8/158/17

Britishpaying3xtaxesofcolonists
ThesunneversetsonGreatBritainRudyardKipling
Roanokeexpedition
o 15851590BayoftheChesapeake
o firstcolonists
o namedafterJamesI,ledbyRaleigh
o failed
VirginiaCompany
o CreatedbyHouseofStewart(JamesI)
o TransactionwealthbetweenEnglandandthecolonies
o SoldstockstoBritishtofundexpeditions
o Sought:fur(blackbear,beaver),lumber,pitch,tar(madefrompitch)
o ResourcesforboathullstradewithSpain
Jamestown
o Dec20,1606
o 100settlers,4boys,3ships
o AllGentryupperclass,refusedtowork
o Beganlookingforslaves,layingseedforslavetrade
o May23,1607endofJamestown
o NativeAmericansPowhatan
Conquerinvaders
Takewomenandchildren,killmen
o CaptainJohnSmith(ColdstreamGuards)
fighter,diplomat
bridgedgapw/NativeAmericansmarriedPocahontas
1609wenthome(gunpowderexplosion)
Martiallaw(loserights,militaryincharge)
o 16091610winter
500settlers5060
VirginiaCompany
o 16188yearsreforms(attractcapitalandrevenuemoreimmigrants)
o Headrightsystem
Existingcolonists100acres
Immigrants50acres
Landownerpaysforimmigrant50acres
LandproductsellbacktoEnglandprofitforVirginiaCompany
o VirginiaReforms
Nomoremartiallaw
22Plots(Burgesses)2farmers/plantersperplotgeneralassemblyinJamestown
HouseofBurgesses(alsojudicialcourt)
Aug1619firstmet
Composedofwealthiestlandowners(ruleagainstpoorfarmers)
Housesuccessful,judicialfails
1700sreformsbring130000to150000newimmigrants
Immigrantshadnowealth/skill(learnonown)
6:1mentofendoffNativeAmericans
IndianConfederacy
o OpechancanoughofPamunkey
o 16221/5settlerskilled
StewartfamilysendslargestmilitaryincursioninAmerica
o 1624settlersstilldying
VirginiaCompanydissolveddirectcontrol
Maryland
o Newsettlement
o FundedbyCalvertfamily(Catholic)
Take10milacresforthemselves
CreatePlantersCouncilunconditionalcontrol
o AnglicanChurchofEngland
CreatedbyHenryVIII
o Calvertsstartgrowingstapleproducts(tobacco,rye,rice,barley,corn)
o Beyondcontrolofcrowneconomicbattle
8/19
JamesI
o Believedhewasordainedbygodtobemonarch
o Parliamentwastellinghimwhattodo
o Dies1625
CharlesI
o 1629dissolvesParliament,takesonresponsibilities
Raisingmoney,defendingthecrown
o Scotlandtakesadvantageinvades
o 1642reinstatesParliament
Handpickedelites
MajorityareAnglican(Puritan)
o PuritansseeCharlesasweakandmustberemoved
Raisearmy1649Charlesbeheaded
OliverCromwell
o 16491660militarydictatorshipmartiallaw(endswithCromwellsdeath)
o CharlesIIisconvincedbyparliamenttotakethethrone
Rich/Poor
o Peopleinthecoloniesarelivinglonger
o Indenturedservants(freeafterworkingoffdebt)introducingcompetitiontoelites
o Surpluslowerprices(badforelite)
o Response
elitistcoast(BayofChesapeake),poorfarmersliveinland
eliteschargemoneytopassthroughcontroltraffic,infrastructure,trade
o poormovefurtherinlandIndians
o GovernorWilliamBerkeley(Virginia)
MonopolizedtradewithIndians
Responsibilitytoprotectallincludingthepoor
Builtfortswithlargeplantationsappeasebothrichandpoor
o 1676NathanielBacon(rich)arrivesBaconsRebellion
WantstoworkwithelitesandsetuptradewithIndianseliterefuse
TurnstopooruseswealthtoraisearmyagainstStewartfamilyandBerkeley
MarchesonJamestownwinsauthorityfromBurgesses(takenhostage)totradewithIndians
DeclaredenemytocrownbyBerkeley
WipesoutIndianstothewestforland
Sept1676burnsJamestown
Oct1676dies
o 1689CoodesRebellion
JohnCoodememberofPlantersUnion(Calverts)
WantsbettertreatmentformiddleclassfromCalverts(Catholic)
1689raisesarmywithProtestants
ArrestsCalvertholdingsmanagers
SendstoEnglandtostandtrialinAnglicancourts
CalvertsloseallholdingscrowncontrolsMarylandharmony
o Richmoreworkersproducemore
o Poorcantproduceenoughtosurvive
Slavetradewillbalancethisdisparity
8/228/24
Slavery
o NotatraditionforEnglish
o Servants/indenturedservantslossofprofit
o Slaveswerecostly(noestablishedslavetriangle)
o 17655%slaves(England)
o FirstslaveswerefromCarribean
SpokeEnglish,Christianproducve
o 1680decliningmortalityratesmeantmoreslaves,lesswhiteservants
Profitabilityincreasing
o ChildrenofslavesbelongedtoRoyalAfricaCompanyuntil1680
o RoyalAfricaCompany(charteredin1660)
MonopolyoverEnglishslavetrade
Restrictednumberofslavesandnumberofships
o 1698RAClosesmonopolyandtradeincreasesfrom45000to20000slaves/year
o NorthAmericanotsolelyresponsibleforgrowthofslavetrade(plantationsintheCaribbeanandSouthAmerica)
o Mid15
th
toearly19
th
century
21millionslavesdepartAfrica
13millionarriveinAmerica
o 174040%slavesinChesapeakecolonies
o Africanslaves
NoEnglish,opentoconversion
Nofreedomsystem
o WilliamWilberforce
AmemberofParliamentresponsibleforendingslaveryinBritaininearly1800s
CodificationofEnglishSlaveLaw
o Blackslavesareproperty
o Whitecantreatblacksasbadlyastheywanted
o Elevatedthestatusofpoorwhites
o Createdunitybetweenrich/poor
VirginiaAssemblypasseslawshelpingthepoor
o Lowertaxesonlandholdingsmoremoney,moreopportunity
o Increasedsuffrageforwhitemenvoicegrievances
WhitecanexpandlandholdingsbecauseBaconsRebellionwipedoutIndians
Poorwhites
o Longerlivesgreaterdomesticlivesmorefamilialcontact
GentryofChesapeake
o Nuclearfamilystayincontactlonger
Familyholdingssavedasfamilystaystogether
o SonsofLondonmerchants,marriedintoelite
o ControlledtheDomesticMarketsoldgoodstolowerclasses
manufacturedgoods,legalassistance,medicalassistance,slaves,loans,tobacco
Whytobacco?Didntwanttoconsumeowngoods
o Openballotvotingsystemnotanonymous
o Militia16,male,white
Gentryinchargeworeuniformsprovidedbythecrown
o HierarchyinChurchgentry,middleclass,lowerclass
o Courtsgentryjudges
NorthCarolinaColony
o IdeaofWilliamBerkeleyrich
o SirJohnColleton
BoardofdirectorsoftheRoyalAfricaCompany,BoardofForeignPlanters
StaunchsupporterofCharlesIexileinCaribbeanaerCharlesremoved
ReturnedafterCharlesIItookthethrone
o 1660charterfromCharlesIIforNorthCarolinacolony
NamedafterCharlesII
AlbemarleSoundnorivers
o 1701colonialstatus
o FailsduetolackofriversinAlbemarlesound
o BerkeleyandColletonlosepoliticalstatus
SouthCarolina
o SirAnthonyAshleyCooperwantedmoremoneyandpower
o EarlofShaftsburyswayinHouseofStewart
o 1669200EnglishBarbatonsfirstsettleSCsuccess
o 1680fullcharter
o AshleyandCooperRiverswentthroughCharleston
o Largelandgrants,religioustolerance
o Representativegovernmentanswerstothepeopleandreportsthecrown
Richlistenedtothepeopletheyrepresented
o FundamentalConstitution
Gentrycollectedmoretaxesandgavelesstothecrown
Eachdistrictdistrictgovernor(universalpower)andrepresentativegovernment
Startchargingquitrentspocketsofgovernors
16771711twomajorrebellionsendFundamentalConstitution
o Crowntakescontrolputsonegovernorincharge
Georgia(notforprofit)
o GeneralJamesOglethorpe
BestfrienddiedinFleetDebtorsPrisonofsmallpox
Lookstobringbetterlivestodebtors
Becamedebtorhimself
o SettlershadtobeProtestant
50acres,tools,ayearsworthofsuppliesforfree
o Laterchangedtoreligioustolerance
Payownwaylargertractsofland
o InfluxofJewishpopulation
AshkenaziGermanJews
SephardiOrthodoxJewsfromPortugalandSpain
VerywealthyfoundSavannah
o OglethorpewantsSavannah,Georgiatobeautopia
Liquorfree,slavefree
o Norepresentativegovernment(novoice)GeorgianstogoSouthCarolinaforvoice
Trytobringbackslavesandliquor
o Onyear20of21yearlease,Oglethorpeallowsslaveryandliquorbecausecrownwouldhaveendedupallowingit
anyways
1603ElizabethIdies
o Toleratedanyreligion
JamesI
o persecutedanyfaithnotAnglican
o directlytaxedsubjectswithoutthepermissionofParliament
Puritans
o Believedinpredestination(theyareinthegoodgracesofGod)
o Notalloweddrunkenness,gambling,breakingtheSabbath,goingtothetheater,extravagance,publicprofanity
o Nov1620MayflowerPlymouth(headedforVirginia)
HadtheylandedinVirginia,wouldnothaveworkedallthingstheywereagainstareallowedinVirginia
o WilliamBradfordarriveswith87othersstarvation,malnutrition,mutiny
o Spring1621halfdiefromcoldwinter
o SquantoandSamoset
Englishspeaking(capturedbyfishermenbeforeandescaped)
Showedthesettlershowtogrownativecorn
o WampanoagandPilgrimpeacetreaty
o 1621Mayflowercompactrepresentativegovernment
Annualelectionadultmalesonly
o NolandgrantforPlymouth(JamesIdoesnotknowabout)
8/29
NewEngland
o Closeandtightknit,richheritageandtheology
o Closetownslegacyofclosenessbetweentownspeopleandfamily,umbrellaofreligion
o Noagriculturehunting,gathering,fishing
o Multiplegenerationsworktogether(notseenelsewhereinthecolonies)importanceofdomeschousehold
o Villages
Familywithmostland(crowngiven)isincharge
Security,governmentalability
RhodeIsland
o NarrangansettBayghettoforheretics
o Colonyoffreethinkers
o RogerWilliams
Separatist
WantedbaycoloniestohavecompletebreakfromAnglicanChurch(heresyandtreason)
WasabouttobedeportedwestgoestolivewithIndians
1636escapedtoProvidence,foundedRhodeIsland
o AnneHutchinson(movedtoNewEnglandin1634)
SupportsWilliams(womenwerenotsupposedtospeakout)
SpreadtheteachingsofWilliams(withafemalespintoit)
1638expelled,headstoRhodeIsland
o Antinomianismmorallawnouseorobligation,faithalonenecessaryforsalvation(MartinLuther)
WilliamsandHutchinson
Followinggodslawsdidnotspeaktotheinwardstateofthesoul
Algonquins
o CaucasiansbelievedtheyweremorallyandreligiouslysuperiortoNativeAmericans
Superstitiousandsavagery(hypocrisyonthepartoftheCaucasians)
o Puritansdidnotspreadfaith,butFrenchwereconvertingIndians
