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  • Capillary Viscometer Calculation Notes

    Transféré par

    Richard Noky
    429 vues2 pages
    Capillary Viscometer (Non-Newtonian Flow) Calculation Notes A capillary viscometer consists of a very small diameter, cylindrical capillary tube. A liquid is forced through the capillary by imposing a pressure drop. The very small diameter of the tube, the very large length to diameter ratio minimizes entrance and exit effects and ensures a fully developed velocity profile. Please use CGS system for your calculations. For all fluids, the shear stress at the pipe wall (wallis shown below. wall = (PR)/(2L) = (PD/(4L) (1) Where: P= pressure drop across the capillary tube D = inside capillary tube diameter R= inside capillary tube radius L = capillary tube length For a laminar, incompressible, Newtonian fluid, the shear rate at the circular pipe wall, wall is shown below. wall = (4Q)/(R3) = 8V/(D)= 4V/(R) = (32Q)/(D3) (2) Where: Q= volumetric flow rate, cm3/sec V= average fluid velocity, cm/s Use Bird, Steward, and Lightfoot, 1960, p. 46-48, for the Hagan-Poiseuille eqn to calculate viscosity of a laminar, Newtonian, incompressible fluid. Then calculate Re and Le as shown in Bird, Steward, and Lightfoot, 1960, p. 47-48. Then plot y = w and x = wall to prove the solution is Newtonian and to get viscosity (use cP) since the following relation is true for a laminar, Newtonian, incompressible fluid. wall = wall (3) Where:  = viscosity of fluid Verify that the gylcerol solution is laminar, and Newtonian, and that end/entrance effects are negligible. You’ll have to use a 10ml pycnometer to get the solution density for glycerol and for methocel. Compare your results to any data you can find for glycerol. Then, after you calculate the viscosity of the glycerol using the diameter of 0.04”, then use the reference value for viscosity of the glycerol at 20C at the correct concentration for your objectives and calculate the capillary diameter. How different is it from 0.04”? Our capillary tube might not really be 0.04”. Non – Newtonian Fluid For a power law fluid, you still use Eqn 1 to get wall. Use the diameter of the capillary tube that you calculated from the glycerol case (do not use 0.04”). For a power law fluid, the following eqn is true (See BSL, 1960, p. 11, Geankoplis, p. 162, McCabe, Smith and Harriot, 2001 p. 50). wall = m(wall)n (4) Where: m = flow consistency index, dyne sn/cm2 m =  = viscosity of fluid if a Newtonian fluid n=1 if a Newtonian fluid, dimensionless n= flow behavior index From Dr. Morrison’s book (Understanding Rheology), use p. 389, Eqn 10.32 to calculate n and m. Then calculate wall from Dr. Morrison’s book, p. 389, Eqn 10-31. Then calculate fluid viscosity = (wall from Eqn 1)/(wall from Dr. Morrison’s book, p. 389, Eqn 10-31). Then plot log viscosity vs. log wall . Then plot wall vs. wall. Compare your results to any data you can find for methocel. What type of fluid is methocel?

