1<F5, TEF@E MOBSBKQP ?>@HCILT COLJ QEB >LOQ>. )Q
KLOJ>IIV FP @LJMLPBA LC QEOBB CI>MP. 7EBK QEB SBKQOF@IB OBI>UBP >KA ?ILLA >QQBJMQP QL CILT ?>@H FKQL QEB SBKQOF@IB COLJ QEB
>LOQ>, ?ILLA TFII CFII QEB @RPMP LC QEB S>ISB, @>RPFKD FQ QL @ILPB >KA MOLAR@FKD >K >RAF?IB PLRKA.
)K F97EB5 19.131, QEB QTL >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP >OB LMBK >KA QEB QTL PBJFIRK>O S>ISBP >OB @ILPBA. 4EFP L@@ROP TEBK
?LQE >QOF> >KA SBKQOF@IBP >OB OBI>UBA >KA TEBK QEB >QOF> @LKQO>@Q QL MRJM ?ILLA FKQL QEB SBKQOF@IBP. F97EB5 19.132 PELTP >
COLKQ>I SFBT. !IQELRDE LKIV QEB IBCQ PFAB LC QEB EB>OQ FP FIIRPQO>QBA, QEB MOL@BPP FP SFOQR>IIV FABKQF@>I LK QEB OFDEQ.
790 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 19.13 B?BB7 F?BJ 9EB@ G;8 %89G AGE<H@ GB G;8 %89G /8AGE<6?8 (8) A KI8EJM<IJ< J<:K@FE K?IFL>? K?< ?<8IK
@CCLJKI8K<J K?< =FLI ?<8IK M8CM<J. 1?< KNF 8KI@FM<EKI@:LC8I M8CM<J 8I< FG<E; K?< KNF J<D@CLE8I M8CM<J 8I< :CFJ<;. 1?< 8KI@8
8E; M<JJ<CJ ?8M< 9<<E I<DFM<;. (9) A =IFEK8C J<:K@FE K?IFL>? K?< ?<8IK @CCLJKI8K<J 9CFF; =CFN K?IFL>? K?< D@KI8C M8CM<.
4?<E K?< D@KI8C M8CM< @J FG<E, @K 8CCFNJ 9CFF; KF DFM< =IFD K?< C<=K 8KI@LD KF K?< C<=K M<EKI@:C<. 1?< 8FIK@: J<D@CLE8I
M8CM< @J :CFJ<; KF GI<M<EK 98:B=CFN F= 9CFF; =IFD K?< 8FIK8 KF K?< C<=K M<EKI@:C<.
F97EB5 19.141 PELTP QEB >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP @ILPBA TEFIB QEB QTL PBJFIRK>O S>ISBP >OB LMBK. 4EFP L@@ROP TEBK QEB
SBKQOF@IBP @LKQO>@Q QL BGB@Q ?ILLA FKQL QEB MRIJLK>OV QORKH >KA >LOQ>. #ILPROB LC QEB QTL >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP MOBSBKQP
?ILLA COLJ ?BFKD CLO@BA ?>@H FKQL QEB >QOF>. 4EFP PQ>DB @>K ?B PBBK COLJ > COLKQ>I SFBT FK F97EB5 19.142.
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 791
F<:HE8 19.14 B?BB7 F?BJ 9EB@ G;8 %89G /8AGE<6?8 <AGB G;8 E84G /8FF8?F (8) A KI8EJM<IJ< J<:K@FE K?IFL>? K?<
?<8IK @CCLJKI8K<J K?< =FLI ?<8IK M8CM<J ;LI@E> M<EKI@:LC8I :FEKI8:K@FE. 1?< KNF 8KI@FM<EKI@:LC8I M8CM<J 8I< :CFJ<;, 9LK K?<
KNF J<D@CLE8I M8CM<J 8I< FG<E. 1?< 8KI@8 8E; M<JJ<CJ ?8M< 9<<E I<DFM<;. (9) A =IFEK8C M@<N J?FNJ K?< :CFJ<; D@KI8C
(9@:LJG@;) M8CM< K?8K GI<M<EKJ 98:B=CFN F= 9CFF; @EKF K?< C<=K 8KI@LD. 1?< 8FIK@: J<D@CLE8I M8CM< @J FG<E KF 8CCFN 9CFF;
KF 9< <A<:K<; @EKF K?< 8FIK8.
7EBK QEB SBKQOF@IBP ?BDFK QL @LKQO>@Q, MOBPPROB TFQEFK QEB SBKQOF@IBP OFPBP >KA ?ILLA CILTP QLT>OA QEB >OB> LC ILTBPQ
MOBPPROB, TEF@E FP FKFQF>IIV FK QEB >QOF>. 4EFP ?>@HCILT @>RPBP QEB @RPMP LC QEB QOF@RPMFA >KA JFQO>I (?F@RPMFA) S>ISBP QL @ILPB.
4EBPB S>ISBP >OB QFBA ALTK QL QEB M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP ?V @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B. $ROFKD QEB OBI>U>QFLK ME>PB LC QEB @>OAF>@ @V@IB,
QEB M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP >OB >IPL OBI>UBA >KA QEB QBKPFLK LK QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B FP PIFDEQ (PBB F97EB5 19.132). (LTBSBO, >P
QEB JVL@>OAFRJ LC QEB SBKQOF@IB @LKQO>@QP, PL AL QEB M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP. 4EFP @OB>QBP QBKPFLK LK QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B (PBB
F97EB5 19.142), EBIMFKD QL ELIA QEB @RPMP LC QEB >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP FK MI>@B >KA MOBSBKQFKD QEBJ COLJ ?BFKD ?ILTK
?>@H FKQL QEB >QOF>.
4EB >LOQF@ >KA MRIJLK>OV PBJFIRK>O S>ISBP I>@H QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B >KA M>MFII>OV JRP@IBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB
>QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP. )KPQB>A, QEBV @LKPFPQ LC ML@HBQ-IFHB CLIAP LC BKAL@>OAFRJ OBFKCLO@BA TFQE >AAFQFLK>I @LKKB@QFSB
QFPPRB. 7EBK QEB SBKQOF@IBP OBI>U >KA QEB @E>KDB FK MOBPPROB CLO@BP QEB ?ILLA QLT>OA QEB SBKQOF@IBP, QEB ?ILLA MOBPPBP >D>FKPQ
QEBPB @RPMP >KA PB>IP QEB LMBKFKDP.
792 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
6FPFQ QEFP C9D5 (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</851BDF1<F5) QL L?PBOSB >K B@EL@>OAFLDO>J LC >@QR>I EB>OQ S>ISBP LMBKFKD
>KA @ILPFKD. !IQELRDE JR@E LC QEB EB>OQ E>P ?BBK mOBJLSBAn COLJ QEFP DFC ILLM PL QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B >OB KLQ SFPF?IB,
TEV FP QEBFO MOBPBK@B JLOB @OFQF@>I CLO QEB >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP (QOF@RPMFA >KA JFQO>I) QE>K QEB PBJFIRK>O (>LOQF@ >KA
MRIJLK>OV) S>ISBP?
!84EG /4?I8F
7EBK EB>OQ S>ISBP AL KLQ CRK@QFLK MOLMBOIV, QEBV >OB LCQBK ABP@OF?BA >P FK@LJMBQBKQ >KA OBPRIQ FK S>ISRI>O EB>OQ
AFPB>PB, TEF@E @>K O>KDB COLJ ?BKFDK QL IBQE>I. 3LJB LC QEBPB @LKAFQFLKP >OB @LKDBKFQ>I, QE>Q FP, QEB FKAFSFAR>I T>P
?LOK TFQE QEB ABCB@Q, TEBOB>P LQEBOP J>V ?B >QQOF?RQBA QL AFPB>PB MOL@BPPBP LO QO>RJ>. 3LJB J>ICRK@QFLKP >OB QOB>QBA
TFQE JBAF@>QFLKP, LQEBOP OBNRFOB PRODBOV, >KA PQFII LQEBOP J>V ?B JFIA BKLRDE QE>Q QEB @LKAFQFLK FP JBOBIV JLKFQLOBA
PFK@B QOB>QJBKQ JFDEQ QOFDDBO JLOB PBOFLRP @LKPBNRBK@BP.
6>ISRI>O AFPLOABOP >OB LCQBK @>RPBA ?V @>OAFQFP, LO FKCI>JJ>QFLK LC QEB EB>OQ. /KB @LJJLK QOFDDBO CLO QEFP
FKCI>JJ>QFLK FP OEBRJ>QF@ CBSBO, LO P@>OIBQ CBSBO, >K >RQLFJJRKB OBPMLKPB QL QEB MOBPBK@B LC > ?>@QBOFRJ,
S,*e),(c(cc-+ )1(e'e+, KLOJ>IIV > AFPB>PB LC @EFIAELLA.
7EFIB >KV LC QEB EB>OQ S>ISBP J>V ?B FKSLISBA FK S>ISB AFPLOABOP, JFQO>I OBDRODFQ>QFLK FP QEB JLPQ @LJJLK,
ABQB@QBA FK >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 2 MBO@BKQ LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK, >KA QEB MRIJLK>OV PBJFIRK>O S>ISB FP QEB IB>PQ COBNRBKQIV
FKSLISBA. 7EBK > S>ISB J>ICRK@QFLKP, QEB CILT LC ?ILLA QL > OBDFLK TFII LCQBK ?B AFPORMQBA. 4EB OBPRIQFKD FK>ABNR>QB
CILT LC ?ILLA QL QEFP OBDFLK TFII ?B ABP@OF?BA FK DBKBO>I QBOJP >P >K FKPRCCF@FBK@V. 4EB PMB@FCF@ QVMB LC FKPRCCF@FBK@V
FP K>JBA CLO QEB S>ISB FKSLISBA: >LOQF@ FKPRCCF@FBK@V, JFQO>I FKPRCCF@FBK@V, QOF@RPMFA FKPRCCF@FBK@V, LO MRIJLK>OV
FKPRCCF@FBK@V.
)C LKB LC QEB @RPMP LC QEB S>ISB FP CLO@BA ?>@HT>OA ?V QEB CLO@B LC QEB ?ILLA, QEB @LKAFQFLK FP OBCBOOBA QL >P >
MOLI>MPBA S>ISB. 0OLI>MPB J>V L@@RO FC QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B >OB A>J>DBA LO ?OLHBK, @>RPFKD QEB @ILPROB JB@E>KFPJ
QL C>FI. 4EB C>FIROB LC QEB S>ISB QL @ILPB MOLMBOIV AFPORMQP QEB KLOJ>I LKB-T>V CILT LC ?ILLA >KA OBPRIQP FK OBDRODFQ>QFLK,
TEBK QEB ?ILLA CILTP ?>@HT>OA COLJ FQP KLOJ>I M>QE. 5PFKD > PQBQELP@LMB, QEB AFPORMQFLK QL QEB KLOJ>I CILT LC ?ILLA
MOLAR@BP > EB>OQ JROJRO.
3QBKLPFP FP > @LKAFQFLK FK TEF@E QEB EB>OQ S>ISBP ?B@LJB OFDFA >KA J>V @>I@FCV LSBO QFJB. 4EB ILPP LC CIBUF?FIFQV
LC QEB S>ISB FKQBOCBOBP TFQE KLOJ>I CRK@QFLK >KA J>V @>RPB QEB EB>OQ QL TLOH E>OABO QL MOLMBI ?ILLA QEOLRDE QEB S>ISB,
TEF@E BSBKQR>IIV TB>HBKP QEB EB>OQ. !LOQF@ PQBKLPFP >CCB@QP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 2 MBO@BKQ LC QEB MLMRI>QFLK LSBO 65 VB>OP LC
>DB, >KA QEB MBO@BKQ>DB FK@OB>PBP QL >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 4 MBO@BKQ FK FKAFSFAR>IP LSBO 85 VB>OP. /@@>PFLK>IIV, LKB LO JLOB
LC QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B TFII QB>O LO QEB M>MFII>OV JRP@IB FQPBIC J>V AFB >P > @LJMLKBKQ LC > JVL@>OAF>I FKC>O@QFLK
(EB>OQ >QQ>@H). )K QEFP @>PB, QEB M>QFBKQlP @LKAFQFLK TFII ABQBOFLO>QB AO>J>QF@>IIV >KA O>MFAIV, >KA FJJBAF>QB PRODF@>I
FKQBOSBKQFLK J>V ?B OBNRFOBA.
!RP@RIQ>QFLK, LO IFPQBKFKD QL > M>QFBKQlP EB>OQ PLRKAP, FP LKB LC QEB JLPQ RPBCRI AF>DKLPQF@ QLLIP, PFK@B FQ FP MOLSBK,
P>CB, >KA FKBUMBKPFSB. 4EB QBOJ >RP@RIQ>QFLK FP ABOFSBA COLJ QEB ,>QFK CLO mQL IFPQBK,n >KA QEB QB@EKFNRB E>P ?BBK RPBA
CLO AF>DKLPQF@ MROMLPBP >P C>O ?>@H >P QEB >K@FBKQ %DVMQF>KP. 6>ISB >KA PBMQ>I AFPLOABOP TFII QOFDDBO >?KLOJ>I EB>OQ
PLRKAP. )C > S>ISRI>O AFPLOABO FP ABQB@QBA LO PRPMB@QBA, > QBPQ @>IIBA >K B@EL@>OAFLDO>J, LO PFJMIV >K mB@EL,n J>V ?B
LOABOBA. %@EL@>OAFLDO>JP >OB PLKLDO>JP LC QEB EB>OQ >KA @>K EBIM FK QEB AF>DKLPFP LC S>ISB AFPLOABOP >P TBII >P > TFAB
S>OFBQV LC EB>OQ M>QELILDFBP.
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 793
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PVPQLIB I>PQP >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 100 JP >KA BKAP MOFLO QL SBKQOF@RI>O PVPQLIB, >P QEB >QOF>I JRP@IB OBQROKP QL AF>PQLIB.
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FK QEB %#'. )Q J>V ?B @LKSBKFBKQIV AFSFABA FKQL QTL ME>PBP, I>PQFKD > QLQ>I LC 270 JP. !Q QEB BKA LC >QOF>I PVPQLIB >KA GRPQ
MOFLO QL >QOF>I @LKQO>@QFLK, QEB SBKQOF@IBP @LKQ>FK >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 130 J, ?ILLA FK > OBPQFKD >ARIQ FK > PQ>KAFKD MLPFQFLK. 4EFP
SLIRJB FP HKLTK >P QEB 5>4 491CD?<93 F?<E=5 (ED,) LO @B5<?14.
)KFQF>IIV, >P QEB JRP@IBP FK QEB SBKQOF@IB @LKQO>@Q, QEB MOBPPROB LC QEB ?ILLA TFQEFK QEB @E>J?BO OFPBP, ?RQ FQ FP KLQ VBQ
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>OB ABP@OF?BA >P @?C9D9F5 9>?DB?@93 613D?BC, >KA QELPB QE>Q AB@OB>PB @LKQO>@QFIFQV >OB ABP@OF?BA >P >571D9F5 9>?DB?@93 613D?BC
(FKL- = mCF?BO;n -QOLMF@ = mQROKFKD QLT>OAn).
.LQ PROMOFPFKDIV, PVJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK FP > MLPFQFSB FKLQOLMB, TEBOB>P M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK FP > KBD>QFSB
FKLQOLMB. 3VJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK QOFDDBOP QEB OBIB>PB LC .% >Q QEB KBROLJRP@RI>O GRK@QFLK COLJ QEB @>OAF>@ KBOSBP >KA
>IPL PQFJRI>QBP QEB >AOBK>I @LOQBU QL PB@OBQB BMFKBMEOFKB >KA .%. )K >AAFQFLK QL QEBFO PQFJRI>QLOV BCCB@QP LK (2, QEBV >IPL
?FKA QL ?LQE >IME> >KA ?BQ> OB@BMQLOP LK QEB @>OAF>@ JRP@IB @BII JBJ?O>KB QL FK@OB>PB JBQ>?LIF@ O>QB >KA QEB CLO@B LC
@LKQO>@QFLK. 4EFP @LJ?FK>QFLK LC >@QFLKP E>P QEB KBQ BCCB@Q LC FK@OB>PFKD 36 >KA IB>SFKD > PJ>IIBO OBPFAR>I %36 FK QEB
SBKQOF@IBP. )K @LJM>OFPLK, M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK OBIB>PBP !#E >Q QEB KBROLJRP@RI>O GRK@QFLK COLJ QEB S>DRP KBOSB.
4EB JBJ?O>KB EVMBOMLI>OFWBP >KA FKEF?FQP @LKQO>@QFLK QL AB@OB>PB QEB PQOBKDQE LC @LKQO>@QFLK >KA 36, >KA QL O>FPB %36.
3FK@B M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ CF?BOP >OB JLOB TFABPMOB>A FK QEB >QOF> QE>K FK QEB SBKQOF@IBP, QEB MOFJ>OV PFQB LC >@QFLK FP FK QEB RMMBO
@E>J?BOP. 0>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK FK QEB >QOF> AB@OB>PBP QEB >QOF>I HF@H >KA OBAR@BP %$6, TEF@E AB@OB>PBP SBKQOF@RI>O
PQOBQ@E >KA MOBIL>A, QEBOB?V CROQEBO IFJFQFKD QEB CLO@B LC SBKQOF@RI>O @LKQO>@QFLK. 3QOLKDBO M>O>PVJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK >IPL
AFOB@QIV AB@OB>PBP QEB CLO@B LC @LKQO>@QFLK LC QEB SBKQOF@IBP.
3BSBO>I PVKQEBQF@ AORDP, FK@IRAFKD ALM>JFKB >KA FPLMOLQBOBKLI, E>SB ?BBK ABSBILMBA QE>Q JFJF@ QEB BCCB@QP LC
BMFKBMEOFKB >KA .% ?V PQFJRI>QFKD QEB FKCIRU LC @>I@FRJ FLKP COLJ QEB BUQO>@BIIRI>O CIRFA. (FDEBO @LK@BKQO>QFLKP LC
FKQO>@BIIRI>O @>I@FRJ FLKP FK@OB>PB QEB PQOBKDQE LC @LKQO>@QFLK. %U@BPP @>I@FRJ (EVMBO@>I@BJF>) >IPL >@QP >P > MLPFQFSB
FKLQOLMF@ >DBKQ. 4EB AORD AFDFQ>IFP ILTBOP (2 >KA FK@OB>PBP QEB PQOBKDQE LC QEB @LKQO>@QFLK, >@QFKD >P > MLPFQFSB FKLQOLMF@
>DBKQ ?V ?IL@HFKD QEB PBNRBPQBOFKD LC @>I@FRJ FLKP FKQL QEB P>O@LMI>PJF@ OBQF@RIRJ. 4EFP IB>AP QL EFDEBO FKQO>@BIIRI>O
@>I@FRJ IBSBIP >KA DOB>QBO PQOBKDQE LC @LKQO>@QFLK. )K >AAFQFLK QL QEB @>QB@ELI>JFKBP COLJ QEB >AOBK>I JBARII>, LQEBO
ELOJLKBP >IPL ABJLKPQO>QB MLPFQFSB FKLQOLMF@ BCCB@QP. 4EBPB FK@IRAB QEVOLFA ELOJLKBP >KA DIR@>DLK COLJ QEB M>K@OB>P.
.BD>QFSB FKLQOLMF@ >DBKQP FK@IRAB EVMLUF>, >@FALPFP, EVMBOH>IBJF>, >KA > S>OFBQV LC PVKQEBQF@ AORDP. 4EBPB FK@IRAB
KRJBOLRP ?BQ> ?IL@HBOP >KA @>I@FRJ @E>KKBI ?IL@HBOP. %>OIV ?BQ> ?IL@HBO AORDP FK@IRAB MOLMO>KLILI >KA MOLKBQE>ILI, >KA
>OB @OBAFQBA TFQE OBSLIRQFLKFWFKD QOB>QJBKQ LC @>OAF>@ M>QFBKQP BUMBOFBK@FKD >KDFK> MB@QLOFP. 4EBOB FP >IPL > I>ODB @I>PP LC
AFEVAOLMVOFAFKB, MEBKVI>IHVI>JFKB, >KA ?BKWLQEF>WBMFKB @>I@FRJ @E>KKBI ?IL@HBOP QE>Q J>V ?B >AJFKFPQBOBA AB@OB>PFKD QEB
PQOBKDQE LC @LKQO>@QFLK >KA 36.
A9G8E?B47
A6D5B<?14 OBCBOP QL QEB QBKPFLK QE>Q QEB SBKQOF@IBP JRPQ ABSBILM QL MRJM ?ILLA BCCB@QFSBIV >D>FKPQ QEB OBPFPQ>K@B FK QEB
S>P@RI>O PVPQBJ. !KV @LKAFQFLK QE>Q FK@OB>PBP OBPFPQ>K@B OBNRFOBP > DOB>QBO >CQBOIL>A QL CLO@B LMBK QEB PBJFIRK>O S>ISBP >KA
MRJM QEB ?ILLA. $>J>DB QL QEB S>ISBP, PR@E >P PQBKLPFP, TEF@E J>HBP QEBJ E>OABO QL LMBK TFII >IPL FK@OB>PB >CQBOIL>A. !KV
AB@OB>PB FK OBPFPQ>K@B AB@OB>PBP QEB >CQBOIL>A. F97EB5 19.34 PRJJ>OFWBP QEB J>GLO C>@QLOP FKCIRBK@FKD 36, F97EB5 19.35
PRJJ>OFWBP QEB J>GLO C>@QLOP FKCIRBK@FKD #/, >KA *12<5 19.3 >KA *12<5 19.4 PRJJ>OFWB @>OAF>@ OBPMLKPBP QL FK@OB>PBA
>KA AB@OB>PBA ?ILLA CILT >KA MOBPPROB FK LOABO QL OBPQLOB ELJBLPQ>PFP.
824 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
F<:HE8 19.34 &4=BE F46GBEF "A9?H8A6<A: ,GEB>8 /B?H@8 *LCK@GC< =8:KFIJ @DG8:K GI<CF8;, 8=K<ICF8;, 8E; :FEKI8:K@C@KP,
8E; 8I< K?< D8AFI :FEJ@;<I8K@FEJ @E=CL<E:@E> 03.
F<:HE8 19.35 ,H@@4EL B9 &4=BE F46GBEF "A9?H8A6<A: C4E7<46 (HGCHG 1?< GI@D8IP =8:KFIJ @E=CL<E:@E> %/ @E:CL;<
8LKFEFD@: @EE<IM8K@FE GCLJ <E;F:I@E< :FEKIFC. +FK J?FNE 8I< <EM@IFED<EK8C =8:KFIJ, JL:? 8J <C<:KIFCPK<J, D<K89FC@:
GIF;L:KJ, 8E; K<DG<I8KLI<. 1?< GI@D8IP =8:KFIJ :FEKIFCC@E> 03 @E:CL;< GI<CF8;, :FEKI8:K@C@KP, 8E; 8=K<ICF8;. ,K?<I =8:KFIJ
JL:? 8J <C<:KIFCPK<J D8P 9< :C8JJ@=@<; 8J <@K?<I GFJ@K@M< FI E<>8K@M< @EFKIFG@: 8><EKJ.
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 825
C4E7<46 +8FCBAF8 GB D86E84F<A: B?BB7 F?BJ 4A7 )E8FFHE8 DH8 GB D86E84F<A:
C4E7<46 (HGCHG
B4EBE868CGBEF (4BEG4, 64EBG<7 4EG8E<8F,
I8A48 64I48, 4A7 4GE<4)
C;8@BE868CGBEF (5BG; 68AGE4? A8EIBHF
FLFG8@ 4A7 <A CEBK<@<GL GB
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C4E7<46 +8FCBAF8 GB "A6E84F<A: B?BB7 F?BJ 4A7 )E8FFHE8 DH8 GB "A6E84F<A:
C4E7<46 (HGCHG
B4EBE868CGBEF (4BEG4, 64EBG<7 4EG8E<8F,
I8A48 64I48, 4A7 4GE<4)
C;8@BE868CGBEF (5BG; 68AGE4? A8EIBHF
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-45?8 19.4
19.5 N D8I8?BC@8AG B9 G;8 !84EG
"V QEB BKA LC QEFP PB@QFLK, VLR TFII ?B >?IB QL:
c $BP@OF?B QEB BJ?OVLILDF@>I ABSBILMJBKQ LC EB>OQ PQOR@QROBP
c )ABKQFCV CFSB OBDFLKP LC QEB CBQ>I EB>OQ
c 2BI>QB CBQ>I EB>OQ PQOR@QROBP QL >ARIQ @LRKQBOM>OQP
4EB ERJ>K EB>OQ FP QEB CFOPQ CRK@QFLK>I LOD>K QL ABSBILM. )Q ?BDFKP ?B>QFKD >KA MRJMFKD ?ILLA >OLRKA A>V 21 LO 22, > JBOB
QEOBB TBBHP >CQBO CBOQFIFW>QFLK. 4EFP BJME>PFWBP QEB @OFQF@>I K>QROB LC QEB EB>OQ FK AFPQOF?RQFKD ?ILLA QEOLRDE QEB SBPPBIP >KA
QEB SFQ>I BU@E>KDB LC KRQOFBKQP, LUVDBK, >KA T>PQBP ?LQE QL >KA COLJ QEB ABSBILMFKD ?>?V. 4EB @OFQF@>I B>OIV ABSBILMJBKQ LC
QEB EB>OQ FP OBCIB@QBA ?V QEB MOLJFKBKQ 851BD 2E<75 QE>Q >MMB>OP LK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB BJ?OVL.
4EB EB>OQ CLOJP COLJ >K BJ?OVLKF@ QFPPRB @>IIBA =5C?45B= >OLRKA 18 QL 19 A>VP >CQBO CBOQFIFW>QFLK. -BPLABOJ FP LKB
LC QEB QEOBB MOFJ>OV DBOJ I>VBOP QE>Q AFCCBOBKQF>QBP B>OIV FK ABSBILMJBKQ QE>Q @LIIB@QFSBIV DFSBP OFPB QL >II PR?PBNRBKQ QFPPRBP
>KA LOD>KP. 4EB EB>OQ ?BDFKP QL ABSBILM KB>O QEB EB>A LC QEB BJ?OVL FK > OBDFLK HKLTK >P QEB 31B49?75>93 1B51. &LIILTFKD
@EBJF@>I PFDK>IP @>IIBA C>@QLOP COLJ QEB RKABOIVFKD BKALABOJ (>KLQEBO LC QEB QEOBB MOFJ>OV DBOJ I>VBOP), QEB @>OAFLDBKF@
>OB> ?BDFKP QL CLOJ QTL PQO>KAP @>IIBA QEB 31B49?75>93 3?B4C (F97EB5 19.36). !P QEB @>OAFLDBKF@ @LOAP ABSBILM, > IRJBK
O>MFAIV ABSBILMP TFQEFK QEBJ. !Q QEFP MLFKQ, QEBV >OB OBCBOOBA QL >P 5>4?31B491< DE25C. 4EB QTL QR?BP JFDO>QB QLDBQEBO >KA
CRPB QL CLOJ > PFKDIB @B9=9D9F5 851BD DE25. 4EB MOFJFQFSB EB>OQ QR?B NRF@HIV CLOJP CFSB AFPQFK@Q OBDFLKP. &OLJ EB>A QL Q>FI,
QEBPB FK@IRAB QEB QORK@RP >OQBOFLPRP, ?RI?RP @LOAFP, MOFJFQFSB SBKQOF@IB, MOFJFQFSB >QOFRJ, >KA QEB PFKRP SBKLPRP. )KFQF>IIV, >II
826 %A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
SBKLRP ?ILLA CILTP FKQL QEB PFKRP SBKLPRP, >KA @LKQO>@QFLKP MOLMBI QEB ?ILLA COLJ Q>FI QL EB>A, LO COLJ QEB PFKRP SBKLPRP QL
QEB QORK@RP >OQBOFLPRP. 4EFP FP > SBOV AFCCBOBKQ M>QQBOK COLJ QE>Q LC >K >ARIQ.
F<:HE8 19.36 D8I8?BC@8AG B9 G;8 !H@4A !84EG 1?@J ;@8>I8D FLKC@E<J K?< <D9IPFCF>@:8C ;<M<CFGD<EK F= K?< ?LD8E
?<8IK ;LI@E> K?< =@IJK <@>?K N<<BJ 8E; K?< JL9J<HL<EK =FID8K@FE F= K?< =FLI ?<8IK :?8D9<IJ.
4EB CFSB OBDFLKP LC QEB MOFJFQFSB EB>OQ QR?B ABSBILM FKQL OB@LDKFW>?IB PQOR@QROBP FK > CRIIV ABSBILMBA EB>OQ. 4EB DBE>3EC
1BD5B9?CEC TFII BSBKQR>IIV AFSFAB >KA DFSB OFPB QL QEB >P@BKAFKD >LOQ> >KA MRIJLK>OV QORKH. 4EB 2E<2EC 3?B49C ABSBILMP FKQL
QEB OFDEQ SBKQOF@IB. 4EB @B9=9D9F5 F5>DB93<5 CLOJP QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB. 4EB @B9=9D9F5 1DB9E= ?B@LJBP QEB >KQBOFLO MLOQFLKP LC
?LQE QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ >QOF>, >KA QEB QTL >ROF@IBP. 4EB C9>EC F5>?CEC ABSBILMP FKQL QEB MLPQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB OFDEQ >QOFRJ,
QEB 3! KLAB, >KA QEB @LOLK>OV PFKRP.
!P QEB MOFJFQFSB EB>OQ QR?B BILKD>QBP, FQ ?BDFKP QL CLIA TFQEFK QEB MBOF@>OAFRJ, BSBKQR>IIV CLOJFKD >K 3 PE>MB, TEF@E
MI>@BP QEB @E>J?BOP >KA J>GLO SBPPBIP FKQL >K >IFDKJBKQ PFJFI>O QL QEB >ARIQ EB>OQ. 4EFP MOL@BPP L@@ROP ?BQTBBK A>VP 23 >KA
28. 4EB OBJ>FKABO LC QEB EB>OQ ABSBILMJBKQ M>QQBOK FK@IRABP ABSBILMJBKQ LC PBMQ> >KA S>ISBP, >KA OBJLABIFKD LC QEB >@QR>I
@E>J?BOP. 0>OQFQFLKFKD LC QEB >QOF> >KA SBKQOF@IBP ?V QEB FKQBO>QOF>I PBMQRJ, FKQBOSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ, >KA >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O
PBMQRJ FP @LJMIBQB ?V QEB BKA LC QEB CFCQE TBBH, >IQELRDE QEB CBQ>I ?ILLA PERKQP OBJ>FK RKQFI ?FOQE LO PELOQIV >CQBO. 4EB
>QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP CLOJ ?BQTBBK TBBHP CFSB >KA BFDEQ, >KA QEB PBJFIRK>O S>ISBP CLOJ ?BQTBBK TBBHP CFSB >KA KFKB.
