collection of information stored or arranged in an orderly fashion. The mathematical concept of a matrix refers to a set of numbers, variables or functions ordered in rows and columns. Such a set then can be defined as a distinct entity, the matrix, and it can be manipulated as a whole according to some basic mathematical rules.
A matrix with 9 elements is shown below.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == =
= == = 8 1 9 6 4 7 2 5 3 A 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a
Matrix [A] has 3 rows and 3 columns. Each element of matrix [A] can be referred to by its row and column number. For example,
6 23 = == = a
A computer monitor with 800 horizontal pixels and 600 vertical pixels can be viewed as a matrix of 600 rows and 800 columns. In order to create an image, each pixel is filled with an appropriate colour. ORDER OF A MATRIX The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its number of rows and columns.
Order of a matrix = No. of rows
No. of columns
Matrix [A], therefore, is a matrix of order 3
3.
COLUMN MATRIX A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix or column vector.
3 6 4
ROW MATRIX A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix or row vector. [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 6 5 3
SQUARE MATRIX A matrix having the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
9 4 2 4 3 5 7 4 2
RECTANGULAR MATRIX A matrix having unequal number of rows and columns is called a rectangular matrix.
13 1 4 5 8 2 9 2 1 7 3 5
REAL MATRIX A matrix with all real elements is called a real matrix PRINCIPAL DIAGONAL and TRACE OF A MATRIX
In a square matrix, the diagonal containing the elements a 11 , a 22 , a 33 , a 44 , , a nn is called the principal or main diagonal.
The sum of all elements in the principal diagonal is called the trace of the matrix.
The principal diagonal of the matrix
9 4 2 4 3 5 7 4 2
is indicated by the dashed box. The trace of the matrix is 2 + 3 + 9 = 14.
UNIT MATRIX A square matrix in which all elements of the principal diagonal are equal to 1 while all other elements are zero is called the unit matrix.
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
ZERO or NULL MATRIX
A matrix whose elements are all equal to zero is called the null or zero matrix.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DIAGONAL MATRIX If all elements except the elements of the principal diagonal of a square matrix are zero, the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.
9 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2
RANK OF A MATRIX The maximum number of linearly independent rows of a matrix [A] is called the rank of [A] and is denoted by Rank [A]. For a system of linear equations, a unique solution exists if the number of independent equations is at least equal to the number of unknowns. In the following system of linear equations
2x - 4y + 5z = 36 (1) - 3x + 5y + 7z = 7 (2) 5x + 3y - 8z = - 31 (3) all three equations are linearly independent. Therefor, if we form the augmented matrix [A] for the system where [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 31 8 3 5 7 7 5 3 36 5 4 2 A
the rank of [A] will be 3.
Consider the following linear systems with 2 independent equations.
In the above set, Eqn. (3) can be generated by adding Eqn. (1) to Eqn. (2). Therefore, Eqn. (3) is a dependent equation. Therefor, if we form the augmented matrix [A] for the system where [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 43 12 1 1 7 7 5 3 36 5 4 2 A
the rank of [A] will be 2. MATRIX OPERATIONS
Equality of Matrices Two matrices are equal if all corresponding elements are equal.
