Chapter 1: Introduction: Waves and Phasors

Lesson #1
Chapter Section: Chapter 1
Topics: EM history and how it relates to other fields
Highlights:

EM in Classical era: 1000 BC to 1900

Examples of Modern Era Technology timelines
Concept of fields (gravitational, electric, magnetic)
Static vs. dynamic fields
The EM Spectrum

Special Illustrations:

Timelines from CD-ROM

Timeline for Electromagnetics in the Classical Era

ca. 900
BC

Greek philosopher Thales

describes how amber,
after being rubbed
with cat fur, can pick
up feathers [static
electricity].

ca. 1000 Magnetic compass used as

a navigational device.

1752

Benjamin Franklin
(American) invents the
lightning rod and
demonstrates that
lightning is electricity.

1785

Charles-Augustin de
Coulomb (French) demonstrates that
the electrical force between charges is
proportional to the inverse of the
square of the distance between them.

1800

Alessandro Volta
(Italian) develops the
first electric battery.

1820

ca. 600
BC

Legend has it that while walking

across a field in northern Greece, a
shepherd named Magnus experiences
a pull on the iron nails in his sandals
by the black rock he was standing on.
The region was later named Magnesia
and the rock became known as
magnetite [a form of iron with
permanent magnetism].

Hans Christian Oersted

(Danish) demonstrates the
interconnection between
electricity and magnetism
through his discovery that an electric
current in a wire causes a compass
needle to orient itself perpendicular to
the wire.

Lessons #2 and 3
Chapter Sections: 1-1 to 1-6
Topics: Waves
Highlights:

Wave properties
Complex numbers
Phasors

Special Illustrations:

CD-ROM Modules 1.1-1.9

CD-ROM Demos 1.1-1.3

CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1
Section 1-3: Traveling Waves
Problem 1.1 A 2-kHz sound wave traveling in the x-direction in air was observed to
have a differential pressure p x t
10 N/m 2 at x 0 and t 50 s. If the reference
phase of p x t is 36 , nd a complete expression for p x t . The velocity of sound
in air is 330 m/s.

Solution: The general form is given by Eq. (1.17),

103

0 5 ms.

0 165 m

330
2 103

1 2

up
f

1 f

36 . From Eq. (1.26), T

2x

2t
T

A cos

where it is given that 0

From Eq. (1.27),

pxt

Also, since

t
x
2 103
36
500
165
103 t 12 12x 36
(N/m2 )

(N/m2 )

106

 

32 36 cos 4

32 36 cos 2

32 36 N/m2 . So, with t in (s) and x in (m),




pxt

10 0 31

50 10 6
rad
36
4
5 10
180
A cos 1 26 rad
0 31A

A cos

it follows that A

10 (N/m2 )

50 s

0 t

px

Problem 1.2 For the pressure wave described in Example 1-1, plot
(a) p x t versus x at t 0,
(b) p x t versus t at x 0.
Be sure to use appropriate scales for x and t so that each of your plots covers at least
two cycles.

Solution: Refer to Fig. P1.2(a) and Fig. P1.2(b).

CHAPTER 1

4
p(x,t=0)

p(x=0,t)
10.

8.

8.

6.

6.

Amplitude (N/m2)

12.

10.

4.
2.
0.
-2.
-4.

4.
2.
0.
-2.
-4.

-6.

-6.

-8.

-8.

-10.

-10.

-12.
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00

-12.
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Distance x (m)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Time t (ms)

(a)

(b)

Figure P1.2: (a) Pressure wave as a function of distance at t

wave as a function of time at x 0.

0 and (b) pressure

Amplitude (N/m2)

12.

Problem 1.3 A harmonic wave traveling along a string is generated by an oscillator

that completes 180 vibrations per minute. If it is observed that a given crest, or
maximum, travels 300 cm in 10 s, what is the wavelength?
Solution:
180
3 Hz
60
300 cm
0 3 m/s
10 s
up 0 3
01m
f
3

10 cm

up

Problem 1.4 Two waves, y1 t and y2 t , have identical amplitudes and oscillate at
the same frequency, but y2 t leads y1 t by a phase angle of 60 . If

4 cos 2

103 t

y1 t

write down the expression appropriate for y 2 t and plot both functions over the time
span from 0 to 2 ms.
103 t

60

4 cos 2

y2 t

Solution:

CHAPTER 1

y1 (t)

y2(t)

1 ms

0.5 ms

2 ms

1.5 ms

-2

-4

Figure P1.4: Plots of y1 t and y2 t .

