1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
Bom
bardm
ent
Bom
bardm
ent
with energetic
with energetic
particles
particles
Nuclear
Nuclear
fusion
fusion
Nuclear
Nuclear
fission
fission
CHAPTER 14: Nuclear reaction
CHAPTER 14: Nuclear reaction
(2 Hours)
(2 Hours)
Four types of Four types of
nuclear reaction: nuclear reaction:
is defined as a is defined as a
physical process physical process
in which there is a in which there is a
change in identity change in identity
of an atomic of an atomic
nucleus nucleus.
Radioactiv
Radioactiv
e decay
e decay
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

State State the conservation of charge ( the conservation of charge (Z Z and nucleon and nucleon
number ( number (A A in a nuclear reaction! in a nuclear reaction!

"rite and complete "rite and complete the e#uation of nuclear reaction! the e#uation of nuclear reaction!

$alculate $alculate the energy liberated in the process of nuclear the energy liberated in the process of nuclear
reaction reaction
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14.1 Nuclear reaction (1 #our)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
3
'(!'!' $onservation of nuclear reaction

An% nuclear reaction !ust o'e%e$ conser(ation laws state$

'elow:

Conser(ation o) relati(istic ener*% (inetic an$ rest

ener*ies):

Conser(ation o) linear !o!entu!:

Conser(ation o) an*ular !o!entu!:

'(!' Nuclear reaction

energy ic relativist
reaction before

energy ic relativist
reaction after

momentum linear
reaction before

momentum linear
reaction after

momentum angular
reaction before

momentum angular
reaction after

PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
4

Conser(ation o) c#ar*e (ato!ic nu!'er Z):

Conser(ation o) !ass nu!'er A:

Howe(er+ it is (er% #ar$ to o'e% all t#e conser(ation laws.

A number mass
reaction before

A number mass
reaction after

Z number atomic
reaction before

Z number atomic
reaction after

Note: Note:
T#e !ost important important o) conservation laws conservation laws s#oul$ 'e obeyed obeyed
'% e(er% nuclear reaction are conservation of charge conservation of charge (atomic atomic
number number )an$ o) mass number mass number.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
5

Ener*% is release$ (li'erate$) in a nuclear reaction in t#e )or! o)

)inetic energy of the particle emitted )inetic energy of the particle emitted+ t#e )inetic energy of )inetic energy of
the daughter nucleus the daughter nucleus an$ t#e energy of the gamma*ray energy of the gamma*ray
photon photon t#at !a% acco!"an% t#e reaction.

T#e ener*% is calle$ t#e reaction ,R $isinte*ration ener*% (Q).

It !a% 'e calculate$ '% )in$in* t#e !ass $e)ect o) t#e reaction
w#ere

T#e reaction ener*% Q is t#e ener*% e-ui(alent to t#e !ass

$e)ect m o) t#e reaction+ t#us
'(!'!+ Reaction energy (Q
( )
2
c m Q

nucleus of mass
reaction after products

defect Mass
nucleus of mass
reaction before

f i
m m m
('(!' ('(!'
('(!+ ('(!+
Speed of light in vacuum Speed of light in vacuum
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
6

is $e)ine$ as the phenomenon in which an unstable nucleus the phenomenon in which an unstable nucleus
disintegrates to ac#uire a more stable nucleus without disintegrates to ac#uire a more stable nucleus without
absorb an e,ternal energy absorb an e,ternal energy.

T#e disintegration is spontaneous disintegration is spontaneous an$ !ost co!!onl%

in(ol(es t#e e!ission o) an al"#a "article ( ,R )+ a
'eta "article ( ,R ) an$ *a!!a.ra% ( ,R ). It
also release an ener*% Q nown as disintegration energy disintegration energy.
'(!'!- Radioactivity decay
Note: Note:

I) t#e (alue o)

m m ,R Q Q is positive positive+ t#e reaction is calle$

e,othermic (e,oergic e,othermic (e,oergic in w#ic# t#e energy released energy released in t#e
)or! t#e inetic ener*% o) t#e "ro$uct.

