The Style of Official Documents

Substyles Function Features Examples

.The language of business
documents,

.The language of legal
documents,

.That of diplomacy,

.That of military documents.


1.The main aim of this type
of communication is to
state the conditions
binding two parties in an
undertaking:between state
and citizens; a society and
its members.

1. The most striking,though not
the most essential feature ,is a
special system of clich,terms
and set expressions by which
each substyle can be easily
recognized.
2. The use of abbreviations
,conventional symbols an
contractions.
(this ia a common feature to all
these varieties)
3. Another feature is the use of
words in their logical dictionary
meaning.

4. Words with emotive meaning
are also not to be found in this
style.

5. A general syntactical mode of
combining several
pronouncements into one

. I beg to inform you;
. I beg to move;
. Dear Sir;
. your obedient servants;
.yours faithfully

.M.P.(Member of
Parliament) ;
. Gvt(government).


sentence.
Publicistic Style
Substyle Function Features Examples


1.The general aim is to
exert a constant and deep
influence on public
opinion(to convince the
reader or the listener that
the interpretationgiven by
the writer or the speaker is
the only correct one)


1.Publicistic style has features in
common with the style of
scientific prose,on the one hand
,and that of emotive prose,on the
other .

2.Its coherent and logical
syntactical structure ,with an
expanded system of connectives
and its careful paragraphings
,makes it similar to scientific
prose.

3.Its emotional appeal is generally
achieved by the use of words with
emotive meaning ,the use of
imagery and otherstylistic devices
as in emotive prose.
4.Is also characterized by brevity
of expression.



1.Oratorical style

1.Brain-washing
function,for here the most
powerful instrument of
persuasion is brought into
play: the human voice.

1. Direct addres to the audience;
2. The use of colloquial words;
3. This style is evident in speeches
on political and social problems of
the day
. in orations and addresses on
solemn occasions as public
weddings ,funerals and jubilees ,
in sermons and debates and also
in the speeches of counsel and
judges in courts of law.

5.The stylistic devices employed
in oratorical style are determined
by the conditions of
communication.

6.Repetition can be regarded as
the most typical stylistic device of
English oratorical style. Almost
any piece of oratory will have
parallel constructions, anthitesis,
suspense, climax ,rhetorical
questions and questions-in-the-
narrative.
7.Special obligatory forms to open
up and end an oration.

Ladies and
gentlemen,honourable
members..













. It is high time






.My Lords;Mr.
President;Your Worship;
Ladies and Gentlmen.


8. At the end of his speech the
speaker usually thanks the
audience for their attention by
saying.
9. Expressions of direct addres
can be repeated in the course of
the speech and may be expressed
differently

.Thank you,Thank you very
much.

.Dear friends, my friends


2.The Essay


. The Essay is a literary
composition of moderate length
on philosophical , social ,aesthetic
or literary subjects.

. An Essay is rather a series of
personal and witty comments
than a finished argument or a
conclusive examination of any
matter.

1. The most characteristic
language features of the
essay,however ,remain:
1) brevity of expression, reaching
in good writers a degree of
epigrammaticalness;

2) the use of the first person
singular ,which justifies a
personal approach to the
problems treated;
3) a rather expanded use of
connectives ,which facilitate the
process of grasping the
correlation of ideas;
4) the abundant use of emotive
words;
5) the use of similes and
sustained metaphors as one of the
media for the cognitive process .

2. The essay in our days is often
biographical ;persons, facts and
events are taken from life.
. These essys differ from those of
previous centuries-their
vocabulary is simpler and so is
their logical structure
and argumentation.


3.The Article


1. The character of the magazine
as well as the subject chosen
affects the choice and use of
stylistic devices.


2. Words of emotive meaning ,are
few ,if any,in popular scientific
articles.


3.Their exposition is more
consistent and the system of
connectives more
expanded than in a satirical
article.

4. The language of political
magazine
article differ little from that of
newspaper articles.

5. Such elements of publicistyc
style as
rare and bookish words
,neologisms traditional word
combinations and parenthesis are
more frequent here than in
newspaper articles









The Belles-Lettres Style
Substyle Function Features Examples

1.The language of
poetry.
2.Emotive prose(the
language of fiction)
3.The language of the
drama









.The common function or also
called aesthetic-cognitive. This
is a double function which aims
at the cognitive process ,which
secures the gradual unfolding of
the idea to the reader and at the
same time calls forth a feeling of
pleasure

.The purpose of the belles-
lettress style is to suggest a
possible interpretation of the
phenomena of life by forcing
the reader to see the viewpoint
of the writer.This is the cognitive
function of the belles lettress
style

The linguistic features of the belles
lettress are:
1.Genuine ,not trite ,imagery ,achieved
by purely linguistic devices.