%A-1"/ 19 R 1%" A/!&,3A02)A/ 0601"*: 1%" %"A/1 827
49G8E?B47
4A4FGB@BF<F
4AG8E<BE 64E7<46 I8<AF
4AG8E<BE <AG8EI8AGE<6H?4E 4EG8EL
4AG8E<BE <AG8EI8AGE<6H?4E FH?6HF
4BEG<6 I4?I8
4EG<9<6<4? C468@4>8E
4GE<4? E89?8K
4GE<BI8AGE<6H?4E (A/) AB78
4GE<BI8AGE<6H?4E 5HA7?8 5E4A6;8F
4GE<BI8AGE<6H?4E 5HA7?8
4GE<BI8AGE<6H?4E F8CGH@
4GE<BI8AGE<6H?4E I4?I8F
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4HGBAB@<6 GBA8
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B4<A5E<7:8 E89?8K
54EBE868CGBE E89?8K
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CLO@B QEB SBKQOF@IBP JRPQ ABSBILM QL BCCB@QFSBIV MRJM ?ILLA >D>FKPQ QEB OBPFPQ>K@B FK QEB SBPPBIP
(MIRO>I = >K>PQLJLPBP) >OB> TEBOB SBPPBIP RKFQB QL >IILT ?ILLA QL @FO@RI>QB BSBK FC QEBOB J>V ?B M>OQF>I
?IL@H>DB FK >KLQEBO ?O>K@E
SBPPBIP QE>Q M>O>IIBI QEB PJ>II @>OAF>@ >OQBOFBP >KA AO>FK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB OFDEQ
SBKQOF@IB; ?VM>PP QEB @LOLK>OV PFKRP >KA AO>FK AFOB@QIV FKQL QEB OFDEQ >QOFRJ
(>IPL, IBCQ >KQBOFLO ABP@BKAFKD >OQBOV LO ,!$) J>GLO ?O>K@E LC QEB IBCQ @LOLK>OV
>OQBOV QE>Q CLIILTP QEB >KQBOFLO FKQBOSBKQOF@RI>O PRI@RP
PRI@RP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB IBCQ >KA OFDEQ SBKQOF@IBP LK QEB >KQBOFLO PROC>@B LC QEB
EB>OQ
(>IPL, >LOQF@ PBJFIRK>O S>ISB) S>ISB IL@>QBA >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB >LOQ>
JBAF@>I ABSF@B QE>Q QO>KPJFQP BIB@QOF@>I PFDK>IP QL QEB EB>OQ QL BKPROB QE>Q FQ @LKQO>@QP >KA MRJMP
?ILLA QL QEB ?LAV
(>IPL, @>IIBA ">FK?OFADB OBCIBU) >RQLKLJF@ OBCIBU QE>Q OBPMLKAP QL PQOBQ@E OB@BMQLOP FK QEB >QOF> QE>Q PBKA
FJMRIPBP QL QEB @>OAFL>@@BIBO>QLO >OB> QL FK@OB>PB (2 TEBK SBKLRP CILT FKQL QEB >QOF> FK@OB>PBP
@IRJM LC JVL@>OAF>I @BIIP IL@>QBA FK QEB FKCBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB OFDEQ >QOFRJ TFQEFK QEB
>QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ; OB@BFSBP QEB FJMRIPB COLJ QEB 3! KLAB, M>RPBP, >KA QEBK QO>KPJFQP FQ FKQL PMB@F>IFWBA
@LKAR@QFKD @BIIP TFQEFK QEB FKQBOSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ
(>IPL, IBCQ LO OFDEQ ?RKAIB ?O>K@EBP) PMB@F>IFWBA JVL@>OAF>I @LKAR@QFIB @BIIP QE>Q
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0ROHFKGB CF?BOP >KA >IPL QL QEB OFDEQ M>MFII>OV JRP@IB SF> QEB JLABO>QLO ?>KA
(>IPL, ?RKAIB LC (FP) DOLRM LC PMB@F>IFWBA JVL@>OAF>I @LKAR@QFIB @BIIP QE>Q QO>KPJFQ QEB
FJMRIPB COLJ QEB !6 KLAB QEOLRDE QEB FKQBOSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ; CLOJ QEB IBCQ >KA OFDEQ >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O ?RKAIB
?O>K@EBP
@>OAF>@ PBMQRJ IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB >QOF> >KA SBKQOF@IBP; >QOFLSBKQOF@RI>O S>ISBP >OB IL@>QBA
EBOB
LKB-T>V S>ISBP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB >QOF> >KA SBKQOF@IBP; QEB S>ISB LK QEB OFDEQ FP @>IIBA QEB
QOF@RPMFA S>ISB, >KA QEB LKB LK QEB IBCQ FP QEB JFQO>I LO ?F@RPMFA S>ISB
(MIRO>I = >QOF>) RMMBO LO OB@BFSFKD @E>J?BO LC QEB EB>OQ QE>Q MRJMP ?ILLA FKQL QEB ILTBO @E>J?BOP GRPQ MOFLO QL
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>QOFRJ OB@BFSBP ?ILLA COLJ QEB MRIJLK>OV @FO@RFQ QE>Q CILTP FKQL QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB
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SBPPBIP QE>Q AO>FK QEB EB>OQ >KA DBKBO>IIV M>O>IIBI QEB I>ODB PROC>@B >OQBOFBP
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@>OAF>@ PBMQRJ IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB QTL >QOF>; @LKQ>FKP QEB CLPP> LS>IFP >CQBO ?FOQE
MEVPF@>I GRK@QFLK ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ @>OAF>@ JRP@IB @BIIP; @LKPFPQFKD LC ABPJLPLJBP, PMB@F>IFWBA
IFKHFKD MOLQBLDIV@>KP, >KA D>M GRK@QFLKP QE>Q >IILT M>PP>DB LC FLKP ?BQTBBK QEB QTL @BIIP
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@>OAF>@ PBMQRJ IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB QTL SBKQOF@IBP
(>IPL, FPLSLIRJBQOF@ @LKQO>@QFLK) FKFQF>I ME>PB LC SBKQOF@RI>O @LKQO>@QFLK FK TEF@E QBKPFLK >KA
MOBPPROB FK QEB SBKQOF@IB FK@OB>PB, ?RQ KL ?ILLA FP MRJMBA LO BGB@QBA COLJ QEB EB>OQ
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(>IPL, JFQO>I S>ISB LO ?F@RPMFA S>ISB) S>ISB IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB IBCQ >QOFRJ >KA SBKQOF@IB;
@LKPFPQP LC QTL CI>MP LC QFPPRB
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PFJMIB PNR>JLRP BMFQEBIF>I MLOQFLK LC PBOLRP JBJ?O>KBP, PR@E >P QEB PRMBOCF@F>I MLOQFLK LC QEB
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@LKPFPQP LC QTL CI>MP LC QFPPRB
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QEB JVL@>OAF>I @LKQO>@QFLK CF?BOP LC QEB SBKQOF@IBP
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BUQBKPFLK LC QEB JVL@>OAFRJ FK QEB SBKQOF@IBP QL TEF@E QEB @ELOA>B QBKAFKB>B >QQ>@E
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(>IPL, MBOF@>OAF>I P>@) JBJ?O>KB QE>Q PBM>O>QBP QEB EB>OQ COLJ LQEBO JBAF>PQFK>I PQOR@QROBP; @LKPFPQP LC QTL
AFPQFK@Q, CRPBA PR?I>VBOP: QEB CF?OLRP MBOF@>OAFRJ >KA QEB M>OFBQ>I MBOF@>OAFRJ
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PRMMIV QEB FKQBOSBKQOF@RI>O PBMQRJ >KA MLOQFLKP LC ?LQE SBKQOF@IBP
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QEB >?ALJFK>I OBDFLK, TEBOB FQ ?FCRO@>QBP >Q QEB IBSBI LC QEB CLROQE IRJ?>O SBOQB?O> FKQL QEB QTL @LJJLK FIF>@ >OQBOFBP.
4EB >LOQ> @LKPFPQP LC QEB >P@BKAFKD >LOQ>, QEB >LOQF@ >O@E, >KA QEB ABP@BKAFKD >LOQ>, TEF@E M>PPBP QEOLRDE QEB AF>MEO>DJ
>KA > I>KAJ>OH QE>Q AFSFABP FKQL QEB PRMBOFLO QELO>@F@ >KA FKCBOFLO >?ALJFK>I @LJMLKBKQP. !OQBOFBP LOFDFK>QFKD COLJ QEB
>LOQ> RIQFJ>QBIV AFPQOF?RQB ?ILLA QL SFOQR>IIV >II QFPPRBP LC QEB ?LAV. !Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB >LOQ> FP QEB >LOQF@ PBJFIRK>O S>ISB
QE>Q MOBSBKQP ?>@HCILT LC ?ILLA FKQL QEB IBCQ SBKQOF@IB TEFIB QEB EB>OQ FP OBI>UFKD. !CQBO BUFQFKD QEB EB>OQ, QEB 1C35>49>7
1?BD1 JLSBP FK > PRMBOFLO AFOB@QFLK CLO >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 5 @J >KA BKAP >Q QEB PQBOK>I >KDIB. &LIILTFKD QEFP >P@BKQ, FQ OBSBOPBP
AFOB@QFLK, CLOJFKD > DO>@BCRI >O@ QL QEB IBCQ, @>IIBA QEB 1?BD93 1B38. 4EB >LOQF@ >O@E ABP@BKAP QLT>OA QEB FKCBOFLO MLOQFLKP LC
QEB ?LAV >KA BKAP >Q QEB IBSBI LC QEB FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFPH ?BQTBBK QEB CLROQE >KA CFCQE QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B. "BVLKA QEFP MLFKQ,
QEB 45C35>49>7 1?BD1 @LKQFKRBP @ILPB QL QEB ?LAFBP LC QEB SBOQB?O>B >KA M>PPBP QEOLRDE >K LMBKFKD FK QEB AF>MEO>DJ HKLTK
>P QEB 1?BD93 891DEC. 3RMBOFLO QL QEB AF>MEO>DJ, QEB >LOQ> FP @>IIBA QEB D8?B1393 1?BD1, >KA FKCBOFLO QL QEB AF>MEO>DJ, FQ FP
@>IIBA QEB 124?=9>1< 1?BD1. 4EB >?ALJFK>I >LOQ> QBOJFK>QBP TEBK FQ ?FCRO@>QBP FKQL QEB QTL @LJJLK FIF>@ >OQBOFBP >Q QEB
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PBDJBKQ LC QEB ABP@BKAFKD >LOQ> MIRP J>GLO ?O>K@EBP; *12<5 20.5 PRJJ>OFWBP QEB PQOR@QROBP LC QEB >LOQ>.
F<:HE8 20.25 ABEG4 1?< 8FIK8 ?8J ;@JK@E:K I<>@FEJ, @E:CL;@E> K?< 8J:<E;@E> 8FIK8, 8FIK@: 8I:?, 8E; K?< ;<J:<E;@E>
8FIK8, N?@:? @E:CL;<J K?< K?FI8:@: 8E; 89;FD@E8C I<>@FEJ.
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89;FD@E8C I<>@FE, N?<I< @K 9@=LI:8K<J @EKF K?< :FDDFE @C@8: 8IK<I@<J 8K K?< C<M<C F= K?< =FLIK?
CLD98I M<IK<9I8; 8IK<I@<J FI@>@E8K@E> =IFD K?< 8FIK8 ;@JKI@9LK< 9CFF; KF M@IKL8CCP 8CC K@JJL<J F=
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CBEBA4EL C<E6H?4G<BA
4EB CFOPQ SBPPBIP QE>Q ?O>K@E COLJ QEB >P@BKAFKD >LOQ> >OB QEB M>FOBA @LOLK>OV >OQBOFBP (PBB F97EB5 20.25), TEF@E >OFPB COLJ
QTL LC QEB QEOBB PFKRPBP FK QEB >P@BKAFKD >LOQ> GRPQ PRMBOFLO QL QEB >LOQF@ PBJFIRK>O S>ISB. 4EBPB PFKRPBP @LKQ>FK QEB >LOQF@
?>OLOB@BMQLOP >KA @EBJLOB@BMQLOP @OFQF@>I QL J>FKQ>FK @>OAF>@ CRK@QFLK. 4EB IBCQ @LOLK>OV >OQBOV >OFPBP COLJ QEB IBCQ MLPQBOFLO
>LOQF@ PFKRP. 4EB OFDEQ @LOLK>OV >OQBOV >OFPBP COLJ QEB >KQBOFLO >LOQF@ PFKRP. .LOJ>IIV, QEB OFDEQ MLPQBOFLO >LOQF@ PFKRP ALBP
KLQ DFSB OFPB QL > SBPPBI.
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1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
4EB @LOLK>OV >OQBOFBP BK@FO@IB QEB EB>OQ, CLOJFKD > OFKD-IFHB PQOR@QROB QE>Q AFSFABP FKQL QEB KBUQ IBSBI LC ?O>K@EBP QE>Q
PRMMIFBP ?ILLA QL QEB EB>OQ QFPPRBP. (3BBH >AAFQFLK>I @LKQBKQ CLO JLOB ABQ>FI LK @>OAF>@ @FO@RI>QFLK.)
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4EBOB >OB QEOBB J>GLO ?O>K@EBP LC QEB >LOQF@ >O@E: QEB ?O>@EFL@BME>IF@ >OQBOV, QEB IBCQ @LJJLK @>OLQFA >OQBOV, >KA QEB IBCQ
PR?@I>SF>K (IFQBO>IIV mRKABO QEB @I>SF@IBn) >OQBOV. !P VLR TLRIA BUMB@Q ?>PBA RMLK MOLUFJFQV QL QEB EB>OQ, B>@E LC QEBPB
SBPPBIP FP @I>PPFCFBA >P >K BI>PQF@ >OQBOV.
4EB ?O>@EFL@BME>IF@ >OQBOV FP IL@>QBA LKIV LK QEB OFDEQ PFAB LC QEB ?LAV; QEBOB FP KL @LOOBPMLKAFKD >OQBOV LK QEB IBCQ. 4EB
?O>@EFL@BME>IF@ >OQBOV ?O>K@EBP FKQL QEB OFDEQ PR?@I>SF>K >OQBOV >KA QEB OFDEQ @LJJLK @>OLQFA >OQBOV. 4EB IBCQ PR?@I>SF>K >KA
IBCQ @LJJLK @>OLQFA >OQBOFBP >OFPB FKABMBKABKQIV COLJ QEB >LOQF@ >O@E ?RQ LQEBOTFPB CLIILT > PFJFI>O M>QQBOK >KA AFPQOF?RQFLK
QL QEB @LOOBPMLKAFKD >OQBOFBP LK QEB OFDEQ PFAB (PBB F97EB5 20.23).
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D8?B1393 1BD5BI, LO J>JJ>OV >OQBOV, PRMMIFBP ?ILLA QL QEB QEVJRP, QEB MBOF@>OAFRJ LC QEB EB>OQ, >KA QEB >KQBOFLO @EBPQ T>II.
4EB F5BD52B1< 1BD5BI M>PPBP QEOLRDE QEB SBOQB?O>I CLO>JBK FK QEB @BOSF@>I SBOQB?O>B >KA QEBK QEOLRDE QEB CLO>JBK J>DKRJ
FKQL QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV QL PRMMIV ?ILLA QL QEB ?O>FK >KA PMFK>I @LOA. 4EB M>FOBA SBOQB?O>I >OQBOFBP GLFK QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ QEB
I>ODB ?>PFI>O >OQBOV >Q QEB ?>PB LC QEB JBARII> L?ILKD>Q>. 4EFP FP >K BU>JMIB LC >K >K>PQLJLPFP. 4EB PR?@I>SF>K >OQBOV >IPL
DFSBP OFPB QL QEB D8IB?35BF931< 1BD5BI QE>Q MOLSFABP ?ILLA QL QEB QEVOLFA, QEB @BOSF@>I OBDFLK LC QEB KB@H, >KA QEB RMMBO ?>@H
>KA PELRIABO.
4EB 3?==?> 31B?D94 1BD5BI AFSFABP FKQL FKQBOK>I >KA BUQBOK>I @>OLQFA >OQBOFBP. 4EB OFDEQ @LJJLK @>OLQFA >OQBOV >OFPBP
COLJ QEB ?O>@EFL@BME>IF@ >OQBOV >KA QEB IBCQ @LJJLK @>OLQFA >OQBOV >OFPBP AFOB@QIV COLJ QEB >LOQF@ >O@E. 4EB 5HD5B>1< 31B?D94
1BD5BI PRMMIFBP ?ILLA QL KRJBOLRP PQOR@QROBP TFQEFK QEB C>@B, ILTBO G>T, KB@H, BPLME>DRP, >KA I>OVKU. 4EBPB ?O>K@EBP
FK@IRAB QEB IFKDR>I, C>@F>I, L@@FMFQ>I, J>UFII>OV, >KA PRMBOCF@F>I QBJMLO>I >OQBOFBP. 4EB 9>D5B>1< 31B?D94 1BD5BI FKFQF>IIV CLOJP
>K BUM>KPFLK HKLTK >P QEB @>OLQFA PFKRP, @LKQ>FKFKD QEB @>OLQFA ?>OLOB@BMQLOP >KA @EBJLOB@BMQLOP. ,FHB QEBFO @LRKQBOM>OQP
FK QEB >LOQF@ PFKRPBP, QEB FKCLOJ>QFLK MOLSFABA ?V QEBPB OB@BMQLOP FP @OFQF@>I QL J>FKQ>FKFKD @>OAFLS>P@RI>O ELJBLPQ>PFP (PBB
F97EB5 20.23).
4EB FKQBOK>I @>OLQFA >OQBOFBP >ILKD TFQE QEB SBOQB?O>I >OQBOFBP >OB QEB QTL MOFJ>OV PRMMIFBOP LC ?ILLA QL QEB ERJ>K
?O>FK. 'FSBK QEB @BKQO>I OLIB >KA SFQ>I FJMLOQ>K@B LC QEB ?O>FK QL IFCB, FQ FP @OFQF@>I QE>Q ?ILLA PRMMIV QL QEFP LOD>K OBJ>FKP
RKFKQBOORMQBA. 2B@>II QE>Q ?ILLA CILT QL QEB ?O>FK FP OBJ>OH>?IV @LKPQ>KQ, TFQE >MMOLUFJ>QBIV 20 MBO@BKQ LC ?ILLA CILT
AFOB@QBA QL QEFP LOD>K >Q >KV DFSBK QFJB. 7EBK ?ILLA CILT FP FKQBOORMQBA, BSBK CLO GRPQ > CBT PB@LKAP, > DB1>C95>D 9C385=93
1DD13; (*IA), LO JFKF-PQOLHB, J>V L@@RO, OBPRIQFKD FK ILPP LC @LKP@FLRPKBPP LO QBJMLO>OV ILPP LC KBROLILDF@>I CRK@QFLK. )K
PLJB @>PBP, QEB A>J>DB J>V ?B MBOJ>KBKQ. ,LPP LC ?ILLA CILT CLO ILKDBO MBOFLAP, QVMF@>IIV ?BQTBBK 3 >KA 4 JFKRQBP,
TFII IFHBIV MOLAR@B FOOBSBOPF?IB ?O>FK A>J>DB LO > PQOLHB, >IPL @>IIBA > 35B52B?F1C3E<1B 133945>D (C,A). 4EB IL@>QFLKP
LC QEB >OQBOFBP FK QEB ?O>FK KLQ LKIV MOLSFAB ?ILLA CILT QL QEB ?O>FK QFPPRB ?RQ >IPL MOBSBKQ FKQBOORMQFLK FK QEB CILT LC
?ILLA. "LQE QEB @>OLQFA >KA SBOQB?O>I >OQBOFBP ?O>K@E LK@B QEBV BKQBO QEB @O>KF>I @>SFQV, >KA PLJB LC QEBPB ?O>K@EBP CLOJ >
PQOR@QROB HKLTK >P QEB 1BD5B91< 39B3<5 (LO 39B3<5 ?6 -9<<9C), >K >K>PQLJLPFP QE>Q FP OBJ>OH>?IV IFHB > QO>CCF@ @FO@IB QE>Q PBKAP
LCC ?O>K@EBP (FK QEFP @>PB, >OQBOF>I ?O>K@EBP QL QEB ?O>FK). !P > ORIB, ?O>K@EBP QL QEB >KQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB @BOB?ORJ >OB
KLOJ>IIV CBA ?V QEB FKQBOK>I @>OLQFA >OQBOFBP; QEB OBJ>FKABO LC QEB ?O>FK OB@BFSBP ?ILLA CILT COLJ ?O>K@EBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE
QEB SBOQB?O>I >OQBOFBP.
4EB FKQBOK>I @>OLQFA >OQBOV @LKQFKRBP QEOLRDE QEB @>OLQFA @>K>I LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB >KA BKQBOP QEB ?>PB LC QEB ?O>FK
QEOLRDE QEB @>OLQFA CLO>JBK TEBOB FQ DFSBP OFPB QL PBSBO>I ?O>K@EBP (F97EB5 20.26 >KA F97EB5 20.27). /KB LC QEBPB ?O>K@EBP
FP QEB 1>D5B9?B 35B52B1< 1BD5BI QE>Q PRMMIFBP ?ILLA QL QEB COLKQ>I IL?B LC QEB @BOB?ORJ. !KLQEBO ?O>K@E, QEB =944<5 35B52B1<
1BD5BI, PRMMIFBP ?ILLA QL QEB QBJMLO>I >KA M>OFBQ>I IL?BP, TEF@E >OB QEB JLPQ @LJJLK PFQBP LC #6!P. 4EB ?@8D81<=93
1BD5BI, QEB QEFOA J>GLO ?O>K@E, MOLSFABP ?ILLA QL QEB BVBP.
4EB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ >KQBOFLO @BOB?O>I >OQBOFBP GLFK QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ >K >K>PQLJLPFP @>IIBA QEB 1>D5B9?B 3?==E>931D9>7
1BD5BI. 4EB FKFQF>I PBDJBKQP LC QEB >KQBOFLO @BOB?O>I >OQBOFBP >KA QEB >KQBOFLO @LJJRKF@>QFKD >OQBOV CLOJ QEB >KQBOFLO MLOQFLK
LC QEB >OQBOF>I @FO@IB. 4EB MLPQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB >OQBOF>I @FO@IB FP CLOJBA ?V > IBCQ >KA > OFDEQ @?CD5B9?B 3?==E>931D9>7
1BD5BI QE>Q ?O>K@EBP COLJ QEB @?CD5B9?B 35B52B1< 1BD5BI, TEF@E >OFPBP COLJ QEB ?>PFI>O >OQBOV. )Q MOLSFABP ?ILLA QL QEB
MLPQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB @BOB?ORJ >KA ?O>FK PQBJ. 4EB 21C9<1B 1BD5BI FP >K >K>PQLJLPFP QE>Q ?BDFKP >Q QEB GRK@QFLK LC QEB QTL
SBOQB?O>I >OQBOFBP >KA PBKAP ?O>K@EBP QL QEB @BOB?BIIRJ >KA ?O>FK PQBJ. )Q CILTP FKQL QEB MLPQBOFLO @BOB?O>I >OQBOFBP. *12<5
20.6 PRJJ>OFWBP QEB >LOQF@ >O@E ?O>K@EBP, FK@IRAFKD QEB J>GLO ?O>K@EBP PRMMIVFKD QEB ?O>FK.
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F<:HE8 24.5 ?L6B?LF<F (I8EI<8J !LI@E> K?< <E<I>P-:FEJLD@E> G?8J< F= >CP:FCPJ@J, KNF A1-J 8I< :FEJLD<;,
KI8EJ=<II@E> KNF G?FJG?8K<J KF K?< >CL:FJ< DFC<:LC<. 1?< >CL:FJ< DFC<:LC< K?<E JGC@KJ @EKF KNF K?I<<-:8I9FE
:FDGFLE;J, <8:? :FEK8@E@E> 8 G?FJG?8K<. !LI@E> K?< J<:FE; G?8J<, 8E 8;;@K@FE8C G?FJG?8K< @J 8;;<; KF <8:? F=
K?< K?I<<-:8I9FE :FDGFLE;J. 1?< <E<I>P =FI K?@J <E;<I>FE@: I<8:K@FE @J GIFM@;<; 9P K?< I<DFM8C (FO@;8K@FE) F= KNF
<C<:KIFEJ =IFD <8:? K?I<<-:8I9FE :FDGFLE;. !LI@E> K?< <E<I>P-I<C<8J@E> G?8J<, K?< G?FJG?8K<J 8I< I<DFM<; =IFD
9FK? K?I<<-:8I9FE :FDGFLE;J 8E; LJ<; KF GIF;L:< =FLI A1- DFC<:LC<J.
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7>Q@E QEFP F945? (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</7<I3?<IC9C1) QL IB>OK >?LRQ DIV@LIVPFP.
'IV@LIVPFP @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL QTL ME>PBP: BKBODV @LKPRJFKD (>IPL @>IIBA @EBJF@>I MOFJFKD) >KA BKBODV VFBIAFKD. 4EB
CFOPQ ME>PB FP QEB 5>5B7I-3?>CE=9>7 @81C5, PL FQ OBNRFOBP QTL !40 JLIB@RIBP QL PQ>OQ QEB OB>@QFLK CLO B>@E JLIB@RIB LC
DIR@LPB. (LTBSBO, QEB BKA LC QEB OB>@QFLK MOLAR@BP CLRO !40P, OBPRIQFKD FK > KBQ D>FK LC QTL !40 BKBODV JLIB@RIBP.
'IV@LIVPFP @>K ?B BUMOBPPBA >P QEB CLIILTFKD BNR>QFLK:
Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD
+
+ 4ADP + 2P
i
2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H
+
4EFP BNR>QFLK PQ>QBP QE>Q DIR@LPB, FK @LJ?FK>QFLK TFQE !40 (QEB BKBODV PLRO@B), .!$
+
(> @LBKWVJB QE>Q PBOSBP >P >K
BIB@QOLK >@@BMQLO), >KA FKLOD>KF@ MELPME>QB, ?OB>HP ALTK FKQL QTL MVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP, DBKBO>QFKD CLRO !40 JLIB@RIBPjCLO
> KBQ VFBIA LC QTL !40j>KA QTL BKBODV-@LKQ>FKFKD .!$( @LBKWVJBP. 4EB .!$( QE>Q FP MOLAR@BA FK QEFP MOL@BPP TFII ?B
RPBA I>QBO QL MOLAR@B !40 FK QEB JFQL@ELKAOF>. )JMLOQ>KQIV, ?V QEB BKA LC QEFP MOL@BPP, LKB DIR@LPB JLIB@RIB DBKBO>QBP QTL
MVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP, QTL EFDE-BKBODV !40 JLIB@RIBP, >KA QTL BIB@QOLK-@>OOVFKD .!$( JLIB@RIBP.
4EB CLIILTFKD AFP@RPPFLKP LC DIV@LIVPFP FK@IRAB QEB BKWVJBP OBPMLKPF?IB CLO QEB OB>@QFLKP. 7EBK DIR@LPB BKQBOP >
@BII, QEB BKWVJB EBULHFK>PB (LO DIR@LHFK>PB, FK QEB IFSBO) O>MFAIV >AAP > MELPME>QB QL @LKSBOQ FQ FKQL 7<E3?C5-6-@8?C@81D5.
! HFK>PB FP > QVMB LC BKWVJB QE>Q >AAP > MELPME>QB JLIB@RIB QL > PR?PQO>QB (FK QEFP @>PB, DIR@LPB, ?RQ FQ @>K ?B QORB LC
LQEBO JLIB@RIBP >IPL). 4EFP @LKSBOPFLK PQBM OBNRFOBP LKB !40 >KA BPPBKQF>IIV QO>MP QEB DIR@LPB FK QEB @BII, MOBSBKQFKD FQ
COLJ M>PPFKD ?>@H QEOLRDE QEB MI>PJ> JBJ?O>KB, QERP >IILTFKD DIV@LIVPFP QL MOL@BBA. )Q >IPL CRK@QFLKP QL J>FKQ>FK >
@LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ TFQE EFDEBO DIR@LPB IBSBIP FK QEB ?ILLA QE>K FK QEB QFPPRBP. "V BPQ>?IFPEFKD QEFP @LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ,
QEB DIR@LPB FK QEB ?ILLA TFII ?B >?IB QL CILT COLJ >K >OB> LC EFDE @LK@BKQO>QFLK (QEB ?ILLA) FKQL >K >OB> LC ILT @LK@BKQO>QFLK
(QEB QFPPRBP) QL ?B BFQEBO RPBA LO PQLOBA. H5H?;9>1C5 FP CLRKA FK KB>OIV BSBOV QFPPRB FK QEB ?LAV. G<E3?;9>1C5, LK QEB
LQEBO E>KA, FP BUMOBPPBA FK QFPPRBP QE>Q >OB >@QFSB TEBK ?ILLA DIR@LPB IBSBIP >OB EFDE, PR@E >P QEB IFSBO. (BULHFK>PB E>P >
EFDEBO >CCFKFQV CLO DIR@LPB QE>K DIR@LHFK>PB >KA QEBOBCLOB FP >?IB QL @LKSBOQ DIR@LPB >Q > C>PQBO O>QB QE>K DIR@LHFK>PB. 4EFP FP
FJMLOQ>KQ TEBK IBSBIP LC DIR@LPB >OB SBOV ILT FK QEB ?LAV, >P FQ >IILTP DIR@LPB QL QO>SBI MOBCBOBKQF>IIV QL QELPB QFPPRBP QE>Q
OBNRFOB FQ JLOB.
)K QEB KBUQ PQBM LC QEB CFOPQ ME>PB LC DIV@LIVPFP, QEB BKWVJB DIR@LPB-6-MELPME>QB FPLJBO>PB @LKSBOQP
DIR@LPB-6-MELPME>QB FKQL COR@QLPB-6-MELPME>QB. ,FHB DIR@LPB, COR@QLPB FP >IPL > PFU @>O?LK-@LKQ>FKFKD PRD>O. 4EB BKWVJB
MELPMELCOR@QLHFK>PB-1 QEBK >AAP LKB JLOB MELPME>QB QL @LKSBOQ COR@QLPB-6-MELPME>QB FKQL COR@QLPB-1-6-?FPMELPME>QB,
>KLQEBO PFU-@>O?LK PRD>O, RPFKD >KLQEBO !40 JLIB@RIB. !IALI>PB QEBK ?OB>HP ALTK QEFP COR@QLPB-1-6-?FPMELPME>QB FKQL
QTL QEOBB-@>O?LK JLIB@RIBP, DIV@BO>IABEVAB-3-MELPME>QB >KA AFEVAOLUV>@BQLKB MELPME>QB. 4EB QOFLPBMELPME>QB FPLJBO>PB
BKWVJB QEBK @LKSBOQP AFEVAOLUV>@BQLKB MELPME>QB FKQL > PB@LKA DIV@BO>IABEVAB-3-MELPME>QB JLIB@RIB. 4EBOBCLOB, ?V
QEB BKA LC QEFP @EBJF@>I-MOFJFKD LO BKBODV-@LKPRJFKD ME>PB, LKB DIR@LPB JLIB@RIB FP ?OLHBK ALTK FKQL QTL
DIV@BO>IABEVAB-3-MELPME>QB JLIB@RIBP.
4EB PB@LKA ME>PB LC DIV@LIVPFP, QEB 5>5B7I-I95<49>7 @81C5, @OB>QBP QEB BKBODV QE>Q FP QEB MOLAR@Q LC DIV@LIVPFP.