The height of an ocean wave is described by the function

(m)

Determine the phase velocity and the wavelength and then sketch y x t at t
over the range from x 0 to x 2.

Solution: The given wave may be rewritten as a cosine function:

10 47 m

2
06

0 6 rad/m

0 83 m/s

05
06

0 5 rad/s

up

2 f

A cos t

we deduce that

By comparison of this wave with Eq. (1.32),

yxt

0 6x

1 5 cos 0 5t

 

yxt

0 6x

1 5 sin 0 5t

yxt

Problem 1.5

2s

CHAPTER 1

y (/2, t)

1.5
1
0.5
0

-0.5
-1
-1.5

Figure P1.5: Plot of y x 2 versus x.

At t 2 s, y x 2
1 5 sin 1 0 6x (m), with the argument of the cosine function
given in radians. Plot is shown in Fig. P1.5.

A wave traveling along a string in the

x

A cos t

y1 x t

x-direction is given by

Problem 1.6

where x 0 is the end of the string, which is tied rigidly to a wall, as shown in
Fig. 1-21 (P1.6). When wave y1 x t arrives at the wall, a reected wave y2 x t is
generated. Hence, at any location on the string, the vertical displacement y s will be
the sum of the incident and reected waves:

y2 x t

y1 x t

ys x t

(a) Write down an expression for y2 x t , keeping in mind its direction of travel
and the fact that the end of the string cannot move.
(b) Generate plots of y1 x t , y2 x t and ys x t versus x over the range
2 x 0 at t 4 and at t 2.

Solution:
(a) Since wave y2 x t was caused by wave y1 x t , the two waves must have the
same angular frequency , and since y2 x t is traveling on the same string as y1 x t ,

CHAPTER 1

7
y
Incident Wave

x=0

Figure P1.6: Wave on a string tied to a wall at x

0 (Problem 1.6).

the two waves must have the same phase constant . Hence, with its direction being
in the negative x-direction, y2 x t is given by the general form
0

(1)

B cos t

y2 x t

where B and 0 are yet-to-be-determined constants. The total displacement is

B cos t

B cos t

(2)

0, the point at which it is attached to the wall,

A cos t

ys 0 t

Since the string cannot move at x

ys 0 t
0 for all t. Thus,

A cos t

y2 x t

y1 x t

ys x t

(i) Easy Solution: The physics of the problem suggests that a possible solution for
(2) is B
A and 0 0, in which case we have
x

A cos t

(3)

y2 x t

(ii) Rigorous Solution: By expanding the second term in (2), we have

B cos0

This equation has to be satised for all values of t. At t

B sin 0 sin t

B cos 0 cos t

sin t sin 0

or

B cos t cos 0

A cos t

(4)

0, it gives
(5)

CHAPTER 1

8
2, (4) gives

B sin 0

(6)

and at t

Equations (5) and (6) can be satised simultaneously only if

B

(7)

or
0

(8)

B and

0, which is
Clearly (7) is not an acceptable solution because it means that y 1 x t
contrary to the statement of the problem. The solution given by (8) leads to (3).
(b) At t 4,

2x

2x
A cos
4

A cos

Plots of y1 , y2 , and y3 are shown in Fig. P1.6(b).

ys (t, x)

 

A cos t

y2 x t

A cos 4

y1 x t

1.5A
A

y2 (t, x)

-2

y1 (t, x)

-A
-1.5A

t=/4

A cos 2

A sin x

y1 x t

A sin

2x

2,

At t

4.

Figure P1.6: (b) Plots of y1 , y2 , and ys versus x at t

CHAPTER 1

9
A sin x

A sin

A cos 2

2x

y2 x t

Plots of y1 , y2 , and y3 are shown in Fig. P1.6(c).

ys (t, x)

2A

y1 (t, x)

y2 (t, x)

-2

-A

-2A

t=/2

Two waves on a string are given by the following functions:

30x

(cm)

(cm)

4 cos 20t

30x

y2 x t

4 cos 20t

y1 x t

Problem 1.7

2.

Figure P1.6: (c) Plots of y1 , y2 , and ys versus x at t

where x is in centimeters. The waves are said to interfere constructively when their
superposition ys
y1 y2 is a maximum and they interfere destructively when y s
is a minimum.
(a) What are the directions of propagation of waves y 1 x t and y2 x t ?
(b) At t
50 s, at what location x do the two waves interfere constructively,
and what is the corresponding value of ys ?
(c) At t
50 s, at what location x do the two waves interfere destructively,
and what is the corresponding value of ys ?