I) t#e (alue o)

m m ,R Q Q is ne*ati(e+ t#e reaction is calle$

endothermic (endoergic endothermic (endoergic in w#ic# t#e energy need to be energy need to be
absorbed absorbed )or t#e reaction occurre$.
He
4
2

0
0
e
0
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
7
Poloniu! nucleus $eca%s '% al"#a e!ission to lea$ nucleus can 'e
re"resente$ '% t#e e-uation 'elow:
Calculate
a. t#e ener*% Q release$ in /e0.
'. t#e wa(elen*t# o) t#e *a!!a.ra% "ro$uce$.
(1i(en !ass o) Po.212+ m
Po
2211.34445 u 6 !ass o) P'.274+
m
Pb
2278.38994 u an$ !ass o) "article + m

24.7729 u)
Solution : Solution :
E:a!"le 1 :
Q + + He Pb Po
4
2
208
82
212
84
Q + + He Pb Po
4
2
208
82
212
84
before before
decay decay
after after
decay decay
$eca%


f i
Z Z


f i
A A an$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
8
Solution : Solution :
a. T#e !ass $e)ect ($i))erence) o) t#e reaction is *i(en '%
T#e ener*% release$ in t#e $eca% reaction can 'e calculate$ '%
usin* two !et#o$:
' '
st st
method: method:

f i
m m m
( )

m m m +
Pb Po
( ) 0026 . 4 !664 . 20! 888" . 211 +
u 10 61 .
#
m
( )( )
2! #
10 66 . 1 10 61 .

m
$g 10 ""# . 1
2

$g 10 66 1 u 1
2!
.
( )( )
2
8 2
10 00 . # 10 ""# . 1

Q
% 10 4#6 . 1
12
Q
( )
2
c m Q
in )g in )g
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
9
Solution : Solution :
a. T#us t#e ener*% release$ in /e0 is

+ +
nd nd
method: method:
Me& 8 . 8 Q
1#
12
10 60 . 1
10 4#6 . 1

Q
% 10 60 1 Me& 1
1#
.
( )
2
c m Q
Me& " . 8 Q
2
2
u 1
Me&' " . #1
c
c
m
1
]
1

,
_

2
Me&' " . #1 u 1 c
in u in u
( )
2
2
#
u 1
Me&' " . #1
u 10 61 . c
c
1
1
]
1

,
_

PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
10
Solution : Solution :
'. T#e reaction ener*% Q is release$ in )or! o) *a!!a.ra% w#ere
its wa(elen*t# can 'e calculate$ '% a""l%in* t#e Planc;s
-uantu! t#eor%:
Q
hc
E

Q
hc

( )( )
12
8 #4
10 4#6 . 1
10 00 . # 10 6# . 6

m 10 # . 1
1#

Note: Note:
T#e radioactive decay only occurred radioactive decay only occurred w#en t#e (alue o)

m m
,R Q Q is positive positive.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
11
A nicel.99 nucleus $eca%s to a new nucleus '% e!ittin* a
'eta "article.
a. <rite an e-uation to re"resent t#e nuclear reaction.
'. I) t#e new nucleus )oun$ in "art (a) #as t#e ato!ic !ass o)
95.3244 u an$ t#e ato!ic !ass )or nicel.99 is 95.3231 u+ w#at
is t#e !a:i!u! inetic ener*% o) t#e e!itte$ electron=
(1i(en !ass o) electron+ m
e
25.43 17
4
u an$ c 2>.77 17
4
! s
1
)
Solution : Solution :
a. Nuclear reaction e-uation !ust o'e% t#e conser(ation o) ato!ic
nu!'er an$ t#e conser(ation o) !ass nu!'er.
E:a!"le 2 :
Q + +

e ( )i
0
1
66
2
66
28
$eca%
( ) )i
66
28
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
12
Solution : Solution :
'. 1i(en
T#e !ass $e)ect ($i))erence) o) t#e reaction is *i(en '%
I) t#e reaction ener*% is co!"letel% con(ert into t#e inetic
ener*% o) e!itte$ electron+ t#ere)ore t#e !a:i!u! inetic ener*%
o) t#e e!itte$ electron is *i(en '%
f i
m m m
( )
e ( )i
m m m +
( )
4
10 4 . " 284 . 6" 21 . 6"

+
u 10 "1 . 1
4
m
u 284 . 6" * u 21 . 6"
( )i
m m
( )( )( )
2
8 2! 4
10 00 . # 10 66 . 1 10 "1 . 1

% 10 26 . 2
14
ma+

K
Q K
ma+
( )
2
c m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
13
Ta'le 14.1 s#ows t#e (alue o) !asses )or se(eral nucli$es.