'IV@BO>IABEVAB-3-MELPME>QB ABEVAOLDBK>PB @LKSBOQP B>@E QEOBB-@>O?LK DIV@BO>IABEVAB-3-MELPME>QB MOLAR@BA AROFKD QEB
BKBODV-@LKPRJFKD ME>PB FKQL 1,3-?FPMELPMELDIV@BO>QB. 4EFP OB>@QFLK OBIB>PBP >K BIB@QOLK QE>Q FP QEBK MF@HBA RM ?V .!$
+
QL
@OB>QB >K .!$( JLIB@RIB. .!$( FP > EFDE-BKBODV JLIB@RIB, IFHB !40, ?RQ RKIFHB !40, FQ FP KLQ RPBA >P BKBODV @ROOBK@V ?V
QEB @BII. "B@>RPB QEBOB >OB QTL DIV@BO>IABEVAB-3-MELPME>QB JLIB@RIBP, QTL .!$( JLIB@RIBP >OB PVKQEBPFWBA AROFKD QEFP
PQBM. %>@E 1,3-?FPMELPMELDIV@BO>QB FP PR?PBNRBKQIV ABMELPMELOVI>QBA (F.B., > MELPME>QB FP OBJLSBA) ?V MELPMELDIV@BO>QB
HFK>PB FKQL 3-MELPMELDIV@BO>QB. %>@E MELPME>QB OBIB>PBA FK QEFP OB>@QFLK @>K @LKSBOQ LKB JLIB@RIB LC !$0 FKQL LKB EFDE-
BKBODV !40 JLIB@RIB, OBPRIQFKD FK > D>FK LC QTL !40 JLIB@RIBP.
4EB BKWVJB MELPMELDIV@BO>QB JRQ>PB QEBK @LKSBOQP QEB 3-MELPMELDIV@BO>QB JLIB@RIBP FKQL 2-MELPMELDIV@BO>QB. 4EB
BKLI>PB BKWVJB QEBK >@QP RMLK QEB 2-MELPMELDIV@BO>QB JLIB@RIBP QL @LKSBOQ QEBJ FKQL MELPMELBKLIMVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP.
4EB I>PQ PQBM LC DIV@LIVPFP FKSLISBP QEB ABMELPMELOVI>QFLK LC QEB QTL MELPMELBKLIMVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP ?V MVORS>QB HFK>PB
QL @OB>QB QTL MVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP >KA QTL !40 JLIB@RIBP.
)K PRJJ>OV, LKB DIR@LPB JLIB@RIB ?OB>HP ALTK FKQL QTL MVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP, >KA @OB>QBP QTL KBQ !40 JLIB@RIBP >KA
QTL .!$( JLIB@RIBP ?V DIV@LIVPFP. 4EBOBCLOB, DIV@LIVPFP DBKBO>QBP BKBODV CLO QEB @BII >KA @OB>QBP MVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP
QE>Q @>K ?B MOL@BPPBA CROQEBO QEOLRDE QEB >BOL?F@ +OB?P @V@IB (>IPL @>IIBA QEB @FQOF@ >@FA @V@IB LO QOF@>O?LUVIF@ >@FA
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@V@IB); @LKSBOQBA FKQL I>@QF@ >@FA LO >I@LELI (FK VB>PQ) ?V CBOJBKQ>QFLK; LO RPBA I>QBO CLO QEB PVKQEBPFP LC DIR@LPB QEOLRDE
DIR@LKBLDBKBPFP.
AA48EB5<6 +8FC<E4G<BA
7EBK LUVDBK FP IFJFQBA LO >?PBKQ, MVORS>QB BKQBOP >K >K>BOL?F@ M>QET>V. )K QEBPB OB>@QFLKP, MVORS>QB @>K ?B @LKSBOQBA
FKQL I>@QF@ >@FA. )K >AAFQFLK QL DBKBO>QFKD >K >AAFQFLK>I !40, QEFP M>QET>V PBOSBP QL HBBM QEB MVORS>QB @LK@BKQO>QFLK ILT
PL DIV@LIVPFP @LKQFKRBP, >KA FQ LUFAFWBP .!$( FKQL QEB .!$
+
KBBABA ?V DIV@LIVPFP. )K QEFP OB>@QFLK, I>@QF@ >@FA OBMI>@BP
LUVDBK >P QEB CFK>I BIB@QOLK >@@BMQLO. !K>BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK L@@ROP FK JLPQ @BIIP LC QEB ?LAV TEBK LUVDBK FP IFJFQBA LO
JFQL@ELKAOF> >OB >?PBKQ LO KLKCRK@QFLK>I. &LO BU>JMIB, ?B@>RPB BOVQEOL@VQBP (OBA ?ILLA @BIIP) I>@H JFQL@ELKAOF>, QEBV JRPQ
MOLAR@B QEBFO !40 COLJ >K>BOL?F@ OBPMFO>QFLK. 4EFP FP >K BCCB@QFSB M>QET>V LC !40 MOLAR@QFLK CLO PELOQ MBOFLAP LC QFJB,
O>KDFKD COLJ PB@LKAP QL > CBT JFKRQBP. 4EB I>@QF@ >@FA MOLAR@BA AFCCRPBP FKQL QEB MI>PJ> >KA FP @>OOFBA QL QEB IFSBO, TEBOB
FQ FP @LKSBOQBA ?>@H FKQL MVORS>QB LO DIR@LPB SF> QEB #LOF @V@IB. 3FJFI>OIV, TEBK > MBOPLK BUBO@FPBP, JRP@IBP RPB !40 C>PQBO
QE>K LUVDBK @>K ?B ABIFSBOBA QL QEBJ. 4EBV ABMBKA LK DIV@LIVPFP >KA I>@QF@ >@FA MOLAR@QFLK CLO O>MFA !40 MOLAR@QFLK.
A8EB5<6 +8FC<E4G<BA
)K QEB MOBPBK@B LC LUVDBK, MVORS>QB @>K BKQBO QEB +OB?P @V@IB TEBOB >AAFQFLK>I BKBODV FP BUQO>@QBA >P BIB@QOLKP >OB
QO>KPCBOOBA COLJ QEB MVORS>QB QL QEB OB@BMQLOP .!$
+
, '$0, >KA &!$, TFQE @>O?LK AFLUFAB ?BFKD > mT>PQB MOLAR@Qn (F97EB5
24.6). 4EB .!$( >KA &!$(
2
M>PP BIB@QOLKP LK QL QEB BIB@QOLK QO>KPMLOQ @E>FK, TEF@E RPBP QEB QO>KPCBOOBA BKBODV QL MOLAR@B
!40. !P QEB QBOJFK>I PQBM FK QEB BIB@QOLK QO>KPMLOQ @E>FK, LUVDBK FP QEB D5B=9>1< 5<53DB?> 1335@D?B >KA @OB>QBP T>QBO FKPFAB
QEB JFQL@ELKAOF>.
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C8:K8K< DFC<:LC<J @E K?< 89J<E:< F= FOP><E FI N@K?@E <IPK?IF:PK<J K?8K C8:B D@KF:?FE;I@8. !LI@E> 8<IF9@: I<JG@I8K@FE,
>CL:FJ< @J FO@;@Q<; @EKF KNF GPILM8K< DFC<:LC<J.
$E85F CL6?8/C<GE<6 A6<7 CL6?8/-E<64E5BKL?<6 A6<7 CL6?8
4EB MVORS>QB JLIB@RIBP DBKBO>QBA AROFKD DIV@LIVPFP >OB QO>KPMLOQBA >@OLPP QEB JFQL@ELKAOF>I JBJ?O>KB FKQL QEB FKKBO
JFQL@ELKAOF>I J>QOFU, TEBOB QEBV >OB JBQ>?LIFWBA ?V BKWVJBP FK > M>QET>V @>IIBA QEB !B52C 3I3<5 (F97EB5 24.7). 4EB
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+OB?P @V@IB FP >IPL @LJJLKIV @>IIBA QEB @FQOF@ >@FA @V@IB LO QEB QOF@>O?LUVIF@ >@FA (4#!) @V@IB. $ROFKD QEB +OB?P @V@IB,
EFDE-BKBODV JLIB@RIBP, FK@IRAFKD !40, .!$(, >KA &!$(
2
, >OB @OB>QBA. .!$( >KA &!$(
2
QEBK M>PP BIB@QOLKP QEOLRDE
QEB BIB@QOLK QO>KPMLOQ @E>FK FK QEB JFQL@ELKAOF> QL DBKBO>QB JLOB !40 JLIB@RIBP.
F<:HE8 24.7 $E85F CL6?8 !LI@E> K?< (I<9J :P:C<, <8:? GPILM8K< K?8K @J ><E<I8K<; 9P >CP:FCPJ@J @J :FEM<IK<; @EKF 8
KNF-:8I9FE 8:<KPC FA DFC<:LC<. 1?< 8:<KPC FA @J JPJK<D8K@:8CCP GIF:<JJ<; K?IFL>? K?< :P:C< 8E; GIF;L:<J ?@>?-
<E<I>P +A!%, #A!%2, 8E; A1- DFC<:LC<J.
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7>Q@E QEFP 1>9=1D9?> (8DD@://?@5>CD1H3?<<575.?B7/</;B52C3I3<5) QL L?PBOSB QEB +OB?P @V@IB.
4EB QEOBB-@>O?LK MVORS>QB JLIB@RIB DBKBO>QBA AROFKD DIV@LIVPFP JLSBP COLJ QEB @VQLMI>PJ FKQL QEB JFQL@ELKAOF>I
J>QOFU, TEBOB FQ FP @LKSBOQBA ?V QEB BKWVJB MVORS>QB ABEVAOLDBK>PB FKQL > QTL-@>O?LK 135DI< 3?5>JI=5 A (135DI< C?A)
JLIB@RIB. 4EFP OB>@QFLK FP >K LUFA>QFSB AB@>O?LUVI>QFLK OB>@QFLK. )Q @LKSBOQP QEB QEOBB-@>O?LK MVORS>QB FKQL > QTL-@>O?LK
>@BQVI #L! JLIB@RIB, OBIB>PFKD @>O?LK AFLUFAB >KA QO>KPCBOOFKD QTL BIB@QOLKP QE>Q @LJ?FKB TFQE .!$
+
QL CLOJ .!$(.
!@BQVI #L! BKQBOP QEB +OB?P @V@IB ?V @LJ?FKFKD TFQE > CLRO-@>O?LK JLIB@RIB, LU>IL>@BQ>QB, QL CLOJ QEB PFU-@>O?LK
JLIB@RIB @FQO>QB, LO @FQOF@ >@FA, >Q QEB P>JB QFJB OBIB>PFKD QEB @LBKWVJB ! JLIB@RIB.
4EB PFU-@>O?LK @FQO>QB JLIB@RIB FP PVPQBJ>QF@>IIV @LKSBOQBA QL > CFSB-@>O?LK JLIB@RIB >KA QEBK > CLRO-@>O?LK JLIB@RIB,
BKAFKD TFQE LU>IL>@BQ>QB, QEB ?BDFKKFKD LC QEB @V@IB. !ILKD QEB T>V, B>@E @FQO>QB JLIB@RIB TFII MOLAR@B LKB !40, LKB
&!$(
2
, >KA QEOBB .!$(. 4EB &!$(
2
>KA .!$( TFII BKQBO QEB LUFA>QFSB MELPMELOVI>QFLK PVPQBJ IL@>QBA FK QEB FKKBO
JFQL@ELKAOF>I JBJ?O>KB. )K >AAFQFLK, QEB +OB?P @V@IB PRMMIFBP QEB PQ>OQFKD J>QBOF>IP QL MOL@BPP >KA ?OB>H ALTK MOLQBFKP
>KA C>QP.
4L PQ>OQ QEB +OB?P @V@IB, @FQO>QB PVKQE>PB @LJ?FKBP >@BQVI #L! >KA LU>IL>@BQ>QB QL CLOJ > PFU-@>O?LK @FQO>QB JLIB@RIB;
#L! FP PR?PBNRBKQIV OBIB>PBA >KA @>K @LJ?FKB TFQE >KLQEBO MVORS>QB JLIB@RIB QL ?BDFK QEB @V@IB >D>FK. 4EB >@LKFQ>PB
BKWVJB @LKSBOQP @FQO>QB FKQL FPL@FQO>QB. )K QTL PR@@BPPFSB PQBMP LC LUFA>QFSB AB@>O?LUVI>QFLK, QTL JLIB@RIBP LC #/
2
>KA
QTL .!$( JLIB@RIBP >OB MOLAR@BA TEBK FPL@FQO>QB ABEVAOLDBK>PB @LKSBOQP FPL@FQO>QB FKQL QEB CFSB-@>O?LK d-HBQLDIRQ>O>QB,
TEF@E FP QEBK @>Q>IVWBA >KA @LKSBOQBA FKQL QEB CLRO-@>O?LK PR@@FKVI #L! ?V d-HBQLDIRQ>O>QB ABEVAOLDBK>PB. 4EB BKWVJB
PR@@FKVI #L! ABEVAOLDBK>PB QEBK @LKSBOQP PR@@FKVI #L! FKQL PR@@FK>QB >KA CLOJP QEB EFDE-BKBODV JLIB@RIB '40, TEF@E
QO>KPCBOP FQP BKBODV QL !$0 QL MOLAR@B !40. 3R@@FK>QB ABEVAOLDBK>PB QEBK @LKSBOQP PR@@FK>QB FKQL CRJ>O>QB, CLOJFKD >
JLIB@RIB LC &!$(
2
. &RJ>O>PB QEBK @LKSBOQP CRJ>O>QB FKQL J>I>QB, TEF@E J>I>QB ABEVAOLDBK>PB QEBK @LKSBOQP ?>@H FKQL
LU>IL>@BQ>QB TEFIB OBAR@FKD .!$
+
QL .!$(. /U>IL>@BQ>QB FP QEBK OB>AV QL @LJ?FKB TFQE QEB KBUQ >@BQVI #L! QL PQ>OQ QEB
+OB?P @V@IB >D>FK (PBB F97EB5 24.7). &LO B>@E QROK LC QEB @V@IB, QEOBB .!$(, LKB !40 (QEOLRDE '40), >KA LKB &!$(
2
>OB
@OB>QBA. %>@E @>O?LK LC MVORS>QB FP @LKSBOQBA FKQL #/
2
, TEF@E FP OBIB>PBA >P > ?VMOLAR@Q LC LUFA>QFSB (>BOL?F@) OBPMFO>QFLK.
(K<74G<I8 );BFC;BEL?4G<BA 4A7 G;8 E?86GEBA -E4AFCBEG C;4<A
4EB 5<53DB?> DB1>C@?BD 3819> (E*C) RPBP QEB .!$( >KA &!$(
2
MOLAR@BA ?V QEB +OB?P @V@IB QL DBKBO>QB !40. %IB@QOLKP
COLJ .!$( >KA &!$(
2
>OB QO>KPCBOOBA QEOLRDE MOLQBFK @LJMIBUBP BJ?BAABA FK QEB FKKBO JFQL@ELKAOF>I JBJ?O>KB ?V
> PBOFBP LC BKWVJ>QF@ OB>@QFLKP. 4EB BIB@QOLK QO>KPMLOQ @E>FK @LKPFPQP LC > PBOFBP LC CLRO BKWVJB @LJMIBUBP (#LJMIBU ) i
#LJMIBU )6) >KA QTL @LBKWVJBP (R?FNRFKLKB >KA #VQL@EOLJB @), TEF@E >@Q >P BIB@QOLK @>OOFBOP >KA MOLQLK MRJMP RPBA QL
QO>KPCBO (
+
FLKP FKQL QEB PM>@B ?BQTBBK QEB FKKBO >KA LRQBO JFQL@ELKAOF>I JBJ?O>KBP (F97EB5 24.8). 4EB %4# @LRMIBP QEB
QO>KPCBO LC BIB@QOLKP ?BQTBBK > ALKLO (IFHB .!$() >KA >K BIB@QOLK >@@BMQLO (IFHB /
2
) TFQE QEB QO>KPCBO LC MOLQLKP ((
+
FLKP)
>@OLPP QEB FKKBO JFQL@ELKAOF>I JBJ?O>KB, BK>?IFKD QEB MOL@BPP LC ?H941D9F5 @8?C@8?BI<1D9?>. )K QEB MOBPBK@B LC LUVDBK,
BKBODV FP M>PPBA, PQBMTFPB, QEOLRDE QEB BIB@QOLK @>OOFBOP QL @LIIB@Q DO>AR>IIV QEB BKBODV KBBABA QL >QQ>@E > MELPME>QB QL !$0
>KA MOLAR@B !40. 4EB OLIB LC JLIB@RI>O LUVDBK, /
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K>QOFROBQF@ MBMQFABP, >KA PVJM>QEBQF@ >AOBKBODF@ >@QFSFQV
c $BP@OF?B ELT B>@E LC QEB CLIILTFKD TLOHP QL OBDRI>QB OB>?PLOMQFLK >KA PB@OBQFLK, PL >P QL >CCB@Q ROFKB SLIRJB >KA
@LJMLPFQFLK: OBKFKi>KDFLQBKPFK PVPQBJ, >IALPQBOLKB, >KQFAFROBQF@ ELOJLKB, >KA K>QOFROBQF@ MBMQFABP
c .>JB >KA ABCFKB QEB OLIBP LC LQEBO ELOJLKBP QE>Q OBDRI>QB HFAKBV @LKQOLI
3BSBO>I ELOJLKBP E>SB PMB@FCF@, FJMLOQ>KQ OLIBP FK OBDRI>QFKD HFAKBV CRK@QFLK. 4EBV >@Q QL PQFJRI>QB LO FKEF?FQ ?ILLA CILT.
3LJB LC QEBPB >OB BKAL@OFKB, >@QFKD COLJ > AFPQ>K@B, TEBOB>P LQEBOP >OB M>O>@OFKB, >@QFKD IL@>IIV.
+8A<ATAA:<BG8AF<ATA?7BFG8EBA8
2BKFK FP >K BKWVJB QE>Q FP MOLAR@BA ?V QEB DO>KRI>O @BIIP LC QEB >CCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIB >Q QEB *'!. )Q BKWVJ>QF@>IIV @LKSBOQP
>KDFLQBKPFKLDBK (J>AB ?V QEB IFSBO, COBBIV @FO@RI>QFKD) FKQL >KDFLQBKPFK ). )QP OBIB>PB FP PQFJRI>QBA ?V MOLPQ>DI>KAFKP >KA ./
COLJ QEB *'! FK OBPMLKPB QL AB@OB>PBA BUQO>@BIIRI>O CIRFA SLIRJB.
!#% FP KLQ > ELOJLKB ?RQ FQ FP CRK@QFLK>IIV FJMLOQ>KQ FK OBDRI>QFKD PVPQBJF@ ?ILLA MOBPPROB >KA HFAKBV CRK@QFLK. )Q FP
MOLAR@BA FK QEB IRKDP ?RQ ?FKAP QL QEB PROC>@BP LC BKALQEBIF>I @BIIP FK QEB >CCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIBP >KA DILJBORIRP. )Q BKWVJ>QF@>IIV
@LKSBOQP FK>@QFSB >KDFLQBKPFK ) FKQL >@QFSB >KDFLQBKPFK )). !#% FP FJMLOQ>KQ FK O>FPFKD ?ILLA MOBPPROB. 0BLMIB TFQE EFDE
?ILLA MOBPPROB >OB PLJBQFJBP MOBP@OF?BA !#% FKEF?FQLOP QL ILTBO QEBFO ?ILLA MOBPPROB.
!KDFLQBKPFK )) FP > MLQBKQ S>PL@LKPQOF@QLO QE>Q MI>VP >K FJJBAF>QB OLIB FK QEB OBDRI>QFLK LC ?ILLA MOBPPROB. )Q >@QP
PVPQBJF@>IIV QL @>RPB S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK >P TBII >P @LKPQOF@QFLK LC ?LQE QEB >CCBOBKQ >KA BCCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIBP LC QEB DILJBORIRP. )K
FKPQ>K@BP LC ?ILLA ILPP LO ABEVAO>QFLK, FQ OBAR@BP ?LQE '&2 >KA OBK>I ?ILLA CILT, QEBOB?V IFJFQFKD CIRFA ILPP >KA MOBPBOSFKD
?ILLA SLIRJB. )QP OBIB>PB FP RPR>IIV PQFJRI>QBA ?V AB@OB>PBP FK ?ILLA MOBPPROB, >KA PL QEB MOBPBOS>QFLK LC >ABNR>QB ?ILLA
MOBPPROB FP FQP MOFJ>OV OLIB.
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)) LO AFOB@QIV FK OBPMLKPB QL FK@OB>PBA MI>PJ> +
+
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T>QBO. )Q FP >IPL FJMLOQ>KQ FK OBDRI>QFKD +
+
, MOLJLQFKD FQP BU@OBQFLK. (4EFP AR>I BCCB@Q LK QTL JFKBO>IP >KA FQP LOFDFK FK QEB
>AOBK>I @LOQBU BUMI>FKP FQP ABPFDK>QFLK >P > JFKBO>IL@LOQF@LFA.) !P > OBPRIQ, OBKFK E>P >K FJJBAF>QB BCCB@Q LK ?ILLA MOBPPROB
ARB QL >KDFLQBKPFK ))iPQFJRI>QBA S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK >KA > MOLILKDBA BCCB@Q QEOLRDE .>
+
OB@LSBOV ARB QL >IALPQBOLKB. !Q QEB
P>JB QFJB QE>Q >IALPQBOLKB @>RPBP FK@OB>PBA OB@LSBOV LC .>
+
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+
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FK@OB>PBA T>QBO OB@LSBOV. 4EFP MOL@BPP FP RKFJMLOQ>KQ FK JBK ARB QL ILT IBSBIP LC @FO@RI>QFKD MOLDBPQBOLKB. )Q J>V @>RPB
FK@OB>PBA OBQBKQFLK LC T>QBO AROFKD PLJB MBOFLAP LC QEB JBKPQOR>I @V@IB FK TLJBK TEBK MOLDBPQBOLKB IBSBIP FK@OB>PB.
AAG<7<HE8G<6 !BE@BA8 (AD!)
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ROFKB. 4EBV >OB LCQBK MOBP@OF?BA QL ILTBO ?ILLA MOBPPROB. #LCCBB, QB>, >KA >I@LELIF@ ?BSBO>DBP >OB C>JFIF>O AFROBQF@P. !$(,
> 9->JFKL >@FA MBMQFAB OBIB>PBA ?V QEB MLPQBOFLO MFQRFQ>OV, TLOHP QL AL QEB BU>@Q LMMLPFQB. )Q MOLJLQBP QEB OB@LSBOV LC T>QBO,
AB@OB>PBP ROFKB SLIRJB, >KA J>FKQ>FKP MI>PJ> LPJLI>OFQV >KA ?ILLA MOBPPROB. )Q ALBP PL ?V PQFJRI>QFKD QEB JLSBJBKQ LC
>NR>MLOFK MOLQBFKP FKQL QEB >MF@>I @BII JBJ?O>KB LC MOFK@FM>I @BIIP LC QEB @LIIB@QFKD AR@QP QL CLOJ T>QBO @E>KKBIP, >IILTFKD
QEB QO>KP@BIIRI>O JLSBJBKQ LC T>QBO COLJ QEB IRJBK LC QEB @LIIB@QFKD AR@Q FKQL QEB FKQBOPQFQF>I PM>@B FK QEB JBARII> LC QEB
HFAKBV ?V LPJLPFP. &OLJ QEBOB, FQ BKQBOP QEB S>P> OB@Q> @>MFII>OFBP QL OBQROK QL QEB @FO@RI>QFLK. 7>QBO FP >QQO>@QBA ?V QEB EFDE
LPJLQF@ BKSFOLKJBKQ LC QEB ABBM HFAKBV JBARII>.
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QEB OBK>I ?ILLA SBPPBIP, JBP>KDF>I @BIIP, >KA @BIIP LC QEB $#4. (LOJLKBP PQFJRI>QFKD BKALQEBIFK OBIB>PB FK@IRAB >KDFLQBKPFK
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MBLMIB TFQE AF>?BQF@ HFAKBV AFPB>PB, BKALQEBIFK FP @EOLKF@>IIV BIBS>QBA, OBPRIQFKD FK PLAFRJ OBQBKQFLK. 4EBV >IPL AFJFKFPE
'&2 ?V A>J>DFKD QEB MLAL@VQBP >KA ?V MLQBKQIV S>PL@LKPQOF@QFKD ?LQE QEB >CCBOBKQ >KA BCCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIBP.
'4GE<HE8G<6 !BE@BA8F
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.>QOFROBQF@ ELOJLKBP >@Q ?V FKEF?FQFKD >IALPQBOLKB OBIB>PB >KA QEBOBCLOB FKEF?FQFKD .>
+
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.>
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!$( OBIB>PB, TEF@E LC @LROPB TFII OBPRIQ FK IBPP T>QBO OB@LSBOV. 4EBOBCLOB, K>QOFROBQF@ MBMQFABP FKEF?FQ ?LQE .>
+
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OB@LSBOV. /KB BU>JMIB COLJ QEFP C>JFIV LC ELOJLKBP FP >QOF>I K>QOFROBQF@ ELOJLKB (!.(), > 28->JFKL >@FA MBMQFAB MOLAR@BA
?V EB>OQ >QOF> FK OBPMLKPB QL LSBO-PQOBQ@EFKD LC QEB >QOF>I T>II. 4EB LSBO-PQOBQ@EFKD L@@ROP FK MBOPLKP TFQE BIBS>QBA ?ILLA
MOBPPROB LO EB>OQ C>FIROB. )Q FK@OB>PBP '&2 QEOLRDE @LK@ROOBKQ S>PLAFI>QFLK LC QEB >CCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIB >KA S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK LC
QEB BCCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIB. 4EBPB BSBKQP IB>A QL >K FK@OB>PBA ILPP LC T>QBO >KA PLAFRJ FK QEB CLOJFKD ROFKB. )Q >IPL AB@OB>PBP
PLAFRJ OB>?PLOMQFLK FK QEB $#4. 4EBOB FP >IPL "-QVMB K>QOFROBQF@ MBMQFAB (".0) LC 32 >JFKL >@FAP MOLAR@BA FK QEB SBKQOF@IBP
LC QEB EB>OQ. )Q E>P > 10-CLIA ILTBO >CCFKFQV CLO FQP OB@BMQLO, PL FQP BCCB@QP >OB IBPP QE>K QELPB LC !.(. )QP OLIB J>V ?B QL
MOLSFAB mCFKB QRKFKDn CLO QEB OBDRI>QFLK LC ?ILLA MOBPPROB. ".0lP ILKDBO ?FLILDF@ E>IC-IFCB J>HBP FQ > DLLA AF>DKLPQF@ J>OHBO
LC @LKDBPQFSB EB>OQ C>FIROB (F97EB5 25.21).
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@FO@RI>QFKD #>
++
IBSBIP. !JLKD FQP Q>ODBQP FP QEB 0#4, TEBOB FQ PQFJRI>QBP QEB EVAOLUVI>QFLK LC @>I@FAFLI QL @>I@FQOFLI
(1,25-EVAOLUV@ELIB@>I@FCBOLI, QEB >@QFSB CLOJ LC SFQ>JFK $). )Q >IPL ?IL@HP OB>?PLOMQFLK LC MELPME>QB (0/
3
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@FO@RI>QFKD #>
++
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++
IBSBIP >OB MBOJFQQBA.
1158 %A-1"/ 25 R 1%" 2/&+A/6 0601"*
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25.9 N +8:H?4G<BA B9 F?H<7 /B?H@8 4A7 CB@CBF<G<BA
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c %UMI>FK QEB JB@E>KFPJ LC >@QFLK LC AFROBQF@P
c %UMI>FK TEV QEB AFCCBOBKQF>I MBOJB>?FIFQV LO FJMBOJB>?FIFQV LC PMB@FCF@ PB@QFLKP LC QEB KBMEOLK QR?RIBP FP KB@BPP>OV
CLO ROFKB CLOJ>QFLK
4EB J>GLO ELOJLKBP FKCIRBK@FKD QLQ>I ?LAV T>QBO >OB !$(, >IALPQBOLKB, >KA !.(. #FO@RJPQ>K@BP QE>Q IB>A QL CIRFA
ABMIBQFLK FK QEB ?LAV FK@IRAB ?ILLA ILPP >KA ABEVAO>QFLK. (LJBLPQ>PFP OBNRFOBP QE>Q SLIRJB >KA LPJLI>OFQV ?B MOBPBOSBA.
"ILLA SLIRJB FP FJMLOQ>KQ FK J>FKQ>FKFKD PRCCF@FBKQ ?ILLA MOBPPROB, >KA QEBOB >OB KLKOBK>I JB@E>KFPJP FKSLISBA FK FQP
MOBPBOS>QFLK, FK@IRAFKD S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK, TEF@E @>K >@Q TFQEFK PB@LKAP LC > AOLM FK MOBPPROB. 4EFOPQ JB@E>KFPJP >OB >IPL
>@QFS>QBA QL MOLJLQB QEB @LKPRJMQFLK LC T>QBO ILPQ QEOLRDE OBPMFO>QFLK, BS>MLO>QFLK, LO ROFK>QFLK. (LOJLK>I JB@E>KFPJP
>OB >@QFS>QBA QL OB@LSBO SLIRJB TEFIB J>FKQ>FKFKD > KLOJ>I LPJLQF@ BKSFOLKJBKQ. 4EBPB JB@E>KFPJP >@Q MOFK@FM>IIV LK QEB
HFAKBV.
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4EB ?LAV @>KKLQ AFOB@QIV JB>PROB ?ILLA SLIRJB, ?RQ ?ILLA MOBPPROB @>K ?B JB>PROBA. "ILLA MOBPPROB LCQBK OBCIB@QP ?ILLA
SLIRJB >KA FP JB>PROBA ?V ?>OLOB@BMQLOP FK QEB >LOQ> >KA @>OLQFA PFKRPBP. 7EBK ?ILLA MOBPPROB FK@OB>PBP, ?>OLOB@BMQLOP
PBKA JLOB COBNRBKQ >@QFLK MLQBKQF>IP QL QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, IB>AFKD QL TFABPMOB>A S>PLAFI>QFLK. )K@IRABA FK QEFP
S>PLAFI>QFLK >OB QEB >CCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIBP PRMMIVFKD QEB DILJBORIRP, OBPRIQFKD FK FK@OB>PBA '&2, >KA T>QBO ILPP ?V QEB HFAKBVP.
)C MOBPPROB AB@OB>PBP, CBTBO >@QFLK MLQBKQF>IP QO>SBI QL QEB @BKQO>I KBOSLRP PVPQBJ, OBPRIQFKD FK JLOB PVJM>QEBQF@ PQFJRI>QFLK-
MOLAR@FKD S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK, TEF@E TFII OBPRIQ FK AB@OB>PBA CFIQO>QFLK >KA '&2, >KA T>QBO ILPP.
$B@OB>PBA ?ILLA MOBPPROB FP >IPL PBKPBA ?V QEB DO>KRI>O @BIIP FK QEB >CCBOBKQ >OQBOFLIB LC QEB *'!. )K OBPMLKPB, QEB
BKWVJB OBKFK FP OBIB>PBA. 9LR P>T B>OIFBO FK QEB @E>MQBO QE>Q OBKFK >@QFSFQV IB>AP QL >K >IJLPQ FJJBAF>QB OFPB FK ?ILLA
MOBPPROB >P >@QFS>QBA >KDFLQBKPFK )) MOLAR@BP S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK. 4EB OFPB FK MOBPPROB FP PRPQ>FKBA ?V QEB >IALPQBOLKB BCCB@QP
FKFQF>QBA ?V >KDFLQBKPFK )); QEFP FK@IRABP >K FK@OB>PB FK .>
+
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?FKAP QL QEB >IALPQBOLKB OB@BMQLO FK QEB @LIIB@QFKD AR@Q LC QEB HFAKBV, @>RPFKD QEB P>JB, >I?BFQ TB>HBO, BCCB@Q LK .>
+
>KA
T>QBO OBQBKQFLK.