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    Capillary Viscometer (Non-Newtonian Flow) Calculation Notes A capillary viscometer consists of a very small diameter, cylindrical capillary tube. A liquid is forced through the capillary by imposing a pressure drop. The very small diameter of the tube, the very large length to diameter ratio minimizes entrance and exit effects and ensures a fully developed velocity profile. Please use CGS system for your calculations. For all fluids, the shear stress at the pipe wall (wallis shown below. wall = (PR)/(2L) = (PD/(4L) (1) Where: P= pressure drop across the capillary tube D = inside capillary tube diameter R= inside capillary tube radius L = capillary tube length For a laminar, incompressible, Newtonian fluid, the shear rate at the circular pipe wall, wall is shown below. wall = (4Q)/(R3) = 8V/(D)= 4V/(R) = (32Q)/(D3) (2) Where: Q= volumetric flow rate, cm3/sec V= average fluid velocity, cm/s Use Bird, Steward, and Lightfoot, 1960, p. 46-48, for the Hagan-Poiseuille eqn to calculate viscosity of a laminar, Newtonian, incompressible fluid. Then calculate Re and Le as shown in Bird, Steward, and Lightfoot, 1960, p. 47-48. Then plot y = w and x = wall to prove the solution is Newtonian and to get viscosity (use cP) since the following relation is true for a laminar, Newtonian, incompressible fluid. wall = wall (3) Where:  = viscosity of fluid Verify that the gylcerol solution is laminar, and Newtonian, and that end/entrance effects are negligible. You’ll have to use a 10ml pycnometer to get the solution density for glycerol and for methocel. Compare your results to any data you can find for glycerol. Then, after you calculate the viscosity of the glycerol using the diameter of 0.04”, then use the reference value for viscosity of the glycerol at 20C at the correct concentration for your objectives and calculate the capillary diameter. How different is it from 0.04”? Our capillary tube might not really be 0.04”. Non – Newtonian Fluid For a power law fluid, you still use Eqn 1 to get wall. Use the diameter of the capillary tube that you calculated from the glycerol case (do not use 0.04”). For a power law fluid, the following eqn is true (See BSL, 1960, p. 11, Geankoplis, p. 162, McCabe, Smith and Harriot, 2001 p. 50). wall = m(wall)n (4) Where: m = flow consistency index, dyne sn/cm2 m =  = viscosity of fluid if a Newtonian fluid n=1 if a Newtonian fluid, dimensionless n= flow behavior index From Dr. Morrison’s book (Understanding Rheology), use p. 389, Eqn 10.32 to calculate n and m. Then calculate wall from Dr. Morrison’s book, p. 389, Eqn 10-31. Then calculate fluid viscosity = (wall from Eqn 1)/(wall from Dr. Morrison’s book, p. 389, Eqn 10-31). Then plot log viscosity vs. log wall . Then plot wall vs. wall. Compare your results to any data you can find for methocel. What type of fluid is methocel?

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    429 vues2 pages

    Capillary Viscometer Calculation Notes

    Transféré par

    Richard Noky
    Capillary Viscometer (Non-Newtonian Flow) Calculation Notes A capillary viscometer consists of a very small diameter, cylindrical capillary tube. A liquid is forced through the capillary by imposing a pressure drop. The very small diameter of the tube, the very large length to diameter ratio minimizes entrance and exit effects and ensures a fully developed velocity profile. Please use CGS system for your calculations. For all fluids, the shear stress at the pipe wall (wallis shown below. wall = (PR)/(2L) = (PD/(4L) (1) Where: P= pressure drop across the capillary tube D = inside capillary tube diameter R= inside capillary tube radius L = capillary tube length For a laminar, incompressible, Newtonian fluid, the shear rate at the circular pipe wall, wall is shown below. wall = (4Q)/(R3) = 8V/(D)= 4V/(R) = (32Q)/(D3) (2) Where: Q= volumetric flow rate, cm3/sec V= average fluid velocity, cm/s Use Bird, Steward, and Lightfoot, 1960, p. 46-48, for the Hagan-Poiseuille eqn to calculate viscosity of a laminar, Newtonian, incompressible fluid. Then calculate Re and Le as shown in Bird, Steward, and Lightfoot, 1960, p. 47-48. Then plot y = w and x = wall to prove the solution is Newtonian and to get viscosity (use cP) since the following relation is true for a laminar, Newtonian, incompressible fluid. wall = wall (3) Where:  = viscosity of fluid Verify that the gylcerol solution is laminar, and Newtonian, and that end/entrance effects are negligible. You’ll have to use a 10ml pycnometer to get the solution density for glycerol and for methocel. Compare your results to any data you can find for glycerol. Then, after you calculate the viscosity of the glycerol using the diameter of 0.04”, then use the reference value for viscosity of the glycerol at 20C at the correct concentration for your objectives and calculate the capillary diameter. How different is it from 0.04”? Our capillary tube might not really be 0.04”. Non – Newtonian Fluid For a power law fluid, you still use Eqn 1 to get wall. Use the diameter of the capillary tube that you calculated from the glycerol case (do not use 0.04”). For a power law fluid, the following eqn is true (See BSL, 1960, p. 11, Geankoplis, p. 162, McCabe, Smith and Harriot, 2001 p. 50). wall = m(wall)n (4) Where: m = flow consistency index, dyne sn/cm2 m =  = viscosity of fluid if a Newtonian fluid n=1 if a Newtonian fluid, dimensionless n= flow behavior index From Dr. Morrison’s book (Understanding Rheology), use p. 389, Eqn 10.32 to calculate n and m. Then calculate wall from Dr. Morrison’s book, p. 389, Eqn 10-31. Then calculate fluid viscosity = (wall from Eqn 1)/(wall from Dr. Morrison’s book, p. 389, Eqn 10-31). Then plot log viscosity vs. log wall . Then plot wall vs. wall. Compare your results to any data you can find for methocel. What type of fluid is methocel?

