Protection of High Voltage Networks (TS1)

DISTRIBUTION
CODE OF PRACTICE
DSS/007/001
The Protection of High Voltage
Networks (TS1)
The Protection of High Voltage Networks (TS1)
Date of Issue : 29/03/00 Document Ref : DSS/007/001
Version : 2.0 THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE OUT OF DATE IF PRINTED Page : 1 of 30
CODE OF PRACTICE
Distribution
Code of Practice
DSS/007/001
Written : Mark Nicholson
Asset Management Engineer
Date :
16/03/00
Signature :
M Nicholson
Assured : Chris Riley
Quality Assurance
Date :
15/03/00
Signature :
C T Riley
Authorised : Reg Dixon
System Manager
Date :
20/03/00
Signature :
R Dixon
Yorkshire Electricity Group plc. 1999
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, nor may any design contained within this document be
reproduced in part or in whole or in any formwhatsoever, without prior permission fromYorkshire Electricity Group plc.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Revision Record
Version Date Revision Details By Authorised
2.0 29/03/00 Rewritten to represent present
practice
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CODE OF PRACTICE
Contents
1. Purpose..................................................................................................................................5
2. Scope.....................................................................................................................................5
3. Protection of High Voltage Networks...................................................................................5
3.1 132kV Systems..................................................................................................................5
3.1.1 Feeder Main Protection.................................................................................................6
3.1.2 Transformer Main Protection........................................................................................6
3.1.3 Transformer Feeder Main Protection............................................................................7
3.1.4 Busbar Protection..........................................................................................................7
3.1.5 132kV Voltage Transformers........................................................................................7
3.1.6 Back-up Protection........................................................................................................7
3.1.7 Low Frequency Protection.............................................................................................9
3.1.8 Intertripping.................................................................................................................10
3.1.9 Fault Interfering Disconnectors...................................................................................10
3.1.10 Auto Reclose............................................................................................................11
3.1.11 Local Alarms and Indications..................................................................................11
3.1.12 Application to New and Existing Equipment..........................................................12
3.2 66kV and 33kV Systems.................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Feeder Main Protection...............................................................................................13
3.2.2 Transformer Main Protection......................................................................................14
3.2.3 Transformer Feeder Main Protection..........................................................................14
3.2.4 Busbar Protection........................................................................................................15
3.2.5 66kV Voltage Transformers........................................................................................16
3.2.6 Back up Protection.......................................................................................................16
3.2.7 Intertripping.................................................................................................................18
3.2.8 Auto Reclose................................................................................................................19
3.2.9 Local Alarms and Indications......................................................................................19
3.2.10 Application to New and Existing Equipment..........................................................20
3.3 11kV Systems..................................................................................................................21
3.3.1 Underground Feeder Protection...................................................................................21
3.3.2 Overhead Feeder Protection........................................................................................21
3.3.3 11000/415V Transformers...........................................................................................21
3.3.4 Busbar Protection........................................................................................................22
3.3.5 Backup Protection........................................................................................................22
3.3.6 Application to New and Existing Equipment..............................................................22
3.4 Protection of Generation Connected to 66kV and Lower Voltage Systems...................22
3.4.1 Protection Principles....................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Island Only Generation Protection..............................................................................23
3.4.3 Short Term Parallel Generation Protection.................................................................24
3.4.4 Full Parallel Generation Protection.............................................................................24
3.4.5 Generator Earthing Requirements...............................................................................26
3.4.6 Asynchronous Generation...........................................................................................26
3.5 General Requirements for a Protection Scheme..............................................................26
3.5.1 General Protection Relay Requirements......................................................................26
3.5.2 Protection Relay Functionality....................................................................................26
3.5.3 Testing of Protection Relays.......................................................................................27
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.5.4 Substation Communications........................................................................................27
3.5.5 Provision of Voltage and Current Transformers.........................................................28
3.5.5 Scheme Diagrams........................................................................................................28
3.5.6 Protection Relay Settings.............................................................................................28
3.5.7 Protection Relay D.C. Supplies...................................................................................29
4. References...........................................................................................................................29
4.1 Codes of Practice.............................................................................................................29
4.2 External............................................................................................................................29
5. Definitions...........................................................................................................................29
5.1 Second Stage Protection Point.........................................................................................29
5.2 Fully Discriminative Protection.......................................................................................29
5.3 Primed for Reclosure.......................................................................................................29
5.4 Cascaded Intertripping.....................................................................................................30
CODE OF PRACTICE
1. Purpose
This document details the high voltage network protection philosophy covering the 132kV,
66kV, 33kV, and 11kV systems. The requirements for the protection of private generation which
is connected at 66kV and lower voltage levels is included. Guidance on the associated settings to
be applied to this protection is given in The Setting of Protection and Associated Equipment
(TS16/17) DSS\007\007. There is a legal obligation to provide protection to meet the
requirements of the Electricity Supply Regulations (1988) and the Electricity at Work
Regulations.
This document supersedes The Protection of High Voltage Networks DSS\007\001 dated 30
September 1999 all copies of which should be destroyed.
2. Scope
This document covers all such equipment owned or operated on Yorkshire Electricity
Distribution networks.
3. Protection of High Voltage Networks
The network will be monitored by a SCADA system whose facilities are described in
DSS/007/003 - Philosophy of Telecontrol Facilities Provided At Substations (TS8).
3.1 132kV Systems
All items of plant will be covered by systems of main protection and back-up protection.
The main protection will be fully discriminative i.e. cover all types of phase and earth faults
whilst disconnecting only the faulted system elements. Fault detection will occur in less than
50ms with total fault clearance achieved in 100ms to 200ms. This fault clearance time will be
irrespective of the number of ends.
This specification for fault clearance times may need to be shortened where necessary to ensure
stability of embedded generation.
The back-up protection will be arranged to limit the disruption of supplies in the event of failure
of the main protection.
On ring feeder systems zone 3 is arranged to limit disruption of supplies in the event of a circuit
breaker failing to open for a fault.
The protection scheme should conform to the grid code requirements.
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.1.1 Feeder Main Protection
The main protection will be either unit protection using Yorkshire Electricity or rented pilot
circuits, or distance protection.
When zone 2 fault detection is required by the distance protection scheme, acceleration or
intertripping will be used to achieve fast clearance for remote circuit end faults. When a
transformer is teed to a feeder any intertrip facilities available will be used to achieve fast
clearance for feeder faults instead of acceleration. A shared signalling channel for acceleration or
intertripping is acceptable.
For primary circuits with no continuous earth return conductor (which is the usual case), the
earth fault feature of the distance protection will be restricted to zone 1 measurement. A
quadilateral earth fault characteristic will be used by the distance protection.
Distance protection will use the loss of load zone 2 acceleration feature where practicable on ring
feeder systems.
All systems of distance protection will use switch on to fault logic.