o AlgonquinshadlotsincommonwiththePuritans
Huntinginwinter,gatheringandfishinginspringandsummer
Eatwhattheycouldcultivate
Allpoliticalauthoritywaslocal
o CommunityleaderSagamoreorSachem
Responsibleforeconomicstabilityofthetribe,justiceandlegalauthority,anddiplomacy
NewAmsterdam
o DutchWestIndiaCompanyestablishedNewAmsterdamlookingtotradefurs
o ManhattanIsland(HudsonRiver)ideallocation
o About9000peopleDutch,Belgians,French,English,Portuguese,Swiss,Swedish,Finlandizes,Africans
o NextsettlementFortOrange(moderndayAlbany)outposttradewithIndians
180milesnorth
o EnglishdidnotgivepermissiontoDutchmissingoutonfurtrade
CharlesIIgrantsDukeofYorkJamesachartertotakeover
JamesarriveswithanarmadaandtheDutchleavewithoutabattle
ThecharterextendsfromMaineinthenorthtoMarthasVineyardinthesouthtotheFrenchholdingsin
thewest
8/31
TheSevenYearsWar(17541763)
o Noformaldeclarationofwaruntil1756
o Britain/PrussiaversusFranch/Spain/Austria
o NorthAmerica,WestAfrica,Europe,India
o Spainjoinedin1762andwasthebiggestloser
o BritainandFrancecompetedforNativeAmericansupport
BenjaminFranklin
BritishStateDepartment
MinistertoFrance
WenttoFortOrangetonegotiateNativeAmericantrustandsupport
o GeorgeWashington
SentbyBritishtogainasmuchmilitarycontrolaspossible
o FortDuquesne
Allegheny,Monongahela,andOhioRivers
Tradingpost,security,bigprofit
o 1744PennsylvaniaresidentsmovewestthreatenFrench
o CelerondeBienville
OrderedtotakealllandintheAppalachianandlowerOhioRiverValleys
FrenchbuildfortinMarietta,Ohio
o VirginiaLieutenantgovernorRobertDinwiddiesendsGeneralEdwardBraddock(withWashington)totakeFort
Duquesne
BraddockdiesfromwoundsburiedinmiddleoftrailbyColonelWashington(savageIndians)
o EnglishshiftfocusheadnorthtoNovaScotia(largeAcadianagriculturalcommunity)
Drovethe6000Acadiansoutandtooktheirland
o 1756warisdeclared
o JohnCampbell(EarlofLondon)commandinggeneralofallforcesinNorthAmerica
Petitionsformoremoneyandtroopsnotpossible
BritainwasfightinginNorthAmerica,WestAfrica,Europe,andIndia(warforland)
o LouisJosephdeMontcalmGozonFrenchcommanderofallforcesinNorthAmerica
GoalmoveBritishasfarbackaspossible
FrenchadvancesouthfromMontrealtowardsthecoast
ThreatenthesecurityofNewYorkandtheNewEnglandcolonies
o FrancewaswinningthewarinEuropeandIndia
o BritainiswinninginAfricabecauseofthemassivetroopconcentrationfromtheslavetrade
o BenjaminFranklin
NegotiatingwithIroquois(north)andCreek,Choctaw,andCherokee(southernnations)
FournationssaidtheywouldstayneutralbutjoinedupwiththeFrench
o 1758turningPointWilliamPitttheElderbecomesprimeminister
IknowthatIcansavethecountryandthatnooneelsecan.
Raisestaxes,increasestroopnumbers
RemovesJohnCampbell
PullsalltroopsoutofEuropeleavesittothePrussians
o BrigadierGeneralJohnForbescapturesFortDuquesnereplacedbyFortPitt
Frenchretreatnorth,ForbesfollowsandtakesSt.LawrenceRiver
o July1758firstmajorvictoryinCanada
LieutenantcolonelJohnBradstreet
FortFrontenac(Kingston,Ontario)taken
Strangletradeandeconomicsuccess
o IroquoisjoinEnglishandstoptradewithFrench
o 1759BattleofthePlainsofAbraham
BrigadierGeneralJamesWolfeorderedtotakeQuebec
WolfeandLouisJosephdeMontcalmGozon(French)bothdie
NavalandlandbattlefoughtonaplateauBritishhighground(guerilla)
Heavycasualties1400French,600British
o 1760FrenchsurrenderMontreal
EndofFrancesgreatestlandholdings
o 1763TreatyofParis
BritainalllandeastoftheMississippiRiver,SpanishFlorida
SpainNewOrleansandlandwestoftheMississippiRiver
FrenchleftNorthAmerica
9/2
AnonymouseconomistAmericanswouldnotbethoughtpresumptuousiftheyconsideredthemselvesonequalfooting
withBritain
o ColonistsareinferiortoBritishcitizens
AftertheSevenYearsWar,troopsareleftincolonies,andhightaxesremained
o SquelchIndianuprisings
Britishbelievedthecolonistsdidntdoenough(onesidedbenefit)
o Colonistshadsentmoneyandtroopstosupportthewar
1755JosiahTucker(Englisheconomist)todrivetheFrenchalloutofNorthAmericawouldbethemostfatalstepwe
couldtake
PontiacsRebellion
o Neolin
ProphetoftheLenniLenapeSocietywhichsoughttopreservethesacredheritageofNativeAmericans
Munseestonecountry
Unamilivedowntheriver(Hudson)
Unalichtigolivebytheocean
GetsattentionofChiefPontiacofOttawatribe
o ChiefPontiacandNeolinraiseanarmyandtakeadvantageofBritainsweaknessafterthewar
o Inlessthanfourmonths,theytakeallmajorportsandfortswestofPittsburg
FortMichilimackinac,FortPresqueIsle,andFortSandusky
o Britishdividearmy
NorthColonelHenryBouquet
GreatLakesColonelJohnBradstreet
o 1766rebellionends
Treatyallpropertyreturned,Pontiacpardoned
Proclamationof1763
o BritishdefeatedIndiantradingpartner(French)
o Soughttradeandwantedtopreventrebellion
o NoBritishsettlementswestofthecrestoftheAppalachians
o RemainedineffectafterPontiacsRebellion
Taxation
o GeorgeGrenvilleFirstEarloftheTreasury
MemberofParliamentresponsiblefortaxes
Believedinturnofprofitnotenoughprofitcameoutofthecolonies
o Customshouses
Customsinspectorshadsalariestheamountoftaxestheycollectedeveryyear
o 1733MolassesAct
6pencepergallontariffonimportsofmolassesfromnonBritishcolonies
MademolassesfromDutchandFrenchplantationsintheCaribbeanmoreexpensive
Molassesareusedtomakerum
o 1764SugarAct
Molassestariffreducedto3pencepergallon
AllshipsgoingintoorcomingoutofNorthAmericamustregistertheircargo(includingpassengers)with
thecrown
ViolatorsmuststandtrialinNorthAmericanAdmiraltyCourts(thenavalofficersareappointedbythe
crown)
9/79/14
JohnAdamsfilm
o BostontroopshadbeenstationedinAmericafor2yearstomaintainorder,followingnewtaxmeasuresonpaper,
tea,paint,andglass.
o TheBostonMassacreonMarch5,1770
DescribedbyAdamsTheSlaughterinKingStreet
5dead,6wounded
o JonathonSewelllastBritishattorneygeneralofMassachusetts
o AftertherepealoftheStampAct,theTownshendActtaxedvariousimportedgoodsaswellasinstitutinganew
systemofcustomsofficers.
o PaulRevereSonofLiberty
o JohnDickinsonfromPennsylvania,Quaker,Tory
o BattleofBunkerHill400Massachusettscitizens,1000soldiers,100officerdead
o OliveBranchPetition
TokingGeorgeIII
Suppressrebellionandbringtraitorstojustice
o HessianshiredGermansoldiers
o Quiz
AdamswasnotasuccessfullawyerupongraduationfromHarvard
VoteforAmericanindependencethroughDunlapBroadsidesonJuly2,1776
LifeandcareerofJohnAdamsbeginning1770
AdamsfamilydoctorGeneralWarrendiedatBunkerHill
CapturedBritishgunsIndependenceandLiberty(HenryKnoxatFortTiconderoga)
OliveBranchPetition
9/219/26
TheAmericanRevolution
o Britishtrainedinconventionalwarfareopenfields,nochasingifenemyretreats
o Americanusedguerillawarfare
o Hessianswereransackingcountrysidebattleforheartsandmindsnotworking
Torysupportgoesdown
o HoweBrothersledBritishtroopsinAmerica
PrimarytargetNewYork
Seaside(closetoarmada)
LargenumbersofTories
GeneralWilliamHoweallfieldtroopsinNorthAmerica
LordGeorgeGermainadjutant
SirGuyCarletoninchargeofCanadiantroopsforBritish
GoalnorthupHudson,cutofftradewithcoast,joinupwithtroopsinCanadasandwichGeorge
Washington
WashingtonheadstoNewJerseynearthecoastwheretherewereshipstoevacuate
WilliamHowewastoocautiousfearedbeingloweredinrankifhelostmen
LordAdmiralRichardHoweallnavyinNorthAmerica
SoughtreconciliationstillthoughtofrebelsasBritishcitizens
Reluctanttousenavalpower
OverestimatesTories
Britishcouldhaveendedthewarquickly,butdidnothavetherightpeopleincommand
July1776largestexpeditionaryforceof18
th
centurylandsatStatenIsland
36000troops,8000Hessians
ColonialsareduginonBrooklynHeights23000troops
Aug22,1776NewYorkfalls,colonialsretreat
WashingtonretreatswestoftheDelawareRivertoNewJersey
Howepursuesbutdoesnotengage
Dec7pursueofWashingtonendsinTrentonbecausetheBritishdontfightinthewinter
IfHowehadcontinued,hecouldhavewipedoutWashington
BattleofTrenton
HessiansfeastandgetdrunkChristmasEve
Dec24,177610pmloadedupcannons,horses,troops,andsuppliesinboatsvolunteeredby
colonistsandcrossedtheDelawareRiver
Trentonwas7milesfromtheriver
Plannedtoarrive7am,butarrived11am
ColonelJohannRallkilled
Wholeprocesstooklessthan24hours
o Howebrothersdidnotretaliateuntilsummer1777
WilliamHowefocusesonPhiladelphiaheart
Sept1777defeatsWashingtonatBrandywineCreek
Oct1777defeatsWashingtonatGermantown
ThesebattlesboughttimefortheContinentalCongresstopackupandleave
Oct1777PhiladelphiaislosttotheBritish
o 17781778WashingtonretreatstoValleyForge,aridge7milesoutsidePhiladelphia
Coldandbrutalwinter
Couldhaveeasilybeenwipedout
1/10peopledied2500
HessiansstillransackingIoftenfeelafraidtogotobedElizabethDrinker
o Saratoga,NewYork
MajorAmericanvictory
JohnBurgoyne(GentlemanJohn)commanderoftroopsaroundQuebec
Brings9500mensoutheast(+2000womenandchildren)
Lotsoffood,wagonsofchinaandfurniture
BenedictArnoldcreatesatrapatFreemansFarm,andHoratioGatesatBemisHeights
BurgoyneresignsOctober17,1777(surrender)
o ArticlesofConfederation
RepresentativeRichardHenryLeefromVirginia
Taxeswereneededtopayoffthewardebt
Surveyorsweresentoutfordetermininglandtaxes
ProvedtotheFrenchthattheAmericanswereseriousaboutindependence
o Feb6,1778thetreatywithFranceturnsthisintoaglobalwar
BenjaminFranklin,JohnJay,JohnAdams
o HenryClintonreplacesHoweasCommanderinChiefofNorthAmerica
Experiencedandfollowedorders
OrderedtoabandonPhiladelphiamovesthearmytoNewYork
Goalcontrolfortsandstranglecommunication