2.The use of words in contextual and
very often in more than one dictionary
meaning,or at least greatly influenced by
the lexical environment.

3.A vocabulary which will reflect to a
greater or lesser degree the authors
personal evaluating of things or
phenomena.
4.A peculiar individual selection of
vocabulary and syntax ,a kind of lexical
and syntactical idiosyncrasy .

5.The introduction of the typical features

























of colloquial language to a full degree (in
plays)or a lesser one in emotive
prose)or a slight degree ,if any(in
poems).





1.Language of Poetry
.verse










a)compositional Patterns of
Rhythmical Arrangement
Metre and Line









Its first differentiating property is its
orderly form,which is based mainly on
the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement
of the utterances.

.Rhythm and rhyme are immediately
distinguishable properties of the poetic
substyle.
.The various compositional forms of
rhyme and rhythm are generally studied
under the terms versification or prosody.

.The most observable and widely
recognized compositional patterns of
rhythm ,making up classical verse ,are
based on:
1.alternation of stressed and unstressed
syllables,
2.equilinearity,that is,an equal number
of syllables in the lines,
3.a natural pause at the end of the line
,the line being a more or less complete
semantic unit ,
4.identity of stanza pattern,
5.established patterns of rhyming.























































.There are all kind of deviations from
these rules ,some of them are going so
far that classical poetry ceases to be
strictly classical and becomes what is
called free verse.
.English verse ,like all verse,
emanated from song.Verse assumes an
independent existence only whwn it
tears itself away from song.
.English versification is called
qualitative. In classic English verse
,quantity is taken into consideration only
when it is a matter of the number of feet
in a line. That is why classic English
verse is called syllabo-tonic. Two
parameters are taken into account in
defining the measure:Lthe number of
syllables (syllabo) and the distribution
of stress(tonic).
English metrical patterns:
1.Iambic metre, in which the unstressed
syllable is followed by a stressed one .
2.Trochaic metre,where the order is
reversed ,a stressed syllable is followed
by one unstressed.
3.Dactylic metre one stressed syllable is
followed by two unstressed.
4.Amphibrachic metre-one stressed
syllable is framed by two unstressed.

5.Anapaestic metre-two unstressed
syllables are followed by one stressed.




















1.Oh let me true in love but
truly write.
2.Would you ask me whence
these stories

3.Cannon to right of them
Cannon to left of them
4.O,where are you going to all
you Big steamers.

5.Do you ask what the birds
say?The Sparrow,the dove





























These arrangements of qualitatively
different syllables are the units of the
metre ,the repetition of which makes
verse.
One unit is called a foot.
If the line consists of only one foot it is
called a monometer; two feet is a
detemeter; three trimeter; four-
tetrameter ;five-pentameter; six-
hexameter; seven- septameter; eight-
octameter.
.English verse is predominantly iambic.
1.The first modification when the stress
is lifted from a syllable on which the
language will not allow stress is called a
pyrrhic foot.
2.The second modification of the
rhythmical pattern is the intrusion of a
trochee into an iambic metre or of an
iambus into a trochaic one ,and is called-
rhythmic inversion.
3.The third modification is the insertion
of a foot of two stressed syllables,called
a spondee.
The spondee as a rhythmic modifier,is
always used to give added emphasis.
4.The fourth modifier has to do with the
number of syllables in the line.
A line with a missing syllable is called
hypometric line.
A line with an extra syllable is called
hypermetric.
.The fifth departure from the norms of






























1.Fair is proud Seville ;ler her
country boast
2.Her strength ,her wealth,her




























classic verse is enjambment ,or the run-
on line.This term is used to denote the
transfer of a part of a syntagm from one
line to the following one.
The essence of enjambment is the
violation of the concordance between
the rhythmical and the syntactical unity
in a line of verse.
Enjambment throws a part of the
syntagm over the second line,thus
causing the pause to grow smaller and
the juncture closer.
The Stanza is the largest unit in verse.It
is composed of a number of lines
havinga definite measure and rhyming
system which is repeated throughout the
poem.
Specialists divide the development of
stanza into two periods: the first is the
periods:
1)The period of ChaucersCanterbury
Tales.
2)Marlowe,Chapman and other
Elisabethan poets.