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#>OAFLJVL@VQBP LC QEB >QOF> >IPL OBPMLKA QL DOB>QBO PQOBQ@E (>P ?ILLA MOBPPROB OFPBP) ?V PB@OBQFKD !.(. !.( LMMLPBP
QEB >@QFLK LC >IALPQBOLKB ?V FKEF?FQFKD QEB OB@LSBOV LC .>
+
?V QEB $#4 >KA @LIIB@QFKD AR@QP. -LOB .>
+
FP ILPQ, >KA >P T>QBO
CLIILTP, QLQ>I ?ILLA SLIRJB >KA MOBPPROB AB@IFKB. )K ILT-MOBPPROB PQ>QBP, !.( ALBP KLQ PBBJ QL E>SB JR@E BCCB@Q.
!$( FP >IPL @>IIBA S>PLMOBPPFK. %>OIV OBPB>O@EBOP CLRKA QE>Q FK @>PBP LC RKRPR>IIV EFDE PB@OBQFLK LC !$(, QEB ELOJLKB
@>RPBA S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK (S>PLMOBPPLO >@QFSFQV, EBK@B QEB K>JB). /KIV I>QBO TBOB FQP >KQFAFROBQF@ MOLMBOQFBP FABKQFCFBA.
3VKQEBQF@ !$( FP PQFII RPBA L@@>PFLK>IIV QL PQBJ IFCB-QEOB>QBKFKD BPLME>DRP ?IBBAFKD FK >I@LELIF@P.
7EBK ?ILLA SLIRJB AOLMP 5i10 MBO@BKQ, @>RPFKD > AB@OB>PB FK ?ILLA MOBPPROB, QEBOB FP > O>MFA >KA PFDKFCF@>KQ FK@OB>PB
FK !$( OBIB>PB COLJ QEB MLPQBOFLO MFQRFQ>OV. )JJBAF>QB S>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK QL FK@OB>PB ?ILLA MOBPPROB FP QEB OBPRIQ. !$( >IPL
@>RPBP >@QFS>QFLK LC >NR>MLOFK @E>KKBIP FK QEB @LIIB@QFKD AR@QP QL >CCB@Q QEB OB@LSBOV LC T>QBO QL EBIM OBPQLOB S>P@RI>O
SLIRJB.
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>I@LELI. 4EB @>CCBFKB FK @LCCBB >KA QB> TLOHP ?V MOLJLQFKD S>PLAFI>QFLK FK QEB KBMEOLK, TEF@E FK@OB>PBP '&2. !I@LELI
FK@OB>PBP '&2 ?V FKEF?FQFKD !$( OBIB>PB COLJ QEB MLPQBOFLO MFQRFQ>OV, OBPRIQFKD FK IBPP T>QBO OB@LSBOV ?V QEB @LIIB@QFKD AR@Q.
)K @>PBP LC EFDE ?ILLA MOBPPROB, AFROBQF@P J>V ?B MOBP@OF?BA QL OBAR@B ?ILLA SLIRJB >KA, QEBOB?V, OBAR@B ?ILLA MOBPPROB.
4EB JLPQ COBNRBKQIV MOBP@OF?BA >KQF-EVMBOQBKPFSB AFROBQF@ FP EVAOL@EILOLQEF>WFAB. )Q FKEF?FQP QEB .>
+
/ #I
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PVJMLOQBO FK QEB
$#4 >KA @LIIB@QFKD AR@Q. 4EB OBPRIQ FP > ILPP LC .>
+
TFQE T>QBO CLIILTFKD M>PPFSBIV ?V LPJLPFP.
/PJLQF@ AFROBQF@P MOLJLQB T>QBO ILPP ?V LPJLPFP. !K BU>JMIB FP QEB FKAFDBPQF?IB PRD>O J>KKFQLI, TEF@E FP JLPQ LCQBK
>AJFKFPQBOBA QL OBAR@B ?O>FK PTBIIFKD >CQBO EB>A FKGROV. (LTBSBO, FQ FP KLQ QEB LKIV PRD>O QE>Q @>K MOLAR@B > AFROBQF@ BCCB@Q. )K
@>PBP LC MLLOIV @LKQOLIIBA AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP, DIR@LPB IBSBIP BU@BBA QEB @>M>@FQV LC QEB QR?RI>O DIR@LPB PVJMLOQBOP, OBPRIQFKD
FK DIR@LPB FK QEB ROFKB. 4EB RKOB@LSBOBA DIR@LPB ?B@LJBP > MLTBOCRI LPJLQF@ AFROBQF@. #I>PPF@>IIV, FK QEB A>VP ?BCLOB
DIR@LPB @LRIA ?B ABQB@QBA FK QEB ?ILLA >KA ROFKB, @IFKF@F>KP FABKQFCFBA AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP ?V QEB QEOBB 0P: MLIVROF> (AFROBPFP),
MLIVAFMPF> (FK@OB>PBA QEFOPQ), >KA MLIVME>DF> (FK@OB>PBA ERKDBO).
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+
3LAFRJ E>P > SBOV PQOLKD LPJLQF@ BCCB@Q >KA >QQO>@QP T>QBO. )Q MI>VP > I>ODBO OLIB FK QEB LPJLI>OFQV LC QEB MI>PJ> QE>K
>KV LQEBO @FO@RI>QFKD @LJMLKBKQ LC QEB ?ILLA. )C QEBOB FP QLL JR@E .>
+
MOBPBKQ, BFQEBO ARB QL MLLO @LKQOLI LO BU@BPP
AFBQ>OV @LKPRJMQFLK, > PBOFBP LC JBQ>?LIF@ MOL?IBJP BKPRB. 4EBOB FP >K FK@OB>PB FK QLQ>I SLIRJB LC T>QBO, TEF@E IB>AP QL
EVMBOQBKPFLK (EFDE ?ILLA MOBPPROB). /SBO > ILKD MBOFLA, QEFP FK@OB>PBP QEB OFPH LC PBOFLRP @LJMIF@>QFLKP PR@E >P EB>OQ >QQ>@HP,
PQOLHBP, >KA >KBROVPJP. )Q @>K >IPL @LKQOF?RQB QL PVPQBJ-TFAB BABJ> (PTBIIFKD).
-B@E>KFPJP CLO OBDRI>QFKD .>
+
@LK@BKQO>QFLK FK@IRAB QEB OBKFKi>KDFLQBKPFKi>IALPQBOLKB PVPQBJ >KA !$( (PBB F97EB5
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EBQBOLWVDLRP CLO @VPQF@ CF?OLPFP, > OB@BPPFSB DBKBQF@ AFPLOABO QE>Q FP BUMOBPPBA LKIV TEBK QEB FKAFSFAR>I E>P QTL ABCB@QFSB
>IIBIBP, TB TLRIA BUMB@Q LKB FK CLRO LC QEBFO @EFIAOBK QL E>SB @VPQF@ CF?OLPFP. (LTBSBO, FQ FP BKQFOBIV MLPPF?IB CLO QEBJ QL E>SB
PBSBK @EFIAOBK, KLKB LC TELJ FP >CCB@QBA, LO CLO QEBJ QL E>SB QTL @EFIAOBK, ?LQE LC TELJ >OB >CCB@QBA. &LO B>@E FKAFSFAR>I
@EFIA, QEB MOBPBK@B LO >?PBK@B LC > PFKDIB DBKB AFPLOABO ABMBKAP LK TEF@E >IIBIBP QE>Q @EFIA FKEBOFQP COLJ EFP LO EBO M>OBKQP.
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?B ALJFK>KQ QL QEB KLOJ>I MEBKLQVMB. 7EBK QEB ALJFK>KQ >IIBIB FP IL@>QBA LK LKB LC QEB 22 M>FOP LC >RQLPLJBP (KLK-
PBU @EOLJLPLJBP), TB OBCBO QL FQP FKEBOFQ>K@B M>QQBOK >P 1ED?C?=1< 4?=9>1>D. !K BU>JMIB LC >K >RQLPLJ>I ALJFK>KQ
AFPLOABO FP KBROLCF?OLJ>QLPFP QVMB ), > AFPB>PB QE>Q FKAR@BP QRJLO CLOJ>QFLK TFQEFK QEB KBOSLRP PVPQBJ QE>Q IB>AP QL PHFK
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KBROLCF?OLJ>QLPFP), N', >KA LKB M>OBKQ FP ELJLWVDLRP CLO QEB KLOJ>I DBKB, ''. 4EB EBQBOLWVDLRP M>OBKQ TLRIA E>SB > 50
MBO@BKQ @E>K@B LC M>PPFKD QEB ALJFK>KQ >IIBIB CLO QEFP AFPLOABO QL EFP LO EBO LCCPMOFKD, >KA QEB ELJLWVDLRP M>OBKQ TLRIA
>IT>VP M>PP QEB KLOJ>I >IIBIB. 4EBOBCLOB, CLRO MLPPF?IB LCCPMOFKD DBKLQVMBP >OB BNR>IIV IFHBIV QL L@@RO: N', N', '', >KA
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>@OLPP QEB QLM LC QEB >KQBOFLO PHRII. )Q RKFQBP QEB COLKQ>I ?LKB >KQBOFLOIV TFQE QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ M>OFBQ>I ?LKBP. 4EB P>DFQQ>I PRQROB ORKP
>Q QEB JFAIFKB LK QEB QLM LC QEB PHRII. )Q RKFQBP QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ M>OFBQ>I ?LKBP TFQE B>@E LQEBO. 4EB PNR>JLRP PRQROB FP > @ROSBA
PRQROB IL@>QBA LK QEB I>QBO>I PFAB LC QEB PHRII. )Q RKFQBP QEB PNR>JLRP MLOQFLK LC QEB QBJMLO>I ?LKB QL QEB M>OFBQ>I ?LKB. 4EB I>J?ALFA
PRQROB FP IL@>QBA LK QEB MLPQBOFLO PHRII >KA E>P >K FKSBOQBA 6-PE>MB. )Q RKFQBP QEB L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB TFQE QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ M>OFBQ>I
?LKBP. 31 4EB >KQBOFLO @O>KF>I CLPP> FP QEB PE>IILTBPQ LC QEB QEOBB @O>KF>I CLPP>B. )Q BUQBKAP COLJ QEB COLKQ>I ?LKB >KQBOFLOIV QL QEB
IBPPBO TFKD LC QEB PMEBKLFA ?LKB MLPQBOFLOIV. )Q FP AFSFABA >Q QEB JFAIFKB ?V QEB @OFPQ> D>IIF >KA @OF?OFCLOJ MI>QBP LC QEB BQEJLFA
?LKB. 4EB JFAAIB @O>KF>I CLPP> FP IL@>QBA FK QEB @BKQO>I PHRII, >KA FP ABBMBO QE>K QEB >KQBOFLO CLPP>. 4EB JFAAIB CLPP> BUQBKAP COLJ
QEB IBPPBO TFKD LC QEB PMEBKLFA ?LKB >KQBOFLOIV QL QEB MBQOLRP OFADB MLPQBOFLOIV. )Q FP AFSFABA >Q QEB JFAIFKB ?V QEB PBII> QRO@F@>.
4EB MLPQBOFLO @O>KF>I CLPP> FP QEB ABBMBPQ CLPP>. )Q BUQBKAP COLJ QEB MBQOLRP OFADB >KQBOFLOIV QL QEB L@@FMFQ>I ?LKB MLPQBOFLOIV. 4EB
I>ODB CLO>JBK J>DKRJ FP IL@>QBA >Q QEB JFAIFKB LC QEB MLPQBOFLO CLPP>. 32 4EBOB >OB QTL ?LKV M>OQP LC QEB K>P>I PBMQRJ FK QEB AOV
PHRII. 4EB MBOMBKAF@RI>O MI>QB LC QEB BQEJLFA ?LKB CLOJP QEB PRMBOFLO M>OQ LC QEB PBMQRJ. 4EB SLJBO ?LKB CLOJP QEB FKCBOFLO >KA
MLPQBOFLO M>OQP LC QEB PBMQRJ. )K QEB IFSFKD PHRII, QEB PBMQ>I @>OQFI>DB @LJMIBQBP QEB PBMQRJ ?V CFIIFKD FK QEB >KQBOFLO >OB> ?BQTBBK QEB
?LKV @LJMLKBKQP >KA BUQBKAFKD LRQT>OA FKQL QEB KLPB. 33 4EB >ARIQ SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK @LKPFPQP LC 24 SBOQB?O>B, MIRP QEB P>@ORJ
>KA @L@@VU. 4EB SBOQB?O>B >OB PR?AFSFABA FKQL @BOSF@>I, QELO>@F@, >KA IRJ?>O OBDFLKP. 4EBOB >OB PBSBK @BOSF@>I SBOQB?O>B (#1i#7),
12 QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B (41i412), >KA CFSB IRJ?>O SBOQB?O>B (,1i,5). 4EB P>@ORJ FP ABOFSBA COLJ QEB CRPFLK LC CFSB P>@O>I SBOQB?O>B
>KA QEB @L@@VU FP CLOJBA ?V QEB CRPFLK LC CLRO PJ>II @L@@VDB>I SBOQB?O>B. 34 ! QVMF@>I SBOQB?O> @LKPFPQP LC >K >KQBOFLO ?LAV >KA
> MLPQBOFLO SBOQB?O>I >O@E. 4EB ?LAV PBOSBP CLO TBFDEQ ?B>OFKD. 4EB SBOQB?O>I >O@E PROOLRKAP >KA MOLQB@QP QEB PMFK>I @LOA. 4EB
SBOQB?O>I >O@E FP CLOJBA ?V QEB MBAF@IBP, TEF@E >OB >QQ>@EBA QL QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB SBOQB?O>I ?LAV, >KA QEB I>JFK>, TEF@E
@LJB QLDBQEBO QL CLOJ QEB QLM LC QEB >O@E. ! M>FO LC QO>KPSBOPB MOL@BPPBP BUQBKAP I>QBO>IIV COLJ QEB SBOQB?O>I >O@E, >Q QEB GRK@QFLK
?BQTBBK B>@E MBAF@IB >KA I>JFK>. 4EB PMFKLRP MOL@BPP BUQBKAP MLPQBOFLOIV COLJ QEB QLM LC QEB >O@E. ! M>FO LC PRMBOFLO >OQF@RI>O
MOL@BPPBP MOLGB@Q RMT>OA >KA > M>FO LC FKCBOFLO >OQF@RI>O MOL@BPPBP MOLGB@Q ALTKT>OA. 4LDBQEBO, QEB KLQ@EBP CLRKA FK QEB J>ODFKP
LC QEB MBAF@IBP LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B CLOJ >K FKQBOSBOQB?O>I CLO>JBK. 35 4EB P>@ORJ FP > PFKDIB, QOF>KDRI>O-PE>MBA ?LKB CLOJBA ?V
QEB CRPFLK LC CFSB P>@O>I SBOQB?O>B. /K QEB MLPQBOFLO P>@ORJ, QEB JBAF>K P>@O>I @OBPQ FP ABOFSBA COLJ QEB CRPBA PMFKLRP MOL@BPPBP,
>KA QEB I>QBO>I P>@O>I @OBPQ OBPRIQP COLJ QEB CRPBA QO>KPSBOPB MOL@BPPBP. 4EB P>@O>I @>K>I @LKQ>FKP QEB P>@O>I PMFK>I KBOSBP, TEF@E
BUFQ SF> QEB >KQBOFLO (SBKQO>I) >KA MLPQBOFLO (ALOP>I) P>@O>I CLO>JFK>. 4EB P>@O>I MOLJLKQLOV FP QEB >KQBOFLO IFM. 4EB P>@ORJ >IPL
CLOJP QEB MLPQBOFLO MLOQFLK LC QEB MBISFP. 36 !K FKQBOSBOQB?O>I AFP@ CFIIP FK QEB PM>@B ?BQTBBK >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B, TEBOB FQ MOLSFABP
M>AAFKD >KA TBFDEQ-?B>OFKD >?FIFQV, >KA >IILTP CLO JLSBJBKQP ?BQTBBK QEB SBOQB?O>B. )Q @LKPFPQP LC >K LRQBO >KRIRP CF?OLPRP >KA
>K FKKBO KR@IBRP MRIMLPRP. 4EB >KRIRP CF?OLPRP PQOLKDIV >K@ELOP QEB >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B QL B>@E LQEBO, >KA QEB EFDE T>QBO @LKQBKQ LC
QEB KR@IBRP MRIMLPRP OBPFPQP @LJMOBPPFLK CLO TBFDEQ ?B>OFKD >KA @>K @E>KDB PE>MB QL >IILT CLO SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK JLSBJBKQP. 37
4EB >KQBOFLO ILKDFQRAFK>I IFD>JBKQ FP >QQ>@EBA QL QEB SBOQB?O>I ?LAFBP LK QEB >KQBOFLO PFAB LC QEB SBOQB?O>I @LIRJK. 4EB PRMO>PMFKLRP
IFD>JBKQ FP IL@>QBA LK QEB MLPQBOFLO PFAB, TEBOB FQ FKQBO@LKKB@QP QEB QELO>@F@ >KA IRJ?>O PMFKLRP MOL@BPPBP. )K QEB MLPQBOFLO KB@H,
QEFP IFD>JBKQ BUM>KAP QL ?B@LJB QEB KR@E>I IFD>JBKQ, TEF@E >QQ>@EBP QL QEB @BOSF@>I PMFKLRP MOL@BPPBP >KA QEB ?>PB LC QEB PHRII.
4EB MLPQBOFLO ILKDFQRAFK>I IFD>JBKQ >KA IFD>JBKQRJ CI>SRJ >OB IL@>QBA FKPFAB QEB SBOQB?O>I @>K>I. 4EB MLPQBOFLO ILKDFQRAFK>I
IFD>JBKQ RKFQBP QEB MLPQBOFLO PFABP LC QEB SBOQB?O>I ?LAFBP. 4EB IFD>JBKQRJ CI>SRJ RKFQBP QEB I>JFK> LC >AG>@BKQ SBOQB?O>B. 38
4EB QELO>@F@ @>DB FP CLOJBA ?V QEB 12 M>FOP LC OF?P TFQE QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP >KA QEB PQBOKRJ. 4EB OF?P >OB >QQ>@EBA MLPQBOFLOIV QL
QEB 12 QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B >KA JLPQ >OB >K@ELOBA >KQBOFLOIV BFQEBO AFOB@QIV LO FKAFOB@QIV QL QEB PQBOKRJ. 4EB QELO>@F@ @>DB CRK@QFLKP
QL MOLQB@Q QEB EB>OQ >KA IRKDP. 39 4EB PQBOKRJ @LKPFPQP LC QEB J>KR?OFRJ, ?LAV, >KA UFMELFA MOL@BPP. 4EB J>KR?OFRJ CLOJP QEB
BUM>KABA, PRMBOFLO BKA LC QEB PQBOKRJ. )Q E>P > GRDRI>O (PRMO>PQBOK>I) KLQ@E, > M>FO LC @I>SF@RI>O KLQ@EBP CLO >OQF@RI>QFLK TFQE QEB
@I>SF@IBP, >KA OB@BFSBP QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB LC QEB CFOPQ OF?. 4EB J>KR?OFRJ FP GLFKBA QL QEB ?LAV LC QEB PQBOKRJ >Q QEB PQBOK>I >KDIB,
TEF@E FP >IPL QEB PFQB CLO >QQ>@EJBKQ LC QEB PB@LKA OF? @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP. 4EB ?LAV OB@BFSBP QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB >QQ>@EJBKQP CLO OF?P
3i7. 4EB PJ>II UFMELFA MOL@BPP CLOJP QEB FKCBOFLO QFM LC QEB PQBOKRJ. 40 ! QVMF@>I OF? FP > CI>QQBKBA, @ROSBA ?LKB. 4EB EB>A LC >
OF? FP >QQ>@EBA MLPQBOFLOIV QL QEB @LPQ>I C>@BQP LC QEB QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>B. 4EB OF? QR?BO@IB >OQF@RI>QBP TFQE QEB QO>KPSBOPB MOL@BPP LC >
QELO>@F@ SBOQB?O>. 4EB >KDIB FP QEB >OB> LC DOB>QBPQ OF? @ROS>QROB >KA CLOJP QEB I>ODBPQ MLOQFLK LC QEB QELO>@F@ @>DB. 4EB ?LAV (PE>CQ)
LC > OF? BUQBKAP >KQBOFLOIV >KA QBOJFK>QBP >Q QEB >QQ>@EJBKQ QL FQP @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB. 4EB PE>IILT @LPQ>I DOLLSB ORKP >ILKD QEB FKCBOFLO
J>ODFK LC > OF? >KA @>OOFBP ?ILLA SBPPBIP >KA > KBOSB. 41 2F?P >OB @I>PPFCFBA ?>PBA LK FC >KA ELT QEBFO @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP >QQ>@E QL
QEB PQBOKRJ. 4ORB (SBOQB?OLPQBOK>I) OF?P >OB OF?P 1i7. 4EB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB CLO B>@E LC QEBPB >QQ>@EBP AFOB@QIV QL QEB PQBOKRJ. &>IPB
(SBOQB?OL@ELKAO>I) OF?P, 8i12, >OB >QQ>@EBA BFQEBO FKAFOB@QIV LO KLQ >Q >II QL QEB PQBOKRJ. 2F?P 8i10 >OB >QQ>@EBA FKAFOB@QIV QL QEB
PQBOKRJ. &LO QEBPB OF?P, QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DB LC B>@E >QQ>@EBP QL QEB @>OQFI>DB LC QEB KBUQ EFDEBO OF?. 4EB I>PQ C>IPB OF?P (11i12) >OB
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@>OQFI>DBP QBOJFK>QB TFQEFK QEB JRP@IBP LC QEB I>QBO>I >?ALJFK>I T>II. 42 4EB ?O>FK-@>PB ?LKBP QE>Q CLOJ QEB QLM >KA PFABP LC QEB
PHRII >OB MOLAR@BA ?V FKQO>JBJ?O>KLRP LPPFCF@>QFLK. )K QEFP, JBPBK@EVJB COLJ QEB P@IBOLQLJB MLOQFLK LC QEB PLJFQBP >@@RJRI>QBP
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TFAB OBDFLKP LC CF?OLRP @LKKB@QFSB QFPPRB @>IIBA CLKQ>KBIIBP. !CQBO ?FOQE, >P QEB ?LKBP BKI>ODB, QEB CLKQ>KBIIBP AFP>MMB>O. (LTBSBO,
QEB ?LKBP OBJ>FK PBM>O>QBA ?V QEB PRQROBP, TEBOB ?LKB >KA PHRII DOLTQE @>K @LKQFKRB RKQFI QEB >ARIQ PFWB FP L?Q>FKBA. 43 4EB C>@F>I
?LKBP >KA ?>PB LC QEB PHRII >OFPB SF> QEB MOL@BPP LC BKAL@ELKAO>I LPPFCF@>QFLK. 4EFP MOL@BPP ?BDFKP TFQE QEB IL@>IFWBA >@@RJRI>QFLK
LC JBPBK@EVJB QFPPRB >Q QEB PFQBP LC QEB CRQROB ?LKBP. 4EB JBPBK@EVJB AFCCBOBKQF>QBP FKQL EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB, TEF@E CLOJP > @>OQFI>DB
JLABI LC QEB CRQROB ?LKB. 4EB @>OQFI>DB >IILTP CLO DOLTQE >KA BKI>ODBJBKQ LC QEB JLABI. )Q FP DO>AR>IIV @LKSBOQBA FKQL ?LKB LSBO
QFJB. 44 4EB SBOQB?O>B, OF?P, >KA PQBOKRJ >II ABSBILM SF> QEB MOL@BPP LC BKAL@ELKAO>I LPPFCF@>QFLK. -BPBK@EVJB QFPPRB COLJ QEB
P@IBOLQLJB MLOQFLK LC QEB PLJFQBP >@@RJRI>QBP LK BFQEBO PFAB LC QEB KLQL@ELOA >KA MOLAR@BP EV>IFKB @>OQFI>DB JLABIP CLO B>@E
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SBOQB?O>. )K QEB QELO>U OBDFLK, > MLOQFLK LC QEFP @>OQFI>DB JLABI PMIFQP LCC QL CLOJ QEB OF?P. 3FJFI>OIV, JBPBK@EVJB CLOJP @>OQFI>DB
JLABIP CLO QEB OFDEQ >KA IBCQ E>ISBP LC QEB PQBOKRJ. 4EB OF?P QEBK ?B@LJB >QQ>@EBA >KQBOFLOIV QL QEB ABSBILMFKD PQBOKRJ, >KA QEB
QTL E>ISBP LC PQBOKRJ CRPB QLDBQEBO. /PPFCF@>QFLK LC QEB @>OQFI>DB JLABI FKQL ?LKB L@@ROP TFQEFK QEBPB PQOR@QROBP LSBO QFJB. 4EFP
MOL@BPP @LKQFKRBP RKQFI B>@E FP @LKSBOQBA FKQL ?LKB, BU@BMQ CLO QEB PQBOK>I BKAP LC QEB OF?P, TEF@E OBJ>FK >P QEB @LPQ>I @>OQFI>DBP.
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1 ! CO>@QROB QEOLRDE QEB GLFKQ PROC>@B LC QEB AFPQ>I O>AFRP J>V J>HB QEB >OQF@RI>QFKD PROC>@B LC QEB O>AFRP OLRDE LO G>DDBA. 4EFP
@>K QEBK @>RPB M>FKCRI JLSBJBKQP FKSLISFKD QEFP GLFKQ >KA QEB B>OIV ABSBILMJBKQ LC >OQEOFQFP. 3RODBOV @>K OBQROK QEB GLFKQ PROC>@B
QL FQP LOFDFK>I PJLLQEKBPP, QERP >IILTFKD CLO QEB OBQROK LC KLOJ>I CRK@QFLK. 2 4EB E>KA E>P > MOLUFJ>I QO>KPSBOPB >O@E, > AFPQ>I
QO>KPSBOPB >O@E, >KA > ILKDFQRAFK>I >O@E. 4EBPB >IILT QEB E>KA QL @LKCLOJ QL L?GB@QP ?BFKD EBIA. 4EBPB >O@EBP J>UFJFWB QEB >JLRKQ
LC PROC>@B @LKQ>@Q ?BQTBBK QEB E>KA >KA L?GB@Q, TEF@E BKE>K@BP PQ>?FIFQV >KA FK@OB>PBP PBKPLOV FKMRQ. 3 3RODBOV J>V ?B OBNRFOBA
FC QEB CO>@QROB FP RKPQ>?IB, JB>KFKD QE>Q QEB ?OLHBK BKAP LC QEB O>AFRP TLKlQ PQ>V FK MI>@B QL >IILT CLO MOLMBO EB>IFKD. )K QEFP @>PB,
JBQ>I MI>QBP >KA P@OBTP @>K ?B RPBA QL PQ>?FIFWB QEB CO>@QROBA ?LKB. 4 4EB L?QRO>QLO CLO>JBK FP IL@>QBA ?BQTBBK QEB FP@EFRJ >KA
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FKQBOJBAF>QB, >KA I>QBO>I @RKBFCLOJ ?LKBP. 8 ! ?RKFLK OBPRIQP COLJ QEB ABSF>QFLK LC QEB ?FD QLB QLT>OA QEB PB@LKA QLB, TEF@E
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FKFQF>IIV >MMB>OP LK A>V 26 >P QEB RMMBO IFJ? OFADB. 4EFP ?B@LJBP QEB RMMBO IFJ? ?RA ?V A>V 28. (?) 4EB E>KAMI>QB >KA CLLQMI>QB
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MRPE >D>FKPQ QEB @>O, CLO@BP TFII M>PP COLJ QEB JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKBP LC VLRO E>KA FKQL QEB @>OM>I ?LKBP >Q QEB ?>PB LC VLRO E>KA. &LO@BP
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QEOLRDE QEB BI?LT GLFKQ FKQL QEB ERJBORP LC QEB >OJ, >KA QEBK QEOLRDE QEB DIBKLERJBO>I GLFKQ FKQL QEB P@>MRI>. 4EB CLO@B TFII QO>SBI
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LC QEB >UF>I PHBIBQLK. 36 4EB ?>PB LC QEB E>KA FP CLOJBA ?V QEB BFDEQ @>OM>I ?LKBP >OO>KDBA FK QTL OLTP (AFPQ>I >KA MOLUFJ>I)
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QEB QERJ? PFAB. 4EB MOLUFJ>I BKAP LC QEB JBQ>@>OM>I ?LKBP >OQF@RI>QB TFQE QEB AFPQ>I OLT LC QEB @>OM>I ?LKBP. 4EB AFPQ>I BKAP LC QEB
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)K >AAFQFLK, CBQ>I ?OB>QEFKD JLSBJBKQP J>V EBIM >ISBLIF QL CLOJ >KA J>QROB.