Where a ring system is run with normally open points, the distance protection at these points will
be provided with a zone 1 extension feature to reach into the remote end zone to ensure fast
clearance of end zone faults. This zone 1 extension will be switchable both locally and via
telecontrol using a telecontrol switching relay to reset the protection to a plain zone 1 reach prior
to the normally open point being closed.
Further distance protection features may be required for particular ring systems. Specific detail
can be found in the appropriate technical design manual for that ring system.
Standby main protection will be overcurrent and earth fault protection. Standby main protection
will be switched into service on failure of main protection scheme either from relay failure,
communications channel failure, or v.t failure in distance schemes.
When the feeder main protection zone excludes the 132kV circuit breaker due to the position of
its associated current transformers; the 132kV busbar protection or mesh corner protection will
be arranged to initiate the feeder intertripping or acceleration.
3.1.2 Transformer Main Protection
The main protection will be provided by overall bias differential protection and restricted earth
fault protection for each of the HV and LV windings.
Main and auxiliary transformer Buchholz Surge (trip) and Gas (alarm), and transformer winding
temperature trip and alarm will be provided.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Where the main protection zone excludes the LV circuit breaker, then the busbar protection will
be arranged to clear faults in this small zone using an interlocked overcurrent scheme.
Fuses will protect auxiliary transformer LV connections.
3.1.3 Transformer Feeder Main Protection
The main protection provided for a transformer feeder will be the same as that provided for the
separate feeder and transformer components. Intertripping facilities will be provided as per
section 3.1.8.
The feeder main protection where permitted by the relative values of the 132kV and LV fault
levels will be highset overcurrent and compensated earth fault protection (re: EATS 41-15 Part 4
Appendix B)
3.1.4 Busbar Protection
Busbar protection will be provided to achieve rapid and fully discriminative clearance for all
phase and earth faults occurring within the busbar zone whilst ensuring the maximum safeguard
against incorrect operation.
At grid supply points and where current transformer considerations dictate low impedance
numerical busbar protection will be provided. Two fault detecting systems will be incorporated.
Elsewhere, the scheme will be based on the unbiased differential circulating current principle
employing high impedance relays. Two independent fault detecting systems will be provided,
namely main and check zones.
The high impedance circulating current protection will not utilise in/out switching relays and will
use links in their place.
All schemes will employ current transformer supervision where detection of a faulty transformer
will initiate an alarm.
3.1.5 132kV Voltage Transformers
The 132kV wound voltage transformers will be provided with a Buchholz gas detection relay.
This relay will trip and intertrip the associated primary circuit to avoid any possibility of a
voltage transformer explosion. Modern low oil volume voltage transformers do not require a
Buchholz relay.
3.1.6 Back-up Protection
Back up protection will be provided by inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relays. All these
relays will be set to use the standard inverse 3/10 characteristic.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Radial Feeders
Three pole overcurrent and single pole earth fault protection will be installed at 132kV feeder
circuit breakers at grid supply points. Earth fault protection will be directional when a voltage
transformer is installed, to significantly improve the discrimination of the back up protection.
The protection will switch to a second settings group that is non-directional with higher settings
when the protection has no voltage input.
Ring Feeders
Directional three pole overcurrent and single pole earth fault protection will be installed at
132kV feeder circuit breakers at ring feeder substations to provide both the functions of local
backup and standby main protection (SMP). The protection will switch to a second settings group
that is non-directional when the VT monitoring relay detects imbalance or loss of volts and where
appropriate when the line disconnector opens for the adjacent line.
This protection provides alternative protection in the event of a main protection failure on the
same feeder end, and provides protection in the event of an uncleared remote fault on another
feeder due to a stuck circuit breaker situation complementary to the zone 3 reach on the distance
protection.
Three stages of protection are incorporated:
SMP setting is blocked in normal service and is automatically switched into service when
either the main protection fails or the VT supply to the main protection fails. The highset
current setting with a fixed time delay applied is more sensitive and faster than the normal
backup protection. This is a non-directional protection and therefore has the same setting in
both settings groups.
Stage 2 setting is operational in normal service and consists of a high set current setting with
a time delay. The time delay is longer that that of the SMP. The protection is semi-restricted
and is set to respond to faults within the particular feeder being protected. The setting is
directional and only used in the first settings group. The protection is independent of the
SMP and will operate even if the SMP fails to unblock or operate for some reason.
Stage 1 setting has a relatively low set fixed current setting that enables it to detect abnormal
low level faults. The current setting is identical in both settings groups. The group 1 setting is
directional and the protection is graded with other protection on a time basis only. The time
delay is longer than SMP and stage 2 protection. The group 2 setting is non-directional is
required to clear the fault rather than grade with other protection.
Permanent relief points are required to split complex interconnected systems into simple
ring/radial systems in order to achieve grading of the backup protection. This system splitting
protection should be set to operate for a system disturbance such as a stuck circuit breaker and is
non-directional overcurrent protection with a time delay greater than the zone 3 time delay on the
distance protection.
Further back up protection features may be required for particular ring systems. Specific detail
CODE OF PRACTICE
Transformer HV Back up Protection
Three pole overcurrent protection will be installed on the 132kV side of grid transformers. Two
stages will be provided to avoid unnecessary interruption of healthy teed transformers and two
settings groups will be provided to ensure coverage for a remote LV feeder fault when two
transformers are in service. The settings group will be changed automatically from the
transformer circuit breaker auxiliary switch. The first stage will trip the LV circuit breaker. Stage
one provides back up for uncleared LV feeder or busbar faults. The second stage will trip the LV
circuit breaker and intertrip to the remote HV circuit breaker or trip the local HV circuit breaker.
Stage two provides back up for a stuck LV circuit breaker, uncleared transformer faults, or for a
small zone fault not seen by the transformer main protection. When there is a local HV circuit
breaker present, there will be no time delay between stage 1 and stage 2. The first settings group
will be the higher of the two settings and will normally be applied when only one transformer is
in service or the LV bus section circuit breaker is open. In the event of relay field supply failure
or a hard wiring fault the settings will default to this group 1 setting. The second settings group
will be applied when both transformers are in service and the LV bus section circuit breaker is
closed.
Additionally a highset instantaneous element will be provided to ensure fast tripping for HV
terminal faults.
Standby Earth Fault Protection
Standby earth fault protection will be provided on each grid transformer. Two stages will be
provided, to avoid unnecessary interruption of healthy teed transformers. The first stage will trip
the LV circuit breaker. Stage one provides back up for stuck LV feeder circuit breakers and
uncleared LV earth faults. The second stage will trip the LV circuit breaker and intertrip to the
remote HV circuit breaker or trip the local HV circuit breaker. Stage two provides back up for
stuck LV transformer circuit breakers, faults not within the REF protected zone, and uncleared
faults in the REF protected zone. When there is a local HV circuit breaker present, there will be
no time delay between stage 1 and stage 2.