o FriedrichWilhelmvonSteuben
Prussiansoldieroffortune
TrainedtheAmericantroopsinconventionalwarfare
Withincreasedprideandmorale,13500troopswerelookingforafight
o CharlesLee
CommanderrecentlytradedasPOW(capturedin1777for9months)
Didntknowhowtocommandgavevague,disjointedorders
o June28,1778LeefindsClintonsarmyatMonmouthCourthouse
Leeiscrushedandretreats
o June29,1778Washingtonarrives,removesLeefromcommand,andwins
o BattleofWhitePlains(NewYork)wastheendofBritishoccupancyinthenorth
WashingtontakeshistroopstoWhitePlainsandsetsupheadquarters
o Britishturntosouth
AmericanindependenceiswoninNorthCarolinaandGeorgia,wheretherevenueis
BritainwantedtowintheheartsandmindsoftheSouth
TheybelievedthatplantownerswantedtokeepslavesinsteadoffighttheBritish(miscalculation)
o Britishseektohaveslavesrevolt
Dec1779ClintonsailsforCharlestonHarboroutofNewYork
Bringsarmadaand3500troops30milessouthoftherebelsinanattempttoflankthem
PeninsulabetweenAshleyandCooperisswamplosetroopsduetomalariaanddysentery
May12,1780takestheharborwith2600troops
Clintoncantstay(ascommanderofallforces)andputsLordCharlesCornwallisinchargeofthesouth
Clintonincreasesto8300troopstostoptheFrenchfromassistingrebels
FlashbackCornwallis(Britishtroopsinsouth)isinabadplacerebelsandloyalists
Summerandfall1775thesouthwasgettingwordfromthenorthaboutBritishatrocities
o SouthCarolinaCivilWar
LoyalistsweredislodgedinthenameofAmericanfreedomupsetatcrown
Britisharenotwinningheartsandmindsofloyalists
Allofsocietyend,everyoneelse,robbery,poverty,hardshipAnonymous
Cornwalliswasbrutal,doingeverythingpossibletoendtherebellion
o FrancisMarion(TheSwampFox)
Ledabandofguerillas(whitesandblacks)
Slavescouldgainfreedombyfightingwithhim
Primaryfocusstopcommunication(couriers)
o ThomasSumter(Thegamecock)
GroupcalledOverMountainMengobigorgohome
Aftercommunicationsweredown,largeforcesattacked
Oct1780BattleofKingsMountainoneofthelargestvictoriesinthewar
Greatlyincreasedmorale
o Rebelsarelosingconventionalwarinsouth
HoratioGatesisremoved
o NathanielGreene(bigAmericangeneral)takesoverBlueCoats
HiresBrigadierGeneralDanielMorganasadjutant
vonSteubenstudentfromVirginia
Dividesarmy,attacksonseparatefrontstotrapCornwallis
o CornwallisdividesKingsarmy
LieutenantColonelBanastreTarletongoessouth
o Morgansarmymuchbiggerthanbefore
1780TarletonsurroundedandsurrendersatCowpens,SC
o CornwallishasarrivedinChesapeakeBayareaseekingsuppliesandloyalists
Stillbelieveshecanwin
o Spring1781CornwallismeetswithBenedictArnold
o ConnecticutWashingtonmeetswithFrenchcommandercomtedeRochambeau
FrenchnavyarrivesCornwallis/Arnoldhavetoghtonland
o Washingtonplansland/seaassault
Washingtonattacksfromnorth,Greenefromsouth
o Sept1781WestYorktown
7800French,5300professionalContinentals,3600militia
CornwallisandArnoldaretrapped
Ifyoucannotrelievemeverysoon,youmustexpecttoheartheworstCornwallistoClinton
o October19,1781Cornwallissurrenders
o October26,1781Britishnavyarrives
o Sept3,1783TreatyofParis
JohnAdams,JohnJay,BenjaminFranklin
BritishleavesNorthAmerica
BritishmustrecognizetheUSasaseparate,individualcountry
9/28
NewRepublicangovernment
o Governorscoulddissolvethelegislatureandappointstateofficials(patronage)
o SamuelAdamseverylegislatureofeverycolonyoughttobesovereignanduncontrollable
Legislaturesshouldhaveuncontrollablepower
OpposeDeclarationofIndependencelackchecksandbalances
o Statesdeveloppolicies
Annualelections(candidatesmustlivewithindistrictsservedforatleast30days)
WrittenstateConstitutions
Jefferson(humble)wantstogobackandworkonstateconstitutions
ArticlesofConfederation
o bringstatestogether
o ExtendsSecondContinentalCongress
o GivesSCCpowertodeclarewar,treaties,diplomats
o RegulationofIndianaffairs
o abilitytoraisemilitaryandnavy,assigntroopsfromstates
o powerofpurseremainswiththestates
o statesexecuteandenforcelaws(SCCcantcarryoutlaws)
Westernlands
o RevertedbacktoRoyalCharterstodeclarestateboundaries
o StatesclaimedtheirchartersstretchedtotheMississippi
o Largestatescanselllandforprofit,smallstatescant
o 1784Jeffersonwantstocreate10newstatesinthewest,runbyfreeresidents(whiteorblack)
o Townships36plots,640acres,$1anacre
Norepresentativegovernment,landspeculatorswillnotpurchasefails
o NorthwestOrdinanceof1787creationofstates
Eachstatehasgovernor,secretary,anda3judgepanel
5000freementerritory,onerepresentativetoCongress(cantvote)
60000residentsapplyforstatehood
Insurrection#1
o MississippiRiverhighwayfortrade
o SpanishcontrollinglowerpartWesternsettlermistreatedandUSgovernmentfailedtorespond
o 1785ResidentsthreateningsecessiontobecomeSpanishsubjects
USdoesnothaveanarmytoputdowninsurrection
o JohnJaysentwesttonegotiatewithSpanishrepresentativeDonDiegodeGardoqui
AgreementSpanishget25yearleaseforMississippiRiver,favorednationstatus
Didnotappease
10/510/7
Insurrection#2ShaysRebellion
o Autumn1786Spring1787
o Americalackedshipsandtradeagreementsunabletogetproductstoglobalmarkets
o AgriculturewasnumberoneindustryinUS
o PoorfarmersinwestMassachusettswereunabletopaydebtsandmortgages
1768wagesandpricesfallentorockbottom
o FarmersgotoMassachusettsAssemblyredressgrievances
Lowerhouse(commonpeople)approveoflowermortgageandinterestrates
NotapprovedinUpperhouse(elites&estateownerswhorepresentdebtorsandbankersineast
Massachusetts)
Debtorsandbankersthreatentocutoffsupport,soUpperhousekillsthebill
o CaptainDanielShays
Mediumsizefarmer
Raisesanarmyof2000
HeadstoSpringfield(seatofgovernmentinMassachusetts)toseizefederalweaponsarsenaltreason
Wantstoabolishtheupperhouse
o Nofederalresponse(nocentralmilitary)
o 1787statemilitiaendstherebellion
o TheJayGardoquiTreatyandShaysRebellionpromptthecreationoftheConstitution
TheConstitution
o Spring178755delegates(notRhodeIsland)meetinPennsylvaniaStateHouse
Largefarmers,lawyers,merchants
Windowswereclosedallsummerforsecrecy
o AssemblyofdemigodsThomasJefferson
o GeorgeWashingtonchairstheconvention
presidingdeityJohnAdams
o JamesMadisonfatheroftheConstitution
Wasahypochondriac,tooklotsofailments
Nottakenseriously
SoughttocreateTrueAmericanRepublic
o VirginiaPlan(JamesMadison)2weeksdebate
3branchesofgovernment
GaveCongresspowertovetostatelaws(judicialbranchhasthispowertoday)
Bicamerallegislaturelowerbypopulation,upperappointedbystatelegislature
MadisonwasrespectedbecausehewasfromVirginia
o NewJerseyPlan4daysdebate
WilliamPattersonlawyerfromNewJersey
Powertotaxstatesandregulatetrade
Unicameralonevoteperstate
o Southhasarisingpopulation(opportunitytomakemoney)
o Northhasmorestates
o BenjaminFranklinarrivesGreatCompromise
Equalrepresentationinupperhouse
Representationbypopulationinlowerhouse
Chiefexecutivechosenbyelectoralcollege
Amendments
2/3lowerand2/3upperhouseinfavorstatesratify
Sept17,1787ratified393
Federalists/Antifederalists
o Antifederalistswantedtoavoidanewaristocracy(chiefexecutivemighthavekinglikepower)
o 17871788FederalistPapers85monographswrittenbyJamesMadison,AlexanderHamilton,andJohnJay
DavidHumeadvocatedastrongcentralgovernment
o Thissocietybecomesbrokenintoagreatervarietyofinterests,ofpursuits,ofpassionswhichcheckeachother
(checksandbalances)
MadisonadmitstherearenoguaranteedindividualrightspromisesBillofRightsifAntifederalistsratify
GeorgeWashington
o onlypresidentwithunanimousvote
o AsksCongresstoappoint4cabinetmemberstostartwith
SecretaryofStateThomasJefferson
SecretaryofWarHenryKnox
SecretaryoftheTreasuryAlexanderHamilton
AttorneyGeneralEdmundRandolph
JudiciaryActof1789
o EstablishestheSupremeCourt1chiefjusticeand5associates
o JohnJayisthefirstchiefwonderfulthinker
o 13districts,3circuitcourtsestablished
BillofRights
o 200amendmentsreducedto12forratification
o NorthCarolinaandRhodeIslandareAntifederalisthotbeds
o Dec15,1791BillofRightsratified
1. Speech,religion,press,assembly,redress(petition)ofgrievances
2. Militiatokeepandbeararms
3. Noquartering
4. Nosearchwithoutwarrant
5. Nodoublejeopardy,trialbyjuryguaranteed
6. Righttospeedytrial
7. Nocivilsuitsinfederalcourtsystem
8. Noexcessivebail
9. Rightsnotinthisdocumentarenotnecessarilynonexistent
10. Powernotgrantedtonationalgovernmentaregiventothestates
10/10
ThepresidenthastogiveanannualreporttoCongressStateoftheUnionAddress
FinancialProblems
o HamiltonproposesfinancialplanbasedonEnglishsystem
Trickledowneconomicsbenefitstowealthywillbenefitpoorbyimprovingeconomyasawhole
Associationalismfederalgovernmentworkswithprivatebusinesses
Encouragesmanufacturing
Providedlineofcreditandrevenue
Chokesoffpurecapitalism
o Governmentneedstoraiserevenueandcredit
52millionnationaldebt
25millionstatedebt
o Franklinnegotiates2millionfromDutch
o Hamiltonproposes25%excisetaxonwhiskeyapprovedbyMadisonandJefferson,butmechanismtocollect
taxesneeded
o Hamilton,Madison,andJeffersongetCongresstopassResidenceActof1790
In10years,thefederalcapitalwillmovetoVirginia(MadisonandJeffersonsidea)
Thenationalgovernmentwouldtakeonstatedebts(AssumptionBill)
o HamiltoncreatesFirstBankoftheUnitedStates
CreatedwithoutCongressionalapproval(inherentpower)9
th
amendment
Setsdangerousprecedent
Washingtonapprovesbecausehetrustshiscabinet
MandatedgamblingJefferson
Firstday$25/sharestocks$350/share
Antifederalistsdontlikethis
MiamiConfederacy