[A] = [B] if ij ij b a = == = for all i and j
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 8 7 3 1 5 9 3 4 2 A
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 8 7 3 1 5 9 3 4 2 B
Addition and Subtraction Two matrices can be added (subtracted) by adding (subtracting) the corresponding elements of the two matrices.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A B B A C + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
ij ij ij b a c + ++ + = == =
Matrices [A], [B] and [C] must have the same order.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 A a a a a a a a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 B b b b b b b b b b
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = 33 33 32 32 31 31 23 23 22 22 21 21 13 13 12 12 11 11 C b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
Multiplication by a scalar If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar k, each element of the matrix is multiplied by k.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 A ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka k
Matrix multiplication
Two matrices can be multiplied together provided they are compatible with respect to their orders. The number of columns in the first matrix [A] must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix [B]. The resulting matrix [C] will have the same number of rows as [A] and the same number of columns as [B]. [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 23 22 21 13 12 11 A a a a a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 32 31 22 21 12 11 b b b b b b B
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = = == = 32 31 22 21 12 11 23 22 21 13 12 11 B A C b b b b b b a a a a a a
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = 32 23 22 22 12 21 31 23 21 22 11 21 32 13 22 12 12 11 31 13 21 12 11 11 C b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a
= == = = == = m k kj ik ij b a c 1
where m is the number of columns in [A] and also the number of rows in [B]. Example: [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
Transpose of a Matrix The transpose [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T A of an n m matrix [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A is the m n matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A . [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == =
= == = 6 9 2 7 1 3 2 5 4 A 33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == =
= == = 6 7 2 9 1 5 2 3 4 A 33 23 13 32 22 12 31 21 11 T a a a a a a a a a
Transpose of a sum [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T T T B A B A + ++ + = == = + ++ +
Transpose of a product [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T T T A B B A = == =
Numerical example of the product rule [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 1 5 4 0 3 2 A
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 3 5 1 2 1 0 3 4 B
[ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) )
= == = 8 12 11 5 20 15 16 4 9 22 8 14 B A T
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ? A B T T = == =
Symmetric Matrices A matrix [ [[ [ ] ]] ] A is said to be symmetric if ji ij a a = == = for all i and j. [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] T A A = == =
Example:
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 0 7 2 7 5 3 2 3 4 A
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
Why determinants? In some forms of solutions for systems of linear equations, determinants appear as denominators in a routine manner.
In a system with 3 unknowns, the determinant may appear in the solution in the following way. D D z D D y D D x z y x = == = = == = = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
33 32 31 23 22 21 13 12 11 a a a a a a a a a D = == =
23 22 13 12 31 33 32 13 12 21 33 32 23 22 11 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a + ++ + = == =
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) 22 13 23 12 31 32 13 33 12 21 32 23 33 22 11 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a + ++ + = == =
1. The value of a determinant is not altered if its rows are written as columns in the same order. 5 1 4 0 2 1 7 6 3 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3
= == =
2. If any two rows ( or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the value of the determinant is multiplied by 1. 5 0 7 4 1 3 1 2 6 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3
= == =
3. A common factor of all elements of any row ( or column) can be placed before the determinant. 3 3 1 2 1 5 1 2 3 4 3 3 4 1 2 1 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 12 1 2 4 5 1 8 3
= == =
= == =
4. If the corresponding elements of two rows ( or columns) of a determinant are proportional, the value of the determinant is zero. 0 8 7 2 10 4 6 5 2 3 = == =
Meaning: Row 2 ( Row 1) is linearly dependent on Row 1 ( Row 2). Therefore, the linear system with three unknowns does not have a unique solution. 5. The value of a determinant remains unaltered if the elements of one row (or column) are altered by adding to them any constant multiple of the corresponding elements in any other row ( or column).
5 0 7 1 2 6 1 2 4 2 2 1 6 2 3 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
6. If each element of a row ( or a column) of a determinant can be expressed as a sum of two, the determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants. 5 0 2 5 1 2 3 3 4 1 4 1 5 0 7 1 2 6 4 1 3 + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
5 0 2 1 2 3 4 1 4 5 0 5 1 2 3 4 1 1
+ ++ +
= == =
= - 49 7. Determinant of a product of matrices [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] B A B A D D D = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 1 2 4 3 1 1 4 3 2 A
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 4 1 3 5 6 4 3 2 1 B
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] B A C = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
= == = 26 3 15 10 11 6 37 10 26 C
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ][ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) 1505 B A C = == = = == = D D
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 35 B and 43 A = == = = == = D D
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] 1505 35 43 B A = == = = == = D D