Transformer LV Back up Protection
Three pole directional overcurrent protection will be installed on each grid transformer LV
circuit breaker.
Circuit Breaker Fail Protection
Circuit breaker fail protection will be provided at grid supply points and supply points.
3.1.7 Low Frequency Protection
Low frequency protection will be installed on all transformer circuits at supply points in
accordance with the Grid Code. There will be two sensing elements per relay to reduce the risk of
incorrect operation.
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.1.8 Intertripping
The remote circuit breakers should be tripped in less than 100ms after the detection of a
transformer or line fault. The intertripping schemes should be design with precautions to ensure
the schemes reliability.
Two systems of intertripping will be provided per feeder in order to maintain adequate protection
for the grid transformer should the signalling channel or equipment fail. When the first system is
voice frequency (VF) intertripping, the second system may be a fault thrower or separately routed
VF intertripping.
The first VF signalling channel will be a private circuit and the second VF signalling channel
will be a rented circuit.
Isolation transformers will protect metallic communications circuits.
The VF intertripping equipment including any telecommunications providers equipment will be
supplied from the substation d.c supplies.
One VF intertripping unit will provide intertripping facilities for two primary circuits between
the same locations, e.g. a pair of duplicate transformer feeders will have two VF intertripping
units providing four intertrip schemes.
The intertripping scheme will be monitored and insulated for 15kV.
When surge proof intertripping with YE pilots is used, a standby pilot circuit in a separate cable
will be made available and reserved for this duty.
Transformer feeders that provide mutual support for each other and use surge proof intertripping
will have the pilot circuits in separate cables.
Schemes using cascaded intertripping will be designed to achieve total fault clearance in less than
200ms. Cascade intertripping schemes will preferably have the pass on point at the grid supply
point.
3.1.9 Fault Interfering Disconnectors
The transformer protection will intertrip to the remote circuit breaker of the transformer feeder as
well as opening the local transformer motorised disconnector. This is to assist in clearing
transformer faults in the event of an intertripping failure.
The transformer HV trip relay will initiate a timer before commencing the opening of the
disconnector. This timer is set to allow enough time for the remote circuit breaker to operate via
intertripping. If the disconnector first contact opening time is greater than 0.5s then the timer can
be set to zero, while a timer setting is required for opening times less than 0.5s.
CODE OF PRACTICE
This mode of operation is restricted to those motorised disconnectors that are designed solely for
off load operation.
Voltage and current interlocks should be used for load switch disconnectors if they might sustain
damage that was not readily apparent and be retained in service in a dangerous condition.
3.1.10 Auto Reclose
A scheme of delay auto reclose will be provided to return circuits to service after transient line
faults.
Faulty transformers will automatically be isolated before the rest of the system is re-energised.
The auto reclose sequence will be initiated by the feeder main protection or standby main
protection, for distance protection schemes this will be zones 1 and 2 only. The busbar protection
and where practicable the feeder back up protection will lock out reclosure.
The auto reclosure associated with the grid transformer is initiated by either the intertrip receive
trip (auto reset) relay, the resetting of the HV trip relay, or the directional overcurrent relay. The
line voltage is monitored through the LV VT and needs to be present before the close command
is given. Operation of either the HV transformer trip relay, transformer back up protection,
standby earth fault protection or the winding temperature trip relay will inhibit the auto reclose
cycle.
Primed for reclosure feature should be set for no longer than 15 minutes after which it should be
cancelled.
3.1.11 Local Alarms and Indications
The following local alarms and will be provided on the appropriate relay panel:-
Non Trip Alarm monitoring protection d.c. supplies and circuit breaker trip circuits or for
transformers the operation of main Buchholz gas, auxiliary Buchholz gas, and winding
temperature alarms.
VT Supply Fail monitoring voltage transformer circuits.
Main Protection Faulty monitoring relay field (auxiliary) supply voltage and protection
relay status.
Backup Protection Faulty monitoring relay field (auxiliary) supply voltage and protection
relay status.
Trip Relay Operated / CB Auto Trip monitoring status of CB trip relays.
Low Frequency Alarm monitoring low frequency protection operation.
Voltage Control Faulty monitoring transformer automatic voltage control relay.
Main Buchholz Alarm (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring main transformer Buchholz Gas operation.
Main Buchholz Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection relay
where appropriate) monitoring main transformer Buchholz Surge operation.
Auxiliary Buchholz Alarm (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring auxiliary transformer Buchholz Gas operation.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Auxiliary Buchholz Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring auxiliary transformer Buchholz Surge operation.
Selector Buchholz Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring main transformer tapchanger Buchholz Surge
operation.
Winding Temperature Alarm (routed through and displayed on the main transformer
protection relay where appropriate) monitoring transformer winding temperature operation.
Winding Temperature Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring transformer winding temperature operation.
Winding Temperature Fail monitoring status of winding temperature protection relay.
Main Transformer Pressure Relief Alarm monitoring main transformer pressure relief
device operation.
Auxiliary Transformer Pressure Relief Alarm monitoring auxiliary transformer pressure
relief device operation.
Drycol Breather Faulty monitoring status of the transformer Drycol breather.
SF6 Close Inhibit (only for SF6 circuit breakers) - indicating operation of the first stage of
low pressure monitoring.
SF6 Low Gas Pressure Lockout (only for SF6 circuit breakers) - indicating operation of the
second stage of low pressure monitoring.
Intertrip Faulty monitoring status of intertripping equipment.
Cable Pressure Low monitoring the pressure of pressure assisted cables.
The following indications will be provided on the appropriate relay panel:-
Disconnector Open
Disconnector Closed
Earth Switch Open
Earth Switch Closed
Circuit Breaker Open
Circuit Breaker Closed
Circuit Breaker Isolated
HVOC High Setting Selected this is only applicable to highset overcurrent protection fitted
to transformers.
For details of SCADA alarms see DSS/007/003 - Philosophy of Telecontrol Facilities Provided
At Substations (TS8).
3.1.12 Application to New and Existing Equipment
All new and modified equipment will be designed to this standard. Protection detail will be in
accordance with the relevant general protection applications documentation, relay application
documentation, and where appropriate to EATS 41-15.
Existing biased busbar protection schemes will be retained. Existing earth fault only busbar
protection schemes will be retained only until major work is carried out at the substation.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Existing busbar protection schemes where the protection defective feature removes the tripping
and short circuits the current transformers of the defective zone will be modified. The protection
defective feature will be arranged to give an alarm only and any fault detection relays that are not
continuously rated will be changed.
Directional earth fault and standby earth fault protection will not be installed retrospectively
unless other modification work is proposed or the protection is required to increase the sensitivity
and speed of the back up protection for transformers which would otherwise be dependent on one
VF intertripping scheme.