o Congresssayswilltreatyforlandiftheywantit
o AmericawantsthelandoftheMiamiConfederacy(upperOhio)
SaytoWashingtonComeandgetit
o WashingtonsendsMadAnthonyWayne
o 1794BattleofFallenTimbers
WayneoverwhelmstheIndianswith2000militia
o TreatyofGreenville
Indianslose2/3ofland
Setsaprecedent
WhiskeyRebellion
o WesternPennsylvaniarefusetopayWhiskeytax
o Uniontown,PAGeneralNevilleshomeburneddown
o MarchonPhiladelphiacapital
o Shalltherebegovernment,ornogovernment?Hamilton
o Washingtontakes13000troopstowestPennsylvaniaandtherebellionends
o AlbertGallatingetsthetaxratelowered
o HamiltonseestheerrorinhisWhiskeytax
FrenchRevolution
o Washingtonsaystostayneutral
o Jeffersonwantstosupportresigns
JohnAdams
o 1796electionJohnAdamspresident,ThomasJeffersonvicepresident
o FirstpresidenttooccupyWhiteHouse
o Iamsquarelyout,andyouaremostsquarelyinWashington
o AdamswasfirstUSambassadortoBritaindualunderstanding
o WantstobalancerelationsbetweenUS,Britain,andFrance
o 1794JohnJayallBritishgarrisonsinAmericaremovedfavorednationstatus
TicksoffFrench
o 17941797Francesendsprivateersonhighseastodisrupttrade
USneedstosendenvoytoendJohnMarshall
o XYZAffair3FrenchenvoysandJohnMarshall
Hottinguer,Bellamy,Hauteval
$250000bribetogetstarted
$10millionloantoFrance(FrancewasinwarwithBritainandcivilwar)
Briberefused
o WashingtontriestocommandAdamsthroughHamilton
AntifederalistsareworriedthatHamiltonwillinfluenceJohnAdamsintobringingGeorgeWashington
backintopowerasageneral
Militarydespotismrulebymilitarystrongman
o Jeffersonresignsvicepresidency
o AdamsreplacescabinetafterXYZaffair
o Federalists(Hamilton)wantafootholdrepudiate1778TreatyofAlliancewithFrance
Armmerchantshipsstrongnavy
Nostandingarmy
o JohnQuincyAdamssenttoFrancetobolsterMarshall
Reachagreementwherebothsidesaresatisfied
AlienandSeditionActs
o HaitianRevolution
179113yearslaverevolutioninFrenchHaitiagainstsugarbaronsledbyToussaintLouverture
25000FrenchrefugeesinUSwrite,publish,andspeakout
o 1798FederalistspassAlienandSeditionActs(repealed1801)
Anyalienspeakingoutagainstgovernmentwasremoved
Seditionanycitizenwritingorspeakingagainstfederalgovernmentwasimprisoned
DangerousprecedentsetbyAdamscostshimreelection
Erodestheconstitutionfederaljudiciaryhasnovoice
AdamswantedtosatisfytheFederalistsandbuildanavy
10/17
ThomasJefferson
o TakesofficeMarch1801
o RemovesAlienandSeditionActs
o Antifederalistgovernmentwasanecessaryevil,rulebypeoplethroughgovernment
o Federaliststrongnationalgovernment
o AntifederalistsDemocraticRepublicParty(moderndayDemocrat)
Hiselectionstartedtwopartysystem
o VirginiaaristocracylargestslaveholderinAmerica
o Simpleman,notoutspoken
o Enlightenmentfaithinpowerofhumanreasoning
Helpsocietydeciphertheuniverse
Basicrightslife,liberty,pursuitofhappiness
o Fanoftheyeomanfarmerbackboneofeconomy
Governmentisproductofagriculturalsocietyvirtuousandproductive
ThegovernmentwouldremainvirtuousaslongastheAmericanpeoplearechieflyagricultural.
o Rightofenfranchisementlandholderandfarmers
o Didntlikebeholdenment(favorsinexchangeforvote)
Votersshouldbelandownersonlyforgoodrepresentation
Plutocracygovernmentinhandsoffew
o Believedthosewhospokeoutagainstgovernmentshouldbepunished
o InordertoappeaseFederalistsembracedsomeaspectsofHamiltonsplan
KeepstheNationalBank(expires1811)
o Fiscallyresponsiblecutsspending
IfcountrycontinuesfollowingEnglishsystemrevolution
SecretaryofTreasuryAlbertGallatin
Reducessizeofgovernmenttopayoffnationaldebt
AbolishesWhiskeyTaxtoreigninlargegovernment(inspectors/taxcollectors)
Cutsmilitaryspendingreducesarmyto3000men(relyonstatemilitia)
Reducesnationaldebt77(Hamilton)87(Washington/Adams)57
o Increasesnavy,butdecreasessizeofships
o GallatinstayedafterJeffersonleftoffice,allowingJeffersonsidealstostayinplace
o LikesHamiltonsassociationalismworkingalongsiderichandindustry
JudiciaryActof1801
o NotuncommonforoutgoingadministrationtodothingsCongressdoesnothavetoapprove
o Washingtonstrippedcleantheresidency
o AdamsappointedanewstaunchlyFederalistjudiciary
1801JudiciaryActlargerfederalruledjudiciary
6newcircuitcourts,16newjustices(Federalists)
1802Partylinevote,AntifederalistsrepealJudiciaryAct
TheJudiciary
o Marburyv.Madison
SecretaryofStateMadison
WilliamMarburyappointedjusticeofthepeaceofWashingtonDCasAdamsleftofficecommission
nevergotdelivered
JeffersontellsMadisontodestroystackofappointmentpapers
MarburygoestoSupremecourtseekingwritofmandamustoenforceruleofAdams
SupremeCourtandChiefJusticeMarshallMarburycanttellthemwhattodo
Unconstitutionalundersection13ofJudiciaryActof1789
EstablishedimportanceofSupremeCourtintheUS
o FletcherV.Peckruledstatelawunconstitutional(Georgia)
o Martinv.HuntersLessee1816(MarshallCourt)
VirginiaSupremeCourtunder4
th
and9
th
amendment,notunderauthorityofSupremeCourt
o Cohensv.Virginiadecisionsbystatecourtsmustalignwiththefederalcourt
10/1910/21
LouisianaPurchase
o 1802BritainandFrancewereatwarFrancewasindebt
o JamesMadisonandRobertLivingstonapproachrequestingtobuyNewOrleans
o $8millionfromMississippitothecoast(830000squaremiles)
o Senate247ratify
o JeffersonlookstoGallatintofundexplorationofLouisianaPurchase
o 1803CorpsofDiscoveryLewisandClarkExpedition
StartatMonongahelaRiver,Pennsylvaniabestboats(Gallatinshome)
GotoPittsburgandpickupwhattheythinktheyllneed
OhioMississippiSt.Louisnorthwest
Surveyedland(floraandfauna),sentbackcodedmessages
Encounteredblackgnats,grizzlybears,andpricklypearcacti
TooktwoyearstogettoPacific
MultilingualmemberstocommunicatewithIndians
Sacagawea,Cameahwait(Chiefofnorthwesttribe)
Lewis(French)GeorgeDrouillardNativeAmericanSacagaweaCameahwait
1806backtoSt.Louis
Louisdiedafterwards(suicide)inKentucky
o ModernequivalentArmyCorpsofEngineers(longestservingbranchofarmy)
TheSecondGreatAwakening
o BelievedlosingrelationwithGodFrontierArea(AppalachiantoMississippi)
o MajorgroupsCongregationalists,Presbyterians,Baptists,andMethodists
o Methodistbestorganizedandfirsttoheadwest
o Campmeetingsruralareas(tentrevivals)
1801LargestinCaveRidge,Kentucky100000people(typical70009000)
NativeAmericansdestructionoftheirculture
o Landhadtobeacquiredthroughtreaty
o WilliamHenryHarrisongovernorofIndianaterritory
WasfinewithkillingasmanyNativeAmericansasnecessary
o NativeAmericanAwakening(precedentbyJefferson)
GreatWhiteFatherJefferson
LalawethikaTheProphet
Embraceculture,shouldputfaithinsaviorsnottheGreatWhiteFather
ImitatestheWhiteEyeandholdscampmeetingsatShawneevillages
LeaderofShawneeTecumseh(OhioValley)
Wentintoatrance,wokeupashisfuneralwasbeingpreparedreborn
Wentintoafterlife,renamedTenskwatawa(opendoor)
Comesbackwithmessagegiveupalcohol
Expandsintostopbuyingwhitegoodsandreturntobasicwaysupsetsmerchantswho
becomeangrywithHarrison
o LenniLenape(Miamis)hassoldoflandholdingstoUnitedStates
TreatyofFortWayne3millionacresfromMiamis
o Tecumsehmilitaryandpoliticalleader
1809stepsupandsayslosingtoomuchlandthatisrightfullytheirs
Majortribes
NorthernWyandot,SackandFox,Chippewa,Winnebago,Potawatomi
SouthernChoctaw,Chickasaw
Hadhardtimebringinginsoutherntribesbecausesouthernandnortherntribeswereinvadingeachother
o 1811Harrisonincreasesthefederalarmyandengages6tribesattheBattleofTippecanoe
StrikeswhileTecumsehisinthesouthrallyingsupport
TheProphetwasleadingthe6tribesmilitarynotamilitaryleader
NativeAmericanscedemoreland
o 1811TecumsehapproachesBritain
Alongwithimpressment,neutralrights,USCanadaborder,openandfreetrade,Tecumsehcontributesto
theoutbreakoftheWarof1812
HartfordConvention
o 18121814unpatriotictobuyBritishgoods
DemoralizesuppersocietyofMassachusetts,Connecticut,andRhodeIsland(Federalist)
o Mid1814HartfordConventionmainlyFederalists
MassachusettsandRhodeIslandthreatensecessiontoopentradewithBritain
o Dec1814TreatyofGhentendsWarof1812(JohnQuincyAdams)
Didnotsettleanyissuesceasefire
EraofGoodFeelings
o Withtheceasefirecomesanupsurgeinnationalism
o Federalistpartyisdisbanded
o Electionof1816landslidevictoryforAntifederalistsinlegislativeandexecutivebranches
Madisonleaves,JamesMonroedefeatsRufusKing
o Electionof1820Antifederalistsareunopposed(noFederalistpartyleft)
FederalistsruinedbyHartfordConvention
o JamesMonroe
Lastoftheactiverevolutionarypresidents
Adoptstheconceptofgovernmentservingthepeople,nottheparty
Seekstoabolishtwopartysystem
JohnQuincyAdamsSecretaryofState
Soliddiplomacyinwhitehouseandintheworld
ContinentalRepublicSpaindoesnotlike
o SpanishneverrecognizedLouisianaPurchase
18101813UnitedStatesannexesSpanishFloridaclaimingitwaspartofLouisianaPurchase
SpanishdistrustbutnotwillingtocomeafteracountrythatsdefeatedBritaintwice
Feb1819AdamsOnisTreaty(TranscontinentalTreaty)firmlyestablishedborders
USgetsallofFloridaandterritoryinthenorthwest
RecognitionofLouisianaPurchase
lostTexas
o Dec2,1823TheAmericancontinentsarehenceforthnottobeconsideredassubjectsforfuturecolonizationby
anyEuropeanpowers.JamesMonroeinhisannualaddresstoCongress
TheMonroeDoctrinewrittenbyAdams
StopsallEuropeanincursionintotheUS
BasisfordefenseofLatinAmericasetsaprecedenttosubverttheConstitution
AmericanWarinCuba,PearlHarbor,Iraq/Afganistan
MixofOldWorldandNewWorldpolitics
10/2410/26
AgricultureandIndustry
o Agricultureiskeytoeconomicgrowthmarketeconomy
