N.B. Research Does NOT Necessarily Produce NEW Products or Ideas. This Is Called The Review of Related Literature

1
Lecture 1: What is Research?

ECNETRE
ANN E. DULAY
01/06/05 Prepared by Ann E. Dulay 2
Research, Defined
A process of scientific thinking that
leads to the discovery or establishment
of new knowledge or truth [!sidro and
Nalolos|
Research, Defined
The systematic study or investigation
of something for the purpose of
answering questions posed by the
researcher [Parel|.
Research, Defined
Scholarly or scientific investigation or
inquiry [American Heritage Dictionary|
Research, Defined
The continuous
discovery and
exploration of the
unknown [Good
and Scates|
N.B. Research does NOT necessarily
produce NEW products or ideas.
What Research is NOT
A research is not a mere compilation of
facts, opinions or ideas.
*This is called the Review of related literature.
2
What Research is NOT
!t is not a summary of a single work.
* The summary of a book is
called a book report.
Classification of Research
1. According to Purpose
2. According to number of proponents
3. According to place or location where
the research will be conducted
1. According to Purpose
1. Basic or Pure Research
no intended application at the time of
conceptualization; e.g relativity theory
2. Applied Research
there is a specified problem; e.g. feasibility study
3. Action Research
development of new skills;
e.g. rescue robots
2. Number Of Proponents
1. !ndividual
Graduate Thesis
Hobbyists
2. Group
Undergraduate Thesis
R 8 D (Research and Development) in a
Company
3. According to Locationfplace
1. Laboratory Research
Experimentation
System Training
2. Field Research
Surveys
Test and Neasurement
Nethods of Research
1. Historical Nethod
2. Descriptive Nethod
3. Analytical Nethod
+. Experimental Nethod
3
Historical Nethod
make an account of past events to
predict the future
Example:
Archaeological research
Descriptive Nethod
a research is carried out by describing
systematically a situation or area
through Surveys, questionnaire,
interviews
Analytical Nethod
uses evidence to analyze facets of an
issue
quantitative, empirical
to analyze means
to break a topic or concept down into its
parts in order to inspect and understand it,
and to restructure those parts in a way that
makes sense to you
Experimental Nethod
also called cause and effect method or
pretest-posttest control group design
attempts to account for the influence of a
factor or factors conditioning a given
situation
Example:
1. The effectiveness of placebo in enhancing the
recovery of a patient.
2. Seeing money changes behavior
Exercise 1
For the following research problems,
identify the methodfs of research that
must be used.
Assignment1: !ndividual
Look for one ECE thesis from the library.
Write the T!TLE and THE STATENENT OF
THE PROBLEN (summary) on a half crosswise
yellow paper.
Write your name, the date of submission, and
the assignment number on the top part of the
paper.
*This is an individual work. Each member in the
group shall have a unique title.
4
Why Conduct a Research?
To comply with a
school requirement.
To solve a problem.
To improve the
quality of life.
To improve the
quality of the
products.
To invent or
produce new quality
products.
To go ahead of competitors.
To gain more profit.
Research Areas in the ECE Dept
Electronics
Systems Group
(ESG)
Communications
Systems Group
(CSG)
Digital Signal
Processing
Group (DSP)
Computing and
!nformation
Technology Group
(C!TG)
Exercise 2
5
Research Process [Dalen|
1. Identification of
the problem
High number of soldering defects in printed circuit
boards. (Research 1)
2. Survey the literature
related to it
1. How much is wasted per
batch of soldering?
2. What solder type is used?
3. What material is used for the PCB?
4. How often is the pallet changed?
(Research 1)
3. Define the actual
problems in clear
specific terms
ocn
To reduce the number of
defects. (Research 1)
4. Formulate testable
hypothesis
1,onc.i. i. v
ncc v..vnion
o vc...
The defect is caused by the existing pallet. (Research 1)
5. State the scope and
delimitations
Delimitations are
what you will
NOT do!
Limitations are the
constraints of the
study.
Scope and Delimitation:
The research will cover only
double sided PCBs. (Research 1)
Limitations:
This study will not use the actual
PCBs used in the industry.
6. Construct the research design (social science)
Research design can be thought of as the structure of
research -- it is the "glue" that holds all of the elements
in a research project together.
It consists of the following design elements:
O observation or measure
X treatment