Existing arrangements of HV and LV overcurrent relays providing 2 stage protection on grid
transformers will be retained.
Circuit breaker fail protection will not be installed retrospectively.
3.2 66kV and 33kV Systems
All items of plant will be covered by systems of main protection and back-up protection.
The main protection will be discriminative i.e. disconnect only the faulted system elements for all
likely faults on the protected plant. Fault detection will occur in less than 50ms with total fault
clearance achieved in 100ms to 200ms. This complete fault clearance time will be longer when
fault throwing switches, LV directional overcurrent, or neutral displacement protection are
necessarily employed as a means or substitute for intertripping. Clearance times exceeding
200ms will also occur on feeders protected by zone 2 distance and directional earth fault
protection. However the total clearance time for any of these situations will not exceed 1s.
This specification for fault clearance times may need to be shortened where necessary to ensure
stability of embedded generation.
The back-up protection will be arranged to limit the disruption of supplies in the event of failure
of the main protection.
On ring feeder systems zone 3 is arranged to limit disruption of supplies in the event of a circuit
breaker failing to open for a fault.
3.2.1 Feeder Main Protection
The main protection will be fully discriminative and be by use of unit protection using Yorkshire
Electricity or rented pilot circuits. Unit protection schemes in Yorkshire Electricity pilots will be
monitored either inherently in the protection or by use of separate ones in the same pilot cable.
Unit protection schemes in rented pilots will always be monitored.
Where appropriate due to consideration of cable capacitance, paired pilot cables may be used.
When a suitable pilot circuit cannot be made available distance protection will be used.
CODE OF PRACTICE
For primary circuits with no continuous earth return conductor (which is the usual case), the
earth fault feature of the distance protection will be restricted to zone 1 measurement. A
quadilateral earth fault characteristic will be used by the distance protection.
Distance protection will use the loss of load zone 2 acceleration feature where practicable on ring
feeder systems.
All systems of distance protection will use switch on to fault logic.
Where a ring system is run with normally open points, the distance protection at these points will
be provided with a zone 1 extension feature to reach into the remote end zone to ensure fast
clearance of end zone faults. This zone 1 extension will be switchable both locally and via
telecontrol using a telecontrol switching relay to reset the protection to a plain zone 1 reach prior
to the normally open point being closed.
Further distance protection features may be required for particular ring systems. Specific detail
When the feeder main protection zone excludes the 66kV/33kV circuit breaker due to the
position of its associated current transformers; the busbar protection or adjacent zone protection
will be arranged to initiate the feeder intertripping.
Alternatively faults in the small zone between the current transformers and the switchgear
spouts will be cleared in zone 2 of the remote distance protection, or on transformer feeders
without intertripping by neutral displacement and directional overcurrent protection.
Standby Main Protection will be overcurrent and earth fault protection. Standby main protection
will be switched into service on failure of main protection scheme either from relay failure,
communications channel failure, or v.t failure in distance schemes.
3.2.2 Transformer Main Protection
The main protection will cover earth faults only. The protection will be provided by HV balanced
earth fault protection and 11kV restricted earth fault protection.
Main and auxiliary transformer Buchholz Surge (trip) and Gas (alarm), and transformer winding
temperature trip and alarm will be provided.
Fuses will protect auxiliary transformer LV connections.
3.2.3 Transformer Feeder Main Protection
When future extensions to the primary circuit would require further zones of protection, the main
protection provided for a transformer feeder would be the same as that provided for the separate
feeder and transformer components. Intertripping facilities will be provided as per section 3.2.7.
CODE OF PRACTICE
When the primary circuit is unlikely to be extended, the feeder main protection will be highset
overcurrent and balanced earth fault relay with low transient overreach. The transformer main
protection is as stated in 3.2.2 with the exception that balanced earth fault protection may already
form part of the feeder main protection. Intertripping facilities will be provided as per section
3.2.7.
Where the relative HV and LV faults levels do not permit highset overcurrent protection, three
methods can be considered:-
1) Star delta interposing current transformers
2) Unit protection
3) Phase fault distance protection with balanced earth fault protection or quadilateral earth fault
Where it is necessary to make and break parallels on air break disconnectors at 66kV/33kV (for
example to transfer a transformer to another feeder) facilities will be provided to inhibit the
balanced earth fault protection. This is to prevent a protection maloperation during the switching
operation. The feeder back up protection on these types of primary circuit must have a maximum
earth fault current setting of 120A.
Neutral Voltage Displacement Protection
Neutral displacement protection will be provided on any transformer that is supplied solely by a
feeder that contains some overhead line (including the primary circuits with a local transformer
HV circuit breaker).
Where an outage of one item of plant could result in a single, part overhead line, feeder supplying
a transformer then neutral displacement protection will be installed. Therefore even if the circuit
does not itself require neutral displacement it may be installed in order to provide interlocking to
other primary circuits. The protection ensures that broken conductors grounded on the
transformer side that could remain alive through the transformer primary windings are
disconnected. For duplicate transformer feeder circuits a two stage neutral displacement relay
will be applied, while for a single transformer a single stage neutral displacement relay will be
used. Further description of the requirements for the two stages will be as per section 3.2.7.
Relays used for neutral voltage displacement will have a third harmonic filter.
Busbar protection will be provided to achieve rapid and fully discriminative clearance for all
phase and earth faults occurring within the busbar zone whilst ensuring the maximum safeguard
against incorrect operation.
At supply points and where current transformer considerations dictate low impedance numerical
busbar protection will be provided. Two fault detecting systems will be incorporated.
Elsewhere, the scheme will be based on the unbiased differential circulating current principle
employing high impedance relays. Two independent fault detecting systems will be provided,
namely main and check zones.
CODE OF PRACTICE
The high impedance circulating current protection will not utilise in/out switching relays and will
use links in their place.
All schemes will employ current transformer supervision where detection of a faulty transformer
will initiate an alarm.
At mesh substations where part of the busbars in the mesh are not included in the zone of the
adjacent feeder or transformer main protection, a single fault detecting system will be provided to
cover the unprotected busbars. The scheme will be based on the unbiased differential circulating
current principle employing high impedance relays to detect phase and earth faults.
At other substations where there are more than five circuits a busbar scheme based on the
unbiased differential circulating current principle employing high impedance relays to detect
phase and earth faults will be applied.
3.2.5 66kV Voltage Transformers
The 66kV wound voltage transformers will be provided with a Buchholz gas detection relay. This
relay will initiate an alarm. Modern low oil volume capacitor voltage transformers do not require
a Buchholz relay.
3.2.6 Back up Protection
Back up protection will be provided by inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relays. All these
relays will be set to use the standard inverse 3/10 characteristic.
Radial Feeders
A three pole overcurrent and single pole earth fault relay will be installed at 66kV/33kV feeder
circuit breakers.