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    Capillary Viscometer (Non-Newtonian Flow) Calculation Notes

    A capillary viscometer consists of a very small diameter, cylindrical capillary tube. A liquid is
    forced through the capillary by imposing a pressure drop. The very small diameter of the tube, the
    very large length to diameter ratio minimizes entrance and exit effects and ensures a fully
    developed velocity profile.
    Please use CG system for your calculations.
    !or all fluids, the shear stress at the pipe "all #"all) is sho"n belo".
    "all $ #P%&'#()& $ #P*'#+)& #,&
    -here. P$ pressure drop across the capillary tube
    * $ inside capillary tube diameter
    %$ inside capillary tube radius
    ) $ capillary tube length
    !or a laminar, incompressible, /e"tonian fluid, the shear rate at the circular pipe "all, "all is
    sho"n belo".
    "all $ #+0&'#%
    1
    & $ 23'#*&$ +3'#%& $ #1(0&'#*
    1
    & #(&
    -here. 0$ volumetric flo" rate, cm
    1
    'sec
    3$ average fluid velocity, cm's
    4se 5ird, te"ard, and )ightfoot, ,678, p. +79+2, for the :agan9Poiseuille eqn to calculate
    viscosity of a laminar, /e"tonian, incompressible fluid.
    Then calculate %e and )e as sho"n in 5ird, te"ard, and )ightfoot, ,678, p. +;9+2.
    Then plot y $ " and x $ "all to prove the solution is /e"tonian and to get viscosity #use cP& since
    the follo"ing relation is true for a laminar, /e"tonian, incompressible fluid.
    "all $ "all #1&
    -here. $ viscosity of fluid
    3erify that the gylcerol solution is laminar, and /e"tonian, and that end'entrance effects are
    negligible.
    <ou=ll have to use a ,8ml pycnometer to get the solution density for glycerol and for methocel.
    Compare your results to any data you can find for glycerol.
    Then, after you calculate the viscosity of the glycerol using the diameter of 8.8+>, then use the
    reference value for viscosity of the glycerol at (8C at the correct concentration for your
    ob?ectives and calculate the capillary diameter. :o" different is it from 8.8+>@ Aur capillary tube
    might not really be 8.8+>.
    ,
    Non Newtonian Fluid
    !or a po"er la" fluid, you still use Bqn , to get "all. 4se the diameter of the capillary tube that
    you calculated from the glycerol case #do not use 8.8+>&.

    !or a po"er la" fluid, the follo"ing eqn is true #ee 5), ,678, p. ,,, GeanCoplis, p. ,7(,
    DcCabe, mith and :arriot, (88, p. E8&.
    "all $ m#"all&
    n
    #+&
    -here. m $ flo" consistency index, dyne s
    n
    'cm
    (
    m $ $ viscosity of fluid if a /e"tonian fluid
    n$, if a /e"tonian fluid, dimensionless
    n$ flo" behavior index
    !rom *r. Dorrison=s booC #4nderstanding %heology&, use p. 126, Bqn ,8.1( to calculate n and
    m. Then calculate "all from *r. Dorrison=s booC, p. 126, Bqn ,891,.
    Then calculate fluid viscosity $ #"all from Bqn ,&'# "all from *r. Dorrison=s booC, p. 126, Bqn ,89
    1,&.
    Then plot log viscosity vs. log "all .
    Then plot "all vs. "all.
    Compare your results to any data you can find for methocel. -hat type of fluid is methocel@
    (

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