?iscuss w#et#er it is "ossi'le )or to e!it s"ontaneousl% an
al"#a "article.
Solution : Solution :
I) e!its an al"#a "article+ t#e $eca% woul$ 'e re"resente$ '%
Since t#e total !ass a)ter t#e reaction is *reater t#an t#at 'e)ore t#e
reaction+ t#ere)ore t#e reaction $oes not occur.
E:a!"le > :
Nucli$e /ass (u)
4.7729
22.3434
29.3415
He
4
2
,l
2!
1#
)a
2#
11
.able '(!' .able '(!'
,l
2!
1#
,l
2!
1#
,l
2!
1#
)a
2#
11
+
He
4
2
+/!01'2 u +/!01'2 u ++!0101 u ++!0101 u (!33+/ u (!33+/ u
+/!00+( u +/!00+( u
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
14

is $e)ine$ as an induced nuclear reaction that does not an induced nuclear reaction that does not
occur spontaneously4 it is caused by a collision between a occur spontaneously4 it is caused by a collision between a
nucleus and an energetic particles such as proton, neutron, nucleus and an energetic particles such as proton, neutron,
alpha particle or photon alpha particle or photon.

Consi$er a 'o!'ar$!ent reaction in w#ic# a tar*et nucleus (

is 'o!'ar$e$ '% a "article ++ resultin* in a $au*#ter nucleus -+
an e!itte$ "article y an$ reaction ener*% Q:
so!eti!es t#is reaction is written in t#e !ore co!"act )or!:

T#e calculation o) reaction ener*% Q #as 'een $iscusse$ in

section 14.1.2.
'(!'!( Bombardment with energetic particles
Q + + + - y + (
( ) - y +. ( daughter nucleus daughter nucleus target (parent target (parent
nucleus nucleus
bombarding bombarding
particle particle
emitted emitted
particle particle
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
15

E:a!"les o) 'o!'ar$!ent reaction:

Q + + + H / He )
1
1
1!
8
4
2
14
!
( ) / p . )
1!
8
14
!

Q + + + He 0i n 1
4
2
!
#
1
0
10
"
,R
Q + + He 2 H 0i
4
2
1
1
!
#
( ) He . p 0i
4
2
!
#

( ) 0i . n 1
!
#
10
"

,R
,R
A nitro*en nucleus is con(erte$ into an o:%*en nucleus
an$ a "roton i) it is 'o!'ar$e$ '% an al"#a "article carr%in* certain
a!ount o) ener*%.
a. <rite $own an e:"ression )or t#is nuclear reaction+ s#owin* t#e
ato!ic nu!'er an$ t#e !ass nu!'er o) eac# nucli$e an$
"article e!itte$.
'. Calculate t#e !ini!u! ener*% o) t#e al"#a "article )or t#is
reaction to tae "lace.
(1i(en m
p
27.198>5 17
29
*6 m

27.99499 17
29
* 6 !ass o)
nitro*en nucleus + m
)
22.>25>7 17
29
*6 !ass o) o:%*en nucleus+
m
/
22.42242 17
29
* 6 c 2>.77 17
4
! s
1
)
E:a!"le 4 :
)
14
!
/
1!
8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
16
Solution : Solution :
a. T#e e:"ression re"resents t#e nuclear reaction is
'. T#e !ass $e)ect o) t#e reaction is
T#ere)ore t#e !ini!u! ener*% o) t#e al"#a "article )or t#is
reaction to tae "lace is
)
14
!
/
1!
8
+
Q +
H
1
1
+ He
4
2
f i
m m m
( ) ( )
H / He )
m m m m + +
$g 10 1 . 2
#0
m
( )
26 26
10 66466 . 0 10 #2"#0 . 2

+
( )
26 26
10 16!#" . 0 10 82282 . 2

+
Q K
min
( )
2
min
c m K
( )( )
2
8 #0
10 00 . # 10 1 . 2

% 10 8 . 1
1#
min

K
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
17
E:ercise 14.1 :
1i(en c 2>.77 17
4
! s
1
+ m
n
21.77498 u+ m
"
21.77842 u+
1. Co!"lete t#e )ollowin* ra$ioacti(e $eca% e-uations :
a.
'.
c.
$.
e.
).
[ ] He 1e
4
2
8
4
+
[ ] 1a 2r Po
1#
"6
!
#8
240
4
+ +
( ) [ ] n # 3 4
1
0
1#1
"#
2#6
2
+ +
[ ] e )a
0
1
2
11
+