Ring Feeders
Directional three pole overcurrent and single pole earth fault protection will be installed at
132kV feeder circuit breakers at ring feeder substations to provide both the functions of local
backup and standby main protection (SMP). The protection will switch to a second settings group
that is non-directional when the VT monitoring relay detects imbalance or loss of volts and where
appropriate when the line disconnector opens for the adjacent line.
This protection provides alternative protection in the event of a main protection failure on the
same feeder end, and provides protection in the event of an uncleared remote fault on another
feeder due to a stuck circuit breaker situation complementary to the zone 3 reach on the distance
protection.
Three stages of protection are incorporated:
CODE OF PRACTICE
SMP setting is blocked in normal service and is automatically switched into service when
either the main protection fails or the VT supply to the main protection fails. The highset
current setting with a fixed time delay applied is more sensitive and faster than the normal
backup protection. This is a non-directional protection and therefore has the same setting in
both settings groups.
Stage 2 setting is operational in normal service and consists of a high set current setting with
a time delay. The time delay is longer that that of the SMP. The protection is semi-restricted
and is set to respond to faults within the particular feeder being protected. The setting is
directional and only used in the first settings group. The protection is independent of the
SMP and will operate even if the SMP fails to unblock or operate for some reason.
Stage 1 setting has a relatively low set fixed current setting that enables it to detect abnormal
low level faults. The current setting is identical in both settings groups. The group 1 setting is
directional and the protection is graded with other protection on a time basis only. The time
delay is longer than SMP and stage 2 protection. The group 2 setting is non-directional is
required to clear the fault rather than grade with other protection.
Permanent relief points are required to split complex interconnected systems into simple
ring/radial systems in order to achieve grading of the backup protection. This system splitting
protection should be set to operate for a system disturbance such as a stuck circuit breaker and is
non-directional overcurrent protection with a time delay greater than the zone 3 time delay on the
Further back up protection features may be required for particular ring systems. Specific detail
Transformer HV Back up Protection
A three pole overcurrent and earth fault relay will be installed on the 66kV/33kV side of
transformers at busbar, mesh, and 3 circuit type substations. They will also be installed on the
66kV/33kV side of transformers at other types of substation when the setting of the IDMT relay
installed at the source exceeds 50% of the minimum fault level at the transformer LV
terminations. Two stages will be provided to avoid unnecessary interruption of healthy teed
transformers and two settings groups will be provided to ensure coverage for a remote LV feeder
fault when two transformers are in service. The settings group will be changed automatically
from the transformer circuit breaker auxiliary switch. The first stage will trip the LV circuit
breaker. Stage one provides back up for uncleared LV feeder or busbar faults. The second stage
will trip the LV circuit breaker and intertrip to the remote HV circuit breaker or trip the local HV
circuit breaker. Stage two provides back up for a stuck LV circuit breaker, uncleared transformer
faults, or for a small zone fault not seen by the transformer main protection. When there is a local
HV circuit breaker present, there will be no time delay between stage 1 and stage 2. The first
settings group will be the higher of the two settings and will normally be applied when only one
transformer is in service or the LV bus section circuit breaker is open. In the event of relay field
supply failure or a hard wiring fault the settings will default to this group 1 setting. The second
settings group will be applied when both transformers are in service and the LV bus section
circuit breaker is closed.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Transformer LV Back up Protection
A three pole overcurrent and earth fault relay will be installed on the 11kV circuit breaker of
transformer feeders when HV overcurrent current transformers are not available.
A three pole directional overcurrent relay will be installed on each transformer 11kV circuit
breaker. This protection is for uncleared 66kV/33kV feeder faults.
Standby Earth Fault Protection
A standby earth fault relay will be provided on each transformer. Two stages will always be
provided, to avoid unnecessary interruption of healthy teed transformers. The first stage will trip
the LV circuit breaker. Stage one provides back up for stuck LV feeder circuit breakers and
uncleared LV earth faults. The second stage will trip the LV circuit breaker and intertrip to the
remote HV circuit breaker or trip the local HV circuit breaker. Stage two provides back up for
stuck LV transformer circuit breakers, faults not within the REF protected zone, and uncleared
faults in the REF protected zone. When there is a local HV circuit breaker present, there will be
no time delay between stage 1 and stage 2.
Circuit Breaker Fail Protection
Circuit breaker fail protection will be provided at new supply point substations. Operation of the
protection will trip all circuit breakers in its associated busbar protection zone. A check system
will be incorporated to reduce the risk of incorrect operation.
3.2.7 Intertripping
The detection of a transformer fault and where necessary the detection of a feeder fault will
initiated the tripping of remote circuit breakers via intertripping.
When Yorkshire Electricity pilot cables are available 2 way 2 wire surge proof intertripping will
be used. In addition if the protected circuit has more than 2 ends then 2 way 2 wire multi-point
surge proof intertripping will be used in preference to a cascade system.
The intertripping scheme will be monitored and insulated for 15kV.
When surge proof intertripping with Yorkshire Electricity pilots is used, a standby pilot circuit in
a separate cable will be made available and reserved for this duty.
Transformer feeders that provide mutual support for each other and use surge proof intertripping,
will have the pilot circuits in separate cables.
When Yorkshire Electricity pilot cables are not available, usually on overhead line circuits,
alternative provisions for intertripping will be made. Fault throwing switches will be used to
initiate remote circuit breaker operation for transformer faults. Neutral displacement and LV
directional overcurrent will be used to trip the transformer 11kV circuit breaker for feeder faults.
The neutral displacement relay on duplicate transformer circuits will have two stages to reduce
the overall clearance time using fault throwing switches for transformer faults. Stage one will be
CODE OF PRACTICE
interlocked to enable the protection to discriminate between in zone and out zone faults. This will
be set to one second and will trip the transformer 11kV circuit breaker providing a relatively fast
clearance for a fault on any transformer teed to the feeder. Stage two will be set for 10s and will
trip the 11kV circuit breaker and close the fault thrower. The stage two is not interlocked. A
single stage neutral displacement scheme will be as described for the stage 2. Further description
is given in section 3.2.3.
Intertripping schemes that contain an unusual mixture of pilot wire intertripping, fault throwing
switches, directional overcurrent protection, and neutral displacement protection will be checked
to verify that they comply with the overall clearance times specified in section 3.2.
Fault interfering disconnectors will be applied with the requirements of section 3.1.9.
3.2.8 Auto Reclose
A scheme of delayed auto reclose will be provided to return circuits to service after transient
overhead line faults. On single transformer circuits the auto reclose will not be provided on the
transformer circuit breaker unless there is intertripping provided from the source breaker.
The auto reclose sequence will be initiated by the feeder main protection or standby main
protection, for distance protection schemes this will be zones 1 & 2. The busbar protection and
the feeder back up protection will lock out reclosure.