1)The heroic couplet a stanza that
consists two iambic pentameters with
the rhyming pattern aa.

2.The Spencerian stanza,named after
Edmund Spencer,the 16
th
century poet
who first used this type of stanza in his
Fairy Queene.It consists of nine lines
site of ancient days;(Byrons
Child Harolds Pilgrimage)



















.Then flashed the living
lightning from her eyes
And screams of horror rent the
affrighted skies.
Byrons Childe Harold






.Byron :Beppo andDon Juan





b)Lexical and Syntactical
Features of Verse
,the first eight of which are iambic
pentameters and the ninth is one foot
longer.The rhyming scheme is
ababbcbcc.
3. The stanza ottava rima .It is composed
of eight iambic pentameters,the rhyming
scheme being abababcc.This type of
stanza was borrowed from Italian poetry
,16 th century.
4.Ballad stanza- an alternation of iambic
tetrameters with iambic dimeters and
the rhyming scheme is abcb.
5.One of the most popular stanzas,which
bears the name of stanza only
conventionally ,is the sonnet. The
Engl.sonnet is composed of fourteen
iambic pentameters :ababcdcdefefgg.
The Engl.sonnet was borrowed from
Italian poetry.

.Lexical and syntactical peculiarities ,will
present the substyle as a stylistic entity.
.Thsese properties and features of
poetry:
- they are rich in associative power;
- they are frequent in occurrence;
- they become part and parcel of the
substyle because they are the media
through which the idea and feeling are
conveyed to the reader.That is why they
may be called internal features.
.The image ,as a purely linguistic notion
,is something that must be decoded by







.The Shaksperean sonnets

























the reader.
. Images form a linguistic point of view
are mostly built on metaphors
,metonymy and simile. Images may be
divided into three categories: two
concrete(visual,aural), and one
abstract(relational).
. Visual images are the easiestof
perception in as much as they are
readily caught by what is called the
mental eye.Visual images are shaped
through concrete pictures of objects ,the
impression of which is present in our
mind.
Onomatopoeia will build an aural image
in our mind ,it will make us hear the
actual sounds of nature or things.
. A relational image is one that shows the
relation between objects through
another kind of relation ,and the two
kind of relations will secure a more
exact realization of the inner
connections between things or
phenomena.

. Another feature of the poetical substyle
is its volume of emotional colouring .The
emotional element is characteristic of
the belles-lettres style in general.The
degree of emotivness in works of belles-
lettress depends on the idiosyncrasy of
the writer.
.The rhythmic and phonetic arrangement,

and then my state ,
Like to the Lark at break of day
arising
From sullen
earth(Shakspeare)
.How the water comes down
at Ladore.

Men of England ,Heirs of
Glory,
Heroes of unwritten story.
(Shelley)



which is the most characteristic feature
of the substyle ,remains its essence.
.The colloquial elements still remain
essentially unimportant and,were quite
alien to the style.
.Poetic language remains and will always
remain a specific mode of
communication differing from prose.
The poetic words and phrases ,peculiar
syntactical arrangement ,orderly
phonetic and rhythmical patterns have
long been the signals of poetic language.
.The liberalization of poetic language
reflects the general struggle for a freer
development of the literary language ,in
contrast to the rigorous restrictions
imposed on it by the language law givers
of the 18th century.





2.Emotive Prose


1.The imagery is not so rich as it is in
poetry;
2.the idiosyncrasy of the author is not so
clearly discernible;
3.what most of all distinguishes emotive
prose form the potic style is the
combination of the literary variant of the
language ,both in words and syntax ,with
the colloquial variant. It would perhaps
be more exact to define this as a
combination of the spoken and written
varieties of the language ,in as much as
there are always two forms of
communication present monologue(the















writers speech)and dialogue(the speech
of the characters).
4.Emotive prose allows the use of
elements from other styles as well. But
all these styles under the influence of
emotive prose undergo a kind of
transformation.
Emotive prose as a separate form of
imaginative literature ,that is fiction
,came into being rather late in the
history of the Enhlish literary language.
It is well known that in early Anglo-
Saxon literature there was no emtive
prose.
. The first emotive prose which appeared
was translations from Latin of stories
from the Bible and the Lives of Saints.
. Emotive prose actually began to
assume a life of its own in the second
half 15
th
century(romances and
chronicles describing the life and
adventures of semi-legendary kings and
knights ).

