Two Math Apps

Jayanta Majumder
Geometric CAD
Engineering calculations
- Stress distribution
- Fluid flow
- Cast solidification
- Layout optimisation
- Digital mock-up
- Heat transfer
Free Geometric CAD tools:
http://www.123dapp.com/
(Dont end up being a user)
Representation of 3d objects
B-Rep = Geometry + Topology
Calculation engines :
- Function minimisation
- Root finding
- Linear algebra
Shapes come from math
functions
(x,y,z) = ( 4+0.3*sin(7*u)+cos(5*v))*cos(u)*cos(v),
4+0.3*sin(7*u)+cos(5*v))*cos(u)*sin(v),
2*(4+0.3*sin(7*u)+cos(5*v))*sin(u) )
(x,y,z) = ((3+0.2*sin(6*(u+v)+1))*cos(u)*cos(v),
(3+0.2*sin(6*(u+v)+1))*cos(u)*sin(v),
(3+0.2*sin(6*(u+v)+1))*sin(u))
In practice the functions are
mostly polynomials in
entertainment and industrial
product design and procedural
for machine design
3D printing from equations
using Mathematica
http://www.ms.unimelb.edu.au/~segerman/papers/3d_printed_visualisation.pdf
Realism of Rendering : State of the
art
Skillset :
Numerical robustness
CS/Algorithms in general
Numerical stability
Understanding limitations
of floating point
computation
GEOMETRY
Empirical Models :
Models based on data
Empirical models i.e. the models that help build and maintain empires
e.g. models of cannon-ball trajectory.
Modern empires like Apple, Microsoft, Google, Exxon, Shell, Dow run
their operations based on empirical models of their plants and processes.
[Citation needed]
in fact the said etymology is false.
Empirical vs. Mechanistic Models
It is more satisfying to find mechanistic solution to a problem because it
gives more reach and is less parochial.
Todays empirical model can instigate tomorrows mechanistic model
e.g. Balmer-series model for hydrogen-emission lines were explained ~30
years later by Niels Bohrs model.
But that doesnt always happen
Titius-Bode planetary distance model (1772)
D(n) = (4 + 3 2

)/10 AU
where n =, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..
It was fairly accurate for
planets observable in 1772, but
doesnt work for Neptune and
Pluto.
No mechanistic significance
has been found.
Planet
Actual distance
from the Sun
(in AU)
Distance by
Titus-Bode
Formula
Mercury
0.387 0.4
Venus
0.723 0.7
Earth
1 1
Mars
1.52 1.6
Asteroid Belt!
3.0 2.8
Jupiter
5.2 5.2
Saturn
9.55 10
Uranus
19.2 19.6
Method of building empirical models
Connecting dots, but in higher dimensions.
Hypothesize a function of the input variables in terms of a few free
parameters.
Tune the free parameters for which the aggregate of errors is as low as
possible. The tuning is a maxima/minima problem.
How to come up with model functions?
- Some mechanistic reasoning
- Random trials
- Understanding of shapes of terms
- Study of the residue distribution and residue contributors
- Sum of sigmoids and radial functions (neural networks)
Linear Model
In this special case, the tuning turns out to be the problem of solving a system
of linear equations.
In general, we minimise the following function over the possible values of the
free parameters vector a :
() =
=1

; )
2
Linear model has the special structure that :

; =

Here

, ,

are terms involving the i

th
input vector.
Please note that the model is linear only in terms of its free parameters, but the
terms can be arbitrarily non-linear.
Model Accuracy Criteria
A 1-variable model with level
snapped data
= 100

)
Where t is the immersed time as measured in days.
Here

() = 1
log

(
1
+1)

in which S is chosen to be 100.

THANKS!
The End