Solution:
(a) y1 x t is traveling in positive x-direction. y 2 x t is traveling in negative
x-direction.

CHAPTER 1

10

7 61 sin 30x

8 sin 0 4 sin 30x

cos x

3x . Using the

ys

we have

cos 0 4

cos x

30x

2 sin x sin y

4 cos 0 4

y2

(b) At t
50 s, ys y1
formulas from Appendix C,

Hence,

60

n
cm.
30

n, or x

2n, or x

 

0 and it occurs when 30x

2n
30

012
(c) ys min

1, or 30x

7 61

and it occurs when sin 30x

max

ys

cm, where

Problem 1.8 Give expressions for y x t for a sinusoidal wave traveling along a
string in the negative x-direction, given that y max 40 cm, 30 cm, f 10 Hz,
and
(a) y x 0
0 at x 0,
(b) y x 0
0 at x 7 5 cm.

Solution: For a wave traveling in the negative x-direction, we use Eq. (1.17) with
2 f
20 (rad/s), 2 2 0 3 20 3 (rad/s), A 40 cm, and x
assigned a positive sign:

if 0
if 0

20
3 x (cm),
20
3 x (cm),

0 . Hence, 0

 

40 cos 20t
40 cos 20t

40 cos 2

m, y

2
2

if 0
if 0

20
3 x (cm),
20
3 x (cm),

 


2, and

10

(cm)

40 sin 20t
40 sin 20t

7 5 cm = 7 5

yxt

20
x
3

40 cos 20t

yxt

(b) At x
and

 

40 cos 0 . Hence, 0

with x in meters.
(a) y 0 0
0

20
x
3

40 cos 20t

yxt

0 or ,

CHAPTER 1

11

Problem 1.9 An oscillator that generates a sinusoidal wave on a string completes

20 vibrations in 50 s. The wave peak is observed to travel a distance of 2.8 m along
the string in 50 s. What is the wavelength?
Solution:

0 56

28
0 56 m/s
5
25 14m

up T

up

25s

The vertical displacement of a string is given by the harmonic

20x

(m)

6 cos 16t

(m)

yxt

Problem 1.10
function:

50
20

where x is the horizontal distance along the string in meters. Suppose a tiny particle
were to be attached to the string at x 5 cm, obtain an expression for the vertical
velocity of the particle as a function of time.

6 cos 16t

dy x t
dt
x 0 05
96 sin 16t 20x

(m/s)

96 sin 16t

96 sin 16t

x 0 05

u 0 05 t

Given two waves characterized by

3 cos t

y2 t

3 sin t

36

y1 t

Problem 1.11

20x

yxt

Solution:

does y2 t lead or lag y1 t , and by what phase angle?

Solution: We need to express y2 t in terms of a cosine function:

3 cos t

54

3 cos 54

36

3 sin t 36

3 cos
t
2

y2 t

CHAPTER 1

12

Hence, y2 t lags y1 t by 54 .

Problem 1.12 The voltage of an electromagnetic wave traveling on a transmission

line is given by v z t
5e z sin 4 109 t 20z (V), where z is the distance in
meters from the generator.
(a) Find the frequency, wavelength, and phase velocity of the wave.
(b) At z 2 m, the amplitude of the wave was measured to be 1 V. Find .

1
1
ln
2m
5

0 81 Np/m.

5e

108 m/s

10 9 rad/s and
2 GHz; from

(b) Using just the amplitude of the wave,

up

Solution:
(a) This equation is similar to that of Eq. (1.28) with 4

20 rad/m. From Eq. (1.29a), f

2
2 109 Hz
Eq. (1.29b), 2 0 1 m. From Eq. (1.30),

Problem 1.13 A certain electromagnetic wave traveling in sea water was observed
to have an amplitude of 98.02 (V/m) at a depth of 10 m and an amplitude of 81.87
(V/m) at a depth of 100 m. What is the attenuation constant of sea water?