.With the coming of the16th
century,numerous translations from
Latin to Greek played a great role in
helping to work out stylistic norms for
the emotive prose of that period
.The 17
th
century saw a considerable
development in emotive prose and in
prose as a whole. It was an epoch of
great political and religious strife ,and















Malorys Morte
DArthur,printed by Caxton
1471(romance)



John Lyly Euphues ,the
Anatomy of Wit



John Bunyan The Pilgrims
Progress





much that was written had a publicistic
aim.

.The main peculiarities of the style of
emotive prose of the puritan trend stand
out clearly:
-Simplicity in choice of words and in
syntax is the predominant feature of the
language of this type of emotive prose.
-The speech of the characters is mainly
shaped in the form of indirect discourse.
-When direct speech appears ,it is
arranged as in a play,that is,the speaker
is indicated by giving his full name or its
contracted form at the beginning of a
line.

.There was also a third trend in emotive
prose which began to develop in the 17
th

century.
This trend is responsible for the
introduction into writing of common
words and phrases known as
colloquialisms.
Thomas Sprat raised his voice against
luxury and redundance of speech.

.The influence of John Dryden on both
emotive prose and publicistic prose
,which began to develop rapidly in the
18
th
century,was felt throughout the
century. Dryden has been called the
father of literary criticism.

































The features of Drydens prose are:
clarity,simplicity of sentence structure ,
lack of ornament,fluency and rhythm.
.Eighteenth century. The
motto of this trend may be expressed by
the phrase call a spade a spade. By this
phrase the adherents of the realistic
trend in literature ,and in emotive prose
in particular ,expressed the idea that all
things should be called by their right
names, that the writers should use
plain,blunt words.

Men of-letters as Defoe,Swift and
Fielding who created fascinating novels
,most of which are still reckoned among
the masterpieces of English literature.
. The aim of this new school of writers
was to make the language clear ,precise
and well-balanced,and moderate.They
developed a manner of writing which by
its strength ,simplicity ,and
directness,was admirably adapted to
ordinary every-day needs.
. Another stylistic feature of emotive
prose of the 18
th
century is a peculiar
manner of conveying the impression
that the event narrated actually
occurred, that the narrative possessed
authenticity
.The narrative itself is generally
impassionate ,devoid of any emotional
elements ,with strict observance of


















Daniel Defoe Robinson
Crusoe(novel)
Joseph Addison and Richard
Steele The Tatler,The
Spectator(essays)
syntactical rules govering the structure
of the sentence.

.Laurence Sterne with his Tristram
Shandy contributed greatly to this
process. Sterne thought that the main
task of emotive prose was: to depict
the inner world of man,his ever
changing mood.
With Sterne ,emotive prose began to
use a number of stylistic devices which
practically determined many of its
characteristic features.

Nineteenth century
emotive prose can already be regarded
as a substyle of belles-lettres,complete
in its most fundamental properties as
they are described at the beginning of
this chapter.
.A new feature begin to establish itself as
a property of emotive prose alone,what
may be called multiplicity of style.






3.Language of the

. The language of play is entirely
dialogue .
. But the language of the characters is in
no way the exact reproduction of the
norms of colloquial language ,although
the playwright seek to reproduce actual
conversation as far as the norms of the
written language will allow.
. The language of play is always

Drama
stylized,it strives to retain the modus of
literary English.
. The stylization of colloquial language is
one of the features of plays whicg at
different stages in the history of English

drama has manifested itselfin different
ways ,revealing on the one hand the
general trends of the literary language
,and on the other hand the personal
indiosyncrasies of the writer.
. In the 16
th
century the stylization of
colloquial language was scarcely
mentained due to several facts : plays
were written in haste for the companies
of actors eagerly waiting for them ,and
they werw written for a wide audience
,mostly the common people.
. The 16
th
century plays are mostly
written in iambic pentameter ,rhymed
and unrhymed .The plays of this period
therefore were justly called dramatic
poetry.
. The breaking of the regularity and
strictness of the rhythmical design
became one of the characteristic
features of the language of dramatic
poetry.
. A popular form of entertainment at the
courts of Elisabeth and the Stuarts was
the masque. These performances were
short sketches with allusions to Greek
and Latin mythology ,allegoric in nature
,frequently accompanied by song and
music and performed by the nobility.
These masques are believed to be the
earliest forms of what is now known as
spoken drama.
. But the drama of the seventeenth
century still holds fast to poetic diction
and up to the decline of the theatre
which was caused by the Puritan
Government Act of 1642,a spoken drama
as we know it today had not seen the
stage.
. The revival of drama began only in the
second half of the 18
th
century .But the
ultimate shaping of the play as an
independent form of literary work with
its own laws of functioning ,with its own
characteristic language features was
actually completed only at the end of the
19
th
century.