3.2.9 Local Alarms and Indications
The following local alarms and will be provided on the appropriate relay panel:-
Non Trip Alarm monitoring protection d.c. supplies and circuit breaker trip circuits or for
transformers the operation of main Buchholz gas, auxiliary Buchholz gas, and winding
temperature alarms.
VT Supply Fail monitoring voltage transformer circuits.
Main Protection Faulty monitoring relay field (auxiliary) supply voltage and protection
relay status.
Backup Protection Faulty monitoring relay field (auxiliary) supply voltage and protection
relay status.
Trip Relay Operated / CB Auto Trip monitoring status of CB trip relays.
Low Frequency Alarm monitoring low frequency protection operation.
Voltage Control Faulty monitoring transformer automatic voltage control relay.
Main Buchholz Alarm (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring main transformer Buchholz Gas operation.
Main Buchholz Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection relay
where appropriate) monitoring main transformer Buchholz Surge operation.
Auxiliary Buchholz Alarm (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring auxiliary transformer Buchholz Gas operation.
Auxiliary Buchholz Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring auxiliary transformer Buchholz Surge operation.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Selector Buchholz Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring main transformer tapchanger Buchholz Surge
operation.
Winding Temperature Alarm (routed through and displayed on the main transformer
protection relay where appropriate) monitoring transformer winding temperature operation.
Winding Temperature Trip (routed through and displayed on the main transformer protection
relay where appropriate) monitoring transformer winding temperature operation.
Winding Temperature Fail monitoring status of winding temperature protection relay.
Main Transformer Pressure Relief Alarm monitoring main transformer pressure relief
device operation.
Auxiliary Transformer Pressure Relief Alarm monitoring auxiliary transformer pressure
relief device operation.
Drycol Breather Faulty monitoring status of the transformer Drycol breather.
SF6 Close Inhibit (only for SF6 circuit breakers) - indicating operation of the first stage of
low pressure monitoring.
SF6 Low Gas Pressure Lockout (only for SF6 circuit breakers) - indicating operation of the
second stage of low pressure monitoring.
Intertrip Faulty monitoring status of intertripping equipment.
Cable Pressure Low monitoring the pressure of pressure assisted cables.
The following indications will be provided on the appropriate relay panel:-
Disconnector Open
Disconnector Closed
Earth Switch Open
Earth Switch Closed
Circuit Breaker Open
Circuit Breaker Closed
Circuit Breaker Isolated
HVOC High Setting Selected this is only applicable to highset overcurrent protection fitted
to transformers.
For details of SCADA alarms see DSS/007/003 - Philosophy of Telecontrol Facilities Provided
At Substations (TS8).
All new and modified equipment will be designed to this standard. Protection detail will be in
accordance with the relevant general protection applications documentation and relay application
documentation.
Existing protection systems are considered in general to comply with the principles of this
standard. However where existing systems are found to seriously conflict with the philosophy of
this standard they will be considered on an individual basis and modified where required.
Existing biased busbar protection, and earth fault only busbar protection will be retained.
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.3 11kV Systems
All plant will be protected against phase and earth faults. In general the protection will be time
graded and arranged to limit the disruption of supplies in the event of a system fault. Systems that
are required to run interconnected will be equipped with discriminative protection that will
disconnect only faulty system elements for all likely faults. The exceptions to these
interconnected systems are sections of busbars and small zones at primary substations.
If second stage protection is applied to a feeder then the feeder should be checked for generation
and intertripping provided if necessary for an islanding situation.
3.3.1 Underground Feeder Protection
Radial feeder networks that are normally run without interconnection will be protected by three
pole overcurrent and single pole earth fault relays installed at the primary substation. Second
stage protection points may be installed as required.
Interconnected or parallel feeders will be provided with unit protection or directional IDMT
protection. Unit protection will be used when there is a pilot circuit present or it is economical to
provide one. Directional IDMT protection is used if the network is suitable for the necessary time
grading.
Duplicate setting groups used for parallel feeders will be either automatically changed using the
status of the remote end bus section and feeder circuit breakers, or if these are not available then
by telecontrol.
When there are more than two parallel feeders supplying the secondary substation, then
individual consideration should be given with the objective of providing the shortest clearance
time possible compatible with DSS/007/007 - The Setting of Protection (TS16/17).
3.3.2 Overhead Feeder Protection
The protection of overhead feeders and connected pole mounted transformers will be in
accordance with DSS/007/010 - Protection of 11kV Overhead Networks.
3.3.3 11000/415V Transformers
The protection of 11000/415V transformers will be by time limit fuses with a.c. trip coils on a
circuit breaker. The protection will clear HV faults as fast as practical allowing for the need to
provide grading with the LV circuit protection.
The use of HV fuses should be avoided as they do not grade will source IDMT protection.
The protection will be provided by a circuit breaker fitted with 3 pole overcurrent and single pole
earth fault protection with an extremely inverse characteristic when:-
A longer time setting is required to grade with the customers protection.
The transformer size is beyond the capacity of a time limit fuse on a.c. trip coils.
CODE OF PRACTICE
The circuit is supplied from an extensible switchboard and a time limit fuse on a.c. trip
protection combination is not available.
The design of the protection and the associated settings will cover the LV terminations and
adjacent LV busbars. The HV protection should be set to cover the LV switchboard busbars up to
a maximum distance from the transformer of 15m. This distance assumes cable is used with
conductor sizes specified in DSS/005/038 Guidance on the Application of 11kV and LV
Cables, or an equivalent distance using other sizes. Where the transformer cable terminations
are longer than this distance, LV protection by a suitable circuit breaker will be installed.
The 11kV busbars at all substations will be protected by the transformer or transformer feeder
back up protection.
The busbars at secondary substations will be protected by the feeder IDMT protection installed at
the primary substation or second stage protection point. This will also apply to secondary
substations fed by two parallel feeders.
3.3.5 Backup Protection
Feeder circuit breaker fail protection will be provided by a system of back tripping to the bus
section circuit breaker and the associated transformer circuit breaker.
All new and modified equipment at 11kV will be designed to section 3.3. Protection detail will
be in accordance with the relevant general protection applications documentation and relay
application documentation.
Existing protection systems are considered in general to comply with the principles of section
3.3. However where existing systems are found to seriously conflict with this philosophy they
will be considered on an individual basis and modified where required.
Existing 11kV busbar protection will be retained.
Existing IDMT relay protection for 11000/415V transformers using the standard 3/10
characteristic will be retained unless the application of suitable settings for grading purposes
proves difficult.
3.4 Protection of Generation Connected to 66kV and Lower Voltage Systems
This section specifies the protection requirements for private generation, generating at LV,
connected to Yorkshire Electricity Distribution systems at 66kV, 33kV, 11kV, and LV levels.