o Transportationnetworksconnectyeomanfarmerstothenetwork
Surpluscanbesoldatdistantmarkets
o Productionofgrainisincreasing(morestablecashcrop)
Requiredlongerhoursinthefield
o Tobacconumberonecropbuttakesmorenutrients
o Marketeconomylongerhours,moreemployees,croprotation,fertilizationanimalmanures
Largerfamilies(freelabor)populationshifts
o Bartersystem(old)marketeconomycashcreditriseofbankingsystem
o Brokerswouldcomeintoagriculturalcommunitiesoffertotransportsurplusforcommission
Unregulatedlookedforselfgain
o EastcoaststopsimportingandlookstoSouthandWest
Selfsufficiencysafetyandsecurity
NotableCourtCases
o 1812SecondNationalBankisreinstatedbyCongress
o 1819McCulloughv.MarylandtaxonallbanksinMaryland(includingNationalBank)
TaxcollectorsgotoWilliamJamesMcCullough(headcashier)
McCulloughsuesstateofMarylandforlackofseparationofpowers
MarshallcourtvotesunanimouslyinfavorofMcCullough
Statescanttaxfederalbanks
o Gibbonsv.Ogdeninterstatecommerce
NewYorkAaronOgdenhasmonopolyfromstatetorunsteamshipsonNY/NJHudsonRiver
GibbonshasfederallicensetorunsteamshipsonHudson
GibbonssuesNewYorkMarshallgivespowerofinterstatecommercetoCongress
18151850
o EnglanddoesnotAmericatobesuccessful
o "AnAmericanwantstoperformwithinayearwhatothersdowithinamuchalongerperiod"
FrancisLieberGermanpoliticalscientist
o AlexisdToquevilleAmericansarefastesteatersintheworld(OnAmerica)
o Fastersteamboats
RidingsteamboatliketakinglifeintoownhandsCharlesDickens
o Railroaddevelopedin1814ricketyandunsafe
Firstcommercialrailroadin1827
o Populationdoublingevery22years
17904million185023million
1840birthratepeaks
o Ruralareasexperiencingmostgrowth
Citieshavelowerbirthrates
o 17901830300000immigrantsyearly
1830s600000immigrantsyearly(endofNapoleonicWars)
o Oldformmanufacturingcity/factorymanufacturing
Oldformskilledlaborersandapprentices
Manufacturingmachinestendedbyunskilledorsomeskilledlaborers
o Cheapertransportationdevelopmentofcities
Morefactoriesandurbanworkers
Capitalandcreditaremorereadilyavailable
o 17901860USPatentofficeissuestwiceasmanypatentsasEnglandandtherestofEurope
o IllegalforEnglishtosellideastoAmerican
18011802SamuelSlaterbringsfirsttextilemilltoUS
Massachusetts1810FrancisCabotLowellinstitutesfirstAmericanpowerloom(waterfall)
o 1813BostonManufacturingCompanytakesLowellsinvention
BuildstwoinWaltham,MAandChelmsford,MA
Chelmsford(headquarters)isrenamedLowellinhishonor
o Lowellmodelmanufacturingcity
DontwanttoduplicatedirtyanddisgustingBritishfactorytowns
Daughtersoffarmersratherthanchildlabor
Wanttohelpfamilyskilledcitylaborers
Boardinghouses
Matrononeachfloor
Librariesandlecturestoengagewomeninpolitics
FirstwomensmagazineLowellOfferings
o DistributedtoallcommunityaroundLowell
Strictrulesnotardiness,noalcohol,nogambling,nocandy,10pmbedtime
o 7amto7pm(30minutemeal),6dayweeks
Tediousandrepetitive
$2.403.20aweek
o Majorityofpaywassupposedtobesentbackhome
o 1830sLaborProblems
Imusthavesomethingofmyownbeforemanyyearshavepassed.SallyRice(workeratLowell)
Increasedproductivitylongerhoursandworkloads
Unsafeandunhealthyworkingenvironments(suchasoperatingtwoloomsatonce)
Machinesspedup,wagescut
Leadstolabor(proletariat)unrestandorganizationstrikes
Companiesfiredlaborleaders,butanewcropofleaderswouldjustemerge
Problemworkerswereblacklisted
Unorganizedworkerswerehiredandforcedtosigncontractssayingtheywouldntstrike
Workershadnoprideinfinishedproducts(noartisans),noworkingatwilllatenessanddrunkenness
NewWorldworkerfactory,OldWorldworkerfarmer
o LaborMovement/Organization
1834NationalTradeUnionestablished
Individualcoregroupscometogetherfactory,railroad,unskilled/skilledartisans,laborers
Protestlowwages,longhours,unsafeconditions,notrewardedforlongvalueoflabor
Takecomplaintstotheidlerichadvocatesclassconflict
Advocatesprogressivebetterschoolsanderadicationofdebtorsjail(cantpaydebtwhileinjail)
o Schoolsforkidsteachpatriotism
18341837movementleadstotheGreatPanicof1837luckytohavejob
NTUsworkgrindstoahalt
10/28
TonyBlair
o 19972007primeministerofGreatBritain
o 19832007representativeinHouseofCommonsofSedgefieldconstituency(CountyDurham,northeastEngland)
o LedLabourpartytothreeconsecutivewinsin1997,2001,and2005
o PersonalLife
1953borninEdinburgh,Scotland
SecondsonofLeoandHazelBlair
Leowasabarristerlawyer
MovestoAustraliaLeotaughtatUniversityofAdelaidejurisprudence
MovesbacktoDurhamLeotaughtatUniversityofDurhamjurisprudence
OlderbrotherSirWilliamBlair,youngersisterSarah
AttendsDurhamChoristerSchool(preparatoryschool),goesontoFettesCollege
Arrestedforburglary(droppedbecausehisfatherwasbarrister)
Climbedladderintohisroomaftercurfew
AttendsOxford(St.JohnsCollegelawschool)
LeadsingerandguitarplayerinrockbandUglyRumours
MostexpensivepossessioniTunesaccount
BandmatePeterThompsonpassespoliticalideologytoBlair(Labourparty,left,liberal)
WhileBlairisatOxford,Hazeldiesofcancer
o Blairbeginstochampionhealthcarepolicies
Graduatesin1976
BecomespupilbarristeratLincolnInn(London)oneoffourcircuitcourts
Nethermerev.Gardinerfirstcase
GardinerworkedforNethermereinatrouserfactory
Disputeoverholidaypay
Blairsideswithemployersandlosesfirstcase
1980meetswifeCherieBooth
DaughterofwellknownactorTonyBooth(directdescendantofJohnWilkesBooth)
Fourchildren
o PoliticalCareer
BlairiselectedasMPalongwith207otherLabourpartymembersnomajority
July6,1983firstspeechasMP
1987worldwidestockmarketcrash
Economicdownturnsusuallyresultinpartyrealignments
MargaretThatcherresigns
BlairsaysLondonmarkettradersaremorallydubiousandincompetent
o GivesBlairattention
1988LabourpartyleaderNeilKinnock(Minorityleader)
1988namesBlairShadowCabinetSecretaryofStateofEnergy
1989BlairbecomesShadowCabinetMinisterforEmployment
1992nationalelection
BlairseekstomodernizetheLabourpartyandattractmorevoters
Manysuggestionsrejectedendmonarchy,createminimumwagelaw
ModernizationeffortsloseLabourtheelection
1994KinnockreplacedbyJohnSmith
BlairbecomesShadowHomeSecretary(assistantleadership)
1995Smithdiesofmassiveheartattack
Blairbecomespartyleader
Blair/Majordebates
Labourmovesbacktocorevalues
Nationalindustry(associationalism),unionprivileges,welfarestate
1997electionreorganizationofthepartyleadingintotheelection
o Crimedecreasingpolicies,lowertaxes,increasedpowertoregionalgovernments,trade
policies
o Crimereducedbyover35%
Changesclause4oftheLabourpartyplatform
o Redistributionofwealththroughownershipofindustrysocialism
1996Partyconferences
o Blairpromiseseducation(3things)
1997landslidevictoryforLabour(firsttimein18years)
Blairbecomessecondyoungestprimeministerever(43yearsold)
o 1783WilliamPittwasyoungest
OnlyLabourPMtowinthreetimesagainstTory
NegotiatespeaceinnorthernIreland
36000newteacher,100000personnel
SupportedNATOinKosovo
SupportedWaronTerrorerodessupport
June24,2007resigns
GordonBrowntakesover
2009LabourlosestoDavidCameron
LeaderofQuartetNations(EU,US,UN,Russia)
Palestinianstatehood
Representsmiddleeastpeaceprocess
TonyBlairFaithFoundationservicethroughfaith
RepresentsChristianity,Buddhism,andIslam
Focusesonunderstandingtheworld,whiletryingtomaketheworldabetterplace
11/2
Panicof1819
o 18151818excessivecottonproductionwassettingeconomyupforfailure
o 1818cottonpricestopoutat32.5centsperpound
o Creditextendedonlandpurchases(associationalism)
Higherinterestrates
Biggermortgages
o 1819bottomfallsoutofcottonmarket(57centsperpound)
Landvaluesdrop5075%overnight
CascadeeffectoverAmericanagriculturalindustry
Worldwidecontractioninpopulationgrowth
EndofEraofGoodFeelings
o 1829marketrebound
MissouriCrisis
o Afterthepanic,nationalismisdeadandindividualsarevaluedoverthenation
Leadstojealousy,sectionalization,factions,east/westandnorth/southconflicts
o Divisionformsbetweenslavestatesandnonslavestates
1818Missourihad10000slaves
Missourifilesforterritorialstatusasaslavestate
1808slaveimportationisbanned
NofederallawsexistedregardingslaveryintheLouisianaPurchase
22states/territories11slave11nonslave
House105slavefree,85slaveholding
o MainewantstobreakfromMassachusettsandbeafreestate
Missouriwantstojoinasaslavestatetobalance
o JamesTallmadge(NewYork)northernerswillagreeifMissouriabolishesslaveryafter10yearsofstatehood
PassesonpartylinevoteinHouse,tieinSenate(2222)
o 1820HenryClay(Kentucky)talksmoralityofslaveryforfirsttime
MissouriCompromiseMissouriadmittedasslavestate,Maineasfreestate
Noslaveryabove3630lineorinLouisianaPurchase
o 1821Ageographicallinecoincidingwithamarkedprincipalmoralandpoliticalonceconceivedandheldupto
angrypassionsofmanwillneverbeobliteratedandeverynewirritationwillmarkitdeeperanddeeperThomas
Jefferson
Electionof1824
o JohnC.Calhoun(dropsout)
o AndrewJackson(Tennessee)99votes(38%)
o JohnQuincyAdams(Massachusetts)84votes(32%)wins
o WilliamCrawford(SecretaryoftheTreasury,SenatorfromGeorgia)41votes(16%)
o HenryClay37votes(14%)
o TheCorruptBargain(AndrewJackson)
Clayknowshecantwin,butdoesntwantJacksontowin,hasmeetingwithAdams
AsSpeakeroftheHouse,ClayswaysvotesinfavorofAdams
Inreturn,ClaybecomesSecretaryofStateunderAdams(steppingstonetopresidency)
Adamsisnotreelectedin1829
11/4
TwopartysystematthetimeDemocrats(Jackson)andNationalRepublicans(HenryClayandAdams)
JohnQuincyAdams
o gooddiplomat,badpresident(oneterm)