[ ] 2c 2c
4!
21
4!
21
+

[ ] 5a 6
40
20
40
1
+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
18
E:ercise 14.1 :
2. Calculate t#e ener*% release$ in t#e al"#a $eca% 'elow:
(1i(en !ass o) @.2>4+ m
4
22>4.757849 u 6 !ass o) T#.2>4+

m
78
22>4.74>54> u an$ !ass o) "article + m

24.77297> u)
ANS! : ANS! : /!15 /!15 '3 '3
'- '-
6 6
>. T#e )ollowin* nuclear reaction is o'taine$ :
?eter!ine t#e !ass o) in ato!ic !ass unit (u).
(1i(en t#e !ass o) nitro*en nucleus is 14.77>784 u)
ANS! : ANS! : '(!33-15+ u '(!33-15+ u
Q + + He 78 4
4
2
2#4
0
2#8
2
Me& "" . 0 H 5 n )
1
1
14
6
1
0
14
!
+ + +
5
14
6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
19
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

7istinguish 7istinguish the processes of nuclear fission and the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion! fusion!

8,plain 8,plain the occurrence of fission and fusion in the form the occurrence of fission and fusion in the form
of graph of binding energy per nucleon! of graph of binding energy per nucleon!

8,plain 8,plain chain reaction in nuclear fission of a nuclear chain reaction in nuclear fission of a nuclear
reactor! reactor!

7escribe 7escribe the process of nuclear fusion in the sun! the process of nuclear fusion in the sun!
%earning &utcome:
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14.2 Nuclear )ission an$ )usion (1 #our)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
20
'(!+!' Nuclear fission

is $e)ine$ as a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus
splits into two lighter nuclei that are almost e#ual in mass splits into two lighter nuclei that are almost e#ual in mass
with the emission of neutrons and energy with the emission of neutrons and energy.

Nuclear fission Nuclear fission releases an a!ount o) ener*% t#at is greater greater
than than t#e ener*% release$ in chemical reaction chemical reaction.

Ener*% is release$ 'ecause t#e average binding energy per average binding energy per
nucleon of the fission products is greater than that of the nucleon of the fission products is greater than that of the
parent parent.

It can 'e $i(i$e$ into two t%"es:

spontaneous fission spontaneous fission A (er% rarel% occur.

induced fission induced fission A 'o!'ar$in* a #ea(% nucleus wit# slow

neutrons or t#er!al neutrons o) low ener*% (a'out 17
2
e0).
T#is t%"e o) )ission is t#e i!"ortant "rocess in t#e ener*%
"ro$uction.
'(!+ Nuclear fission and fusion
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
21
n
1
0

4
2#6
2
0a
148
"!
1r
8"
#"
4
2#"
2
n
1
0
n
1
0
n
1
0

Bor e:a!"le+ consi$er t#e 'o!'ar$!ent o) '% slow

neutrons. ,ne o) t#e "ossi'le reaction is
T#e reaction can also 'e re"resente$ '% t#e $ia*ra! in Bi*ure
14.1.

,t#er "ossi'le reactions are:

4
2#"
2
Q + + + +

n # 0a 1r 4 n 4
1
0
148
"!
8"
#"
2#6
2
1
0
2#"
2
Nucleus in the e,cited state! Nucleus in the e,cited state!
Figure '(!' Figure '(!'
Q + + + +

n # (e 2r 4 n 4
1
0
1#
"4
4
#8
2#6
2
1
0
2#"
2
Q + + + +

n # 1a 6r 4 n 4
1
0
144
"6
8
#6
2#6
2
1
0
2#"
2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
22

/ost o) t#e )ission )ra*!ents ($au*#ter nuclei) o) t#e uraniu!.