All HV connected generation, generating at HV, should be the subject of detailed studies
although the principles contained in this section may be applied.
CODE OF PRACTICE
All groups of LV generation connected at HV where the total generation capacity is greater than
10MW should be the subject of more detailed stability and voltage studies in order to specify the
protection scheme.
This does not cover connections to the 132kV systems, which should be the subject of detailed
studies although the principles contained in this section may be applied.
The guidance detailed here summaries and supplements the information contained in Engineering
Recommendation G59, Engineering Recommendation G75, Engineering Technical Report
TR113, and the IMP/001/007 Code of Practice for the Connection of Generation Plant.
3.4.1 Protection Principles
The Yorkshire Electricity protection and the generators protection is required to achieve the
following objectives:-
To ensure that any generation connected to the Yorkshire Electricity Distribution systems is
prevented from operating outside agreed parameters of voltage and frequency.
To prevent any possibility of automatic reclosure out of synchronism i.e. to primarily protect
the generator from damage.
To prevent the operation of any system without a neutral earth i.e. to comply with the
Electricity Supply Regulations.
To clear any fault current into the Yorkshire Electricity system from the generator.
To clear any earth fault that occurs subsequent to the loss of the system neutral earth.
To prevent islanded operation of part of the Yorkshire Electricity network i.e. to disconnect
the generation in the event that the part of the network to which it is connected, becomes
disconnected from the rest of the network.
3.4.2 Island Only Generation Protection
In an island only scheme the generation is available as a back up or alternative to the Yorkshire
Electricity supply. The generation will never be connected to the Yorkshire Electricity supply for
any length of time.
The generation should be treated as a load connection so that the minimum protection at the
Yorkshire Electricity interface is HV fuses, time limit fuses with a.c. trip coils on a circuit
breaker, or an overcurrent and earth fault relay. This will protect against phase and earth faults on
the customers installation.
The requirement for interlocking between the generation and Yorkshire Electricity supplies will
be considered on an individual basis.
Where there is an auto-changeover facility for example on mains fail, this will be witnessed on
commissioning and operation proved in so far is reasonable.
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.4.3 Short Term Parallel Generation Protection
Short term parallel schemes are essentially island schemes but with the capability to parallel to
the Yorkshire Electricity system for short periods. This will enable a no-break change over from
the Yorkshire Electricity supply to the generator or vice versa. Positioning of the synchronising
facilities will affect the exact change over capabilities. These schemes will not allow export at
any time.
Short term parallel generation may be connected for 5 minutes once per month for testing
purposes in accordance with Engineering Recommendation G59.
A Yorkshire Electricity timer will be started by the closure of the generator synchronising circuit
breaker and will be arranged to disconnected the Yorkshire Electricity supply if the customer
does not open a switch to break the connection. This timer will be set to 5 minutes.
The customer is recommended to install a similar system that will disconnect the generator in a
controlled manner after 4 minutes.
The generation should be treated as a load connection so that the minimum protection at the
Yorkshire Electricity interface is HV fuses, time limit fuses with a.c. trip coils on a circuit
breaker, or an overcurrent and earth fault relay. This will protect against phase and earth faults on
the customers installation.
The customer will be required to fit over voltage, under voltage, over frequency, and under
frequency protection.
3.4.4 Full Parallel Generation Protection
A full parallel scheme is one where the connection agreement allows the generator to be
permanently connected to the Yorkshire Electricity network. This is irrespective of the operating
regime proposed (e.g. schemes not covered by short term paralleling) or whether there is any
export.
Full parallel schemes can be categorised as:
Generator installations over 1MW
Generator installations less than 1MW fed by overhead lines where the amount of overhead
line and customers present on the feeder would necessitate the installation of auto reclose to
improve the quality of supply to the customers.
Generator installations less than 1 MW fed by underground cables
This is the generation capacity not the export capacity.
Feeder Protection at Yorkshire Electricity Substation
The feeder protection at the Yorkshire Electricity substation should be checked to determine
whether the fault infeed from the generator installation does not significantly shorten the reach,
lengthen the clearance times or effect the discrimination of the protection.
Yorkshire Electricity Interface Protection
CODE OF PRACTICE
For all parallel connections, the generation should be treated as a load connection so that the
minimum protection at the Yorkshire Electricity interface is HV fuses, time limit fuses with a.c.
trip coils on a circuit breaker, or an overcurrent and earth fault relay. This will protect against
phase and earth faults on the customers installation.
If the generator installation is capable of supporting in island mode the remaining connected load
after operation of any remote circuit breaker on that part of the network, then protection will be
fitted on the YE interface circuit breaker to ensure disconnection of the generation. The
capability to support the load in an island mode is defined as the connected generation capacity
being equal to or greater than half the minimum load remaining. Generation not fulfilling this
criteria will be disconnected following operation of the customers protection.
The additional protection fitted on the Yorkshire Electricity interface circuit breaker will be
dependent on the generator capacity and connection.
Generator installations over 1MW intertripping scheme.
Generator installations less than 1MW fed by overhead lines intertripping scheme.
Generator installations less than 1 MW fed by underground cables neutral voltage
displacement relay to protect against earth faults, directional overcurrent relay to protect
against phase faults on the Yorkshire Electricity network.
Intertripping Scheme for Yorkshire Electricity Network
The interface protection will normally be provided with an intertrip command from the protection
at the Yorkshire Electricity fault infeed point. Where the generator is capable of supporting both
the load on the feeder and the load at the substation supplying that feeder, then the intertripping
will be required from the protection at the previous stages in the network.
Customer Protection
The customers installation requires a loss of mains protection and a back up protection.
Generators below 1MW may use RoCoF/REED/Vector Shift based protection schemes as the
loss of mains protection. Yorkshire Electricity place no reliance on these protection schemes as
they have been known to be unreliable both failing to operate when required and also operating
causing nuisance tripping.
Generators above 1MW are required to install loss of mains protection where an intertripping
signal will be provided by Yorkshire Electricity.
The loss of system earth scheme provides the customer with the intertripping signal. The scheme
operates for a two transformer substation due to the opening of one transformer circuit breaker
and the bus section circuit breaker or the opening of both transformer circuit breakers. Other
types of substation scheme will operate on the same principle.
The customer will be required to fit over voltage, under voltage, over frequency, and under
frequency protection referred to the Yorkshire Electricity supply terminals as back up.
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.4.5 Generator Earthing Requirements
A generator running in island mode or short term parallel mode may have its own star point earth
connection, whereas a generator running in full parallel will normally rely on an earth provided
by the Yorkshire Electricity supply.
A full parallel generator with island mode capability will require an isolatible star point earth
connection, which will normally run open. The closure of the generator neutral earth switch
should be initiated from the opening of the Yorkshire Electricity interface circuit breaker or the
customers interface circuit breaker.