o StymiedbyCongressfilledwithenemies
o DidnotbuildpartyClaywantedAdamstobuildhisparty
o Advocatedthearts(18241828artsprogram)
AndrewJackson
o 1828Jacksonelectiononeoftheeasiestonrecord(landslide)
o Background
Grewupinpoverty,littleeducation
FirstpresidentbornWestofAppalachians
Lackedintelligencedidntbelieveworldwasround
BecomeslawyerinwestTennessee
InNashvillelargelandownerandslaveholder
SuccessfulgeneralofWarof1812BattleofNewOrleans(herotoSouth)
o Presidency
Spoilssystemsupportinelectionjobingovernment
Micromanagerbelievedcabinetshouldbecompletelyloyaltohimanddohiswill
MarketeconomyJacksonknowslandisimportant,setseyesonsoutheastIndianland
Cottonandwheatdemandrises
Inheritsgoodsystemoftariffsandquotashigherinnorth,lowerineastandwesttobalanceandmove
countryforward
Protectsandgrowscreditandbankingsystem
1820eastofMississippinearlyamillionacresofland(goodforcotton)
Ownedby125000NativeAmericans
FiveCivilizedTribesChoctaw,Cherokee,Creek,Chickasaw,andSeminole
Untappedgold
1824JamesMonroelookedforloopholes,pressuretoremoveIndians
AdamshadanappreciationofNativeAmericansandtooknoaction
IndianRemoval
o Worcesterv.Georgia(Marshall)
GeorgiapasseslawthatnullifiestheCherokeeConstitution
Cherokeefilesuitinfederalcourtsystem
CourtsideswithWorcesterIndianshavefullauthorityovertheirlands
StatesdonothaverighttoextentlawsovertoCherokees
o JacksonaboutMarshalloldmanonthebench,Marshallhashadhissay
BelievedSupremeCourtwastheretoservehimignoresruling
TellsstategovernmentstorampuppressureagainsttheNativeAmericans
o 1830IndianRemovalActispassedbyJacksonsefforts
o Indianswerevoluntarilyremoved(atthepointofagun)toOklahoma
Choctaw,Chickasaw,andCreekleave
SeminoleputupafightunderOsceola
Cherokeerefusetoleave
ChiefJohnRosswaskidnapped,Cherokeemusttreatytogethimback
AbsenteeleaderssigntreatymustleaveGeorgiaby1838
o 1838Cherokeearestillthere
VanBurensendsGeneralWinfieldScottwith75000troops
15000CherokeemovewestTrailofTears(1/4dieontheway)
WinfieldScottlatercitesashisworstmistake
o 1842removalcomplete
11/7
NullificationCrisis
o Asacottonstate,SouthCarolinawashithardbythePanicof1819
o SouthCarolinaCrisis
1824Congresspassesnewcottonexporttariffusingimpliedpowers(InterstateCommerce)
SouthCarolinadoesnotlike,saysunconstitutional
SouthCarolinaclaimsthefederalgovernmentwilleventuallyuseimpliedpowertoabolishslavery
o DenmarkVeseyformerSCslavewantstobringabolitiontoSouth
Ralliesslavesaroundtooverthrowgovernment
PreachesChristianandRepublicanideals
ArgumentslaveryviolatesbasictenantofChristianity
WantstocontrolCharlestonHarbor
Slavesdidntcooperatefails(thwartedbystatemilitia)
o SCGovernmentpoolsresources,organizesagainstVesey,andtakehismenintocustody(hangedorexiled)
o VeseyincidentbringsSouthCarolinatodistrustthefederalgovernment
SouthCarolinapasslawstoreinforceandcodifyslaveryhardertobefreedbymasters
SCsayscodificationofslaveryisimpliedpowerlikefederalimpliedpowertoplacetariff
o 1828Congressneedsrevenue,increasestariffTariffofAbomination(bySouthCarolina)
o SouthCarolinaExpositionandProtestthetariffisillegalandSouthCarolinadoesnothavetofollowit
Firstmovementsofnullification
o TheoryofNullification
JohnC.CalhounwroteSCnullification
1820sYalegraduate,Federalist,lawyer,brilliantpoliticalthinker
Jacksonsvicepresident
Calhoundisagreedwiththeadministrationtension
Early1820snationalistlate1820sbecomesstatesrightsadvocate
Minorityruleshouldtrumpmajorityriseupandsaymajorityiswrong
Statesweresovereign,federalgovernmentcantpasslawsstatesdontwantfollow
Whenanoppressive/illegal/wrongrule/law/tariffispassed,apopularconventionshouldbeheld
Delegateshavetherighttonullifythelawifitisdeemedunjust
IflawisnotspecificallyintheConstitution,statescannullifyit
CongresscanamendtheConstitutioniflawisnullified
Ifstatedisagreeswithamendment,ithastherighttosecede
1830sSenatorRobertHaynesbringsthistheorytoCongress
PrimaryrivalDanielWebster(SenatorfromMassachusetts)
o theUnionisnotacompactofsovereignstates
o thepeoplesconstitution,thepeoplesgovernment,madeforthepeople,madebythe
people,andanswerabletothepeople
o 1832anothertariffisadopted,addingfueltonullification
SouthCarolinacallsnullificationconvention
Feb1,1833alltariffsprohibitedandnull
Dec1832Jacksonsproclamationonnullification
Stateshavenorighttosecedeandcannotnullifylaws
ForcesBillreiteratesJacksonspowertouseforceifnecessary
Jacksonistryingtoreversetariffof1832inCongressatthesametime
o Compromiseof1833
CalhounandClayworktoreversetariffifSouthCarolinastopsnullification
Tariffwillbereducedovera3yearperiod
MartinvanBuren
o Democrat
o Inheritseconomicdepression
o Failedpresidency
o Panicof1837bottomfallsoutofcottonmarketagain
Wagesfell3050%
o 1839marketstartingtorecover,backontrackby1842
WilliamHenryHarrison
o Whigpartytakesover
o Electionof1840Whigencourageswomentostandupandbepoliticallyengaged
Womenencouragedtowritearticles,organizeandspeakatrallies,publishjournaltoeducatevoters
Quitesuccessful
o Harrisonwinsbyalandslide20860
Romanticism
o DirectoppositiontoEnlightenment
o Enlightenmentreasonatcenterofhumanachievement
o Romanticismemotionandheartoverreasoningtofindtruth
o Transcendentalistmovement1830s(Bostonarea)
EmersonandGeorgeRipleyUnitarianclergymen
ClubMargaretFuller,BronsonAlcott,OrestesBrownson
Feelingoverreason,transcendenlightenedthought,riseabovereasonandthenaturalworld
Atbirth,thereisSparkofDivinity,sowithineveryoneisabilitytobegodlike
Jacksonwasromanticandtranscendentalist,didntcometoembracemovement
AgeofReform
o JacksonianthoughtandTranscendentalismsymbioticrelationship
Advocatedoptimism,individualism,egalitarianspirit
o SpiritofReformationwecangoabovereasoning,usefeelingstobepartofAmerica
o 1837TheAmericanScholar(declarationofliteraryindependenceJackson)
Wedonothavetolivelikefathersandgrandfathers,wewillfallbehind
o AgeofReformdonthavetobelikerestoftheworld
o UtopianCommunityreformbyexample
Begantospringupeverywhere
Emphasizedspiritualunitywithingroup,individualismlessened
Shakers
o AnnLee(MotherAnn)startedtheShakerMovement(English)
DaughterofEnglishblacksmith
Visitedbyalmightyvisions
SeesdualnatureofGod
ThroughmeGodwillspeak
o 1774FemininenatureofGodtellsAnntogotoAmerica
o 20newcommunities
Womengivenunusualequality
Propertywascommunalowned
Decisionsbasedonhierarchyofchurch
Womeninhousehold,meninfields
11/11
VeteransDay
o MajorUSWarsVietnam,Korea,WWI,WWII
Vietnam(19581972)memorialbuilt1977
Korea(19511953)memorialbuiltearly90s
WorldWarII(19411945)memorialbuilt2000s
WorldWarInonationalmemorial(DistrictofColumbiamemorial)
o 2003Congresspassesbillsayingnomorememorialsaretobebuiltonnationalmall
o WorldWarIendedJune26,1919
TreatyofVersailleUSdoesnotapproveuntil1926
TermswereveryharshtoGermany
o ArmisticeDay
Ceasefire11
th
hourof11
th
dayof11
th
month,1918
TwoweeksleadingupredpoppiesareworninEuropeandCanada
o InFlandersFields
Lt.ColonelJohnMcCrayCanadianMilitaryMedicalCorps1915
Dies1918ofpneumonia
BattleofFlandersFields(Belgium)lotofbloodspilled
Springcoveredinredpoppies
o ThePoppyLadyMoinaMichael
ConvincedVeteransofForeignWarstosellfriendshippoppies
WroteWeShallKeeptheFaith
oh,youwhosleepinFlandersField,sleep
o PresidentWilsonstrokeafterTreatyofVersaille
WifeEdithcallingshots
Endofwarnotrecognizeduntil1926
Proclamationof1926VeteransDay
o 1938officiallynamedArmisticeDay
o 1956EisenhowerrenamesVeteransDay
HarveyHigleyadministratorofVeteranAffairs
o 1968UniformHolidayBillincreasecommercialactivity
Mondaynationalholidays
Washingtonsbirthday,ColumbusDay,MemorialDay,VeteransDay
VeteransDaylosessignificance
o October25,1971firstVeteransDay
o GeraldFordexecutiveordermovesVeteransDaytoNov11
o FlandersFieldtodayMuesArgonne
AmericannationalcemeteryadministeredbyUSBattleMonumentCommission
91
st
and37
th
divisionsfoughtGermansandpushedthembackpasttheRhine
51
st
artillery
11/14
JohnHumphreyNoyes
o SecularShaker
o CreatesgrandcommunitiesatOneida,NYandPutney,VT
o Womenremovedfromkitchenslaveryonlyhadtomakebreakfast
o Complexmarriagesanctionedsexualrelationswithasmanypeopleasyouwant
o 1851over200membersbetweentwocommunities
Mormonism
o LDSLatterDaySaints
o AmericanbornreligionPalmyra,NY
o 1827JosephSmithvisitedbyangelMoloch
DeliveredgoldentabletsoutliningMormonbooks
TellshimtofindthelosttribeofIsrael
WilliamLloydGarrison
o Fatherofabolitionism
o Authorandpublisher
o Verydevoutreligiousmother
o Familybeliefgoodqualityjobsuccess
ApprenticedunderBostonprinters
o 1829goessouthtoBaltimoreandmeetsBenjaminLundy
TeamupandcreateanabolitionistnewspaperTheGeniusofUniversalEmancipation
Marylandwasaslavestate
LundyadvocatedcolonizationofslavesbacktoAfrica
Slaveshatedideaproslavery,antiBlack
o 1830GarrisonandLundyarrestedforlibel(printingfalseinformation)
Convictedandreleasedshortly(6monthjailterm)
o 1831GarrisonheadsnorthtoBoston
PublishesTheLiberatorintendedtoendslavery
FirstpublicationIWILLBEHEARD
Spreadsinnorthandtricklestosouth
Gradualemancipationandimmediacy(startrightaway)
o LincolnviewedGarrisonaswise
o 1832GarrisonjoinswithLouisTappanandTheodoreWell
CreatenationalmovementAmericanAntislaverySociety
200000cardcarryingmembersof27million
StartsineastUS(Boston)
Meetsresistanceinindustrialcities(slavesforrawmaterials)