2>5 #a(e !ass nu!'ers )ro! 03 to '33 03 to '33 an$ )ro! '-2 to '(2 '-2 to '(2 as
s#own in Bi*ure 14.2.
Figure '(!+ Figure '(!+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
23
Calculate t#e ener*% release$ in /e0 w#en 27 * o) uraniu!.2>5
un$er*oes )ission accor$in* to
(1i(en t#e !ass o) @.2>5 22>5.74>3> u+ !ass o) neutron
21.77498 u+ !ass o) Cr.43 244.31859 u+ !ass o) Da.144
214>.3228> u an$ N
,
29.72 17
2>
!ol
1
)
Solution : Solution :
T#e !ass $e)ect ($i))erence) o) )ission reaction )or one nucleus @.
2>5 is
E:a!"le 5 :
Q + + + + n # 1a 6r n 4
1
0
144
"6
8
#6
1
0
2#"
2
f i
m m m
( ) ( )
n 1a 6r n 4
#m m m m m + + +
u 186# . 0 m
( ) + 0086! . 1 04## . 2#"
( ) 0086! . 1 # 22!# . 14# 1!"6 . 88 + +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
24
Solution : Solution :
T#e ener*% release$ corres"on$s to t#e !ass $e)ect o) one @.2>5
is
2>5 17
>
* o) uraniu!.2>5 contains o) 9.72 17
2>
nuclei
27 * o) urainu!.2>5 contains o)
T#ere)ore
Ener*% release$
'% 27 * @.2>5
( )
2
c m Q
Me& 1!4 Q
( )
2
2
u 1
Me&' " . #1
u .186# 0 c
c
1
1
]
1

,
_

nuclei 10 12 . "
2"

( )
2#
#
10 02 . 6
10 2#"
20

,
_

( )( ) 1!4 10 12 . "
2"

Me& 10 1 . 8
2!

PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
25
A uraniu!.2>5 nucleus un$er*oes )ission reaction '% 'o!'ar$in* it
wit# a slow neutron. T#e reaction "ro$uces a strontiu!.37 nucleus

+ a nucleus E an$ t#ree )ast neutrons.
a. <rite $own t#e e:"ression re"resents t#e )ission reaction.
'. I) t#e ener*% release$ is 217 /e0+ calculate t#e ato!ic !ass o)
nucleus E.
(1i(en t#e !ass o) @.2>5 22>5.74>3> u+ !ass o) neutron
21.77498 u an$ !ass o) Sr.37 243.37885 u)
Solution : Solution :
a. T#e e:"ression re"resents t#e )ission reaction is
E:a!"le 9 :
( ) 2r
0
#8
Q + + + + n # ( 2r n 4
1
0
14#
"4
0
#8
1
0
2#"
2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
26
Solution : Solution :
T#e ener*% release$ o) 217 /e0 e-ui(alent to t#e !ass $e)ect )or
@.2>5 is
T#ere)ore t#e ato!ic !ass o) t#e nucleus E is *i(en '%
( )
2
c m Q
u 22"44 . 0 m
( )
2
2
u 1
Me&' " . #1
210 c
c
m
1
1
]
1

,
_

f i
m m m
( ) ( )
n ( 2r n 4
#m m m m m m + + +
u 8#4 . 142
(
m
( ) + 0086! . 1 04## . 2#" 22"44 . 0
( ) 0086! . 1 # 0!!" . 8
(
+ + m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
27

is $e)ine$ as a nuclear reaction that is self* a nuclear reaction that is self* sustaining as a sustaining as a
result of the products of one fission reaction initiating a result of the products of one fission reaction initiating a
subse#uent fission subse#uent fission reaction reaction.

Bi*ure 14.> s#ows a sc#e!atic $ia*ra! o) t#e c#ain reaction.

'(!+!+ $hain reaction
Figure '(!- Figure '(!-
Sti!ulation 14.1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
28

Bro! Bi*ure 14.>+ one neutron initiall% causes one )ission o) a

uraniu!.2>5 nucleus+ t#e two or t#ree neutrons release$ can *o
on to cause a$$itional )issions+ so t#e "rocess !ulti"les.

T#is reaction o'(iousl% occurre$ in nuclear reactor.

$onditions to achieve chain reaction $onditions to achieve chain reaction in a nuclear reactor :

Slow neutrons Slow neutrons are 'etter at causin* )ission A so uraniu!

are !i:e$ wit# a !aterial t#at $oes not a'sor' neutrons 'ut
slows t#e! $own.