0 18

10

100

ln 1 2

0 18
90

ln 1 2

90

100

10

Hence,

ln 1 2e

 

10

ln e

(Np/m)

 

Taking the natural log of both sides gives

100

1 2e

10

1 20

98 02
81 87

100

or

10

81 87

The ratio gives

e
e

100

Ae

100 m,

98 02

and at z

10 m,

Ae

10

Solution: The amplitude has the form Aez . At z

CHAPTER 1

13

Section 1-5: Complex Numbers

Problem 1.14 Evaluate each of the following complex numbers and express the
result in rectangular form:
(a) z1 4e j 3 ,
3 e j3 4 ,
(b) z2
(c) z3 6e j 2 ,
(d) z4 j3 ,
(e) z5 j 4 ,
1 j 3,
(f) z6
1 j 1 2.
(g) z7

Solution: (Note: In the following solutions, numbers are expressed to only two
decimal places, but the nal answers are found using a calculator with 10 decimal
places.)
2 0 j3 46.
(a) z1 4e j 3 4 cos 3 j sin 3
(b)

j0 45

1 10

j0 38

1 19 0 92

j3

j2

j 8

z2

j sin 3 4

21

Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by

z1

21 4 e

j3 4

cos 3 4

j2

 

j 4 1 2

2e

Problem 1.15

1 2

(g)
z7

j sin 3 2

1.
2 3e

j6.

cos 3 2

j 4 3

2e

j2

1 22

e j3

j1 22

j sin

1 22

e j

2 3

e j

3
4

z6

j sin

6 cos 2
j, or

j j2

j3

j 2

3
4

(e) z5
(f)

z4

6e
j3

3 cos

(c) z3
(d) z4

3 e j3

z2

CHAPTER 1

14

Express z1 and z2 in polar form.

Find z1 by applying Eq. (1.41) and again by applying Eq. (1.43).
Determine the product z1 z2 in polar form.
Determine the ratio z1 z2 in polar form.
Determine z3 in polar form.
1

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Solution:
(a) Using Eq. (1.41),

5e j143 1

j3

j33 7

3 6e

 

j2

z2

z1

(b) By Eq. (1.41) and Eq. (1.43), respectively,

13

3 60

3 60

j2

13

j2 3

z1

32

j2

z1

(c) By applying Eq. (1.47b) to the results of part (a),

18e j109 4

5e j143 1

j33 7

3 6e

 

z1 z2

(d) By applying Eq. (1.48b) to the results of part (a),

0 72e

 

5e j143 1

j176 8

j33 7

3 6e

z1
z2

(e) By applying Eq. (1.49) to the results of part (a),

j3 33 7

3 6 3e

46 66e

 

j101 1

j4, determine the following quantities in polar form:

j33 7

Problem 1.16 If z
(a) 1 z,
(b) z3 ,
(c) z 2 ,
(d)
z ,
(e)
z .

3 6e

z3
1



Solution: (Note: In the following solutions, numbers are expressed to only two
decimal places, but the nal answers are found using a calculator with 10 decimal
places.)

CHAPTER 1

15

(a)

j10

j116 6

z2 and s

z1

z1

z2 , both in polar form,

4 24 e j45

j45

j3

60

45

z2

z1

Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by

j3

52

6e

j30

j1 5

j1 5

 







26

26

3e j90

j1 5

j1 5

26

j3

150

j1 5

 





26

j1 5

52

j1 5

26

26




j1 5

26

j30

26

4 24 e

6 08 e j80 5

j30

30

j3

j6

3e

30

3e

z2

j3

z1

z2

j3

 




z1

Problem 1.18

z2

j3

z1

z2

z1

3e

j30

(d)

z2

3e

89 44 e

z1

30

j30

0 22 e

j116 6

j3

(c)
z2

2
2

z1

z2

(b)

z1

z2

z1

4 47

4 47 e j116 6 3
4 47 3 e j350 0
2 j4
2 j4
4 16 20.
2 j4
4.
2 j4
4 4e j .

Problem 1.17 Find complex numbers t

for each of the following pairs:
(a) z1 2 j3, z2 1 j3,
j3,
(b) z1 3, z2
30 , z2
3 30 ,
(c) z1 3
(d) z1 3 30 , z2 3 150 .
Solution:
(a)

j4

4 47 e j116 6

j4

(b) z3
2
2
(c) z
z z
(d)
z
(e)
z

j4

1
z

CHAPTER 1

16
Determine the product z1 z2 in polar form.
Determine the product z1 z2 in polar form.
Determine the ratio z1 z2 in polar form.
Determine the ratio z1 z2 in polar form.
Determine z1 in polar form.