Businesspeopleandfactoryworkers
Althoughslavefree,northwasinherentlyracist
Costofcottonwouldrise
2030yearoldswithmiddleclassupbringing(rural)
ActingunderSecondGreatAwakening
UnChristiantoenslavepartofsociety
o SouththosesupportedGarrisonwereforcedtoleave
o 1835pushbackagainstAASS
RiotGarrisontakenhostageandparadedwitharope(rescued)
ElijahLovejoydiesamartyrafterhisprintingpressesweredestroyedIllinois
o 1839Garrisonwantstotalsocietalreformrebuildfromgroundupwithoutslavery
o July4,1838burnsacopyofConstitution
acovenantwithdeath,anagreementwithhell
SlaverywasjustifiedinConstitutionproslavery
11/16
ManifestDestiny
o Shoretoshore
o MakewayfortheAmericanbuffalo,hehasnotyetgotloudenoughNewYorkwriter
o FirstsuggestedbyJohnL.OSullivaninhisnewspaper
Puritanideologycityonahill(UnitedStates)
o 1844Texas,California,southernOregon,andRockiesalreadypartofUnion
1.5millionsquaremilesoflandbetweenRockyMountainsandCalifornia
o NorthUnitedStatesworldpower
WantworldtoembracewaysofWhiteAngloSaxonProtestants
o Southracism,wantedtotakeslaves
o PerpetuatedManifestDestinycause
JamesL.PolkMexicanWar
o Settheprecedentforwarwithoutdeclaration
o Texasadmittedasastate,boundaryset(RioGrandeRiver)
o MexicodoesnotrecognizeTexasasUSstatesetsNuecesRiverasnorthborder(150milesnorth)
o MexicobreaksrelationswithUSPolkbeginstoantagonizeMexico
SendsGeneralZacharyTaylortoborderpreemptive
o AmericanenvoyJohnSlidell(Louisiana)senttonegotiate
NewMexico$5million
AllrightstoCaliforniaandrecognitionofborder$25million
MexicotellsSlidelltoleave
o Apr25,1845MexicanscrossintoTexas
6monthwar
13000Americansdied
o May9,1845PolkcallsjointsessionofCongressforwar
Twoweeksdifference(violateConstitution)
o TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo
RioGrandeisestablishedassouthernborder
NewMexicoandCaliforniaceded$12.5million
o SlaverySpreadsthroughTexas,NewMexico,andCalifornia
11/28122
Electionof1848
o LewisCassDemocraticpresidentialnominee
o ZacharyTaylorWhigs(MexicanWarGeneral)nopublicpolicy,nopoliticalinterest,basedonwarpopularityalone
PopularityofTaylorgetshimelected
ZacharyTaylorSectionalCrisis
o Taylorisstrongabolitionist
30statesrepresented(balance15per)
TaylorwanttoturnCaliforniaandMexicanterritoriesintononslaveareasimbalance
Northcantheneasilygetridofslavery
o CaliforniaGoldRushautomaticallyadmitasastate
TaylorsendsrepresentativesintoCaliforniaandMexicanterritory
Assistindevelopingconstitutionsandlaws
TurnintofreestatesorterritoriesCalifornia,NewMexico,Utah
o HenryClaystillsenatorfromKentucky(73yearsold)
Goingtoprotectslavery(staunchslaverysupporter)
Claysworkwillultimatelyfail
o Mississippiagitators
Callsforconventionofslavesstates(Southern)
ConventionheldinNashville(asclosenorthaspossible)
MakeplansforstoppingZacharyTaylorandhismovewestofnonslavery
SouthernstatesproclaimifTaylorcontinues,thesouthernstateswillsecede
FugitiveSlavelawof1793
o Usuallynamedasmaincauseofcivilwar(statesrightsandslavery)
o Slavesthatescapedplantationswouldbereturnedifcaptured
o Slavesarentgoingtobereturnedbynortherners
o SoutharelookingatsouthernrightsofFugitiveSlaveslaw
OughttobeenforcedthroughoutUnitedStatesfullforceoffederallaw
Canttrustnorth
o NorthcouldhavetakenthischancetopoundintoAmericansslaveryisimmoral
Instead,NorthhaveissuewithslaveryinWashingtonDC
Missedopportunitybytheabolitionists
ClaysCompromiseof1850
o Althoughstaunchslaverysupporter,hewasaunionistcouldnotabideabreak
o Proposal
AdmitCaliforniaasfreestate
PopularsovereigntypeopleofCaliforniadontsupportslaves
Mexicancessioncomeinasterritories(NewMexicoandUtah)
Organizedintotwoindividualterritorieswhichwilleventuallybecomestates
Clayknewwaveofabolitionists,Housedominatedbyabolitionists
Slaverywillbedeterminedbypopularsovereignty
DCwillabolishslavery
CongresswillabolishtheIntercontinentalslavetrade
FugitiveSlavelawof1793willbereinforced
TakenseriouslybyallstatesinUnionbecauseitisfederallaw
o OmnibusbillencompasseseverypointthatClaywantstogetvotedon
TakesalongtimetogetthroughCongressSenatedebated6months
o SenatorDanielWebsterofMassachusetts
BelievedMissouriCompromisedifficulttoenforce
IwishtospeaktodaynotasaMassachusettsman,notasanorthernman,butasanAmerican.Ispeak
todayforthepreservationoftheUnion.Hearmeformycause.
Wasntgoingtospeakoutagainstomnibusbill
KnewintentionsofClayIntendedtoensurecountrywasgoingtolast
Democracy,republic,unionremainintact
o OneofWebstersstaunchestalliesJohnC.Calhoun
Calhounwasneardeathwhenomnibusbillwasbeingdebated
Couldntspeakwrotewordsandhadthemread
thecordsofunionarebeingsnappedonebyone
Ifomnibusbillisnotpassedwewillseeanendtowhatwehavecomeandhavediedfor
Wantedequalrightsforthesouth
SouthslaveswantFugitiveSlaveLawenforced(equalrightsforsouth)
Propertyisescapingus
Primefarmhandsdifficulttohavelost
Necessaryforgoodproduction
Anendtotheagitationofslavery
Preservetheunion
o Omnibusbillistoobigtopassfails
NotgoingtopassinSenatebecausebalancedstalemate
Somenorthernsympathizecantpasssuchabigbillandfaceconstituencies
o StephenA.DouglassIllinois
Reintroducesomnibusbillsasindividualbills
July1850ZacharyTaylordiesofarsenicpoisoning(membersofhisstaff)
MillardFillmorebecomespresident
o NorthlooksatDouglasssbills
Californiaadmittedasfreestate
SlaveryabolishedinDC
o Southlegislators
GetUtahandNewMexicoorganized
Allowpopularsovereigntytodetermineslaveornonslave
Scrap1793FugitiveSlaveLaw
Harsher1850FugitiveSlaveLaw
September17,1850lastpointvotedon
o ClayCompromisesuccessforbothsides
Unionispreserved
TheBreak
o Southrelyoncottonmarket
Sendtomarketsinnorth
Cottonproducersinsoutharelosing20%profitinhavingtodealwithmarketsinnorth
Moneylostontransportation
Cantpayforgoodfarmhands(premium)
Nomorefreeslaves
Profitabilityisdecreasing
Taxesonproductsmovingnorth,holdingfees,brokeragefees
CoastalSouthCarolinalacksabankingsystem
Bankingisallinnorth
CantselltoEnglandbecauseslavegrown
Havetogothroughnorthlaunder
o SouthernbusinessleaderssecedefromtheUnion
Dobetterifdonthavetogothroughnorthernmarkets
o Southdoesnthavepoliticalwillandeconomicability
Cantestablishownbankingetc
o 18521853politicalrealignmentofAmerica
1853FranklinPierceelected1853
Youngestmantobeelectedpresident48yearsold
DeemedbyDemocratsasyoungAmericanmovement
Willnotdiscussslaveryasanissue
WilldiscusshowAmericacaninfluencerestoftheworldthroughDemocraticprinciples
Howhegetselected
FranklinPierce
o WantstodevelopresourcesforAmerica
ShowtheworldthatyoungAmericanmovementisthewaytogo
o Developsinfrastructure(IntercontinentalRailroad)toconnecteastandwest
GadsdenPurchase45000squaremilesdesertsouthwestAmerica
Allowscompletionoftranscontinentalrailroadsystem
SetsAmericaupforManifestDestiny
Kansas/NebraskaAct
o Setsdangerousprecedent
o Repeals1820MissouriCompromise
o Kansas(aboveline)popularsovereignty(Douglass)
Slavestate(Missouri)totheeast
o 1854,1855Kansasdecidestobeaslavestate
60%ofvoterswerentfromKansas(Missouri)
Wanttospreadslaverywest
o Kansaslandofopportunity
Massmigration
Popularsovereigntyisamaincourseforremovingslavery
MigratefromnorthandsouthtohavevoicesheardtherushtoKansas
o BloodyKansasuprisingafterfraudulentvote
o AbolitionistswritetheirownConstitutionsforKansas
Twogovernments
Republicansontherise
o Slaveryhasgottogo(economicimpactratherthanmorality)
o Republicanpartyiscityonhill
o Republicanmembers
AntiWhigsupporters,moderateDemocratsalarminglyhighrate
o PositionsRepublicanstohavemorevoiceinissueofslavery
o SomeonesaysRepublicanpartywontlast(stillaroundtoday)
JamesBuchanan1856election
o JamesBuchanan(Pennsylvania)Democratic174votes
NovoiceinKansas/NebraskaAct(outofcountry)
Supportsslaverywinsallofsouth
o MillardFillmoreAmericanParty114votes(northandnortheast)
LostbecausehedidntgetBuchanansPennsylvania
Middleroadsomeantislaveryrhetoric(preservation)
Asformerpresident,hasnamerecognition
o JohnC.Fremont(California)Republican(thewest)
Lookeduponfordevelopmentofthewest
Callsslaveryarelicofbarbarismslaverydegradeslaborandwilldrivefreelaborfromtheterritories
Iftheycouldstopslaverypreservenorthernheritage(opportunityandeconomicindependencefor
whiteAmericans)
Doesnotwinasinglesouthernstate
o Wefinallyseerootsofmoralityofslavery
HarrietBeecherStoweUncleTomsCabin
o HadFillmorewonCivilWar
Fillmorewasantislave,AmericanPartywasnot
o BuchananinauguratedMarch4,1857
TheDredScottDecision
o March6,1857SupremeCourthandsdownmostbackwardsdecision(RogerB.Tawny)
o DredScott
Slave,intelligentman
FinalownerElizaIreneEmerson(armyfamily)
EmersonsmovedaroundalotIllinois,Wisconsinterritory,Missouri
Freestate,freeterritory,slavestate
o DredScottshouldhavebeenreleasedfromslaverybecausehepassedthroughfreestate/territory
o Scottv.Emerson
ShotdowninMissouristatecourts
72decisionEmerson
o TawnyfromMarylandformerslaveholder
MajorityopinionScottwasinMissouriatthetimeheinstitutedthiscourtcase
AfricansheldinslaverycouldnotbeandhadneverbeencitizensoftheUnitedStates
AtthetimetheConstitutionwasadopted,theywereregardedasbeingsofaninferiororder,sofar
inferiorthattheyhadnorightswhichthewhitemanwasboundtorespect
o SupremeCourtsaystheMissouriCompromiseisunconstitutional
SlaverycouldnotbebannedinanyAmericanterritory
o Northernersfearwhatifpopularsovereigntybecomesunconstitutional?