Newspaper Style
Substyle Function Features Examples



























.The primary function of
newspaper style is to impart
information,only printed
matter serving this purpose
comes under newspaper style.



.The newspaper also seeks to
influence influence public
opinion on political and other
matter.



.English newspaper style may be
defined as a system of interrelated
lexical ,phraseological and grammatical
means,serves the purpose of informing
and instructing the reader.
. English newspaper writing dates from
the 17
th
century.At the close of 16
th

century short pamphlets began to
appear.

.The first of any regular series of
English newspaper was:
.With the introduction of a strict
licensing system many sheets were su
pressed,and the Gouvernment,in its
turn,set a paper of its own-The London
Gazette, published on February 5,1666.
.The first English daily newspaper- the
Daily Courant,brought out on March
11,1702. The early English newspaper
was principally a vehicle of information.
Commentary as a regular feature found
its a way into the newspaper later.

.At the middle of 18
th
century the







Newe newes,containing a short
rehearsal of Stukelys and
MoricesRebbelion(1579)
.Weekly News(May 23,1622)










































British newspaper was very much like
what as it is today,carrying on its pages
news,both foreign and domestic
,advertisements,announcement and
articles containing comments.
. English literary language language is
characterized- by a definite
communicative aim and its own
definite system of language means.
.The printed matter can be classed as:
1).brief news itemsand communiqus,
2).press reports ,
3).articlespurely informational in
character,
4).advertisments and announcements.
.The most concise form of newspaper is
the headline.
. Elements of appraisal may be
observed in the very selection and way
of presentation of news ,in the use of
specific vocabulary:

.The principal vehicle of interpretation
and appraisal is the newspaper article.
. It is necessary to note that such
articles are an intermediate
phenomenon characterized by a
combination of styles- the newspaper
style and the publicistic style .They may
considered hybrids.

The basic newspaper feature:

















.allege and claim
1.brief news items

.The main function is to inform
the reader.
.It states only facts without
giving comments

.Newspaper style has its specific
vocabulary features and is
characterized by:
a)Special political and economic terms,

b)Non-term political vocabulary,
c)Newspaper clichs
Clichees more than anything else
reflect the traditional manner of
expression in newspaper writing.
d)Abbreviations.Among
themabbreviated terms-names of
organization,public and state
bodies,political associations,industrial
and other companies ,various offices.
e) Neologisms.These are very common
in newspaper vocabulary.
The vocabulary of brief news items is
generally devoid of any emotional
colouring.
.The size of brief news items varies
from one sentence to several
paragraphes.And generally ,the shorter
the news item,the more complex its
syntactical structure.
Specific word order.Newspaper
tradition,coupled with the rigid rules of
sentence structure in English,has
greatly affected the word order of brief
news items.





Socialisms,constitution,president,by-
election
.public,people,progressive.
.vital-issue,pressing problem,danger
of war,well-informed sources.


.UNO(United NationsOrganization)
TUC(Trades Union
Congress),NATO(North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation).

.sputnik,a splash-down,frontlash
.The headline is the title given to a news

2.The headline
.The main function of the
headline is to inform the
reader briefly of what the
news that follow is about.
item or a news paper article.Sometimes
headlines contain elements of
appraisal.
In most of the English and American
newspaper sensational headlines are
quite common.
.The vocabulary groups considered in
the analysis of brief news items are
commonly found in headlines.But
unlike news,headlines also contain
emotionally coloured words and
phrases as the italicized words:
Other stylistic devices are not
infrequent in headlines ,for eg,the pun;
-alliteration

. the basic language peculiarities of
headlines ,however ,lie in their
structure.Syntactically headlines are
very short sentences or phrases of a
variety of patterns:
a)Full declarative sentences:

b)Interogative sentences,
c)Nominative sentences,
d)Elliptical sentences: a) with an
auxiliary omitted,
b) with the subject omitted,

e) Seantences with articles omitted,

f)Phrases with verbals:
a)infinitive,







.UNWILLING FLUNKEYS(Daily
Herald)

.(And what about Watt-The
Observer)

.(eg.Miller in Maniac Mood-The
Observer)





They Threw Bombs on Gipsy
Sites(Morning Star).
.Do you love war?(Daily World)
.Gloomy Sunday(The Guardian)
.Initial report not expected until
June(The Guardian).
. stole luxury cars by photos(Daily
Worker).
.Frogman finds girl in river (Daily
Worker)

.To get US aid(Morning Star)


g)Questions in the form of statements,
h) Complex sentences,




i)Headlines including direct speech:
a)introduced by a full sentence,

.The worse the better(Daily World)
.Senate Panel Hears Board of
Military Experts Who Favoured
Losing Bidder(The New York
Times).