 

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Solution:
(a) z1 z2 5e j60
2e j45
10e j15 .
j60
j45
(b) z1 z2 5e
2e
10e j105 .
z1 5e j60
(c)
2 5 j105 .
z2
2e j45
z1
z
(d) 1
2 5 j105 .
z2
z2




 

 

  

 

j60

5
3

59

59
180

1 76

j1 03

1 76

j59

229 18

j15 20.

13 13

180

j sin 229 18

j sin 4

e3 cos 4
4
4 rad

20 08 cos 229 18

and

j4

20 09

e3 e

j4

e3

j4, nd the value of ez .

Hence, ez

ez

Solution:

j59

1 76

ln e

ln 5 83

j59

j59

tan

ln 5 83e

If z

e3

5 83e

Problem 1.20

z e j

5 83

ln z

52

32

Solution:
z

j5, nd the value of ln z .

If z

Problem 1.19

j30

5e

5e

z1

(e)

CHAPTER 1

17

Section 1-6: Phasors

Problem 1.21 A voltage source given by vs t

25 cos 2 103 t 30 (V) is
connected to a series RC load as shown in Fig. 1-19. If R 1 M and C 200 pF,
obtain an expression for vc t , the voltage across the capacitor.

Solution: In the phasor domain, the circuit is a voltage divider, and

103 rad/s, so

j81 5

10

15 57e

200

12

25e j30 V
1 j2 5

25e j30 V
103 rad/s
106

j 2

V with

Vs
1 jRC

Vc

j30

25e

1 jC
R 1 jC

Now Vs

Vs

Vc

V.

Converting back to an instantaneous value,

103 t

81 5

15 57 cos 2

t 81 5

15 57e j

Vc e jt

where t is expressed in seconds.

vc t

Problem 1.22 Find the phasors of the following time functions:

3 cos t 3 (V),
(a) v t
(b) v t
12 sin t 4 (V),
(c) i x t
2e 3x sin t 6 (A),
2 cos t 3 4 (A),
(d) i t
(e) i t
4 sin t 3 3 cos t 6 (A).

cos 2

3x

12 cos t




3 A

j 3

2e




2e

cos t

3x

6 A

3x

2e

sin t

12 cos 2

4 V,

3x

2e

it








Solution:
(a) V 3e j 3 V.
(b) v t
12 sin t
V 12e j 4 V.
(c)

CHAPTER 1

18
(d)

7 cos t


6

3 cos t




3 cos t

3 cos t

j 4

2e

j 6

7e

4 cos t

3 cos t

4 cos

j j3 4

4 cos 2

2e

4 sin t

2e

3 4

it

j3 4

(e)

2 cos t

it

Problem 1.23 Find the instantaneous time sinusoidal functions corresponding to

the following phasors:
5e j 3 (V),
(a) V
j6e j 4 (V),
(b) V
(c) I
6 j8 (A),

(d) I
3 j2 (A),

(e) I j (A),

(f) I 2e j 6 (A).

146 31

3 61 cos t

3 61 e j146 31 e jt

3 61 e j146 31

A.

j2

it

53 1

(d)
I

10 cos t

10e j53 1 A

j8 A

6e j

4 V

it

4 2

j2 3

(c)

6e j

5e

6 cos t

j 4

vt

j6e

2 3 V

(b)

5 cos t

5e j

vt

5e j

Solution:
(a)

CHAPTER 1

19

(e)

6 A

2 cos t

sin t A

2e j 6 e jt

it

2e j

cos t

(f)

e j 2 e jt

 

e j

it

Problem 1.24 A series RLC circuit is connected to a generator with a voltage

vs t
V0 cos t 3 (V).
(a) Write down the voltage loop equation in terms of the current i t , R, L, C, and
vs t .
(b) Obtain the corresponding phasor-domain equation.
(c) Solve the equation to obtain an expression for the phasor current I.

Vs(t)

Figure P1.24: RLC circuit.

10x

2 sin 4t

yxt

(cm)

A wave traveling along a string is given by

CV0 e j 3
RC j 2 LC

V0 e j 3
j L 1 C

Problem 1.25

Vs
j L 1 C

I
jC

jLI

(c) I

RI

(b) In phasor domain: Vs

i dt

1
C

di
dt

Ri

Solution:
(a) vs t

CHAPTER 1

20

where x is the distance along the string in meters and y is the vertical displacement.
Determine: (a) the direction of wave travel, (b) the reference phase 0 , (c) the
frequency, (d) the wavelength, and (e) the phase velocity.
Solution:
(a) We start by converting the given expression into a cosine function of the form
given by (1.17):

yxt
2 cos 4t 10x
(cm)
2
Since the coefcients of t and x both have the same sign, the wave is traveling in the
negative x-direction.
(b) From the cosine expression, 0
2.
(c) 2 f 4,
f 4 2 2 Hz

0 4 (m/s).