3.4.6 Asynchronous Generation
Asynchronous generators can have their fields excited by the mains supply or be self excited by
using a capacitor bank. Mains excited generators will normally cease generation if the mains
supply fails as the required magnetising current will not be available, and so no special
protection is required. However generation could continue by self excitation if the capacitance of
the connected network is sufficient, and in these circumstances the protection should be selected
as for synchronous generators. An assessment will be made at the design stage to establish if
generation by self excitation is possible.
If power factor correction is installed such that the generator can run self excited either at no-
load or at any load then the generation will be treated as synchronous.
3.5 General Requirements for a Protection Scheme
3.5.1 General Protection Relay Requirements
All measuring relays will be of modern design offering a wide range of settings, timing
characteristics, and additional facilities including self-supervision.
The relay self-supervision will include power-on diagnostics and continuous self monitoring with
the operation of an alarm upon any failures detected.
The voltage supply for relay input contacts will be monitored.
Protection at distribution substations can be of the electromechanical type where it is
uneconomical to provide battery supplies.
3.5.2 Protection Relay Functionality
The following protection functions can be utilised in a single multi-functional relay.
Feeder highset overcurrent and compensated earth fault protection.
Feeder overcurrent and earth fault protection incorporating directional, non-directional,
highset, and standby main protection stages.
Feeder highset overcurrent and balanced earth fault protection.
Feeder backup overcurrent and earth fault protection.
CODE OF PRACTICE
Low frequency stage 1 and stage 2 protection.
Feeder neutral voltage displacement protection stage 1 and stage 2.
Transformer HV 2 stage overcurrent and balanced earth fault protection.
Transformer bias differential, HV restricted earth fault, and LV restricted earth fault
protection.
Transformer standby earth fault protection stage 1 and stage 2.
Transformer LV directional overcurrent, restricted earth fault, and overcurrent protection.
11kV feeder overcurrent and earth fault protection.
3.5.3 Testing of Protection Relays
Adequate test and isolation facilities will be provided to facilitate all necessary maintenance and
testing without the need to remove wired connections.
All test facilities will be normally accessible from the front of the panel.
Sufficient maintenance test points will be provided to allow main protection, back up protection,
control and alarm equipment to be tested and maintained using the Yorkshire Electricity standard
automatic test equipment. As a minimum relay test blocks will be provided on a per protection
relay basis and two blocks will be provided for distance protection relays.
Protection relays will be of a withdrawable design to allow relay or module replacement without
the need to remove wired connections.
3.5.4 Substation Communications
Protection and control relays will have remote data communications facilities appropriate to the
type of relay. These data communications facilities will be used by the SCADA system RTU.
The SCADA and remote data communications will be capable of being in service at the same
time.
Transformer and feeder analogue measurements from the specified protection relays will be
displayed and accessed via the communications bus.
The communications will be capable of operating in a normal substation environment under
normal operating conditions, and will continue to operate during fault conditions if this is
necessary for the correct operation of the protection and control scheme.
The communications facilities of all protection and control relays will be marshalled in, or
adjacent to, the existing telecontrol marshalling kiosk. An interface unit will be provided at this
point, powered from the substation telecontrol battery, so that all relays can be interrogated from
a standard PC and remotely via the modem associated with the disturbance recorder installation.
Suitable communications branching facilities will be provided so both the relays and the
disturbance recorder installations can be remotely interrogated using suitable software packages.
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.5.5 Provision of Voltage and Current Transformers
The VT supply for protection relays will be supervised for all types of loss of VT input to the
protection relay.
One set of CTs will be provided per protection function with the exclusion of 11kV feeder
protection where both the overcurrent and earth fault protection will be driven from the same set
of CTs.
The detailed requirements for current transformers as applied to specific protection and metering
functions at the different system voltages will be in accordance with the GAPP Current
Transformer Specifications 11kV 132kV.
Feeder Overcurrent and Earth Fault Backup Protection on 132kV Ring Systems
For single switch substations, the CTs in the 132kV bus section and the CTs on the HV side of
the transformer are summated to enable true feeder current measurement. If a dedicated set of
CTs can not be provided then before being summated, the transformer HV CTs will also feed
the two stage HV overcurrent protection.
3.5.5 Scheme Diagrams
The following diagrams should be approved by the client engineer prior to construction of the
relay panels.
Logic Diagrams
In general these diagrams will show a schematic of the primary system connections along with
the relevant protection and control functions. Four types of diagram are required:-
Protection logic diagram showing the operation of protection to initiate both the local
circuit breaker tripping and any intertripping.
Alarms logic diagram showing local alarms/controls/analogues/indications.
Telecontrol logic diagram showing remote alarms/controls/analogues/indications.
Auto reclose logic diagram showing the details of any auto reclose and auto close schemes.
Connections and Protection Diagrams
These diagrams will show a schematic of the primary system connections along with the
associated plant information and details of the protection relay panels along with the associated
v.t and c.t. connections. A number of these diagrams will be required depending upon the size of
the substation.
3.5.6 Protection Relay Settings
The setting of protection and control relays will be in accordance with the procedures and
formats specified in DSS/007/007 - The Setting of Protection (TS16/17).
CODE OF PRACTICE
3.5.7 Protection Relay D.C. Supplies
All d.c supplies to protection and control relays will be monitored. The last device in a d.c.
supply spur to protection and control relays will be either a self supervised protection and control
relay or a supply supervision relay.
Remote indication of the d.c. supply supervision will be in accordance with DSS/007/003 -
Philosophy of Telecontrol Facilities Provided At Substations (TS8).
4. References
4.1 Codes of Practice
DSS/005/038 - Guidance on the Application of 11kV and LV Cables
DSS/007/003 - Philosophy of Telecontrol Facilities Provided At Substations (TS8)
DSS/007/007 - The Setting of Protection (TS16/17)
DSS/007/010 - Protection of 11kV Overhead Networks
IMP/001/007 Code of Practice for the Connection of Generation Plant
4.2 External
Electricity Supply Regulations (1988)
Electricity at Work Regulations
EATS 41-15 Standard Circuit Diagrams for 132kV Substations
Grid Code
Engineering Recommendation G59 (1991)
Engineering Recommendation G75 (1996)
Engineering Technical Report TR113 (1995)
5. Definitions
5.1 Second Stage Protection Point
A suitable circuit breaker on an 11kV network feeder which has been fitted with IDMT
protection to improve customer quality of supply.
5.2 Fully Discriminative Protection
Protection that is able to select and disconnect only the faulty plant in the power system, leaving
all others in normal operation in so far as possible.
5.3 Primed for Reclosure
Where a circuit breaker will automatically close without external initiation once one side has
become energised.
CODE OF PRACTICE
5.4 Cascaded Intertripping
Cascaded intertripping is a system where the intertrip signal is re-transmitted to initiate the
remote tripping of a further circuit breaker.

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