.Prince Richard says:I was not in
trouble(The Guardian).










3.Advertisments and
Annoncemetns

The function is to inform the
reader.

There are two basic types of
advertisements and announcements in
the modern English newspaper:
a)classified, and b)non-classified.
. In classified advertisements and
announcements various kinds of
information are arranged according to
subject-matter into sections,each
bearing an appropriate name.
In the Times, for eg.

.For the separate (non-
classified)advertisements and
announcements,the variety of language
form and subject matter is great.The
readers attention is attracted by every
possible means
:typographical,graphical and
stylistic,both lexical and syntactical.
Here there is no call for brevity,as the
advertiser may buy as much space as
he chooses.






.Births ,Marriages,Deaths..



4. The Editorial

The function of the editorial is
to influence the reader by
giving an interpretation of
certain facts.

.Editorials, are an intermediate
phenomenon bearing the stamp of both
the newspaper style and the publicistic
style.

.Editorials appealnot only to the
readers mind but to his feelings as
well.
. The use of emotionally-coloured
language elements, both lexical and
structural.


. The language of editorial articles is
characterized by a combination of
different strata of vocabulary ,which
enhances the emotional effect.
.Editorials abound in trite stylistic
means,especially metaphors and
epithets:

.Practically any stylistic device may be
found in editorial writing.
.The emotional force of expression in
the editorial is often enhanced by the
use of various syntactical stylistic
devices.Some editorials abound in
parallel construction ,various types of
repetition,rhetorical questions and
other syntactical stylistic means.
.Original forms of expression and fresh







.The long suffering British
housewife needs a bottomless purse
to cope with this scale of
inflation(Daily Mirror)
.




.international climate,a price
explosion,a price spiral.
genuine stylisyic means are
comparatively rare in the newspaper
articles ,editorials included.



Scientific Prose Style
Substyle Function Features Examples

The aim of the functional style
of scientific prose ,is to prove a
hypothesis,to create new
concepts,to disclose the
internal laws of existence
,development,relations
between different phenomena.

The language means
used,therefore ,tend to be
objective,precise,unemotional

.The most noticeable feature of this style
is the logical sequence of utterances with
clear indication of their interrelations
and interdependence.
. A second and no less important
feature,is the use of terms specific to each
given branch of science.
No other field of human activity is so
profilic in coining new words as science
is.
.Words used in scientific prose will



















,devoid of any individuality. always tend to be used in their primary
logical meaning .Hardly a single word will
be found here ,in contrast to the belles-
lettres style ,is used in more then one
meaning . Nor will there be any words
with contextual meaning.Even the
possibility of ambiguity s avoided.
A new term in scientific prose is
generally followed by an explanation.
. Likewise neutral and common literary
words used in scientific prose will be
explained by a parenthesis ,or an
attributive phrase,either in the context or
in a foot-note.

. In modern scientific prose an
interesting phenomenon can be
observed-the exchange of terms between
various branches of science.
.A third characteristic feature of
scientific style is what we may call
sentence-patterns.They are of three





























.Then acid was taken



types: postulatory ,argumentative and
formulative.
. A fourth observable feature of the style
of modern scientific prose ,and one that
strikes the eye of the reader,is the use of
quotations and references. The references
also have a definite compositional
pattern,namely ,the name of the writer
reffered to,the title of the work quoted
the publishing house, the place and year
it was published ,and the page of the
excerpt quoted or referred to.

.A fifth feature of scientific style ,which
makes it distinguishable from other
styles ,is the frequent use of foot-notes .
. The impersonality of scientific writings
can also be considered a typical feature of
this style.This quality is mainly revealed
in the frequent use of passive
constructions.


.It should be pointed out,
It must not be assumed
. Impersonal passive constructions are
frequently used with the verbs
suppose,assume,presume,conclude,infer..
The passive constructions frequently
used in the scientific prose of the exact
science are not indispensable in the
Humanities .

However emotivness is not entirely or
categorically excluded from scientific
prose.There may be hypotheses
,pronouncements and conclusion
which,being backed up by strong belief
,therefore call for the use of some
emotionally coloured words.