T#e )issile !aterial !ust #as a critical si9e critical si9e w#ic# is $e)ine$
as the minimum mass of fissile material that will sustain the minimum mass of fissile material that will sustain
a nuclear chain reaction where the number of neutrons a nuclear chain reaction where the number of neutrons
produced in fission reactions should balance the produced in fission reactions should balance the
number of neutron escape from the reactor core number of neutron escape from the reactor core.

T#e uncontrolle$ c#ain reactions are use$ in nuclear wea"ons A

ato!ic 'o!' (Bi*ure 14.4).

T#e controlle$ c#ain reactions tae "lace in nuclear reactors

(Bi*ure 14.5) an$ release ener*% at a stea$% rate.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
29
Figure '(!( Figure '(!( Figure '(!2 Figure '(!2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
30

is $e)ine$ as a type of nuclear reaction in which two light a type of nuclear reaction in which two light
nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of
large amounts of energy large amounts of energy.

T#e ener*% release$ in t#is reaction is calle$ t#er!onuclear

ener*%.

E:a!"les o) )usion reaction releases t#e ener*% are

T#e two reactin* nuclei in )usion reaction a'o(e t#e!sel(es

#a(e to 'e 'rou*#t into collision.

As 'ot# nuclei are "ositi(el% c#ar*e$ t#ere is a stron*

re"ulsi(e )orce 'etween t#e!+ w#ic# can onl% 'e o(erco!e
i) t#e reactin* nuclei #a(e (er% #i*# inetic ener*ies.

T#ese #i*# inetic ener*ies i!"l% te!"eratures o) t#e or$er

o) 17
4
C.
'(!+!- Nuclear fusion
Q + + + n He H H
1
0
#
2
2
1
2
1
Q + + + H H H H
1
1
#
1
2
1
2
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
31

At t#ese ele(ate$ te!"eratures+ #owe(er )usion reactions

are sel) sustainin* an$ t#e reactants are in )or! o) a "las!a
(i.e. nuclei an$ )ree electron) wit# t#e nuclei "ossessin*
su))icient ener*% to o(erco!e electrostatic re"ulsion )orces.

T#e nuclear )usion reaction can occur in )usion 'o!' an$ in t#e
core o) a star.

?euteriu!.tritiu! )usion is ot#er e:a!"le o) )usion reaction

w#ere it can 'e re"resente$ '% t#e $ia*ra! in Bi*ure 14.9.
H
2
1
?euteriu!
Busion
reaction
Tritiu!
H
#
1
Al"#a "article
He
4
2
Neutron
n
1
0
Q + + + n He H H
1
0
4
2
#
1
2
1
Sti!ulation 14.2
Figure '(!/ Figure '(!/
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
32
A )usion reaction is re"resente$ '% t#e e-uation 'elow:
Calculate
a. t#e ener*% in /e0 release$ )ro! t#is )usion reaction+
'. t#e ener*% release$ )ro! )usion o) 1.7 * $euteriu!+
(1i(en !ass o) "roton 21.778425 u+ !ass o) tritiu! 2>.719743 u
an$ !ass o) $euteriu! 22.714172 u)
Solution : Solution :
a. T#e !ass $e)ect o) t#e )usion reaction )or 2 $euteriu! nuclei is
E:a!"le 8 :
H H H H
1
1
#
1
2
1
2
1
+ +
( ) ( )
p 7 9 9
m m m m + +
u 10 ## . 4
#
m
( ) ( ) 00!82" . 1 01604 . # 014102 . 2 014102 . 2 + +
f i
m m m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
33
Solution : Solution :
a. T#ere)ore t#e ener*% release$ in /e0 is
'. T#e !ass o) 2 $euteriu! nuclei is 4 17
>
*.
4 17
>
* o) $euteriu! contains o) 9.72 17
2>
nuclei
1.7 * o) $euteriu! contains o)
T#ere)ore
Ener*% release$ )ro!
1.7 * $euteriu!
( )
2
c m Q
Me& 0# . 4 Q
( )
2
2
#
u 1
Me&' " . #1
u 10 ## . 4 c
c
1
1
]
1

,
_

nuclei 10 "0" . 1
26

( )
2#
#
10 02 . 6
10 4
0 . 1

,
_

( )( ) 0# . 4 10 "0" . 1
26

Me& 10 0! . 6
26

PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
34

T#e sun is a s!all star w#ic# *enerates ener*% on its own '%
!eans o) nuclear )usion in its interior.