DredScottdecisionlightsfire
JohnBrown
o InaKansasChurchIPromisebeforeGodthatIwillendslavery.
o Productofutopiancommunitieslookingforwaytoendslavery
o Oct1857HarpersFerry,Virginia(20milesfromDC)
Takesarmyofslavesmakeslavesrevolt
Slaveryissodemoralizingthatslavesdontreallywantfreedom
o Federalweaponsarsenalmannedwithabout10people
Oct16,1857JohnBrown,2sons,and28followerstakeweaponsarsenal
ProblemnoslaveswithinHarpersFerryarea
Buchanandispatchesagarrisonof75000mentoretakethearsenal
GeneralRobertE.LeewithadjutantMajorStonewallJackson
o JohnBrownretreatstofirehouse
Sonsandmanyfollowersdie
Brownshotthrougharmandbacksurvives
StateCourtofVirginiatrieshimfortreason
o Summer1859waiteduntilBrownfullyhealedsohecoulddefendhimself
Believedwhathedidwasright
HadIsointerferedonthebehalfoftherich,thepowerful,thesocalledgreat,itwouldhavebeenalright.
GuiltyhungDec2,1859
ElectionofNov1860
o AbrahamLincoln(Illinois)Republican(setondestroyingslavery)180electoralvotes(40%popularvote)
o JohnC.BreckinridgeSouthernDemocrats72(18%)
o JohnBellConstitutionalParty39(13%)Constitutionupholdsslavery
o StephenA.DouglassNorthernDemocrats12(29%)
o ThreeDemocraticpartieshadtheybeenabletonominateoneDemocrat,couldhavebeatLincoln
PluralityofAmericansvotedforsomeoneelse
o JamesBuchananbadpoliticiandoesntstandreelection
SouthCarolinasecedes
o Dec20,1860conventionvotetosecedefromtheUnion
o Feb7,1861allsecessionisdone(Texas)
CrittendenPlan
o BorderstatesVirginia,Kentucky,Maryland,Missouri
didnotsecedefaithinKentuckysenatorCrittenden
Believedunionmustbepreserved
o Theunamendableamendment
Ifdidnotpasscivilwar
o Extend3630linestretchallthewaytoCalifornia
Noslaveryinnorthernslaves,guaranteeofslaveryinsouth
o Southernleaderstheargumentisexhausted
o LincolnwecantsurrendertowhowehavejustbeatrejectCrittendenPlanaswell
AbrahamLincoln
o March6,1861inaugurated
Southernstateshavenorighttosecede
InauguraladdressDoesnotintenttointerferewithslaverywhereitexists
Doesnotwanttoendunionintentstomollify
theUnionisperpetual
o MajorRobertAndersongarrisoncommanderatFortSumter,SC
Ifnotresupplied,in6weekstheywillbeout
o 3daysafterLincolnpicksColonelRobertE.Lee(Virginia)tocommandallunionforces
Cannotaccept,cannotfightagainstownstateofVirginia
Ifyoudonottake,Iwillburythedeadfromthiswarinyourfrontyard.
LeeshomebecomesmilitarygraveyardArlingtonNationalCemetery
FortSumter
o AbilityofunionnavytostopCharlestonfromreceivinggoods,services,andproducts
o mainportinthesouth
o LincolnsendslettertoSouthCarolinagovernor
AllowustoresupplytroopsatFortSumtersendonlyfood,nothingelse
GovernorsendslettertonewpresidentJeffersonDavis(Tennessee)
DavistherearenoUniongarrisonsinSC,therearenofederaltroopsfromyourcountryinmycountry
TellstroopstotakeSumter
o April12,18614:30am(CivilWarbegins)
ConfederatetroopsunderGeneralPGTBeauregardbeginassaultonFortSumter
2:30pmAndersonsurrenders(33hours)
Nocasualtiesduringthebattle(onedeaththedayafter)
Unionresponds
o Lincolncallsfor75000volunteerstojoinUnionarmygetsgoodresponse
o Unioncanthavefastvictory
QualitycommandinggeneralsofUnioncomefromsouthernstates
Lee,Hood,Jackson,Stuart,Longstreet,Beauregard,Armistead,Pickett
Militarytraininginstitutionsallinsouth
WestVirginia
o June1861WestVirginiasecedesfromVirginiaandjoinstheUnion
o Felttheyhadnovoice
o Statehoodin1863bypresidentialproclamationLincoln
Battlesin1861
o May1819AquiaCreek
NavalbattleonlyUnionhasnavy
BlockadeofChesapeakeBayinVirginiabyUnionforces
Norealwinner(Union)
o June3PhilippiRaces(Virginia)
UnionPrivateT.BaileyBrownisfirstcasualtyofthewar
Unionvictory
o June10BethelChurch(Virginia)
Confederatevictory
o June17Boonville(Missouri)
Unionvictory
FirstmajorwesterncampaignfewConfederatesinthewest
o July2HokesRun(Virginia)alsoknownasFallingWaters
Union
o July5Carthage(Missouri)
MajorbattleConfederatevictory
o July11CheatMountain(Virginia)
Union
o July18BattleofBullRun/Manassas(Virginia)
FirstmajorConfederatevictory
40milesfromDC
GreatconfederatebattlemindsallcometogetheratManassas
VirginiansledbyThomasJonathanStonewallJackson
ArmyofnorthVirginiahavetakenfighttounion
DonttreadonmewellfightbackConfederate
o Aug10WilsonsCreek/OakHills(Virginia)
Confederate
CivilWarcontinued
o May1863Chancellorsville(central/northernVirginia)
Wildernesscampaign
StonewallJacksonshotbyowntroopsthrougharmandback
GeneralJacksonmayhavelosthisleftarm,butIhavelostmyright
o GeneralLeeafterfindingoutthatJacksonhadhadhisarmamputated
Contractspneumonia
o AntietamCreek(Maryland)
Bloodiestday23000lostinoneday
o Gettysburgturningpoint
GeneralGeorgeMeade
ArmyofthePotomac(Union)
12/512/9
Gettysburg
o Day1July1,1863Confederatewin
EquivalenttoEnglishCivilWarsCavalierandRoundheads
NewunioncommanderisGeneralGeorgeMeade8
th
commander
ConfederatecommanderGeneralRobertE.Lee
ConfederateColonelWalterH.TayloraidedecamptoGeneralLee
ConfederateGeneralJamesLongstreet
Lees2
nd
incommandwise
ConfederateGeneralHenryHeth
OneofLeescorecommanders
AttackedBufordscavalrybeforeLeesreinforcementcame(againstorders)
Elementofsurpriselost
HadConfederatesattackedinfullvictory
ConfederateGeneralA.P.HillcommanderofHillscorps
Hethcommandsadivision
ArrivesatCashtown8milestothewest
UnionGeneralJohnBuford
LookingfromtopofLutheranCemetery,Gettysburg
Leadscavalryofficers(amazingsnipers)
ToldtoholdonuntilJohnReynoldscanrelieveyou
UnionGeneralJohnReynolds
Arriveswithouthistroops
KilledbyConfederatesharpshooter
ConfederateGeneralJ.E.B.Stuartnowheretobefound
Cavalryeyesandearsofthearmy
Leedoesntknowwhattoexpect
ConfederateGeneralRichardEwellfailstotakeheightsvictoryisnolongercertain
CemeteryRidgeandSeminaryRidgearecrucialstrategiclocations
Gettysburgisinavalley
ConfederatesstationedonSeminaryRidge
UnionstationedonCemeteryRidge
JohnHenryrunawayslave
TheembodimentofslaveryandwhattheUnionwasfightingagainst
o Day2
UnionColonelJoshuaMorrisChamberlain20
th
Maine
BrotherThomasChamberlaincaptainin20
th
Maine
TaughtrhetoricatBodenCollegeinMaine
ConfederateMajorGeneralJohnBellHood
LedAlabamians
PleastotakeBigRoundTop
AttacksDevilsDenrockyanddeadly
Capturesandusesasshootingnest
ChamberlainheldleftmostflankLittleRoundTop
OnlythingstandingbetweenrebelsandWashingtonDC
20
th
Mainejoinedby2
nd
Maine
Shotbutbulletblockedbysword
60roundspermanlowammunitionafterthreewaves
OrdersarightwheelbayonetchargeonfourthwavethemanthatsavedtheUnionarmy
Tidesturned
CaptainEllisSpearoneofChamberlainscommanders
Tookleftwing
ConfederateGeneralWilliamBarksdale
Mortallywoundedanddies
CaptainHawkinscaptured
SargentBustershotinarmpittwice
o Day3
BritishColonelArthurC.FremantleColdstreamGuards
FollowingLeesarmy
ConfederatesaretryingtogetBritishtohelp
SonsofVirginia
ArmisteadsuncledefendedFortMcHenry
JamesDearingfirstinhisclassatWestPoint
PrivateRobertTylerJonesgrandfatherwaspresident
ColonelWilliamAylettgreatgrandfatherwasPatrickHenry
o Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath
PositionofUnionarmyinshapeoffishhook
SpanglersSpringtotheright
CulpsHillupahead
ConfederateGeneralGeorgePickettfromVirginiaflamboyant
LastinhisclassatWestPoint
ConfederateGeneralLoArmistead
ServedinPickettsdivision
UnionGeneralWinfieldScottHancock
ReplacedReynoldsafterhewaskilled
ArmisteadandHancockarethebestoffriendsnearbrothers
ServedtogetherinCalifornia
Carriedgoldcoinsmadeforeachother
RebelsmustattacktheUnioncenter
Leefeelsmustattackbecauseofmorale
o Longstreetthinksisbadidea
AttackSeminaryRidgeacrossopenground
MarchtotheCopseofTreesWitnessTreesacrossamileandtenthofopenground
Alsohavetocrossfences
ColonelAlexanderartillery
Inchargeofsilencingcannononsmallrockyhill
Sendsmessagelaterhurryuportheartillerycanthelpyou
Porter28yearsold
Inchargeofclearinggunsofflowcenterridge
JohnstonPettigrewreputablescholaratUniversityofNC
Wroteabook
Longstreetisinchargeoftheattack
GeneralTrimblecommandingPendersDivisiononleft
o Pettigrewsbrigadeinsupport
GeneralPickettsdivisiononright
PickettsdivisioncenterofassaultPickettsCharge
Divisioncompletelywipedout
Generals7dead,6wounded
Leadstodepressionforrestoflife
KemperandGarnett,supportedbyArmisteadintheback
Garnettisshotandfallsoffhishorse
Kemperisseriouslywounded
Armisteadseesthisandputshatonsword
OnlygeneraltobreaktheUnionlinebutgetsshot
SendshisregretstoGeneralHancockThomasChamberlain
Hancockhasalsobeenshot
20
th
MainesenttoUnioncenterafterbeingrelievedgetbombarded
o Aftermath
July13,1863dry,humid,hot
July4massivestorm
Menonbattlefielddiedfromexposure
HeldupGeorgeMeadefromcounterattack
o Failureofunioncommandingofficer
o Couldhaveendedwar
Longstreetseverelywounded
J.E.B.StuartmortallywoundedattheBattleofYellowTavern
Harrisonsurvives
Hancocksurvives
Leeservesuntilendofwardies1870
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