C81@D5B 23
1 !KPTBOP J>V S>OV. 2 !KPTBOP J>V S>OV. 3 !KPTBOP J>V S>OV. 4 !KPTBOP J>V S>OV. 5 !KPTBOP J>V S>OV. 6 !KPTBOP
J>V S>OV. 7 !KPTBOP J>V S>OV. 8 ! 9 ! 10 $ 11 $ 12 " 13 $ 14 ! 15 # 16 " 17 ! 18 $ 19 # 20 ! 21 $ 22
" 23 " 24 " 25 $ 26 ! 27 $ 28 # 29 ! 30 " 31 $ 32 " 33 4EB BKQBOF@ KBOSLRP PVPQBJ EBIMP OBDRI>QB >IFJBKQ>OV
@>K>I JLQFIFQV >KA QEB PB@OBQFLK LC AFDBPQFSB GRF@BP, QERP C>@FIFQ>QFKD AFDBPQFLK. )C > MBOPLK ?B@LJBP LSBOIV >KUFLRP, PVJM>QEBQF@
FKKBOS>QFLK LC QEB >IFJBKQ>OV @>K>I FP PQFJRI>QBA, TEF@E @>K OBPRIQ FK > PILTFKD LC AFDBPQFSB >@QFSFQV. 34 4EB I>JFK> MOLMOF> LC QEB
JR@LP> @LKQ>FKP IVJMELFA QFPPRB QE>Q J>HBP RM QEB -!,4 >KA OBPMLKAP QL M>QELDBKP BK@LRKQBOBA FK QEB >IFJBKQ>OV @>K>I. 35
4EB J>GLOFQV LC AFDBPQFLK >KA >?PLOMQFLK L@@ROP FK QEB PJ>II FKQBPQFKB. "V PILTFKD QEB QO>KPFQ LC @EVJB, PBDJBKQ>QFLK >KA >
OBAR@BA O>QB LC MBOFPQ>IPFP >IILT QFJB CLO QEBPB MOL@BPPBP QL L@@RO. 36 4EB PJBII LC CLLA FKFQF>QBP ILKD OBCIBUBP, TEF@E OBPRIQ
1304 %A-1"/ 28 R !"3"),-*"+1 A+! &+%"/&1A+"
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
FK QEB PB@OBQFLK LC AFDBPQFSB GRF@BP. 37 0>OLQFA DI>KA P>IFS> FP T>QBOV TFQE IFQQIB JR@RP ?RQ > ILQ LC >JVI>PB, TEF@E >IILTP FQ
QL JFU COBBIV TFQE CLLA AROFKD J>PQF@>QFLK >KA ?BDFK QEB AFDBPQFLK LC @>O?LEVAO>QBP. )K @LKQO>PQ, PR?IFKDR>I DI>KA P>IFS> E>P >
ILQ LC JR@RP TFQE QEB IB>PQ >JLRKQ LC >JVI>PB LC >II QEB P>IFS>OV DI>KAP. 4EB EFDE JR@RP @LKQBKQ PBOSBP QL IR?OF@>QB QEB CLLA
CLO PT>IILTFKD. 38 4EB FK@FPLOP. 3FK@B QEBPB QBBQE >OB RPBA CLO QB>OFKD LCC MFB@BP LC CLLA AROFKD FKDBPQFLK, QEB MI>VBO TFII KBBA
QL FKDBPQ CLLAP QE>Q E>SB >IOB>AV ?BBK @RQ FKQL ?FQB-PFWBA MFB@BP RKQFI QEB ?OLHBK QBBQE >OB OBMI>@BA. 39 5PR>IIV TEBK CLLA FP
PT>IILTBA, FKSLIRKQ>OV JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLKP @>RPB QEB PLCQ M>I>QB QL OFPB >KA @ILPB LCC QEB K>PLME>OVKU. 4EB I>OVKU >IPL FP MRIIBA
RM, >KA QEB BMFDILQQFP CLIAP LSBO QEB DILQQFP. 4EBPB >@QFLKP ?IL@H LCC QEB >FO M>PP>DBP. 40 )C QEB ILTBO BPLME>DB>I PMEFK@QBO ALBP KLQ
@ILPB @LJMIBQBIV, QEB PQLJ>@ElP >@FAF@ @LKQBKQP @>K ?>@H RM FKQL QEB BPLME>DRP, > MEBKLJBKLK HKLTK >P '%2$. 41 0BOFPQ>IPFP
JLSBP QEB ?LIRP ALTK QEB BPLME>DRP >KA QLT>OA QEB PQLJ>@E. %PLME>DB>I DI>KAP PB@OBQB JR@RP QE>Q IR?OF@>QBP QEB ?LIRP >KA
OBAR@BP COF@QFLK. 7EBK QEB ?LIRP KB>OP QEB PQLJ>@E, QEB ILTBO BPLME>DB>I PMEFK@QBO OBI>UBP, >IILTFKD QEB ?LIRP QL M>PP FKQL QEB
PQLJ>@E. 42 4EB JR@LP>I ?>OOFBO MOLQB@QP QEB PQLJ>@E COLJ PBIC-AFDBPQFLK. )Q FK@IRABP > QEF@H @L>QFKD LC ?F@>O?LK>QB-OF@E JR@RP;
QEB JR@RP FP MEVPF@>IIV MOLQB@QFSB, >KA ?F@>O?LK>QB KBRQO>IFWBP D>PQOF@ >@FA. %MFQEBIF>I @BIIP JBBQ >Q QFDEQ GRK@QFLKP, TEF@E ?IL@H
D>PQOF@ GRF@B COLJ MBKBQO>QFKD QEB RKABOIVFKD QFPPRB I>VBOP, >KA PQBJ @BIIP NRF@HIV OBMI>@B PILRDEBA LCC BMFQEBIF>I JR@LP>I @BIIP. 43
4EB PQLJ>@E E>P >K >AAFQFLK>I FKKBO L?IFNRB PJLLQE JRP@IB I>VBO QE>Q EBIMP QEB JRP@RI>OFP @EROK >KA JFU CLLA. 4EB BMFQEBIFRJ
FK@IRABP D>PQOF@ DI>KAP QE>Q PB@OBQB D>PQOF@ CIRFA. 4EB D>PQOF@ CIRFA @LKPFPQP J>FKIV LC JR@LRP, (#I, >KA QEB BKWVJB MBMPFK OBIB>PBA
>P MBMPFKLDBK. 44 .RQOFBKQP COLJ QEB ?OB>HALTK LC @>O?LEVAO>QBP >KA MOLQBFKP >OB >?PLO?BA QEOLRDE > @>MFII>OV ?BA FK QEB SFIIF LC
QEB PJ>II FKQBPQFKB. ,FMFA ?OB>HALTK MOLAR@QP >OB >?PLO?BA FKQL > I>@QB>I FK QEB SFIIF, >KA QO>KPMLOQBA SF> QEB IVJME>QF@ PVPQBJ QL
QEB ?ILLAPQOB>J. 45 )C I>ODB NR>KQFQFBP LC @EVJB TBOB CLO@BA FKQL QEB PJ>II FKQBPQFKB, FQ TLRIA OBPRIQ FK LPJLQF@ T>QBO ILPP COLJ QEB
?ILLA FKQL QEB FKQBPQFK>I IRJBK QE>Q @LRIA @>RPB MLQBKQF>IIV IFCB-QEOB>QBKFKD ILT ?ILLA SLIRJB >KA BOLPFLK LC QEB ARLABKRJ. 46
4EB JR@LP> LC QEB PJ>II FKQBPQFKB FK@IRABP @FO@RI>O CLIAP, SFIIF, >KA JF@OLSFIIF. 4EB T>II LC QEB I>ODB FKQBPQFKB E>P > QEF@H JR@LP>I
I>VBO, >KA ABBMBO >KA JLOB >?RKA>KQ JR@RP-PB@OBQFKD DI>KAP QE>Q C>@FIFQ>QB QEB PJLLQE M>PP>DB LC CB@BP. 4EBOB >OB QEOBB CB>QROBP
QE>Q >OB RKFNRB QL QEB I>ODB FKQBPQFKB: QBKF>B @LIF, E>RPQO>, >KA BMFMILF@ >MMBKA>DBP. 47 4EB M>K@OB>P PB@OBQBP MOLQBFK-AFDBPQFKD
BKWVJBP FK QEBFO FK>@QFSB CLOJP. )C PB@OBQBA FK QEBFO >@QFSB CLOJP, QEBV TLRIA PBIC-AFDBPQ QEB M>K@OB>P. 4EBPB BKWVJBP >OB >@QFS>QBA
FK QEB ARLABKRJ. 48 4EB EBM>QL@VQBP >OB QEB J>FK @BII QVMB LC QEB IFSBO. 4EBV MOL@BPP, PQLOB, >KA OBIB>PB KRQOFBKQP FKQL QEB ?ILLA.
2>AF>QFKD LRQ COLJ QEB @BKQO>I SBFK, QEBV >OB QFDEQIV M>@HBA >OLRKA QEB EBM>QF@ PFKRPLFAP, >IILTFKD QEB EBM>QL@VQBP B>PV >@@BPP QL
QEB ?ILLA CILTFKD QEOLRDE QEB PFKRPLFAP. 49 "FIB P>IQP >KA IB@FQEFK @>K BJRIPFCV I>ODB IFMFA DIL?RIBP ?B@>RPB QEBV >OB >JMEFM>QEF@;
QEBV E>SB > KLKMLI>O (EVAOLMEL?F@) OBDFLK QE>Q >QQ>@EBP QL QEB I>ODB C>Q JLIB@RIBP >P TBII >P > MLI>O (EVAOLMEFIF@) OBDFLK QE>Q
FKQBO>@QP TFQE QEB T>QBOV @EFJB FK QEB FKQBPQFKB. 50 )KQOFKPF@ C>@QLO PB@OBQBA FK QEB PQLJ>@E ?FKAP QL QEB I>ODB "12 @LJMLRKA,
@OB>QFKD > @LJ?FK>QFLK QE>Q @>K ?FKA QL JR@LP>I OB@BMQLOP FK QEB FIBRJ.
C81@D5B 24
1 # 2 " 3 ! 4 " 5 # 6 " 7 # 8 $ 9 ! 10 $ 11 $ 12 ! 13 # 14 " 15 # 16 $ 17 ! 18 " 19 $ 20 ! 21 # 22
" 23 $ 24 ! 25 # 26 # 27 ! 28 # 29 " 30 !K FK@OB>PB LO AB@OB>PB FK IB>K JRP@IB J>PP TFII OBPRIQ FK >K FK@OB>PB LO
AB@OB>PB FK JBQ>?LIFPJ. 31 !AAFPLKlP AFPB>PB FP @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V ILT @LOQFPLI IBSBIP. /KB T>V QL QOB>Q QEB AFPB>PB FP ?V DFSFKD
@LOQFPLI QL QEB M>QFBKQ. 32 'IR@LPB FP LUFAFWBA AROFKD DIV@LIVPFP, @OB>QFKD MVORS>QB, TEF@E FP MOL@BPPBA QEOLRDE QEB +OB?P @V@IB
QL MOLAR@B .!$(, &!$(2, !40, >KA #/2. 4EB &!$(2 >KA .!$( VFBIA !40. 33 5MLK BKQOV FKQL QEB @BII, EBULHFK>PB LO
DIR@LHFK>PB MELPMELOVI>QBP DIR@LPB, @LKSBOQFKD FQ FKQL DIR@LPB-6-MELPME>QB. )K QEFP CLOJ, DIR@LPB-6-MELPME>QB FP QO>MMBA FK QEB
@BII. "B@>RPB >II LC QEB DIR@LPB E>P ?BBK MELPMELOVI>QBA, KBT DIR@LPB JLIB@RIBP @>K ?B QO>KPMLOQBA FKQL QEB @BII >@@LOAFKD QL FQP
@LK@BKQO>QFLK DO>AFBKQ. 34 #>O?LEVAO>QBP >OB @LKSBOQBA FKQL MVORS>QB AROFKD DIV@LIVPFP. 4EFP MVORS>QB FP @LKSBOQBA FKQL >@BQVI
#L! >KA MOL@BBAP QEOLRDE QEB +OB?P @V@IB. 7EBK BU@BPP >@BQVI #L! FP MOLAR@BA QE>Q @>KKLQ ?B MOL@BPPBA QEOLRDE QEB +OB?P
@V@IB, QEB >@BQVI #L! FP @LKSBOQBA FKQL QOFDIV@BOFABP >KA C>QQV >@FAP QL ?B PQLOBA FK QEB IFSBO >KA >AFMLPB QFPPRB. 35 )C AF>?BQBP FP
RK@LKQOLIIBA, QEB DIR@LPB FK QEB ?ILLA FP KLQ ?BFKD Q>HBK RM >KA MOL@BPPBA ?V QEB @BIIP. !IQELRDE ?ILLA DIR@LPB IBSBIP >OB EFDE,
QEBOB FP KL DIR@LPB >S>FI>?IB QL QEB @BIIP QL ?B @LKSBOQBA FKQL BKBODV. "B@>RPB DIR@LPB FP I>@HFKD, QEB ?LAV QROKP QL LQEBO BKBODV
PLRO@BP, FK@IRAFKD HBQLKBP. ! PFAB BCCB@Q LC RPFKD HBQLKBP >P CRBI FP > PTBBQ >I@LELI PJBII LK QEB ?OB>QE. 36 !JFKL >@FAP >OB KLQ
PQLOBA FK QEB ?LAV. 4EB FKAFSFAR>I >JFKL >@FAP >OB ?OLHBK ALTK FKQL MVORS>QB, >@BQVI #L!, LO FKQBOJBAF>QBP LC QEB +OB?P @V@IB, >KA
RPBA CLO BKBODV LO CLO IFMLDBKBPFP OB>@QFLKP QL ?B PQLOBA >P C>QP. 37 4OVMPFK >KA @EVJLQOVMPFK >OB OBIB>PBA >P FK>@QFSB MOLBKWVJBP.
4EBV >OB LKIV >@QFS>QBA FK QEB PJ>II FKQBPQFKB, TEBOB QEBV >@Q RMLK FKDBPQBA MOLQBFKP FK QEB CLLA. 4EFP EBIMP >SLFA RKFKQBKABA
?OB>HALTK LC QEB M>K@OB>P LO PJ>II FKQBPQFKB. 38 )KPRIFK PQFJRI>QBP QEB RMQ>HB LC DIR@LPB FKQL QEB @BIIP. )K AF>?BQBP, QEB FKPRIFK
ALBP KLQ CRK@QFLK MOLMBOIV; QEBOBCLOB, QEB ?ILLA DIR@LPB FP RK>?IB QL ?B QO>KPMLOQBA >@OLPP QEB @BII JBJ?O>KB CLO MOL@BPPFKD. 4EBPB
M>QFBKQP >OB RK>?IB QL MOL@BPP QEB DIR@LPB FK QEBFO ?ILLA >KA QEBOBCLOB JRPQ OBIV LK LQEBO PLRO@BP LC CRBI. )C QEB AFPB>PB FP KLQ
@LKQOLIIBA MOLMBOIV, QEFP FK>?FIFQV QL MOL@BPP QEB DIR@LPB @>K IB>A QL PQ>OS>QFLK PQ>QBP BSBK QELRDE QEB M>QFBKQ FP B>QFKD. 39 7EBK
QOFDIV@BOFABP >KA C>QQV >@FAP >OB ?OLHBK ALTK, >@BQVI #L! FP @OB>QBA. )C BU@BPP >@BQVI #L! FP DBKBO>QBA FK QEFP MOL@BPP, QEB BU@BPP FP
RPBA FK HBQLDBKBPFP LO QEB @OB>QFLK LC HBQLKBP. 4EFP @OB>QFLK OBPRIQP COLJ QEB @LKSBOPFLK LC >@BQVI #L! ?V QEFLI>PB FKQL >@BQL>@BQVI
#L!. 4EFP >@BQL>@BQVI #L! FP PR?PBNRBKQIV @LKSBOQBA FKQL e-EVAOLUV?RQVO>QB, QEB JLPQ @LJJLK HBQLKB FK QEB ?LAV. 40 7EBK
?ILLA CILTP QL QEB LRQBO I>VBOP LC QEB PHFK LO QL QEB BUQOBJFQFBP, EB>Q FP ILPQ QL QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ ?V QEB JB@E>KFPJP LC @LKAR@QFLK,
@LKSB@QFLK, LO O>AF>QFLK. 4EFP TFII @LLI QEB ?ILLA >KA QEB ?LAV. 6>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK EBIMP FK@OB>PB QEB @LOB ?LAV QBJMBO>QROB ?V
MOBSBKQFKD QEB CILT LC ?ILLA QL QEB LRQBO I>VBO LC QEB PHFK >KA LRQBO M>OQP LC QEB BUQOBJFQFBP. 41 4EB FKDBPQFLK LC CLLA PQFJRI>QBP
AFDBPQFLK >KA MOL@BPPFKD LC QEB @>O?LEVAO>QBP, MOLQBFKP, >KA C>QP. 4EFP ?OB>HALTK LC CLLA QOFDDBOP DIV@LIVPFP, QEB +OB?P @V@IB,
QEB BIB@QOLK QO>KPMLOQ @E>FK, C>QQV >@FA LUFA>QFLK, IFMLDBKBPFP, >KA >JFKL >@FA LUFA>QFLK QL MOLAR@B BKBODV. (B>Q FP > ?VMOLAR@Q LC
QELPB OB>@QFLKP. 42 &>@QLOP QE>Q FKCIRBK@B TBFDEQ D>FK >OB CLLA FKQ>HB (?LQE NR>KQFQV >KA NR>IFQV), BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP, EBFDEQ,
BUBO@FPB IBSBI, PLJB AORDP LO AFPB>PB PQ>QBP, >KA DBKBP. 43 !IQELRDE QEBPB CLLAP QB@EKF@>IIV AL KLQ E>SB C>Q >AABA, J>KV QFJBP >
PFDKFCF@>KQ >JLRKQ LC PRD>O FP >AABA QL PTBBQBK QEB CLLA >KA J>HB FQ Q>PQB ?BQQBO. 4EBPB CLLAP >OB KLK-C>Q; ELTBSBO, QEBV @>K IB>A
QL PFDKFCF@>KQ C>Q PQLO>DB LO TBFDEQ D>FK ?B@>RPB QEB BU@BPP PRD>O FP ?OLHBK ALTK FKQL MVORS>QB, ?RQ LSBOIL>AP QEB +OB?P @V@IB.
7EBK QEFP E>MMBKP, QEB PRD>O FP @LKSBOQBA FKQL C>Q QEOLRDE IFMLDBKBPFP >KA PQLOBA FK >AFMLPB QFPPRBP.
%A-1"/ 28 R !"3"),-*"+1 A+! &+%"/&1A+" 1305
C81@D5B 25
1 " 2 # 3 $ 4 # 5 " 6 # 7 $ 8 ! 9 ! 10 " 11 # 12 # 13 " 14 $ 15 " 16 " 17 ! 18 " 19 " 20 ! 21 # 22
$ 23 $ 24 ! 25 $ 26 ! 27 " 28 " 29 # 30 $ 31 4EB MOBPBK@B LC TEFQB ?ILLA @BIIP CLRKA FK QEB ROFKB PRDDBPQP ROFK>OV
QO>@Q FKCB@QFLK. 32 $F>?BQBP JBIIFQRP TLRIA OBPRIQ FK ROFKB @LKQ>FKFKD DIR@LPB, >KA AF>?BQBP FKPFMFARP TLRIA MOLAR@B ROFKB TFQE
SBOV ILT LPJLI>OFQV (ILT PMB@FCF@ DO>SFQV, AFIRQB). 33 4EB ILKDBO ROBQEO> LC J>IBP JB>KP ?>@QBOF> JRPQ QO>SBI C>OQEBO QL QEB ?I>AABO
QL @>RPB >K FKCB@QFLK. 34 &LO@BCRI ROFK>QFLK FP >@@LJMIFPEBA ?V @LKQO>@QFLK LC >?ALJFK>I JRP@IBP. 35 2BQOLMBOFQLKB>I >K@ELOFKD,
OBK>I C>Q M>AP, >KA OF?P MOLSFAB MOLQB@QFLK QL QEB HFAKBV. 36 4EB OBK>I MLOQ>I PVPQBJ E>P >K >OQBOV ?BQTBBK QEB CFOPQ >KA PB@LKA
@>MFII>OV ?BA. 4EB LQEBOP E>SB > SBFK. 37 4EB PQOR@QROBP CLRKA FK QEB OBK>I EFIRJ >OB >OQBOFBP, SBFKP, ROBQBOP, IVJME>QF@P, >KA
KBOSBP. 38 4EB PQOR@QROBP QE>Q J>HB RM QEB OBK>I @LOMRP@IB >OB QEB DILJBORIRP, "LTJ>KlP @>MPRIB, >KA 0#4. 39 4EB J>GLO
PQOR@QROBP @LJMOFPFKD QEB CFIQO>QFLK JBJ?O>KB >OB CBKBPQO>QFLKP >KA MLAL@VQB CBKBPQO>, CRPBA ?>PBJBKQ JBJ?O>KB, >KA CFIQO>QFLK
PIFQP. 40 .BQ CFIQO>QFLK MOBPPROB (.&0) = DILJBORI>O ?ILLA EVAOLPQ>QF@ MOBPPROB ('"(0) i ;@>MPRI>O EVAOLPQ>QF@ MOBPPROB (#(0) +
?ILLA @LIILFA LPJLQF@ MOBPPROB ("#/0)< 41 3VJMQLJP LC HFAKBV C>FIROB >OB TB>HKBPP, IBQE>ODV, PELOQKBPP LC ?OB>QE, TFABPMOB>A
BABJ>, >KBJF>, JBQ>?LIF@ >@FALPFP LO >IH>ILPFP, EB>OQ >OOEVQEJF>P, ROBJF>, ILPP LC >MMBQFQB, C>QFDRB, BU@BPPFSB ROFK>QFLK, >KA
LIFDROF>. 42 4EB S>P> OB@Q> >KA ILLM LC (BKIB >OB FKSLISBA FK @LRKQBO@ROOBKQ JRIQFMIF@>QFLK. 43 4EB >MMOLUFJ>QB LPJLI>OFQFBP
>OB: #4 = 300; ABBMBPQ ILLM = 1200; $#4 = 100; >KA @LIIB@QFKD AR@QP = 100i1200. 44 3LAFRJ @LK@BKQO>QFLK FK QEB CFIQO>QB
FK@OB>PBP TEBK '&2 FK@OB>PBP; FQ TFII AB@OB>PB TEBK '&2 AB@OB>PBP. 45 4L BU@OBQB JLOB .>
+
FK QEB ROFKB, FK@OB>PB QEB CILT
O>QB. 46 4EB IFSBO MOLAR@BP >KDFLQBKPFKLDBK, QEB IRKDP MOLAR@B !#%, >KA QEB HFAKBVP MOLAR@B OBKFK. 47 04( >CCB@QP >?PLOMQFLK
>KA OB>?PLOMQFLK LC @>I@FRJ. 48 7EBK CFOPQ AFP@LSBOBA, FQ T>P K>JBA CLO FQP HKLTK >@QFSFQVjS>PL@LKPQOF@QFLK. 49 )K @>PBP LC
AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP, QEBOB FP JLOB DIR@LPB MOBPBKQ QE>K QEB HFAKBV @>K OB@LSBO >KA QEB BU@BPP DIR@LPB FP ILPQ FK QEB ROFKB. )Q MLPPBPPBP
LPJLQF@ @E>O>@QBO PL QE>Q FQ >QQO>@QP T>QBO QL QEB CLOJFKD ROFKB. 50 0OLQBFK E>P LPJLQF@ MOLMBOQFBP. )C QEBOB FP KLQ BKLRDE MOLQBFK FK
QEB ?ILLA, T>QBO TFII ?B >QQO>@QBA QL QEB FKQBOPQFQF>I PM>@B >KA QEB @BII @VQLMI>PJ OBPRIQFKD FK QFPPRB BABJ>. 51 4EB QEOBB BIB@QOLIVQBP
>OB JLPQ @ILPBIV OBDRI>QBA ?V QEB HFAKBV >OB @>I@FRJ, PLAFRJ, >KA MLQ>PPFRJ.
C81@D5B 26
1 4EB FKQBOPQFQF>I CIRFA ()&). 2 &IRFA BKQBOP QEB @>MFII>OFBP COLJ FKQBOPQFQF>I PM>@BP. 3 $OFKHFKD PB>T>QBO ABEVAO>QBP QEB ?LAV >P QEB
?LAV JRPQ M>PP PLAFRJ QEOLRDE QEB HFAKBVP, >KA T>QBO CLIILTP. 4 "B@>RPB LUVDBK FP OBAR@BA, QEB OBPMFO>QLOV O>QB FK@OB>PBP QL
>@@LJJLA>QB, >KA EVMBOSBKQFI>QFLK OBJLSBP #/2 C>PQBO QE>K KLOJ>I, OBPRIQFKD FK >IH>ILPFP. 5 ! 6 " 7 # 8 # 9 $ 10 ! 11
" 12 " 13 ! 14 ! 15 " 16 # 17 " 18 # 19 " 20 ! 21 " 22 # 23 $ 24 ! 25 " 26 " 27 # 28 ! 29 # 30 " 31
4EBOB >OB >AAFQFLK>I KBD>QFSBIV @E>ODBA JLIB@RIBP FK MI>PJ> ?BPFABP @EILOFAB. 4EB >AAFQFLK>I PLAFRJ ?>I>K@BP QEB QLQ>I KBD>QFSB
@E>ODBP. 32 &IRFA FP JLSBA ?V > @LJ?FK>QFLK LC LPJLQF@ >KA EVAOLPQ>QF@ MOBPPROBP. 4EB LPJLQF@ MOBPPROB OBPRIQP COLJ AFCCBOBK@BP
FK PLIRQB @LK@BKQO>QFLKP >@OLPP @BII JBJ?O>KBP. (VAOLPQ>QF@ MOBPPROB OBPRIQP COLJ QEB MOBPPROB LC ?ILLA >P FQ BKQBOP > @>MFII>OV
PVPQBJ, CLO@FKD PLJB CIRFA LRQ LC QEB SBPPBI FKQL QEB PROOLRKAFKD QFPPRBP. 33 !$( @LKPQOF@QP QEB >OQBOFLIBP FK QEB MBOFMEBO>I
@FO@RI>QFLK, IFJFQFKD ?ILLA QL QEB BUQOBJFQFBP >KA FK@OB>PFKD QEB ?ILLA PRMMIV QL QEB @LOB LC QEB ?LAV. !$( >IPL @>RPBP QEB BMFQEBIF>I
@BIIP IFKFKD QEB OBK>I @LIIB@QFKD QR?RIBP QL JLSB T>QBO @E>KKBI MOLQBFKP @>IIBA >NR>MLOFKP COLJ QEB PFABP LC QEB @BIIP QL QEB >MF@>I
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8EK<I@FI :FDG8IKD<EK F= K?< C<>,
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8EK<I@FI :IL:@8K< C@>8D<EK, 358,
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8EK<I@FI ?FIE, 530, 549
8EK<I@FI @E=<I@FI @C@8: JG@E<, 301,
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8EK<I@FI @EK<IM<EKI@:LC8I 8IK<IP,
795, 828
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783, 828
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269, 275
8EK<I@FI D<;@8E =@JJLI<, 529, 549
8EK<I@FI J8:IF@C@8: C@>8D<EK, 302,
316
8EK<I@FI J:8C<E<, 432, 456
8EK<I@FI JG@E8C 8IK<IP, 533, 549
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316
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366
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8EK@9F;@<J, 740, 768
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8GFE<LIFJ@J, 380, 407
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8GG<E;@:LC8I, 423, 456
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=8JK >CP:FCPK@: (#$), 397, 407
#8JK FO@;8K@M< (#,), 397
=8JK FO@;8K@M< (#,), 407
=8KKP 8:@; FO@;8K@FE, 1099, 1120
=8L:<J, 664, 678, 978, 1012,
1031, 1071
#: I<>@FE, 947, 965
=<:<J, 1055, 1071
=<DFI8C 8IK<IP, 887, 908
=<DFI8C :@I:LD=C<O M<@E, 899, 908
=<DFI8C E<IM<, 546, 551
=<DFI8C KI@8E>C<, 451, 458
=<DFI8C M<@E, 899, 908
=<DFIFG8K<CC8I AF@EK, 358, 367
=<DLI, 305, 317
=<E<JKI8K<; :8G@CC8IP, 844, 908
=<E<JKI8K@FEJ, 1141, 1165
=<II@K@E, 749, 769
#<IK@C@Q8K@FE, 1240
=<IK@C@Q8K@FE, 1281
=<IK@C@Q8K@FE D<D9I8E<, 1241,
1281
=<KLJ, 1244, 1281
=@9I@CC8K@FE, 672, 678
=@9I@E, 758, 769
=@9I@EF><E, 740, 769
#@9I@EFCPJ@J, 761
=@9I@EFCPJ@J, 769
=@9IF9C8JK, 146, 164
#@9IF:8IK@C8><, 151
=@9IF:8IK@C8><, 164
=@9IF:PK<, 146, 164
=@9IF<C8JK@: D<D9I8E<, 980, 1012
=@9IFJ@J, 406, 407
=@9IFLJ AF@EK, 330, 367
=@9IFLJ KLE@:, 576, 601
=@9LC8, 305, 317
=@9LC8I :FCC8K<I8C C@>8D<EK, 358,
367
=@9LC8I E<IM<, 546, 551
=@9LC8I EFK:?, 310, 317
=@9LC8I M<@E, 899, 908
=@9LC8I@J 9I<M@J, 454, 458
=@9LC8I@J CFE>LJ, 454, 458
=@9LC8I@J K<IK@LJ, 453, 458
=@>?K-FI-=C@>?K I<JGFEJ<, 612, 640
=@CC@E> K@D<, 823, 830
=@CKI8K@FE, 859, 908
=@CKI8K@FE JC@KJ, 1140, 1165
=@D9I@8<, 1222, 1233
=@IJK D<JJ<E><I, 693, 728
=@IJK-;<>I<< 9LIE, 194, 197
=@O8KFI, 416, 458
=C8::@; G8I8CPJ@J, 671, 678
=C8::@;@KP, 670, 678
=C8><CCLD, 102, 124
=C8K 9FE<, 209, 233
=C8KLJ, 1055, 1071
=C8M@E 8;<E@E< ;@EL:C<FK@;< (#A!),
1084, 1120
#C<O@FE, 347
=C<O@FE, 367, 416, 458
=C<OFI, 423, 458
1318 &+!"5
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
=C<OFI :8IG@ I8;@8C@J, 444, 458
=C<OFI :8IG@ LCE8I@J, 444, 458
=C<OFI ;@>@K@ D@E@D@ 9I<M@J, 446,
458
=C<OFI ;@>@KFILD CFE>LJ, 454, 458
=C<OFI ;@>@KFILD GIF=LE;LJ, 444,
458
=C<OFI ;@>@KFILD JLG<I=@:@8C@J, 444,
458
=C<OFI ?8CCL:@J CFE>LJ, 454, 458
=C<OFI GFCC@:@J 9I<M@J, 446, 458
=C<OFI GFCC@:@J CFE>LJ, 444, 458
=C<OFI I<K@E8:LCLD, 296, 317, 445,
458
=CF8K@E> I@9J, 272, 276
=CF::LCFEF;LC8I CF9<, 673, 678
=CL@; :FDG8IKD<EK, 1175, 1198
=CL@; :FEE<:K@M< K@JJL<, 146, 164
=FCC@:C<, 1216, 1233
=FCC@:C<-JK@DLC8K@E> ?FIDFE<
(#0%), 703, 728
=FCC@:LCF><E<J@J, 1218, 1233
=FEK8E<CC<, 273, 276
=FEK8E<CC<J, 333, 367
=FFK, 305, 317
#FI8D<E C8:<ILD, 257
=FI8D<E C8:<ILD, 276
=FI8D<E D8>ELD, 248, 276, 533,
551
=FI8D<E FM8C<, 786, 830, 904,
908, 1257, 1281
#FI8D<E FM8C< F= K?< D@;;C<
:I8E@8C =FJJ8, 257
=FI8D<E FM8C< F= K?< D@;;C<
:I8E@8C =FJJ8, 276
#FI8D<E IFKLE;LD, 257
=FI8D<E IFKLE;LD, 276
#FI8D<E JG@EFJLD, 257
=FI8D<E JG@EFJLD, 276
=FI:<; 9I<8K?@E>, 991, 1012
=FI<8ID, 292, 317
=FI<9I8@E, 515, 551
=FI<>LK, 1009, 1012
=FI<D@CB, 1271, 1281
=FID<; <C<D<EKJ, 738, 769
=FID@E> LI@E<, 1140, 1165
=FJJ8, 292, 317
=FJJ8 FM8C@J, 786, 830
=FLIK? M<EKI@:C<, 536, 551
=FLIK?-;<>I<< 9LIE, 194, 197
=FM<8, 577, 601
=FM<8 :8G@K@J, 305, 317
=I8:KLI<, 224, 233
=I8:KLI< ?<D8KFD8, 226, 233
#I8EB-0K8IC@E> D<:?8E@JD, 823,
830
=I<< E<IM< <E;@E>, 563, 601
=IFEK8C 9FE<, 247, 276
=IFEK8C <P< =@<C;, 551
=IFEK8C <P< =@<C;J, 522, 594, 601
=IFEK8C CF9<, 521, 551
=IFEK8C GC8E<, 31, 39
=IFEK8C J@ELJ, 257, 276
=IFEK8C@J, 424, 458
=LE:K@FE8C >IFLG, 66, 81
=LE:K@FE8C I<J@;L8C :8G8:@KP
(#/), 993, 1012
=LE;LJ, 1040, 1071, 1223, 1233
=LJ@=FID, 417, 458

$ :<CC, 1071
$ :<CCJ, 1042
$ GIFK<@E, 499, 504, 693, 728
$ GIFK<@E^:FLGC<; I<:<GKFI, 619,
640
$
0
G?8J<, 114, 124
$
1
G?8J<, 114, 124
$
2
G?8J<, 114, 124
>8@K, 673, 678
>8@K <O8D, 648, 678
>8CC9C8;;<I, 1060, 1071
>8D<K<, 1204, 1233
>8E>C@FE, 472, 504
>8E>C@FE@: E<LIFE, 614, 640
>8G ALE:K@FE, 138, 164
>8JKI@: <DGKP@E>, 1045, 1071
>8JKI@: >C8E;, 1042, 1071
>8JKI@: G?8J<, 1044, 1071
>8JKI@: G@K, 1071
>8JKI@: G@KJ, 1042
>8JKI@: GC<OLJ<J, 541, 551
>8JKI@E, 1042, 1071
>8JKIF:E<D@LJ, 454, 458
>8JKIF:FC@: I<=C<O, 1055, 1071
>8JKIF@C<8C I<=C<O, 1050, 1071
>8JKILC8K@FE, 1249, 1281
>8K<;, 488, 504
><E<, 108, 124
$<E< <OGI<JJ@FE, 108
><E< <OGI<JJ@FE, 124
><E<I8C 8;8GK8K@FE JPE;IFD<
($A0), 714, 728
><E<I8C J<EJ<, 563, 601
><E<I8KFI GFK<EK@8C, 496, 504
><E@:LC8I 8IK<IP, 887, 908
><E@F>CFJJLJ, 429, 458
><E@F?PF@;, 430, 458
><EFD<, 108, 124
><EFKPG<, 1272, 1281
$<ID@E8C :<EK<IJ, 928
><ID@E8C :<EK<IJ, 965
><JK8K@FE, 1244, 1281
>@>8EK@JD, 702, 728
>@E>@M8, 1071
$@E>@M8<, 1036
>C89<CC8, 247, 276
>C8EJ G<E@J, 1212, 1233
>C8JJP D<D9I8E<, 184, 197
>C<EF?LD<I8C AF@EK, 291, 317,
352, 367
>C<EF?LD<I8C C@>8D<EK, 353, 367
>C<EF@; :8M@KP, 291, 317
>C<EF@; C89ILD, 353, 367
>C@8C :<CC, 471, 504
>CF9@E, 747, 769
>CF9LC@EJ, 740, 769
>CF9LJ G8CC@;LJ, 523, 551
>CFD<ILC8I =@CKI8K@FE I8K< ($#/),
1145, 1165
>CFD<ILCLJ, 1138, 1165
>CFJJFG?8IPE><8C E<IM<, 544,
551
>CFKK@J, 979, 1012
>CL:8>FE, 719, 728
>CL:F:FIK@:F@;J, 715, 728
$CL:FB@E8J<, 1088
>CL:FB@E8J<, 1120
$CL:FE<F><E<J@J, 1094
>CL:FE<F><E<J@J, 1120
>CL:FJ<-6-G?FJG?8K<, 1088, 1120
>CLK<8C >IFLG, 448, 458
>CLK<8C KL9<IFJ@KP, 306, 317
>CLK<LJ D8O@DLJ, 448, 458
>CLK<LJ D<;@LJ, 448, 458
>CLK<LJ D@E@DLJ, 448, 458
>CP:F:8CPO, 90, 124
>CP:F><E, 1109, 1120
$CP:FCPJ@J, 390
>CP:FCPJ@J, 408, 1085, 1120
>CP:FGIFK<@E, 90, 124
>CP:FJLI@8, 1152, 1166
>EFJ@J, 656, 678
>F9C<K :<CC, 139, 164
>F@K<I, 709, 728
$FC>@ 8GG8I8KLJ, 98, 124
>FDG?FJ@J, 334, 367
>FE8;8C 8IK<IP, 881, 908
>FE8;8C M<@E, 897, 908
>FE8;FKIFG@E-I<C<8J@E> ?FIDFE<
($E/%), 1213, 1233
>FE8;FKIFG@EJ, 703, 728
>FE8;J, 1206, 1233
>I8:@C@J, 451, 458
>I8;<; DLJ:C< I<JGFEJ<, 395,
408
>I8;<; GFK<EK@8C, 485, 504
>I8=K-M<IJLJ-?FJK ;@J<8J<, 960,
965
$I8ELC8I C<LBF:PK<J, 753
>I8ELC8I C<LBF:PK<J, 769
>I8ELCFJ8 :<CCJ, 1218, 1234
>I8EQPD<, 934, 965
>I8G?<JK?<J@8, 656, 678
>I8P D8KK<I, 471, 504
>I8P I8D@ :FDDLE@:8EK<J, 615,
640
>I<8K :8I;@8: M<@E, 797, 830
>I<8K :<I<9I8C M<@E, 893, 908
&+!"5 1319
>I<8K J8G?<EFLJ M<@E, 899, 908
>I<8K<I G<CM@J, 303, 317
>I<8K<I J:@8K@: =FI8D<E, 303, 317
>I<8K<I J:@8K@: EFK:?, 301, 317
>I<8K<I JGC8E:?E@: E<IM<, 615,
640
>I<8K<I KIF:?8EK<I, 305, 317
>I<8K<I KL9<I:C<, 292, 318
>I<8K<I N@E>J F= JG?<EF@; 9FE<,
276
>I<8K<I N@E>J F= K?< JG?<EF@;
9FE<, 248
$IFJJ 8E8KFDP, 16
>IFJJ 8E8KFDP, 39
>IFLE; JL9JK8E:<, 145, 164
$IFNK?, 23
>IFNK?, 39
>IFNK? ?FIDFE< ($%), 701, 728
>LJK8K@FE, 564, 601
>LJK8KFIP I<:<GKFI :<CCJ, 564, 601
>PILJ, 521, 551
!