T#e )uel o) )usion reaction co!es )ro! t#e "rotons a(aila'le in

t#e sun.

T#e "rotons un$er*o a set o) )usion reactions+ "ro$ucin*

isoto"es o) #%$ro*en an$ also isoto"es o) #eliu!. Howe(er+ t#e
#eliu! nuclei t#e!sel(es un$er*o nuclear reactions w#ic#
"ro$uce "rotons a*ain. T#is !eans t#at t#e "rotons *o t#rou*#
a c%cle w#ic# is t#en re"eate$. Decause o) t#is "roton."roton
c%cle+ nuclear )usion in t#e sun can 'e sel) sustainin*.

T#e set o) )usion reactions in t#e "roton."roton c%cle can 'e

illustrate$ '% Bi*ure 14.8.
'(!+!( Nuclear fusion in the sun
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
35

T#e a!ount o) ener*% release$ "er c%cle is a'out 25 /e0.

Nuclear )usion occurs in t#e interior o) t#e sun 'ecause t#e

te!"erature o) t#e sun is (er% #i*# (a""ro:i!atel% 1.5 17
8
C).
Q v + + + + e H H H
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Q + + + He H H
#
2
1
1
2
1
Q + + + + H H He He He
1
1
1
1
4
2
#
2
#
2
neutrino neutrino
positron (beta plus positron (beta plus
Figure '(!5 Figure '(!5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
36

Ta'le 14.2 s#ows t#e $i))erences 'etween )ission an$ )usion

reaction.

T#e similarity similarity 'etween t#e )ission an$ )usion reactions is 'ot#
reactions produces energy produces energy.

1ra"# o) 'in$in* ener*% "er nucleon a*ainst t#e !ass nu!'er

in Bi*ure 14.4 is use$ to e:"lain t#e occurrence o) )ission an$
)usion reactions.
'(!+!2 $omparison between fission and fusion
.able '(!+ .able '(!+
Fission Fusion
S"littin* a #ea(% nucleus into two
s!all nuclei.
Co!'ines two s!all nuclei to )or!
a lar*er nucleus.
It occurs at te!"erature can 'e
controlle$.
It occurs at (er% #i*# te!"erature
(17
4
C).
Easier to controlle$ an$
sustaine$.
?i))icult to controlle$ an$ a
sustaine$ controlle$ reaction #as
not %et 'een ac#ie(e$.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
37
/ass nu!'er A
D
i
n
$
i
n
*

e
n
e
r
*
%

"
e
r

n
u
c
l
e
o
n

(
/
e
0
&
n
u
c
l
e
o
n
)
:reatest stability :reatest stability
Figure '(!1 Figure '(!1
Fusion Fusion
Fission Fission
T#e rising part rising part o) t#e 'in$in* ener*% cur(e
s#ows t#at ele!ents wit# low mass low mass
number can produce energy by fusion number can produce energy by fusion.
T#e falling part falling part o) t#e 'in$in* ener*% cur(e
s#ows t#at (er% heavy elements heavy elements suc# as
uraniu! can produce energy by fission produce energy by fission o)
t#eir nuclei to nuclei of smaller mass number nuclei of smaller mass number.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
38
E:ercise 14.2 :
1i(en c 2>.77 17
4
! s
1
+ m
n
21.77498 u+ m
"
21.77842 u+
1. Co!"lete t#e )ollowin* nuclear reaction e-uations:
a.
'.
c.
$.
e.
2. Calculate t#e ener*% release$ in Foule )or t#e )ollowin* )usion
reaction:
(1i(en t#e !ass o) $euteriu! 2>.>45 17
28
*+ !ass o) tritiu!
25.774 17
28
*+ !ass o) He 2 9.948 17
28
* an$ !ass o)
neutron 21.985 17
28
*)
ANS! : ANS! : +!1 +!1 '3 '3
'+ '+
6 6
[ ] He He 0i
4
2
#
2
6
#
+ +
[ ] H H )i
1
1
2
1
"8
28
+ +
[ ] n " (e n 4
1
0
1#8
"4
1
0
2#"
2
+ + +
( ) 5 :::: . 1e
12
6

4

( ) ) p . n :::::
16
!
n He H H
1
0
4
2
2
1
2
1
+ +
39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 14
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 15 :
Ra$ioacti(it%