0 2 m.

2 10

02

(e) up

10,

(d) 2

Problem 1.26 A laser beam traveling through fog was observed to have an intensity
of 1 (W/m2 ) at a distance of 2 m from the laser gun and an intensity of 0.2
(W/m2 ) at a distance of 3 m. Given that the intensity of an electromagnetic
wave is proportional to the square of its electric-eld amplitude, nd the attenuation
constant of fog.
Solution: If the electric eld is of the form

cos2 t

cos2 t

2x

10

02

10

(W/m2 )
6

(W/m2 )

 

I0 e

3m

I0 e

at x

We observe that the magnitude of the intensity varies as

2m

at x

where we dene I0
I0 e 2x . Hence,

2
E0 .

cos t

2x

2
E0 e

I0 e

I xt

or

E0 e

then the intensity must have a form

I xt

cos t

E0 e

E xt

CHAPTER 1

21

08

(NP/m)

e6

 

Complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by

3

j2

z2

z1

Problem 1.27

10 6
0 2 10
e2 5

I0 e
I0 e

j2

Determine (a) z1 z2 , (b) z1 z2 , (c) z2 , and (d) z1 z1 , all all in polar form.
1


j tan


j63 4

5e

j63 4

12

65 e j82 9

4e

5e

13 e j146 3

13 e j146 3

33 7

180

12

j tan

(b)

j33 7

z1 z2

13 e j

j2

13 e

22 e

z2

32

j2

z1

j67 4

13e

e j292 6

j360

13e

13e j292 6

e j146 3

13

z2
1

13 j82 9
e
5

(c)

13 e j146 3
5 e j63 4

z1
z2

Solution:
(a) We rst convert z1 and z2 to polar form:

CHAPTER 1

22
(d)

3e j 6 , nd the value of ez .

26

e j1 5

j0 98

j13 43

The voltage source of the circuit shown in the gure is given by

104 t

45

25 cos 4

vs t

(V)

Problem 1.29

13 46 0 07

0 95

j sin 1 5

e2 6 cos 1 5

e2 6

j1 5

j3 sin 6

j1 5

e2 6

3 cos 6

ez

3e j

Solution:

If z

Problem 1.28

j146 3

13

13 e

13 e j146 3

z1 z1

Obtain an expression for iL t , the current owing through the inductor.

R1

A
iL

iR 2

+
vs(t)

R2
R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 , L = 0.4 mH

Solution: Based on the given voltage expression, the phasor source voltage is
j45

(V)

25e

Vs

(9)

The voltage equation for the left-hand side loop is

R2 iR2

R1 i

vs

(10)

CHAPTER 1

23

For the right-hand loop,

L

iR2

diL
dt

(11)

R2 iR2
and at node A,

iL

(12)

Vs

(13)

Next, we convert Eqs. (2)(4) into phasor form:

jLIL

(14)

IR2

(15)

IL

R2 IR2

R2 IR2

R1 I

Upon combining (6) and (7) to solve for IR2 in terms of I, we have:
jL
I
R2 jL

(16)

IR2

Substituting (8) in (5) and then solving for I leads to:

jR2 L
I Vs
R2 jL
jR2 L
I R1
Vs
R2 jL
R1 R2 jR1 L jR2 L
I
Vs
R2 jL
R2 jL
I
Vs
R1 R2 jL R1 R2

(17)

R1 I

Combining (6) and (7) to solve for IL in terms of I gives

R2
R2 jL
jL
R1 R2 jL R1
R2
Vs
R1 R2
jL R1 R2

R2

IL

R2

Combining (9) and (10) leads to

(18)

R2
I
R2 jL

IL

Vs

CHAPTER 1

24

Using (1) for Vs and replacing R1 , R2 , L and with their numerical values, we have

 

 

104 t

98 1

(A)

0 75 cos 4

IL e jt

iL t

j45

Finally,

30
25e
20 30 j4 104 0 4 10 3 20 30
30 25
e j45
600 j800
75
7 5e j45
0 75e j98 1 (A)
e j45
6 j8
10e j53 1

IL