%8@I, 182
?8@I, 198
?8@I 9LC9, 182, 197
?8@I :<CCJ, 569, 602
?8@I =FCC@:C<, 182, 197
?8@I D8KI@O, 182, 198
?8@I G8G@CC8, 182, 198
?8@I IFFK, 182, 198
?8@I J?8=K, 182, 198
%8C;8E< <==<:K, 1006, 1012
?8CCLO, 312, 318
?8D8K<, 295, 318
?8DJKI@E> >IFLG, 452, 459
?8E;, 292, 318
?8I; G8C8K<, 252, 276
?8LJKI8, 1053
?8LJKI8C :FEKI8:K@FE, 1055, 1072
?8LJKILD, 1072
?<8; F= K?< =<DLI, 305, 318
?<8; F= K?< =@9LC8, 311, 318
?<8; F= K?< ?LD<ILJ, 292, 318
?<8; F= K?< D<K8K8IJ8C 9FE<, 312,
318
?<8; F= K?< I8;@LJ, 294, 318
?<8; F= K?< I@9, 272, 277
?<8; F= K?< LCE8, 294, 318
?<8IK 9CF:B, 811, 830
?<8IK 9LC><, 826, 830
?<8IK I8K< (%/), 816, 830
?<8IK JFLE;J, 814, 830
?<8MP :?8@E, 947, 965
?<C@:8J<, 108, 124
%<CG<I 1 :<CCJ (1?), 945
?<CG<I 1 :<CCJ (1?), 965
?<D8E>@F9C8JKJ, 903, 908
?<D8KF:I@K, 738, 769
?<D8KFGF@<J@J, 206, 233
?<D<, 747, 769
?<D@8QP>FJ M<@E, 891, 908
?<D@J<:K@FE, 670, 678
?<DF:PKF9C8JK, 742, 769
%<DF>CF9@E, 747
?<DF>CF9@E, 769
?<DFCPJ@J, 763, 769
?<DFCPK@: ;@J<8J< F= K?< E<N9FIE
(%!+), 764, 769
?<DFG?@C@8, 761, 769
?<DFGF@<J@J, 742, 769
?<DFGF@<K@: >IFNK? =8:KFIJ, 743,
769
?<DFGF@<K@: JK<D :<CC, 742, 769
?<DFII?8><, 757, 769
?<DFII?8>@: JKIFB<, 650, 678
?<DFJ@;<I@E, 749, 769
?<DFJK8J@J, 757, 769
%<EIP`J C8N, 997, 1012
?<G8I@E, 761, 770
?<G8K@: 8IK<IP, 1057, 1072
?<G8K@: 8IK<IP GIFG<I, 881, 908
?<G8K@: CF9LC<, 1057, 1072
?<G8K@: GFIK8C JPJK<D, 902, 908
?<G8K@: GFIK8C M<@E, 1057, 1072
?<G8K@: J@ELJF@;, 1057, 1072
?<G8K@: M<@E, 897, 908, 1058,
1072
?<G8KF:PK<, 1057
?<G8KF:PK<J, 1072
?<G8KFG8E:I<8K@: 8DGLCC8, 1046,
1072
?<G8KFG8E:I<8K@: JG?@E:K<I,
1046, 1072
?<K<IFQP>FLJ, 1272, 1281
%<OFB@E8J<, 1088
?<OFB@E8J<, 1120
?@>? <E;FK?<C@8C M<ELC<J, 928,
965
?@CLD, 986, 1012
?@E;9I8@E, 515, 551
%@E;D@CB, 1271
?@E;D@CB, 1281
?@E>< AF@EK, 341, 367
?@G 9FE<, 300, 318
?@G AF@EK, 305, 318
?@GGF:8DGLJ, 523, 551
?@JK8D@E<, 157, 164, 965
%@JK8D@E<, 937
?@JKFCF>P, 132, 164
?@JKFE<, 105, 124
?FC<, 211, 233
?FCF:I@E< J<:I<K@FE, 144, 164
%FD<FJK8J@J, 17
?FD<FJK8J@J, 39
?FDFCF>FLJ, 113, 124
?FDFQP>FLJ, 1272, 1281
?FFB F= K?< ?8D8K< 9FE<, 295,
318
?FI@QFEK8C GC8K<, 253, 277
?FIDFE<, 686, 728
?FIDFE< I<:<GKFI, 692, 728
?LD8E :?FI@FE@: >FE8;FKIFG@E
(?$), 1246, 1281
?LD<IFI8;@8C AF@EK, 354, 367
?LD<IFLCE8I AF@EK, 354, 367
?LD<ILJ, 292, 318
%P8C@E< :8IK@C8><, 151
?P8C@E< :8IK@C8><, 164
?P;IF:?CFI@: 8:@; (%C), 1042,
1072
?P;IF><E 9FE;, 56, 81
?P;IFG?@C@:, 88, 124
?P;IFG?F9@:, 88, 124
%P;IFJK8K@: GI<JJLI<, 1178
?P;IFJK8K@: GI<JJLI<, 1198
?P;IFOPD<K?PC>CLK8IPC FA (%*$
FA), 1101, 1120
?PD<E, 1215, 1234
?PF>CFJJLJ, 429, 459
?PF@; 9FE<, 240, 277
?PG<I:8C:<D@8, 231, 233, 1198
%PG<I:8C:<D@8, 1188
%PG<I:8GE@8, 1192
?PG<I:8GE@8, 1198
%PG<I:?CFI<D@8, 1187
?PG<I:?CFI<D@8, 1198
%PG<I<OK<EJ@FE, 348
?PG<I<OK<EJ@FE, 367
?PG<I=C<O@8, 671, 678
?PG<I=C<O@FE, 348, 367
?PG<I>CP:<D@8, 722, 728
%PG<IB8C<D@8, 1187
?PG<IB8C<D@8, 1198
%PG<IE8KI<D@8, 1186
?PG<IE8KI<D@8, 1198
?PG<IG8I8K?PIF@;@JD, 712, 728
%PG<IG?FJG?8K<D@8, 1188
?PG<IG?FJG?8K<D@8, 1198
?PG<IGC8J@8, 405, 408
%PG<IGE<8, 1007
?PG<IGE<8, 1012
?PG<IK<EJ@FE, 869, 908
?PG<IK?PIF@;@JD, 709, 728
?PG<IKFE@8, 397, 408
?PG<IKFE@:, 93, 124
?PG<IKIFG?@: :8I;@FDPFG8K?P,
781, 830
?PG<IKIFG?P, 398, 408
?PG<IM<EK@C8K@FE, 1007, 1012
%PG<IMFC<D@8, 854
?PG<IMFC<D@8, 908
?PGF9C8JK, 1249, 1281
%PGF:8C:<D@8, 231, 1188
?PGF:8C:<D@8, 233, 1198
%PGF:8GE@8, 1192
?PGF:8GE@8, 1198
%PGF:?CFI<D@8, 1187
?PGF:?CFI<D@8, 1198
1320 &+!"5
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
?PGF;<ID@J, 178, 198
?PGF>CFJJ8C :8E8C, 257, 277
?PGF>CFJJ8C E<IM<, 544, 551
%PGFB8C<D@8, 1186
?PGFB8C<D@8, 1198
%PGFE8KI<D@8, 1186
?PGFE8KI<D@8, 1198
?PGFEP:?@LD, 185, 198
?PGFG8I8K?PIF@;@JD, 712, 728
%PGFG?FJG?8K<D@8, 1188
?PGFG?FJG?8K<D@8, 1198
?PGFG?PJ<8C (G@KL@K8IP) =FJJ8,
248, 277
?PGFG?PJ<8C GFIK8C JPJK<D, 700,
728
?PGFK?8C8DLJ, 527, 551, 697,
728
?PGFK?<E8I, 445, 459
?PGFK?<E8I <D@E<E:<, 446, 459
?PGFK?PIF@;@JD, 709, 728
?PGFKFE@8, 397, 408
?PGFKFE@:, 93, 124
?PGFKFE@:@KP, 670, 678
?PGFMFC<D@8, 650, 678, 854, 908
%PGFMFC<D@: J?F:B, 870
?PGFMFC<D@: J?F:B, 908
?PGFO<D@8, 748, 770
?PGFO@8, 851, 908
"
&>A, 948, 965
&>!, 947, 965
&>", 948, 965
&>$, 948, 965
&>*, 948, 965
@C<F:<:8C JG?@E:K<I, 1047, 1072
@C<LD, 1047, 1072
@C@8: :I<JK, 301, 318
@C@8: =FJJ8, 301, 318
@C@8:LJ, 448, 459
@C@F:F::P><LJ, 437, 459
@C@F:FJK8C@J :<IM@:@J, 432, 459
@C@F:FJK8C@J >IFLG, 432, 459
@C@F:FJK8C@J CLD9FILD, 432, 459
@C@F:FJK8C@J K?FI8:@J, 432, 459
@C@F=<DFI8C C@>8D<EK, 356, 367
@C@FGJF8J >IFLG, 448, 459
@C@FK@9@8C KI8:K, 450, 459
@C@LD, 301, 318
@DD<;@8K< ?PG<IJ<EJ@K@M@KP, 956,
965
@DDLE< JPJK<D, 920, 965
@DDLEF>CF9LC@E, 946, 965
@DDLEF>CF9LC@EJ, 740, 770
@DDLEFCF>@:8C D<DFIP, 938, 965
@DGC8EK8K@FE, 1245, 1282
@E8:K@M8K@FE >8K<, 493, 504
@E8:K@M< GIF<EQPD<J, 1104, 1120
@E:@JFI, 1072
@E:@JFIJ, 1035
@E:FDGC<K< ;FD@E8E:<, 1277,
1282
@E:FEK@E<E:<, 1133, 1166
@E:LJ, 568, 602
@E;@I<:K G8K?N8P, 524, 551
&E=<I@FI, 31
@E=<I@FI, 39
@E=<I@FI 8E>C< F= K?< J:8GLC8, 291,
318
@E=<I@FI 8IK@:LC8I GIF:<JJ, 263,
277
@E=<I@FI :<I<9<CC8I G<;LE:C< (&-),
673, 678
@E=<I@FI :FCC@:LCLJ, 528, 551, 584,
602
@E=<I@FI <OK<EJFI I<K@E8:LCLD,
454, 459
@E=<I@FI ><D<CCLJ, 450, 459
@E=<I@FI D<J<EK<I@: 8IK<IP, 881,
909
@E=<I@FI D<J<EK<I@: >8E>C@FE, 615,
640
@E=<I@FI E8J8C :FE:?8, 243, 277
@E=<I@FI F9C@HL<, 575, 602
@E=<I@FI FC@M<, 529, 551, 673, 678
@E=<I@FI G?I<E@: 8IK<IP, 881, 909
@E=<I@FI GL9@: I8DLJ, 301, 318
@E=<I@FI I<:KLJ, 575, 602
&E=<I@FI IFK8K@FE, 349
@E=<I@FI IFK8K@FE, 367
@E=<I@FI M<E8 :8M8, 781, 830, 897,
909
&E=C8DD8K@FE, 157
@E=C8DD8K@FE, 164, 936, 965
@E=I8>C<EF@; KL9<I:C<, 291, 318
@E=I8?PF@; DLJ:C<J, 430, 459
@E=I8FI9@K8C =FI8D<E, 242, 277
@E=I8JG@E8KLJ, 442, 459
@E=I8JG@EFLJ =FJJ8, 292, 318
@E=I8K<DGFI8C =FJJ8, 243, 277
@E=LE;@9LCLD, 697, 728, 1222,
1234
@E><JK@FE, 1028, 1072
@E>L@E8C :8E8C, 1210, 1234
@E?@9@E, 717, 729
@E?@9@KFIP GFJKJPE8GK@: GFK<EK@8C
(&-0-), 496, 504
@E@K@8C J<>D<EK, 477, 504
@EE8K< @DDLE< I<JGFEJ<, 923,
965
@EE<I :<CC D8JJ, 1244, 1282
@EE<I <8I, 568, 602
@EE<I J<>D<EK, 577, 602
@EE<I JPE8GK@: C8P<I, 576, 602
@EE<IDFJK @EK<I:FJK8C, 437, 459
@EFI>8E@: :FDGFLE;, 60, 81
@EFJ@KFC KI@G?FJG?8K< (&-
3
), 694,
729
@EJ<IK@FE, 416, 459
&EJG@I8K@FE, 991
@EJG@I8K@FE, 1012
&EJG@I8KFIP :8G8:@KP (&), 992
@EJG@I8KFIP :8G8:@KP (&), 1012
&EJG@I8KFIP I<J<IM< MFCLD< (&/3),
992
@EJG@I8KFIP I<J<IM< MFCLD< (&/3),
1012
@EJLC@E, 720, 729, 1108, 1120
@EJLC@E-C@B< >IFNK? =8:KFIJ (&$#),
729
@EJLC@E-C@B< >IFNK? =8:KFIJ (&$#J),
702
@EK<>I8C GIFK<@E, 89, 124
@EK<>I8K@FE, 474, 504
@EK<>LD<EK8IP JPJK<D, 172, 198
@EK<I8KI@8C 98E;, 802, 830
@EK<I8KI@8C J<GKLD, 786, 830
@EK<I8LI8C @EK<EJ@KP ;@==<I<E:<,
583, 602
@EK<I8LI8C K@D< ;@==<I<E:<, 583,
602
@EK<I:8C8K<; :<CC, 1155, 1166
@EK<I:8C8K<; ;@J:, 400, 408, 799,
830
@EK<I:FE;PC8I <D@E<E:<, 310, 318
@EK<I:FE;PC8I =FJJ8, 306, 318
@EK<I:FJK8C 8IK<IP, 880, 909
@EK<I:FJK8C DLJ:C<J, 437, 459
@EK<I:FJK8C E<IM<, 551
@EK<I:FJK8C E<IM<J, 546
@EK<I:FJK8C M<@E, 891, 909
&EK<I=<IFEJ, 935
@EK<I=<IFEJ, 965
&EK<IC<LB@EJ, 744
@EK<IC<LB@EJ, 770
@EK<ID<;@8K<, 445, 459
@EK<ID<;@8K< :LE<@=FID, 311, 318
@EK<ID<;@8K< =@C8D<EK, 103, 124
&EK<IE8C 8:FLJK@: D<8KLJ, 246
@EK<IE8C 8:FLJK@: D<8KLJ, 277
@EK<IE8C 8E8C JG?@E:K<I, 1052,
1072
@EK<IE8C :8CCLJ, 226, 233
@EK<IE8C :8GJLC<, 595, 602
@EK<IE8C :8IFK@; 8IK<I@<J, 533
@EK<IE8C :8IFK@; 8IK<IP, 551, 877,
909
@EK<IE8C <C8JK@: D<D9I8E<, 841,
909
@EK<IE8C @C@8: 8IK<IP, 881, 909
@EK<IE8C @C@8: M<@E, 899, 909
@EK<IE8C @EK<I:FJK8C, 437, 459
@EK<IE8C AL>LC8I M<@E, 892, 909
@EK<IE8C F9C@HL<, 435, 459
&EK<IE8C I<JG@I8K@FE, 999
@EK<IE8C I<JG@I8K@FE, 1012
@EK<IE8C IFFK J?<8K?, 184, 198
@EK<IE8C K?FI8:@: 8IK<IP, 877, 909
&+!"5 1321
@EK<IE8C K?FI8:@: M<@E, 891, 909
@EK<IE8C LI@E8IP JG?@E:K<I, 1132,
1166
@EK<IEF;8C G8K?N8PJ, 801, 830
@EK<IEL:C<8I FG?K?8CDFGC<>@8,
663, 678
@EK<IF:<GKFI, 563, 602
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ 9FI;<I F= K?< =@9LC8,
311, 318
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ 9FI;<I F= K?< I8;@LJ,
294, 318
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ 9FI;<I F= K?< K@9@8,
310, 319
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ 9FI;<I F= K?< LCE8,
294, 319
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ D<D9I8E<, 334,
367
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ D<D9I8E< F= K?<
=FI<8ID, 294, 319
@EK<IFJJ<FLJ D<D9I8E< F= K?<
C<>, 310, 319
@EK<IG?8C8E><8C AF@EK, 298, 319
&EK<IG?8J<, 114
@EK<IG?8J<, 124
&EK<IJK@K@8C =CL@; (&#), 89
@EK<IJK@K@8C =CL@; (&#), 124, 1175,
1198
@EK<IJK@K@8C =CL@; :FCCF@;8C FJDFK@:
GI<JJLI< (&#,-), 860, 909
@EK<IJK@K@8C =CL@; ?P;IFJK8K@:
GI<JJLI< (&#%-), 859, 909
@EK<IKIF:?8EK<I@: :I<JK, 306, 319
@EK<IKIF:?8EK<I@: C@E<, 306, 319
@EK<IKL9<I:LC8I >IFFM< (JLC:LJ),
292, 319
@EK<IM<EKI@:LC8I =FI8D@E8, 536,
551
@EK<IM<EKI@:LC8I J<GKLD, 786, 830
@EK<IM<IK<9I8C ;@J:, 259, 268, 277
@EK<IM<IK<9I8C =FI8D<E, 263, 277
@EK<JK@E8C >C8E;, 1048, 1072
@EK<JK@E8C AL@:<, 1048, 1072
@EK<JK@E8C G?8J<, 1044, 1072
@EKFIJ@FE, 662, 678
&EKI8-8CM<FC8I GI<JJLI<, 989
@EKI8-8CM<FC8I GI<JJLI<, 1012
@EKI8:8GJLC8I C@>8D<EK, 337, 367
&EKI8:<CCLC8I =CL@; (&#), 89
@EKI8:<CCLC8I =CL@; (&#), 125,
1175, 1198
@EKI8D<D9I8EFLJ FJJ@=@:8K@FE,
219, 233
@EKI8DLI8C >8E>C@8, 617, 640
&EKI8GC<LI8C GI<JJLI<, 990
@EKI8GC<LI8C GI<JJLI<, 1013
@EKI@EJ@: =8:KFI, 1042, 1072
@EKI@EJ@: C@>8D<EK, 337, 367
@EKI@EJ@: DLJ:C<J F= K?< ?8E;,
445, 459
@EKI@EJ@: DLJ:C<J F= K?< KFE>L<,
665, 678
@EKI@EJ@: G8K?N8P, 760, 770
@EKIFE, 110, 125
@ELC@E, 1147, 1166
&EM<IJ@FE, 349
@EM<IJ@FE, 368
@EMFCLK@FE, 1266, 1282
@FE, 53, 81
@FE@: 9FE;, 54, 81
@FEFKIFG@: I<:<GKFI, 488, 504
@GJ@C8K<I8C, 581, 602
@I@J, 576, 602
@II<>LC8I 9FE<, 209, 233
@J:?<D@8, 851, 909
@J:?<D@: JKIFB<, 650, 678
@J:?@8C I8DLJ, 301, 319
@J:?@8C JG@E<, 301, 319
@J:?@8C KL9<IFJ@KP, 301, 319
@J:?@F:F::P><LJ, 437, 459
@J:?@F=<DFI8C C@>8D<EK, 356, 368
@J:?@FGL9@: I8DLJ, 302, 319
@J:?@LD, 301, 319
@JFD<KI@: :FEKI8:K@FE, 392, 408
@JFKFE@:, 93, 125
@JFKFE@: :FEKI8:K@FE, 408
@JFKFE@: :FEKI8:K@FEJ, 392
@JFKFG<, 49, 81
@JFMFCLD@: :FEKI8:K@FE, 813, 830
@JFMFCLD@: M<EKI@:LC8I I<C8O8K@FE
G?8J<, 813, 830
@JK?DLJ, 1222, 1234
#
A8N-A<IB I<=C<O, 661, 678
A<ALELD, 1047, 1072
AF@EK, 330, 368
AF@EK :8M@KP, 330, 368
AF@EK @EK<IQFE<, 365, 368
AL>LC8I (JLGI8JK<IE8C) EFK:?, 272,
277
AL>LC8I =FI8D<E, 257, 277
AL>LC8I M<@EJ, 534, 551
ALOK8>CFD<ILC8I 8GG8I8KLJ ('$A),
1141, 1166
ALOK8>CFD<ILC8I :<CC, 1142, 1166
ALOK8D<;LCC8IP E<G?IFEJ, 1140,
1166
$
B8IPFKPG<, 1272, 1282
B<CF@;, 195, 198
(<I8K@E, 173
B<I8K@E, 198
B<I8K@EF:PK<, 173, 198
B<I8KF?P8C@E, 176, 198
B<KFE< 9F;@<J, 1101, 1120
B@E<JK?<J@8, 522, 551, 563, 602
B@E<K@: <E<I>P, 57, 81
B@E<KF:?FI<, 116, 125
BE<< AF@EK, 310, 319
(FIFKBF== JFLE;J, 852, 909
(I<9J :P:C<, 1090, 1120
BPG?FJ@J, 261, 277
%
C89@8, 1031
C89@8 D8AFI8, 1215, 1234
C89@8 D@EFI8, 1215, 1234
C89@8C =I<ELCLD, 1031, 1072
C89@LD, 1072
C8:I@D8C 9FE<, 254, 277
C8:I@D8C ;L:K, 575, 602
C8:I@D8C =FJJ8, 254, 277
C8:I@D8C >C8E;, 575, 602
C8:K8J<, 1062, 1072
)8:K8K@FE, 1269
C8:K8K@FE, 1282
C8:K<8C, 1048, 1072
C8:K@: 8:@;, 390, 408
C8:K@=<IFLJ ;L:KJ, 1228, 1234
C8:K@=<IFLJ J@ELJ, 1228, 1234
C8:LE8, 214
C8:LE8<, 150, 164, 233
C8D9;F@; JLKLI<, 251, 277
C8D@E8, 263, 277
C8D@E8 GIFGI@8, 136, 164
)8E><I?8EJ :<CC, 175, 198
C8EL>F, 1258, 1282
C8I>< @EK<JK@E<, 1051, 1072
C8IPE><8C GIFD@E<E:<, 978, 1013
C8IPE>FG?8IPEO, 978, 1013, 1037,
1072
C8IPE>FKI8:?<8C, 1013
C8IPE>FKI8:?<8C 9L;, 1009
C8IPEO, 978, 1013
C8K:?-9I@;><J, 404, 408
C8K<EK G<I@F;, 394, 408
)8K<I8C, 31
C8K<I8C, 39
C8K<I8C (<OK<IE8C) IFK8K@FE, 348,
368
C8K<I8C 8G<IKLI<J, 537, 552
C8K<I8C 9FI;<I F= K?< J:8GLC8, 291,
319
C8K<I8C :@I:LD=C<O 8IK<IP, 887, 909
C8K<I8C :FCLDE, 552
C8K<I8C :FCLDEJ, 531
C8K<I8C :FDG8IKD<EK F= K?< C<>,
454, 459
C8K<I8C :FE;PC< F= K?< =<DLI, 306,
319
C8K<I8C :FE;PC< F= K?< K@9@8, 310,
319
C8K<I8C :FIK@:FJG@E8C KI8:K, 596,
602
C8K<I8C :LE<@=FID, 311, 319
1322 &+!"5
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
C8K<I8C <G@:FE;PC< F= K?< =<DLI,
306, 319
C8K<I8C <G@:FE;PC< F= K?<
?LD<ILJ, 293, 319
)8K<I8C <O:LIJ@FE, 349
C8K<I8C <O:LIJ@FE, 368
)8K<I8C =C<O@FE, 347
C8K<I8C =C<O@FE, 368
C8K<I8C ><E@:LC8K< EL:C<LJ, 586,
602
C8K<I8C ?FIE, 530, 552
C8K<I8C D8CC<FCLJ, 311, 319
C8K<I8C D<E@J:LJ, 358, 368
C8K<I8C GC8EK8I 8IK<IP, 887, 909
C8K<I8C GK<IP>F@;, 428, 459
C8K<I8C GK<IP>F@; GC8K<, 248, 277
C8K<I8C I<:KLJ, 575, 602
C8K<I8C J8:I8C :I<JK, 267, 277
C8K<I8C JLC:LJ, 521, 552
C8K<I8C JLGI8:FE;PC8I I@;><, 293,
319
C8K<I8C K@9@F=<DFI8C AF@EK, 358, 368
C8K<I8C M<EKI@:C<J, 536, 552
C8K<I8C@J, 423, 459
C8K@JJ@DLJ ;FIJ@, 441, 459
C<8B8>< :?8EE<C, 490, 504
C<8BP K@>?K ALE:K@FEJ, 1153, 1166
C<=K 8KI@FM<EKI@:LC8I M8CM<, 790,
830
C<=K :FC@: =C<OLI<, 1051, 1072
C<=K >8JKI@: 8IK<IP, 881, 909
C<>, 305, 319
C<EJ, 576, 602
C<GK@E, 724, 729
C<JJ<I G<CM@J, 303, 319
C<JJ<I J:@8K@: =FI8D<E, 303, 319
C<JJ<I J:@8K@: EFK:?, 301, 320
C<JJ<I JGC8E:?E@: E<IM<, 615, 640
C<JJ<I KIF:?8EK<I, 306, 320
C<JJ<I KL9<I:C<, 292, 320
C<JJ<I N@E>J F= K?< JG?<EF@;
9FE<, 248, 277
C<K-;FNE I<=C<O, 1269, 1282
)<LB<D@8, 755
C<LB<D@8, 770
C<LBF:PK<, 752, 770
)<LBF:PK< <JK<I8J<, 1131
C<LBF:PK< <JK<I8J<, 1166
C<LBF:PKFJ@J, 755, 770
)<LBFG<E@8, 755
C<LBFG<E@8, 770
C<M8KFI 8E@, 437, 459
C<M8KFI G8CG<9I8< JLG<I@FI@J, 575,
602
)<P;@> :<CCJ, 1212, 1234
C@>8D<EK, 332, 368
C@>8D<EK F= K?< ?<8; F= K?< =<DLI,
305, 320, 356, 368
C@>8D<EKLD =C8MLD, 269, 277
C@>8E;, 90, 125
C@>8E;->8K<; :8K@FE :?8EE<C, 619,
640
C@>8E;->8K<; :?8EE<C, 488
C@>8E;->8K<; :?8EE<CJ, 504
C@>?K :?8@E, 947, 965
C@>?K<E@E>, 1263, 1282
C@D9 9L;, 313, 320
C@D9@: :FIK<O, 521, 552
C@D9@: CF9<, 631, 640
C@D9@: JPJK<D, 521, 552
C@E<8 8C98, 435, 459
C@E<8 8JG<I8, 306, 320
C@E>L8C =I<ELCLD, 1033, 1072
C@E>L8C C@G8J<, 1033, 1072
C@E>L8C KFEJ@C, 978, 1013
)@E>LC8, 254
C@E>LC8, 277
C@G@;, 70, 81
C@GF><E<J@J, 1102, 1120
C@GFCPJ@J, 1099, 1120
C@GFGIFK<@E C@G8J<, 1068, 1072
C@M<I, 1056, 1072
)F:8C@Q8K@FE F= =LE:K@FE, 648
CF:8C@Q8K@FE F= =LE:K@FE, 678
CF:?@8, 1266, 1282
CFE> 9FE<, 208, 233
CFE> I<=C<O, 624, 640
CFE>@JJ@DLJ :8G@K@J, 432, 459
CFE>@JJ@DLJ :<IM@:@J, 432, 460
CFE>@JJ@DLJ >IFLG, 432, 460
CFE>@JJ@DLJ K?FI8:@J, 432, 460
CFE>@KL;@E8C =@JJLI<, 520, 552
CFE>LJ, 423, 460
CFFG F= %<EC<, 1139, 1166
CFFJ< :FEE<:K@M< K@JJL<, 146, 164
CFI;FJ@J, 261, 277
CFN<I <JFG?8><8C JG?@E:K<I,
1038, 1073
CFN<I DFKFI E<LIFE, 486, 504
CLD98I 8IK<I@<J, 881, 909
CLD98I :LIM<, 261, 277
CLD98I <EC8I><D<EK, 597, 602
CLD98I GC<OLJ, 546, 552
CLD98I GLE:KLI<, 535, 552
CLD98I M<@EJ, 897, 909
)LD98I M<IK<9I8<, 267
CLD98I M<IK<9I8<, 277
CLD9I@:8C, 446, 460
CLD<E, 839, 909
CLE8K<, 295, 320
CLE>, 985, 1013
CLE> 9L;, 1009, 1013
CLELC8, 185, 198
)LK<@E@Q@E> ?FIDFE< ()%), 703
CLK<@E@Q@E> ?FIDFE< ()%), 729
)PDG?, 920
CPDG?, 966
CPDG? EF;<, 920, 966
)PDG?8K@: :8G@CC8I@<J, 922
CPDG?8K@: :8G@CC8I@<J, 966
CPDG?8K@: JPJK<D, 920, 966
CPDG?8K@: KILEBJ, 922, 966
)PDG?F:PK<J, 754
CPDG?F:PK<J, 770, 923, 966
CPDG?F@; EF;LC<J, 929, 966
)PDG?F@; JK<D :<CCJ, 743
CPDG?F@; JK<D :<CCJ, 770
)PDG?FD8, 755
CPDG?FD8, 770
CPJFJFD<, 99, 125
CPJFQPD<, 754, 770
&
D8:IFDFC<:LC<, 67, 81
D8:IFG?8><, 749, 770, 933, 966
*8:IFG?8>< FO@;8K@M<
D<K89FC@JD, 953
D8:IFG?8>< FO@;8K@M<
D<K89FC@JD, 966
D8:LC8, 572, 602
D8:LC8 ;<EJ8, 1141, 1166
*8>E<K@: I<JFE8E:< @D8>@E>
(*/&), 37
D8>E<K@: I<JFE8E:< @D8>@E>
(*/&), 39
D8@E G8E:I<8K@: ;L:K, 1046, 1073