R random group assignment
N non-equivalent groups
C assignment by cut-off
Time element left to right
3ource:
rllp://WWW.soc|a|researcrrelrods.rel/|o/
des|rlro.rlr
6
Example of Research Design
3ource:
deslypes.rlr
Example of Research Design
Seeing money changes behavior
8ource: http:||www.ch|nada||y.com.cn|wor|d|200-11|17|content_73053.htm
Kathleen vohs conducted a series of nine experiments in which
people were asked to do puzzles or other tasks and
- the behavior of people exposed to money was compared to others
- who were not prompted to think about it.
The two groups acted differently.
Subjects exposed to the idea of money subsequently
- show more self-reliant but also a more self-centered approach to
problem solving than
- subjects exposed to neutral concepts
(Research2)
Types of Research Design
1. Randomized or true experiment
2. Non-equivalent or quasi-experiment
3. Non-experiment
Types of Research Design
Study about how seeing
money changes behavior
Study the effects of a natural
disaster like an earthquake by
interviewing survivors
(Research 4)
Study about how teaching style
of the teacher affects grades of
two groups (section A and B)
(Research 3)
3ource:
deslypes.rlr
7. Specify the data
collection process
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onc o vn..c nc .vcv c.cv.n onc o vn..c nc .vcv c.cv.n onc o vn..c nc .vcv c.cv.n onc o vn..c nc .vcv c.cv.n
qvc.ion., o c. n,onc.c., vnv o qvc.ion., o c. n,onc.c., vnv o qvc.ion., o c. n,onc.c., vnv o qvc.ion., o c. n,onc.c., vnv o
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Source:
http://www.niu.edu/rcrportal/datamanagement/dctopic.html
Two Types of Data
1. Quantitative
Data in the form of numbers
!t relies on random sampling and
structured data collection instrument.
2. Qualitative
data in the form of words
Relies on a less structured data collection
instrument
7
Quantitative Data Collection Nethod
Data gathering strategies include:
1. Experimentsfclinical trials.
2. Observing and recording well-defined events
(e.g., counting the number of cars that pass
through the v. Cruz junction to determine
the traffic mode).
Source:
http://www.achrn.org/quantitative_methods.htm
Quantitative Data Collection Nethod
Data gathering strategies include:
3. Obtaining relevant data from management
information systems.
+. Administering surveys with closed-ended
questions (face-to-face interview, telephone
interview, questionnaires, etc.)
Source:
http://www.achrn.org/quantitative_methods.htm
Qualitative Data Collection Nethod
Strategies:
open-ended and have less structured
protocols
rely more heavily on interactive interviews;
respondents may be interviewed several
times to clarify concepts or check the
reliability of data
Source:
http://www.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/
Qualitative Data Collection Nethod
Strategies:
use triangulation to increase the credibility of
their findings (use of multiple data collection
method)
findings are not generalizable to any specific
population, rather each case study produces
a single piece of evidence that can be used to
seek general patterns among different studies
of the same issue
Source:
http://www.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/
8. Select the methodology
in analyzing the data
1. Descriptive
statistics
2. Relational statistics
3. Inferential statistics
9. Implement the
research plan
1. Purchase/acquire
the equipment.
2. Conduct the
experiments.
3. Calibrate/compare
data with a
standard.
8
10. Evaluate the
results and draw the
conclusion
it has been demonstrated that
violent video games can affect kids
brain physiology and the way the
brain functions
Source: Steven Reinberg, HealthDay Reporter :
http://news.yahoo.com/s/hsn/20061128/hl_hsn/videogameviolen
cegoesstraighttokidsheads
(Research 5)
1. Identification of the
problem
2. Survey the literature
related to it
3. Define the actual
problems in clear
specific terms
4. Formulate testable
hypothesis
5. State the scope and
delimitations
6. Construct the research
design
7. Specify the data
collection process
8. Select the methodology
in analyzing the data
9. Implement the research
plan
10. Evaluate the results
and draw the
conclusion
Inc 1nv.

N.B. Research Does NOT Necessarily Produce NEW Products or Ideas. This Is Called The Review of Related Literature

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N.B. Research Does NOT Necessarily Produce NEW Products or Ideas. This Is Called The Review of Related Literature

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Lecture 1: What is Research?

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