D8AFI ;LF;<E8C G8G@CC8, 1046,
1073
D8AFI ?@JKF:FDG8K@9@C@KP :FDGC<O
(*%), 940, 966
D8CC<LJ, 568, 602
D8CK8J<, 1062, 1073
D8DD8IP >C8E;J, 1228, 1234
D8E;@9C<, 242, 254, 278
*8E;@9LC8I =FI8D<E, 254
D8E;@9LC8I =FI8D<E, 278
*8E;@9LC8I =FJJ8, 246
D8E;@9LC8I =FJJ8, 278
D8E;@9LC8I EFK:?, 254, 278
D8EL9I@LD, 272, 278
D8I>@E8C 8IK<I@<J, 796, 830
D8JJ DFM<D<EK, 1055, 1073
D8JJ ELD9<I, 48, 81
D8JJ<K<I, 427, 460
D8JK :<CC, 937, 966
D8JK@:8K@FE, 427, 460, 1029,
1073
D8JKF@; GIF:<JJ, 245, 278
D8KI@O, 145, 164
D8KK<I, 46, 81
D8O@CC8IP 9FE<, 252, 278
D8O@CC8IP J@ELJ, 257, 278
D8O@CC8IP M<@E, 892, 909
D8O@DLJ, 423, 460
*<8E 8IK<I@8C GI<JJLI< (*A-),
851
D<8E 8IK<I@8C GI<JJLI< (*A-),
910
D<8KLJ, 1013
&+!"5 1323
D<8KLJ<J, 975
*<:?8E@:8C ;@><JK@FE, 1029
D<:?8E@:8C ;@><JK@FE, 1073
D<:?8E@:8CCP >8K<; :?8EE<C, 489,
504
D<:?8EFI<:<GKFI, 563, 602
D<:FE@LD, 1258, 1282
*<;@8C, 31
D<;@8C, 39
D<;@8C (@EK<IE8C) IFK8K@FE, 348,
368
D<;@8C 9FI;<I F= K?< J:8GLC8,
291, 320
D<;@8C :FDG8IKD<EK F= K?< K?@>?,
451, 460
D<;@8C :FE;PC< F= K?< =<DLI, 306,
320
D<;@8C :FE;PC< F= K?< K@9@8, 310,
320
D<;@8C :LE<@=FID, 311, 320
D<;@8C <G@:FE;PC< F= K?< =<DLI,
306, 320
D<;@8C <G@:FE;PC< F= K?<
?LD<ILJ, 293, 320
*<;@8C <O:LIJ@FE, 349
D<;@8C <O:LIJ@FE, 368
D<;@8C =FI<9I8@E 9LE;C<, 630, 640
D<;@8C ><E@:LC8K< EL:C<LJ, 584,
602
D<;@8C C<DE@J:LJ, 581, 602
D<;@8C CFE>@KL;@E8C =8J:@:LCLJ
(*)#), 662, 678
D<;@8C D8CC<FCLJ, 310, 320
D<;@8C D<E@J:LJ, 358, 368
D<;@8C GC8EK8I 8IK<IP, 887, 910
D<;@8C GK<IP>F@;, 428, 460
D<;@8C GK<IP>F@; GC8K<, 248, 278
D<;@8C I<:KLJ, 575, 603
D<;@8C K@9@F=<DFI8C AF@EK, 358, 368
D<;@8C@J, 423, 460
D<;@8E 8EK<9I8:?@8C M<@E, 894,
910
D<;@8E 8G<IKLI<, 537, 552
D<;@8E :L9@K8C M<@E, 894, 910
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D<;@8E J8:I8C 8IK<IP, 881, 910
D<;@8E J8:I8C :I<JK, 267, 278
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D<;@LJ, 423, 460
D<;LCC8, 183, 198, 1136, 1166
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D<D9I8E< GFK<EK@8C, 490, 504
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D<E@J:LJ, 338, 368
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G<I@FJK<LD, 210, 234
1326 &+!"5
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
G<I@G?<I8C :?<DFI<:<GKFI, 995,
1013
G<I@G?<I8C E<IMFLJ JPJK<D
(-+0), 470, 505
G<I@G?<I8C GIFK<@E, 125
-<I@G?<I8C GIFK<@EJ, 90
G<I@G?<I8C KFC<I8E:<, 947, 966
-<I@JK8CJ@J, 1028
G<I@JK8CJ@J, 1074
G<I@KFE<LD, 34, 40
G<I@KL9LC8I :8G@CC8I@<J, 1138, 1166
G<ID8E<EK K<<K?, 1035
G<ID8E<EK KFFK?, 1074
G<IFO@JFD<, 101, 125
G<IG<E;@:LC8I GC8K< F= K?<
<K?DF@; 9FE<, 243, 279
G<KIFJ8C J@ELJ, 893, 910
G<KIFLJ I@;><, 245, 279
G%, 64, 81
-?8>F:PKFJ@J, 94
G?8>F:PKFJ@J, 126, 933, 966
G?8C8EO 9FE< F= K?< =FFK, 305,
321
G?8C8EO 9FE< F= K?< ?8E;, 292,
321
G?8IPE><8C KFEJ@C, 978, 1013
G?8IPEO, 977, 1013, 1037, 1074
G?<EFKPG<, 1272, 1282
G?@CKILD, 975, 1013
G?FJG?8K8J<, 1065, 1074
G?FJG?F;@<JK<I8J< (-!"), 694,
729
G?FJG?FC@G@;, 72, 81
-?FJG?FIPC8K@FE, 79
G?FJG?FIPC8K@FE, 81
G?FJG?FIPC8K@FE :8J:8;<, 693,
729
G?FKF@JFD<I@Q8K@FE, 579, 604
G?FKFE, 578, 604
G?FKFI<:<GKFI, 563, 604
G?I<E@: E<IM<, 546, 553
G?I<E@: M<@E, 897, 911
G?PJ@FCF>@:8C JG?@E:K<I, 1134,
1166
G?PJ@FCF>P, 16, 40
G@8 D8K<I, 535, 553
G@E<8C >C8E;, 716, 729
G@E<8CF:PK<, 716, 729
G@EF:PKFJ@J, 94, 126
G@I@=FID@J, 450, 461
G@J@=FID, 295, 321
G@KL@K8IP ;N8I=@JD, 702, 729
G@KL@K8IP >C8E;, 697, 729
G@MFK AF@EK, 340, 368
GC8:<EK8, 1244, 1282
GC8:<EK8 GI<M@8, 1247, 1282
GC8:<EK8K@FE, 1251, 1282
GC8E<, 31, 40
GC8E< AF@EK, 341, 368
GC8EK8I 8GFE<LIFJ@J, 454, 461
GC8EK8I 8I:?, 887, 911
GC8EK8I =C<O@FE, 349, 368
GC8EK8I >IFLG, 454, 461
GC8EK8I I<=C<O, 671, 679
GC8EK8I M<@EJ, 899, 911
GC8EK8I M<EFLJ 8I:?, 899, 911
GC8EK8I@J, 454, 461
GC8JD8, 738, 770
GC8JD8 :<CC, 924, 966
-C8JD8 FJDFC8C@KP, 1182
GC8JD8 FJDFC8C@KP, 1198
GC8JD@E, 761, 770
GC8K<C<K GCL>, 758, 770
GC8K<C<KJ, 738, 770
GC<LI8, 34, 40
GC<LI8C :8M@KP, 987, 1013
-C<LI8C =CL@;, 987
GC<LI8C =CL@;, 1013
GC<OLJ, 541, 553
GCLI@GFK<EK, 119, 126
GCLI@GFK<EK JK<D :<CC, 742, 770
GE<LDFK8O@: :<EK<I, 995, 1014
GF;F:PK<J, 1140, 1167
GFC8I 9F;P, 1217, 1234
GFC8I DFC<:LC<, 55, 81
GFCC<O, 297, 321
GFCP:CFE8C I<JGFEJ<, 944, 966
GFCP:PK?<D@8, 752, 771
GFCPDFIG?FEL:C<8I, 754, 771
GFCPG<GK@;<, 111, 126
GFCPI@9FJFD<, 113, 126
GFCPJ8::?8I@;<, 81
-FCPJ8::?8I@;<J, 67
GFCPJ8::?8I@;<J, 1085, 1120
GFCPJG<IDP, 1241, 1282
GFCPLI@8, 1130, 1167
GFGC@K<8C 8IK<IP, 887, 911
GFGC@K<8C =FJJ8, 452, 461
GFGC@K<8C M<@E, 899, 911
GFGC@K<LJ, 454, 461
GFIK8 ?<G8K@J, 1057, 1074
GFIK8C KI@8;, 1058, 1074
GFJ@K@M< :?<DFK8O@J, 752, 771
-FJ@K@M< =<<;98:B, 28
GFJ@K@M< =<<;98:B, 40
GFJ@K@M< @EFKIFG@: =8:KFIJ, 824,
831
GFJ@K@M< J<C<:K@FE, 942, 967
-FJ@KIFE <D@JJ@FE KFDF>I8G?P
(-"1), 37
GFJ@KIFE <D@JJ@FE KFDF>I8G?P
(-"1), 40
GFJK89JFIGK@M< JK8K<, 1109, 1120
GFJK:<EKI8C >PILJ, 522, 553
-FJK<I@FI, 31
GFJK<I@FI, 40
GFJK<I@FI (;FIJ8C) J8:I8C =FI8D<E,
267, 279
GFJK<I@FI 8I:?, 265, 279
GFJK<I@FI :8I;@8: M<@E, 797, 831
GFJK<I@FI :8M@KP, 40
GFJK<I@FI :<I<9I8C 8IK<IP, 877, 911
GFJK<I@FI :FCLDEJ, 531, 553
GFJK<I@FI :FDDLE@:8K@E> 8IK<IP,
877, 911
GFJK<I@FI :FDG8IKD<EK F= K?< C<>,
454, 461
GFJK<I@FI :FDG8IKD<EK F= K?<
K?@>?, 452, 461
GFJK<I@FI :I8E@8C =FJJ8, 244, 279
GFJK<I@FI :IL:@8K< C@>8D<EK, 358,
368
GFJK<I@FI ?FIE, 530, 553
GFJK<I@FI @E=<I@FI @C@8: JG@E<, 301,
321
GFJK<I@FI @EK<IM<EKI@:LC8I 8IK<IP,
796, 831
GFJK<I@FI @EK<IM<EKI@:LC8I JLC:LJ,
784, 831
GFJK<I@FI CFE>@KL;@E8C C@>8D<EK,
269, 279
GFJK<I@FI D<;@8E JLC:LJ, 529,
553
GFJK<I@FI J8:IF@C@8: C@>8D<EK, 302,
321
GFJK<I@FI J:8C<E<, 433, 461
GFJK<I@FI JLG<I@FI @C@8: JG@E<, 301,
321
GFJK<I@FI K8CF=@9LC8I C@>8D<EK,
362, 368
GFJK<I@FI K@9@8C 8IK<IP, 887, 911
GFJK<I@FI K@9@8C M<@E, 899, 911
GFJK<IFC8K<I8C JLC:LJ, 529, 553
GFJK>8E>C@FE@: =@9<I, 616, 641
GFJKJPE8GK@: GFK<EK@8C (-0-),
496, 505
-FK<EK@8C <E<I>P, 57
GFK<EK@8C <E<I>P, 81
GFN<I JKIFB<, 388, 408
-- :<CC, 719, 729
GI8O@J, 656, 679
GI<:8G@CC8IP JG?@E:K<IJ, 844, 911
GI<:<EKI8C >PILJ, 522, 553
GI<:<EKI8C >PILJ F= K?< =IFEK8C
:FIK<O, 486, 505
GI<=IFEK8C CF9<, 522, 553
GI<>8E>C@FE@: =@9<I, 616, 641
GI<CF8;, 813, 831
GI<DFC8I, 1074
GI<DFC8IJ, 1035
GI<DFKFI 8I<8, 522, 553
GI<DFKFI :FIK<O, 594, 604
GI<GFK<EK@8C ;<GFC8I@Q8K@FE, 803,
831
GI<GL:<, 1212, 1234
-I<JJLI<, 25
GI<JJLI<, 40
GI<M<IK<9I8C >8E>C@8, 541, 553,
615, 641
&+!"5 1327
GI@D8IP 8;8GK@M< I<JGFEJ<, 938,
967
GI@D8IP :LIM<, 261, 279
GI@D8IP =FCC@:C<J, 1218, 1234
GI@D8IP CPDG?F@; FI>8E, 967
GI@D8IP CPDG?F@; FI>8EJ, 925
GI@D8IP FJJ@=@:8K@FE :<EK<I, 222,
234
GI@D8IP J<EJFIP :FIK<O, 589, 604
GI@D8IP LE@FE, 157, 165
GI@D8IP M<J@:C<, 553
GI@D8IP M<J@:C<J, 515
GI@D< DFM<I, 416, 461
GI@D@K@M< 8KI@LD, 827, 831
GI@D@K@M< ?<8IK KL9<, 826, 831
GI@D@K@M< JKI<8B, 1249, 1282
GI@D@K@M< M<EKI@:C<, 827, 831
GI@DFI;@8C =FCC@:C<J, 1218, 1234
GI@E:@G8C :<CC, 1155, 1167
GIF:<;LI8C D<DFIP, 654, 679
GIF:<JJ, 471, 505
GIF;L:K, 58, 81
GIF><JK<IFE<, 717, 729
GIFA<:K@FE, 211, 234
GIFC8:K@E, 1269, 1283
GIFC8:K@E (-/)), 703, 729
GIFC@=<I8K@M< G?8J<, 1226, 1235
GIFC@=<I8K@M< QFE<, 222, 234
GIFDFK<I, 110, 126
GIFE8K<; GFJ@K@FE, 348, 369
-IFE8K@FE, 348
GIFE8K@FE, 369
GIFE8KFI ;I@=K, 671, 679
GIFE8KFI HL8;I8KLJ, 442, 461
GIFE8KFI K<I<J, 442, 461
-IFE<, 30
GIFE<, 40
GIFG8>8K@FE, 485, 505
-IFG?8J<, 116
GIFG?8J<, 126
GIFGI@F:<GK@FE, 522, 553, 563,
604
GIFGI@F:<GKFI, 563, 604
GIFGLCJ@FE, 1028, 1074
GIFJ<E:<G?8CFE, 515, 553
GIFJK8>C8E;@E, 73, 81
GIFJK8K< >C8E;, 1210, 1235
GIFK<@E, 73, 81
GIFK<@E B@E8J<, 693, 730
GIFK<FCPJ@J, 1104, 1121
GIFK<FD<, 108, 126
GIFKFE, 47, 81
-IFKI8:K@FE, 349
GIFKI8:K@FE, 369
-IFO@D8C, 31
GIFO@D8C, 40
GIFO@D8C :FEMFCLK<; KL9LC<J
(-1J), 1139, 1167
GIFO@D8C I8;@FLCE8I AF@EK, 293,
321, 340, 369
GIFO@D8C K@9@F=@9LC8I AF@EK, 311,
321
-J<L;FJKI8K@=@<; :FCLDE8I
<G@K?<C@LD, 139
GJ<L;FJKI8K@=@<; :FCLDE8I
<G@K?<C@LD, 165
GJF8J D8AFI, 448, 461
GJP:?FE<LIF@DDLEFCF>P, 962,
967
GK<I@FE, 251, 279
-L9<IKP, 1230
GL9<IKP, 1235
GL9@: 8I:?, 301, 321
GL9@: 9F;P, 301, 321
GL9@: JPDG?PJ@J, 301, 321
GL9@: KL9<I:C<, 301, 321
GL9@J, 301, 321
GL9F:F::P><LJ, 437, 461
GL9F=<DFI8C C@>8D<EK, 356, 369
GLCDFE8IP 8IK<I@<J, 781, 831
GLCDFE8IP 8IK<IP, 873, 911, 986,
1014
GLCDFE8IP :8G@CC8I@<J, 781, 832
GLCDFE8IP :@I:L@K, 781, 832, 873,
911
GLCDFE8IP GC<OLJ, 986, 1014
GLCDFE8IP JLI=8:K8EK, 983, 1014
GLCDFE8IP KILEB, 781, 832, 873,
911
GLCDFE8IP M8CM<, 790, 832
GLCDFE8IP M<@EJ, 781, 832, 873,
911
-LCDFE8IP M<EK@C8K@FE, 988
GLCDFE8IP M<EK@C8K@FE, 1014
GLCG :8M@KP, 1036, 1074
GLCJ<, 851, 911
GLCJ< GI<JJLI<, 850, 911
-LEE<KK JHL8I<, 1274, 1282
GLG@C, 576, 604
GLI@E<, 77, 81
-LIB@EA< =@9<IJ, 803, 831
GLK8D<E, 523, 553
GPCFI@: 8EKILD, 1041, 1074
GPCFI@: :8E8C, 1041, 1074
GPCFI@: JG?@E:K<I, 1041, 1074
GPCFILJ, 1040, 1074
GPI8D@;8C ;<:LJJ8K@FE, 595, 604
GPI8D@;@E<, 77
GPI8D@;J, 595, 604
GPI@D@;@E<, 81
GPILM8K<, 1085, 1121
GPILM@: 8:@;, 390, 408
*
./0 :FDGC<O, 806, 832
HL8;I8KLJ =<DFI@J , 450, 461
HL8;I8KLJ CLD9FILD, 435, 461
HL8;I@:<GJ =<DFI@J >IFLG, 452,
461
HL8;I@:<GJ K<E;FE, 452, 461
HL@:B<E@E>, 1258, 1283
.L@<K 9I<8K?@E>, 991
HL@<K 9I<8K?@E>, 1014
+
I8;@8C 8IK<IP, 884, 911
I8;@8C :FCC8K<I8C C@>8D<EK, 354,
369
I8;@8C =FJJ8, 293, 321
I8;@8C E<IM<, 546, 553
I8;@8C EFK:? F= K?< LCE8, 293, 321
I8;@8C KL9<IFJ@KP, 294, 321
I8;@8C M<@E, 894, 911
/8;@8K@FE, 1113
I8;@8K@FE, 1121
I8;@F8:K@M< @JFKFG<, 50, 82
I8;@F:8IG8C AF@EK, 294, 321
I8;@LJ, 292, 321
I8DLJ F= K?< D8E;@9C<, 254, 279
I<89JFIGK@FE, 859, 911
I<8:K8EK, 58, 82
/<8:K@M< FOP><E JG<:@<J (/,0),
101
I<8:K@M< FOP><E JG<:@<J (/,0),
126
I<:<GK@M< 8G?8J@8, 655, 679
I<:<GKFI, 90, 126
I<:<GKFI :<CC, 563, 604
I<:<GKFI GFK<EK@8C, 496, 505
/<:<GKFI-D<;@8K<; <E;F:PKFJ@J,
94
I<:<GKFI-D<;@8K<; <E;F:PKFJ@J,
126
I<:<JJ@M<, 1273, 1283
I<:<JJ@M< C<K?8C, 1278, 1283
I<:IL@KD<EK, 394, 408
I<:K8C M8CM<, 1074
I<:K8C M8CM<J, 1052
I<:KLD, 1052, 1074
I<:KLJ, 423, 461
I<:KLJ 89;FD@E@J, 435, 461
I<:KLJ =<DFI@J, 452, 461
I<:KLJ J?<8K?J, 435, 461
I<; 9CFF; :<CCJ (/BJ), 738, 771
/<; D8IIFN, 206
I<; D8IIFN, 234
I<; EL:C<LJ, 597, 604, 673, 679
I<;L:K@FE, 1084, 1121
I<=<II<; G8@E, 623, 641
I<=C<O 8I:, 621, 641
I<=I8:KFIP G<I@F;, 493, 505
/<>@FE8C 8E8KFDP, 16
I<>@FE8C 8E8KFDP, 40
/<>LC8KFIP 1 :<CCJ (1I<>), 946
I<>LC8KFIP 1 :<CCJ (1I<>), 967
I<C8K@M< I<=I8:KFIP G<I@F;, 493,
505
I<C8O8K@FE G?8J<, 395, 408
1328 &+!"5
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
I<DF;<C@E>, 223, 234
I<E8C 8IK<IP, 881, 911
I<E8C :FCLDEJ, 1136, 1167
I<E8C :FIGLJ:C<, 1138, 1167
I<E8C :FIK<O, 1136, 1167
I<E8C =8K G8;, 1136, 1167
I<E8C ?@CLD, 1137, 1167
I<E8C G8G@CC8<, 1136, 1167
I<E8C GPI8D@;J, 1136, 1167
I<E8C M<@E, 897, 911
/<E<N8C, 23
I<E<N8C, 40
I<E@E, 1140, 1167
I<GFC8I@Q8K@FE, 491, 505
I<GFJ@K@FE, 349, 369
/<GIF;L:K@FE, 23
I<GIF;L:K@FE, 40
I<J<IM< QFE<, 222, 234
/<J@;L8C MFCLD< (/3), 992
I<J@;L8C MFCLD< (/3), 1014
I<J@JK8E:<, 494, 505, 850, 911
/<JG@I8KFIP 8:@;FJ@J, 1196
I<JG@I8KFIP 8:@;FJ@J, 1198
/<JG@I8KFIP 8CB8CFJ@J, 1196
I<JG@I8KFIP 8CB8CFJ@J, 1198
I<JG@I8KFIP 9IFE:?@FC<, 981, 1014
I<JG@I8KFIP :P:C<, 991, 1014
I<JG@I8KFIP <G@K?<C@LD, 976, 1014
I<JG@I8KFIP D<D9I8E<, 983, 1014
I<JG@I8KFIP GLDG, 858, 911
I<JG@I8KFIP I8K<, 993, 1014
/<JG@I8KFIP MFCLD<, 992
I<JG@I8KFIP MFCLD<, 1014
I<JG@I8KFIP QFE<, 974, 1014
I<JGFEJ<, 474, 505
/<JGFEJ@M<E<JJ, 22
I<JGFEJ@M<E<JJ, 40
I<JK 8E; ;@><JK, 612, 641
I<JK@E> D<D9I8E< GFK<EK@8C, 491,
506
/<K@:LC8I =@9<I, 147
I<K@:LC8I =@9<I, 165
I<K@:LC8I =FID8K@FE, 528, 554
I<K@:LC8I C8D@E8, 136, 165
I<K@:LC8I C8P<I, 178, 198
/<K@:LC8I K@JJL<, 148
I<K@:LC8I K@JJL<, 165
I<K@:LCF:PK<, 747, 771
I<K@:LCF<E;FK?<C@8C :<CC, 1074
I<K@:LCF<E;FK?<C@8C :<CCJ, 1058
I<K@:LCFJG@E8C KI8:K, 597, 604
I<K@E8, 576, 604
I<K@E8:LC8, 445, 461
I<K@E8C, 578, 604
I<K@E8C >8E>C@FE :<CC (/$), 576,
604
I<KI8:K@FE, 349, 369
I<KIF>I8;< 8DE<J@8, 654, 679
I<KIFG<I@KFE<8C, 1026, 1074,
1132, 1167
/? 9CFF; >IFLG, 763, 771
I?F;FGJ@E, 577, 604
I?FD9<E:<G?8CFE, 515, 554
I?FD9F@; D8AFI, 439, 462
I?FD9F@; D@EFI, 439, 462
I@9FEL:C<8J<, 1065, 1074
/@9FEL:C<@: 8:@; (/+A), 77
I@9FEL:C<@: 8:@; (/+A), 82
/@9FJFD8C /+A (I/+A), 111
I@9FJFD8C /+A (I/+A), 126
I@9FJFD<, 98, 126
I@9J, 240, 279
I@:B<KJ, 190, 198
I@>?K 8KI@FM<EKI@:LC8I M8CM<, 789,
832
I@>?K :FC@: =C<OLI<, 1051, 1074
I@>?K >8JKI@: 8IK<IP, 881, 911
I@>?K CPDG?8K@: ;L:K, 923, 967
/@EE< K<JK, 661, 679
/+A GFCPD<I8J<, 110, 126
IF; G?FKFI<:<GKFI, 577, 604
/FD9<I> K<JK, 670, 679
IFFK, 975, 1014, 1036, 1074
/FK8K@FE, 348
IFK8K@FE, 369
IFK8KFI :L==, 353, 369, 442, 462
IFLE; N@E;FN, 568, 604
IL9IFJG@E8C KI8:K, 597, 604, 673,
679
IL>8, 1041, 1074
IL>8<, 1216, 1235
,
0 G?8J<, 114, 126
J8::8;<, 662, 679
J8::?8IFCPK@: =<ID<EK8K@FE, 1055,
1074
J8::LC<, 572, 604
J8:I8C :8E8C, 267, 279
J8:I8C =FI8D@E8, 267, 279
J8:I8C ?@8KLJ, 267, 279
J8:I8C D@:KLI@K@FE :<EK<I, 1133,
1167
J8:I8C GC<OLJ, 546, 554
J8:I8C GIFDFEKFIP, 267, 279
J8:IF:F::P><8C :LIM<, 260, 279
J8:IF@C@8: AF@EK, 301, 322
J8:IFJG@EFLJ C@>8D<EK, 302, 322
J8:IFKL9<IFLJ C@>8D<EK, 302, 322
J8:ILD, 240, 279
J8;;C< AF@EK, 341, 369
J8>@KK8C GC8E<, 31, 40
J8>@KK8C JLKLI<, 251, 279
08C@M8, 1033
J8C@M8, 1074
J8C@M8IP 8DPC8J<, 1033, 1074,
1085, 1121
J8C@M8IP >C8E;, 1074
J8C@M8IP >C8E;J, 1033
J8C@M8K@FE, 1034, 1074
J8CK8KFIP :FE;L:K@FE, 494, 506
J8G?<EFLJ E<IM<, 546, 554
J8I:FC<DD8, 380, 408
J8I:FD<I<, 381, 409
J8I:FG<E@8, 398, 409
J8I:FGC8JD, 380, 409
J8I:FGC8JD@: I<K@:LCLD (0/),
380, 409
J8IKFI@LJ, 452, 462
J8K<CC@K< :<CC, 406, 409, 481, 506
J:8C8 KPDG8E@, 568, 604
J:8C8 M<JK@9LC@, 568, 604
J:8C<E< DLJ:C<J, 432, 462
J:8G?F@;, 295, 322
J:8GLC8, 290, 322
J:8I, 195, 198
0:?N8EE :<CC, 156, 165, 481, 506
J:@8K@: E<IM<, 546, 554
J:@8K@:8, 546, 554
J:C<I8, 576, 604
J:C<IFKFD<, 273, 279
J:FC@FJ@J, 261, 279
J:IFKLD, 1205, 1235
J<98:<FLJ >C8E;, 186, 199
J<9LD, 186, 199
J<:FE; D<JJ<E><I, 693, 730
J<:FE;-;<>I<< 9LIE, 194, 199
J<:FE;8IP 8;8GK@M< I<JGFEJ<,
938, 967
J<:FE;8IP :LIM<, 261, 279
J<:FE;8IP =FCC@:C<J, 1218, 1235
J<:FE;8IP CPDG?F@; FI>8EJ, 927,
967
J<:FE;8IP FJJ@=@:8K@FE :<EK<I,
222, 234
J<:FE;8IP J<O :?8I8:K<I@JK@:J,
1230, 1235
J<:FE;8IP LE@FE, 157, 165
J<:FE;8IP M<J@:C<, 554
J<:FE;8IP M<J@:C<J, 515
J<:I<K@E, 1104, 1121
J<:I<KFIP G?8J<, 1226, 1235
J<:K@FE, 31, 40
J<>D<EK8C DLJ:C< >IFLG, 432,
462
0<>D<EK8K@FE, 1029
J<>D<EK8K@FE, 1074
J<C<:K@M< G<ID<89@C@KP, 90, 126
J<CC8 KLI:@:8, 248, 279
J<D<E, 1210, 1235
J<D@:@I:LC8I :8E8CJ, 572, 604
J<D@CLE8I M8CM<J, 786, 832
J<D@D<D9I8EFJLJ, 452, 462
J<D@E8C M<J@:C<, 1210, 1235
J<D@E@=<IFLJ KL9LC<J, 1207, 1235
J<D@JG@E8C@J :8G@K@J, 432, 462
J<D@JG@E8C@J :<IM@:@J, 432, 462
J<D@JG@E8C@J K?FI8:@J, 432, 462
J<D@K<E;@EFJLJ, 452, 462
&+!"5 1329
J<EJ8K@FE, 474, 506
J<EJ@K@Q8K@FE, 957, 967
J<EJFI, 27, 40
J<EJFI@E<LI8C ?<8I@E>, 661, 679
J<EJFIP <O8D, 648, 679
J<EJFIP ?FDLE:LCLJ, 587, 604
J<EJFIP DF;8C@KP, 564, 604
J<GJ@J, 870, 911
J<GK8C :8IK@C8><, 256, 279
J<GK@: J?F:B, 870, 912
J<GKLD, 786, 832
J<GKLD GI@DLD, 786, 832
0<IF:FEM<IJ@FE, 952
J<IF:FEM<IJ@FE, 967
J<IFJ8, 40, 1024, 1074
J<IFLJ >C8E;, 145, 165
J<IFLJ D<D9I8E<, 33, 40, 136,
165
J<II8KLJ 8EK<I@FI, 439, 462
0<IKFC@ :<CCJ, 1207, 1235
J<ILD, 761, 771
J<J8DF@; 9FE<, 209, 234
J<K GF@EK, 27, 40
J<M<I< :FD9@E<;
@DDLEF;<=@:@<E:P ;@J<8J<
(0&!), 955, 967
J<O :?IFDFJFD<J, 1272, 1283
J?8=K F= K?< =<DLI, 306, 322
J?8=K F= K?< =@9LC8, 311, 322
J?8=K F= K?< ?LD<ILJ, 292, 322
J?8=K F= K?< I8;@LJ, 294, 322
J?8=K F= K?< K@9@8, 310, 322
J?8=K F= K?< LCE8, 294, 322
J?FIK 9FE<, 208, 234
J?FIK I<=C<O, 624, 641
J?FIK-K<ID D<DFIP, 654, 679
J?LEK, 1257, 1283
J@:BC< :<CC ;@J<8J<, 751, 771
J@>DF@; :FCFE, 1051, 1074
J@>DF@; J@ELJ<J, 534, 554, 893,
912
J@DGC< :FCLDE8I <G@K?<C@LD, 139,
165
J@DGC< :L9F@;8C <G@K?<C@LD, 139,
165
J@DGC< JHL8DFLJ <G@K?<C@LD,
138, 165
J@EF8KI@8C (0A) EF;<, 801, 832
J@ELJ I?PK?D, 801, 832
J@ELJ M<EFJLJ, 827, 832
J@ELJF@; :8G@CC8IP, 844, 912
J@JK<I :?IFD8K@;, 114, 126
J@Q< <O:CLJ@FE, 488, 506
0B<C<K8C DLJ:C<, 153, 379
JB<C<K8C DLJ:C<, 165, 409
JB<C<K8C DLJ:C< GLDG, 858, 912
JB<C<K8C JPJK<D, 204, 234
JB<C<KFE, 240, 279
JBLCC, 240, 280
0CFN FO@;8K@M< (0,), 397
JCFN FO@;8K@M< (0,), 409
JD8CC :8I;@8: M<@E, 797, 832
JD8CC @EK<JK@E<, 1046, 1075
JD8CC J8G?<EFLJ M<@E, 899, 912
0DFFK? DLJ:C<, 154
JDFFK? DLJ:C<, 165, 379, 409
0E<CC<E :?8IK, 659, 679
JF;@LD 9@:8I9FE8K<, 1104, 1121
JF;@LD-GFK8JJ@LD GLDG, 93, 126
JF=K G8C8K<, 1031, 1075
JFC<8C C@E<, 310, 322
JFC<LJ, 454, 462
JFC@K8IP EL:C<LJ, 582, 604
JFCLK@FE, 61, 82
JFD8, 471, 506
JFD8K@: :<CC, 113, 126
JFD8K@: E<IMFLJ JPJK<D (0+0),
474, 506
JFD8K@: I<=C<O, 621, 641
JFD8KFJ<EJ8K@FE, 522, 554, 564,
604
JFD@K<, 272, 280, 1283
JFD@K<J, 405, 409, 1252
JG8JK@:@KP, 671, 679
0G8K@8C JLDD8K@FE, 496
JG8K@8C JLDD8K@FE, 506
JG<:@8C J<EJ<, 564, 605
JG<:@=@: >I8M@KP, 1131, 1167
JG<ID, 1204, 1235
JG<ID8K@: :FI;, 1209, 1235
JG<ID8K@;, 1208, 1235
JG<ID8KF:PK<, 1208, 1235
JG<ID8KF><E<J@J, 1207, 1235
JG<ID8KF>FE@8, 1207, 1235
JG<ID@F><E<J@J, 1208, 1235
JG?<EF@; 9FE<, 248, 280
JG?<EF@; J@ELJ, 257, 280
JG?@E:K<I LI<K?IFM8>@E8C@J, 438,
462
JG?P>DFD8EFD<K<I, 852, 912
JG@E8C 8::<JJFIP E<IM<, 544, 554
JG@E8C :8M@KP, 33, 40
JG@E8C :FI;, 470, 506
JG@E8C E<IM<, 541, 554
JG@E8C KI@><D@E8C EL:C<LJ, 582,
605
JG@E8C@J :8G@K@J, 432, 462
JG@E8C@J :<IM@:@J, 432, 462
JG@E8C@J >IFLG, 432, 462
JG@E8C@J K?FI8:@J, 432, 462
JG@E< F= K?< J:8GLC8, 292, 322
JG@EF:<I<9<CC8I KI8:K, 670, 679
JG@EF:<I<9<CCLD, 673, 679
JG@EFK?8C8D@: KI8:K, 581, 605
JG@EFLJ GIF:<JJ, 263, 280
JG@I8C >8E>C@8, 568
JG@I8C >8E>C@FE, 605
JGC<<E, 929, 967
JGC<E@: 8IK<IP, 881, 912
JGC<E@LJ, 431, 462
JGC<E@LJ :8G@K@J, 431, 462
JGC<E@LJ :<IM@:@J, 431, 462
JGC@:<FJFD<, 110, 126
JGC@:@E>, 110, 126
JGFE>P 9FE<, 216, 234
JGFEK8E<FLJ ;<GFC8I@Q8K@FE, 803,
832
0HL8DFLJ :<CC :8I:@EFD8, 191
JHL8DFLJ :<CC :8I:@EFD8, 199
JHL8DFLJ JLKLI<, 251, 280
JK8>< F= <O?8LJK@FE, 714, 730
JK8>< F= I<J@JK8E:<, 714, 730
JK8G<J, 568, 605
JK<D :<CC, 119, 126
JK<I<F:@C@8, 569, 605
JK<I<F>EFJ@J, 656, 679
JK<IE8C 8E>C<, 272, 280
JK<IE8C <E; F= K?< :C8M@:C<, 291,
322
JK<IEF:C8M@:LC8I AF@EK, 291, 322
JK<IEF:C<@;FD8JKF@;, 431, 462
JK<IEF?PF@;, 430, 462
JK<IEFK?PIF@;, 430, 462
JK<IELD, 240, 280
JK<IF@;, 72, 82
JK@DLCLJ, 474, 506
JKFD8:?, 1040, 1075
JKI8@>?K J@ELJ, 534, 554, 893, 912
JKI8K@=@<; :FCLDE8I <G@K?<C@LD,
140, 165
0KI8K@=@<; :L9F@;8C <G@K?<C@LD,
140
JKI8K@=@<; :L9F@;8C <G@K?<C@LD, 165
0KI8K@=@<; JHL8DFLJ <G@K?<C@LD,
140
JKI8K@=@<; JHL8DFLJ <G@K?<C@LD,
165
JKI8KLD 98J8C<, 174, 199
JKI8KLD :FIE<LD, 177, 199
JKI8KLD >I8ELCFJLD, 176, 199
JKI8KLD CL:@;LD, 177, 199
JKI8KLD JG@EFJLD, 175, 199
JKI<JJ-I<C8O8K@FE I<JGFEJ<, 405,
409
JKI<K:? D8IB, 196, 199
JKI<K:? I<=C<O, 599, 605
JKI@8K@FE, 153, 165
JKI@8KLD, 523, 554
JKIFB<, 650, 679
JKIFB< MFCLD< (03), 816, 832
JKPCF>CFJJLJ, 429, 462
JKPCF?PF@;, 430, 462
0KPCF@; GIF:<JJ, 246
JKPCF@; GIF:<JJ, 280
JKPCF@; GIF:<JJ F= K?< I8;@LJ, 294,
322
JKPCF@; GIF:<JJ F= K?< LCE8, 294,
322
0KPCFD8JKF@; =FI8D<E, 246
JKPCFD8JKF@; =FI8D<E, 280
1330 &+!"5
1?@J :FEK<EK @J 8M8@C89C< =FI =I<< 8K ?KKG://:EO.FI>/:FEK<EK/:FC11496/1.6
JL98:IFD@8C 9LIJ8, 353, 369
JL98I8:?EF@; JG8:<, 535, 554
JL9:C8M@8E 8IK<IP, 877, 912
JL9:C8M@8E M<@E, 890, 912
JL9:C8M@LJ, 439, 462
JL9:FIK@:8C EL:C<@, 523
JL9:FIK@:8C EL:C<LJ, 554
JL9:LK8E<FLJ 9LIJ8, 338, 369
JL9C@E>L8C >C8E;, 1075
JL9C@E>L8C >C8E;J, 1033
JL9D8E;@9LC8I >C8E;, 1075
JL9D8E;@9LC8I >C8E;J, 1033
JL9DF;8C@K@<J, 564
JL9DF;8C@KP, 605
JL9DL:FJ8, 1024, 1075
JL9DL:FJ8C GC<OLJ, 1025, 1075
JL9DLJ:LC8I 9LIJ8, 338, 369
JL9GL9@: 8E>C<, 302, 322
JL9J:8GLC8I 9LIJ8, 353, 369
JL9J:8GLC8I =FJJ8, 292, 322
JL9J:8GLC8I M<@E, 894, 912
JL9J:8GLC8I@J, 442, 462
JL9JK8EK@8 E@>I8 G8IJ :FDG8:K8,
525, 554
JL9JK8EK@8 E@>I8 G8IJ I<K@:LC8K8,
524, 554
JL9JKI8K<, 76, 82
JL9K8C8I AF@EK, 362, 369
JL9K<E;@EFLJ 9LIJ8, 338, 369
JL9K?8C8DLJ, 526, 554
0L:I8J<, 1062
JL:I8J<, 1075
JL;FI@=<IFLJ >C8E;, 199
JL;FI@=<IFLJ >C8E;J, 185
JLC:LJ, 521, 554, 783, 832
JLDD8K<, 496, 506
0LG<I=@:@8C, 31
JLG<I=@:@8C, 40
JLG<I=@:@8C 8EK<I@FI :FDG8IKD<EK
F= K?< =FI<8ID, 444, 462
JLG<I=@:@8C GFJK<I@FI :FDG8IKD<EK
F= K?< =FI<8ID, 444, 462
JLG<I=@:@8C I<=C<O, 671, 679
0LG<I@FI, 31
JLG<I@FI, 41
JLG<I@FI 8E>C< F= K?< J:8GLC8,
291, 322
JLG<I@FI 8IK@:LC8I GIF:<JJ, 263,
280
JLG<I@FI 8IK@:LC8I GIF:<JJ F= K?<
J8:ILD, 267, 280
JLG<I@FI 9FI;<I F= K?< J:8GLC8,
291, 322
JLG<I@FI :<I<9<CC8I G<;LE:C<
(0-), 673, 679
JLG<I@FI :<IM@:8C >8E>C@FE, 615,
641
JLG<I@FI :FCC@:LCLJ, 528, 554, 584,
605
JLG<I@FI <OK<EJFI I<K@E8:LCLD,
454, 462
JLG<I@FI ><D<CCLJ, 450, 463
JLG<I@FI D<J<EK<I@: 8IK<IP, 881,
912
JLG<I@FI D<J<EK<I@: >8E>C@FE,
615, 641
JLG<I@FI E8J8C :FE:?8, 243, 280
JLG<I@FI EL:?8C C@E<, 248, 280
JLG<I@FI F9C@HL<, 575, 605
0LG<I@FI FI9@K8C =@JJLI<, 257
JLG<I@FI FI9@K8C =@JJLI<, 280
JLG<I@FI G?I<E@: 8IK<IP, 880, 912
JLG<I@FI GL9@: I8DLJ, 301, 322
JLG<I@FI I<:KLJ, 575, 605
JLG<I@FI IFK8K@FE, 349, 369
JLG<I@FI J8>@KK8C J@ELJ, 534, 554,
892, 912
JLG<I@FI M<E8 :8M8, 781, 832,
890, 912
JLG@E8K<; GFJ@K@FE, 348, 369
0LG@E8K@FE, 348
JLG@E8K@FE, 369
JLG@E8KFI, 442, 463
JLG@E<, 30, 41
JLGGC<D<EK8C DFKFI 8I<8, 594,
605
0LGGFIK@M< :FEE<:K@M< K@JJL<, 146
JLGGFIK@M< :FEE<:K@M< K@JJL<, 165
JLGI8:?@8JD8K@: EL:C<LJ, 586,
605
JLGI8>C<EF@; KL9<I:C<, 291, 322
0LGI8?PF@; DLJ:C<J, 430
JLGI8?PF@; DLJ:C<J, 463
JLGI8FI9@K8C =FI8D<E, 242, 280
JLGI8FI9@K8C D8I>@E, 242, 280
JLGI8J:8GLC8I EFK:?, 291, 322
JLGI8JG@E8KLJ, 442, 463
JLGI8JG@EFLJ =FJJ8, 292, 322
JLGI8JG@EFLJ C@>8D<EK, 269, 280
JLI>@:8C E<:B, 292, 322
JLJG<EJ@FE, 61, 82
JLJG<EJFIP C@>8D<EKJ, 1228,
1235
JLJK<EK8:LCLD K8C@, 311, 322
JLKLI<, 251, 280, 333, 369
JPDG8K?<K@: :?8@E >8E>C@8, 541,
554, 613, 641
JPDG8K?<K@: ;@M@J@FE, 612, 641
JPDG8K?FCPK@: ;IL>, 635, 641
JPDG8K?FD@D<K@: ;IL>, 635, 641
JPDG?PJ@J, 336, 369
JPE8GJ<, 506
JPE8GJ<J, 477
JPE8GK@: :C<=K, 384, 409, 498, 506
JPE8GK@: <E; 9LC9, 478, 506
JPE8IK?IFJ@J, 330, 369
JPE:?FE;IFJ@J, 335, 369
JPE:PK@FKIFG?F9C8JK, 1246, 1283
JPE;<JDFJ@J, 334, 369
JPE<I>@JK, 416, 463
JPEFJKFJ@J, 333, 369
JPEFM@8C =CL@;, 337, 369
JPEFM@8C AF@EK, 330, 369
JPEFM@8C D<D9I8E<, 135, 166,
337, 370
JPEK?<J@J I<8:K@FE, 58, 82
JPJK<D@: 8E8KFDP, 16, 41
JPJK<D@: :@I:L@K, 781, 832
JPJK<D@: <;<D8, 1146, 1167
JPJK<D@: E<IM<, 546, 554
JPJKFC<, 812, 832
JPJKFC@: GI<JJLI<, 850, 912
-
1 :<CC, 924, 967
1 :<CC KFC<I8E:<, 942, 967
1 :<CC-;<G<E;<EK 8EK@><E, 951,
967
1 :<CC-@E;<G<E;<EK 8EK@><E, 951,
967
1 CPDG?F:PK<J, 755, 771
1 N8M<, 806, 832
1-KL9LC<, 409
1-KL9LC<J, 384
K8CF:ILI8C AF@EK, 362, 370
K8CLJ, 311, 322
K8I><K <==<:KFI, 614, 641
K8I><K ?<8IK I8K<, 818, 832
K8IJ8C 9FE<, 305, 322
K8JK< 9L;J, 564, 605
K<:KFI@8C D<D9I8E<, 570, 605
K<:KFJG@E8C KI8:K, 597, 605
K<:KLD, 528, 554
K<>D<EKLD, 528, 554
K<C<E:<G?8CFE, 515, 554
K<CF><E, 185, 199
1<CFG?8J<, 116
K<CFG?8J<, 126
K<DGFI8C 9FE<, 245, 280
K<DGFI8C =FJJ8, 243, 280
K<DGFI8C CF9<, 521, 554
K<DGFI8C GIF:<JJ F= K?<
QP>FD8K@: 9FE<, 243, 280
1<DGFI8C JLDD8K@FE, 496
K<DGFI8C JLDD8K@FE, 506
K<DGFI8C M<@E, 892, 912
K<DGFI8C@J, 427, 463
K<DGFIFD8E;@9LC8I AF@EK (1*'),
351, 370
K<E;@EFLJ @EK<IJ<:K@FEJ, 435, 463
K<E;FE, 337, 370
K<E;FE J?<8K?, 338, 370
K<E@8 :FC@, 1075
K<E@8< :FC@, 1053
K<EJFI =8J:@8 C8K8, 450, 463
K<I<J D8AFI, 442, 463
K<I<J D@EFI, 442, 463
&+!"5 1331
K<ID@E8C <C<:KIFE 8::<GKFI, 1089,
1121
K<ID@E8C >8E>C@8, 541, 617, 641
K<ID@E8C >8E>C@FE, 555
K<IK@8IP =FCC@:C<J, 1218, 1235
K<JK<J, 1206, 1235
K<JK@:LC8I 8IK<IP, 881, 912
K<JK@:LC8I M<@E, 897, 912
K<JKFJK<IFE<, 717, 730
K<K8ELJ, 396, 409
1?1 :<CCJ, 945, 967
1?2 :<CCJ, 945, 967
K?8C8DLJ, 486, 506, 526, 555
1?8C8JJ<D@8, 752
K?8C8JJ<D@8, 771
K?<:8 :<CCJ, 1218, 1235
K?<E8I, 445, 463
K?<E8I <D@E<E:<, 446, 463
K?<IDFE<LKI8C, 1111, 1121
K?<IDFI<:<GKFI, 485, 506, 563,
605
K?<IDFI<>LC8K@FE, 1111, 1121
K?@:B =@C8D<EK, 382, 409
K?@>?, 305, 322
K?@E =@C8D<EK, 381, 409
K?@I; M<EKI@:C<, 536, 555
K?@I;-;<>I<< 9LIE, 194, 199
K?FI8:@: 8FIK8, 875, 912
K?FI8:@: :8><, 240, 280
K?FI8:@: :8M@KP, 33, 41
K?FI8:@: :LIM<, 260, 280
K?FI8:@: ;L:K, 923, 967
K?FI8:@: M<IK<9I8<, 266, 280
1?FI8:@: N8CC :FDGC@8E:<, 991
K?FI8:@: N8CC :FDGC@8E:<, 1014
K?FI8:FCLD98I JPJK<D, 613, 641
K?FIFL>?=8I< :?8EE<C, 844, 912
K?I<J?FC;, 485, 506
K?IFD9@E, 761, 771
K?IFD9F:PK<J, 755, 771
K?IFD9F:PKFG<E@8, 756, 771
1?IFD9F:PKFJ@J, 756
K?IFD9F:PKFJ@J, 771
1?IFD9FGF@<K@E, 744
K?IFD9FGF@<K@E, 771
K?IFD9FJ@J, 762, 771
K?IFD9LJ, 762, 771
K?PDF:PK<, 925, 967
K?PDFJ@EJ, 724, 730
K?PDLJ, 724, 730, 926, 967
K?PIF:<IM@:8C 8IK<IP, 877, 912
K?PIF?PF@;, 430, 463
K?PIF@; :8IK@C8><, 978, 1014
K?PIF@; >C8E;, 705, 730
K?PIF@;-JK@DLC8K@E> ?FIDFE<
(10%), 702, 730
K?PIFO@E<, 707, 730
K@9@8, 305, 323
K@9@8C :FCC8K<I8C C@>8D<EK, 358, 370
K@9@8C E<IM<, 546, 555
K@9@8C KL9<IFJ@KP, 310, 322
K@9@8C@J 8EK<I@FI, 453, 463
K@9@8C@J GFJK<I@FI, 454, 463
1@;8C MFCLD< (13), 992
K@;8C MFCLD< (13), 1014
K@>?K ALE:K@FE, 137, 166
K@JJL<, 18, 41, 132, 166
K@JJL< =8:KFI, 760, 771
K@JJL< D<D9I8E<, 135, 166
1@JJL< KPG@E>, 958
K@JJL< KPG@E>, 967
KFE>L<, 1032, 1075
1FEJ@CJ, 929
KFEJ@CJ, 967
KFGF>I8G?@:8C, 580, 605
1FK8C ;<8; JG8:<, 993
KFK8C ;<8; JG8:<, 1014
KFK8C CLE> :8G8:@KP (1)), 992,
1014
1FK8C GI<JJLI<, 997
KFK8C GI<JJLI<, 1014
KFK@GFK<EK, 119, 126, 133, 166
KFK@GFK<EK JK<D :<CC, 742, 771
KI89<:LC8<, 216, 234
KI89<:LC8< :8IE<8<, 789, 832
KI8:?<8, 980, 1014
KI8:?<8C@J DLJ:C<, 980, 1014
KI8:K, 472, 506
KI8@K, 1273, 1283
KI8EJ8D@E8K@FE, 1105, 1121
KI8EJ:I@GK@FE, 109, 126
KI8EJ:I@GK@FE =8:KFI, 120, 126
KI8EJ;L:K@FE, 562, 605
1I8EJ=<I /+A (K/+A), 111
KI8EJ=<I /+A (K/+A), 126
KI8EJ=<II@E, 749, 771
KI8EJ@<EK @J:?<D@: 8KK8:B (1&A),
650, 679, 877, 912
KI8EJ@K@FE8C <G@K?<C@LD, 140, 166
1I8EJC8K@FE, 111
KI8EJC8K@FE, 126
1I8EJGLCDFE8IP GI<JJLI<, 990
KI8EJGLCDFE8IP GI<JJLI<, 1014
KI8EJM<IJ< :FCFE, 1051, 1075
KI8EJM<IJ< =FI8D<E, 264, 280
KI8EJM<IJ< GC8E<, 32, 41
KI8EJM<IJ< GIF:<JJ, 263, 280
KI8EJM<IJ< J@ELJ<J, 534, 555,
893, 913
KI8EJM<IJFJG@E8C<J, 432, 463
KI8EJM<IJLJ 89;FD@E@J, 435, 463
KI8G<Q@LD, 295, 323
KI8G<Q@LJ, 439, 463
KI8G<QF@;, 295, 323
KI<GG<, 396, 409
KI@, 423, 463
KI@8;, 384, 409
KI@:8I9FOPC@: 8:@; :P:C< (1A),
1086, 1121
KI@:<GJ 9I8:?@@, 442, 463
KI@:LJG@; M8CM<, 789, 832
KI@><D@E8C >8E>C@FE, 541, 555
KI@><D@E8C E<IM<, 544, 555
KI@>CP:<I@;<, 71, 82
KI@>CP:<I@;<J, 1098, 1121
KI@>FE<, 1132, 1167
KI@@F;FK?PIFE@E<, 707, 730
KI@D<JK<I, 1283
KI@D<JK<IJ, 1260
KI@GC<K, 108, 126
KI@HL<KILD, 295, 323
KIF:?C<8, 293, 323, 575, 605
KIF:?C<8I E<IM<, 544, 555
KIF:?C<8I EFK:?, 293, 323
KIFG?F9C8JK, 1283
KIFG?F9C8JKJ, 1244
KIFGFDPFJ@E, 381, 409
KIFGFE@E, 381, 409
KIL< C89FI, 1264, 1283
KIL< I@9J, 272, 280
KIL< MF:8C :FI;, 979, 1014
KILE:LJ 8IK<I@FJLJ, 827, 832
KILEB, 872, 913
KIPGJ@E, 1104, 1121
KIPGJ@EF><E, 1104, 1121
KL9<I:C< F= K?< I@9, 272, 280
KL9LCF>CFD<ILC8I =<<;98:B, 1157,
1167
KLE@:8 <OK<IE8, 842, 913
KLE@:8 @EK@D8, 841, 913
KLE@:8 D<;@8, 842, 913
KN@K:?, 394, 409
KPDG8E@: D<D9I8E<, 568, 605
KPG< & 8CM<FC8I :<CC, 983, 1014
KPG< & ?PG<IJ<EJ@K@M@KP, 956, 967
KPG< && 8CM<FC8I :<CC, 983, 1014
1PG< && ?PG<IJ<EJ@K@M@KP, 956
KPG< && ?PG<IJ<EJ@K@M@KP, 967
1PG< &&& ?PG<IJ<EJ@K@M@KP, 956
KPG< &&& ?PG<IJ<EJ@K@M@KP, 967
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LCE8, 292, 323
LCE8I 8IK<IP, 884, 913
LCE8I :FCC8K<I8C C@>8D<EK, 354,
370
LCE8I E<IM<, 546, 555
LCE8I EFK:? F= K?< I8;@LJ, 294,
323
LCE8I KL9<IFJ@KP, 293, 323
LCE8I M<@E, 894, 913
2CKI8JFEF>I8G?P, 38
LCKI8JFEF>I8G?P, 41
2D8D@, 564
LD8D@, 605
LD9@C@:8C 8IK<I@<J, 903, 913
LD9@C@:8C :FI;, 1251, 1283
LD9@C@:8C M<@E, 903, 913
LE@8O@8C AF@EK, 332, 370
1332 &+!"5
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LE@G<EE8K<, 419, 463
2E@GFC8I, 478
LE@GFC8I, 506
LE@GFK<EK, 119, 126
LE@M<IJ8C ;FEFI, 766, 771
LE@M<IJ8C I<:@G@<EK, 766, 771
LGG<I <JFG?8><8C JG?@E:K<I,
1038, 1075
LGG<I DFKFI E<LIFE, 486, 506
LGI<>LC8K@FE, 694, 730
LI<8 :P:C<, 1104, 1121
LI<K?I8, 1131, 1167
2I@E8CPJ@J, 1129
LI@E8CPJ@J, 1167
LIF:?IFD<, 1129, 1167
LIF><E@K8C KI@8E>C<, 438, 463
LK<I@E< KL9<J, 1222, 1235
LK<ILJ, 1223, 1235
LKI@:C<, 572, 605
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M8>@E8, 1216, 1235
M8>LJ E<IM<, 544, 555
M8C<E:< J?<CC, 52, 82
38CJ8CM8`J D8E<LM<I, 1055, 1075
M8CM<, 786, 832
M8I@89C< I<>@FE ;FD8@E, 939, 967
M8I@:FJ@KP, 404, 409, 619, 641
M8J8 I<:K8, 1138, 1167
M8J8 M8JFILD, 840, 913
38J:LC8I J?F:B, 870
M8J:LC8I J?F:B, 913
M8J:LC8I J?LEK, 844, 913
M8J:LC8I JG8JD, 757, 771
M8J:LC8I KFE<, 855, 913
38J:LC8I KL9<J, 903
M8J:LC8I KL9<J, 913
M8J:LC8I KLE@:, 576, 605
M8JF:FEJKI@:K@FE, 842, 913
M8JF;@C8K@FE, 157, 166, 842, 913
M8JFDFK@FE, 844, 913
M8JFDFKFI E<IM<J, 632, 641
M8JKLJ @EK<ID<;@LJ, 452, 463
M8JKLJ C8K<I8C@J, 452, 463
M8JKLJ D<;@8C@J, 452, 463
M<@E, 845, 913
M<EFLJ I<J<IM<, 848, 913
3<EK@C8K@FE, 998
M<EK@C8K@FE, 1014
M<EKI8C, 31, 41
M<EKI8C (8EK<I@FI) :8M@KP, 32
M<EKI8C (8EK<I@FI) E<IM< IFFK, 529,
555
M<EKI8C :8M@KP, 41
M<EKI8C GFJK<I@FI EL:C<LJ, 582,
605
M<EKI8C I<JG@I8KFIP >IFLG (3/$),
994, 1014
M<EKI8C JKI<8D, 591, 605
M<EKI@:C<, 481, 506, 781, 833
M<EKI@:C<J, 536, 555
M<EKI@:LC8I <A<:K@FE G?8J<, 813,
833
M<ELC<, 845, 913
M<ID@J, 673, 679
M<IE@O :8J<FJ8, 1258, 1283
M<IK<9I8, 240, 281
M<IK<9I8C (JG@E8C) :8E8C, 263, 281
M<IK<9I8C 8I:?, 263, 281
M<IK<9I8C 8IK<I@<J, 533, 555
M<IK<9I8C 8IK<IP, 877, 913
M<IK<9I8C :FCLDE, 240, 281
M<IK<9I8C =FI8D<E, 263, 281
M<IK<9I8C M<@E, 890, 913
M<J@:C<, 94, 127
M<JK@9LC8I =FC;, 979, 1015
M<JK@9LC8I >8E>C@FE, 572, 605
M<JK@9LC8I EL:C<@, 584, 605
M<JK@9LC<, 568, 605
M<JK@9LCF-F:LC8I I<=C<O (3,/),
585, 606, 663, 680
M<JK@9LCF:<I<9<CCLD, 673, 680
M<JK@9LCF:F:?C<8I E<IM<, 544, 555
M<JK@9LCFJG@E8C KI8:K, 597, 606
M@CC@, 1048
M@CCLJ, 1075
M@J:<I8C 9I8E:?<J, 879, 913
M@J:<I8C DLJ:C<, 405, 409
M@J:<I8C GC<LI8, 986, 1015
M@J:<I8C I<=C<O, 621, 641
M@J:<I8C J<EJ<, 563, 606
3@J@FE, 575
M@J@FE, 606
M@JL8C 8:L@KP, 577, 606
3@K8C :8G8:@KP (3), 992
M@K8C :8G8:@KP (3), 1015
M@K8D@E !, 190, 199
3@K8D@EJ, 1115
M@K8D@EJ, 1121
M@K@C@>F, 181, 199
M@KI<FLJ ?LDFI, 576, 606
MFCK8><->8K<; :?8EE<C, 489, 506
MFCK8><->8K<; JF;@LD :?8EE<CJ,
384, 409
MFCLEK8IP G?8J<, 1039, 1075
MFD<I 9FE<, 243, 281
MLCM8, 1215, 1235
0
N8M< JLDD8K@FE, 395, 409
4<9<I K<JK, 661, 680
4<IE@:B<`J 8I<8, 655, 680
N?@K< 9CFF; :<CCJ (4BJ), 738,
771
N?@K< D8KK<I, 471, 506
N?@K< I8D@ :FDDLE@:8EK<J, 614,
641
4FC==@8E ;L:K, 1230, 1235
NFIB@E> D<DFIP, 593, 606
NFLE; :FEKI8:K@FE, 157, 166
1
5-C@EB<;, 1276, 1283
5-C@EB<; ;FD@E8EK, 1276, 1283
5-C@EB<; I<:<JJ@M<, 1276, 1283
5-I8P, 34, 41
O@G?F@; GIF:<JJ, 272, 281
2
6<CCFN D8IIFN, 206
P<CCFN D8IIFN, 234
PFCB J8:, 1249, 1283
3
QFE8 =8J:@:LC8K8, 713, 730
QFE8 >CFD<ILCFJ8, 713, 730
QFE8 G<CCL:@;8, 1240, 1283
QFE8 I<K@:LC8I@J, 713, 730
QFE< F= :8C:@=@<; D8KI@O, 223, 235
QFE< F= D8KLI8K@FE 8E;
?PG<IKIFG?P, 222, 235
QFELC< =@9<IJ, 576, 606
QP>8GFG?PJ@8C AF@EKJ, 350, 370
QP>FD8K@: 8I:?, 243, 281
QP>FD8K@: 9FE<, 253, 281
QP>FD8K@: GIF:<JJ F= K?<
K<DGFI8C 9FE<, 243, 281
QP>FK<, 1240, 1283
&+!"5 1333

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